BACKGROUND [0002] Lithium-ion cells have become attractive for portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers as they offer higher energy density than other rechargeable systems. Commercial lithium-ion cells currently use mostly the layered LiCo02 cathodes, but Co is relatively toxic and expensive. Also, only 50% of the theoretical capacity of LiCo02 could be practically utilized (140 mAh/g), which corresponds to a reversible extraction of 0.5 lithium ions per cobalt ion. Additionally, the highly oxidizing nature of the Co3+/4+ couple poses safety concerns at deep charge.

These difficulties of LiCo02 cathodes have created enormous worldwide interest to develop alternative cathode hosts. In this regard, the spinel LiMn204 is of interest because manganese is inexpensive and environmentally benign.

[0003] However, the LiMn204 spinel oxide that has been investigated extensively over the years tends to exhibit capacity fade during cycling; the capacity fading is severe especially above 40 °C. Several factors such as manganese dissolution, formation of oxygen deficiency, electrolyte decomposition, and Jahn-Teller distortion have been reported to be responsible for the capacity fade. The dissolution of manganese from the lattice into the electrolyte is due to a disproportionation of manganese that is in contact with the LiPF6 electrolyte in accordance with the reaction, 2Mn3+ (sOlid) o Mn4+ (sOlid) + <BR> <BR> <BR> 2+<BR> Mn (solution).

[0004] Several attempts have been made to overcome the problems of capacity fade. For example cationic substitutions for manganese have been found to improve the capacity retention at room temperature. However, the capacity fading at elevated temperatures could not be fully overcome. Recently, there have been reports on the improvement of the high temperature performance of LiMn204 cathodes by coating its surface with LiCo02 and V205. For example, a capacity fading of about 0.08 % per cycle over 100 cycles has been found at 55 °C and C/5 rate with the LiCo02-coated LiMn204 sample.

Similarly, a coating of LiCo02 with A1203 has been reported to increase its specific capacity. There is still a need for further improvement in the capacity retention of LiMn204-based lithium ion cells as well as in the specific capacity of LiCo02-based lithium-ion cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] Embodiments of the invention include compositions and methods of surface and/or chemically modifying oxide cathodes for batteries. The compositions typically show an improved capacity retention, lower cost of production, and reduced environmental concerns. In certain embodiments, methods include the mixing and firing of a guest modification material that may chemically modify the surface of an electrode material with a an electrode material to fabricate an oxide cathode for batteries.

[0006] Embodiments of the invention include surface/chemically modified electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries comprising a surface/chemically modified positive electrode (cathode) material, wherein a guest chemical modification material (s) is selected from LixNi1-yMyO2, where 0#x#1,0#y#1, and M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Ga; A1203 ; Cr203; MgO; Al2-yMgy03. o. $y where 0 S y S 2 ; Lil+xMn yMy04 where 0 < x : 5 0. 33,0#y#2 and M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn; Zr1-yMyO2-y where 0 < y < 1 and M = Mg, Ca; Zri-yMyO2-0. 5y where 0 #y#1 and M = Sc, Y; and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the host cathode material is selected from LiCo02, LiMn204, LiNi1-yCoyO2 where 0 < y < 1 and LiMnl yMyO2 where M = Cr and Al and 0 < y < 1, and Li) +xMn2-x-yMy04-z+ X where 0 #x# 0.33, 0 #y# 1, 0 : 5 0. 5, M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, and X = F and S. In particular embodiments the host cathode material is spinel LiMn204 oxide. In alternative embodiments the host cathode material is LiCoO2. In one embodiment the guest chemical modification material is LixNit-yCOyOz, where 0#x#1; 0 #y#1. In alternative embodiments the guest chemical modification materials are A1203, Cr203, MgO, MgAl204, and Lil+xMn2-x-yNiy04.

[0007] Another embodiment includes a method of preparing an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries including supplying a LiMn204 spinel oxide electrode material; chemically processing the LiMn204 spinel oxide electrode material with a guest chemical modification material selected from LixNil-yCoyO2 (where 0<x<l ; 0yl), A1203, Cr203, MgO, MgAl204, and combinations thereof ; and heat-treating (firing) the mixture to prepare a surface/chemically modified LiMn204 electrode material or selecting a LiCo02 layered oxide electrode material; chemically processing the LiCoO2 layered oxide electrode material with a guest chemical modification material selected from A1203, Lil+xMn2-x-yNiy04 where 0 S x S 0. 33, and combinations thereof; and heat-treating (firing) the mixture to prepare a surface/chemically modified LixCoO2 electrode material.

In one embodiment heat-treating is performed at a temperature in the approximate range of 100 °C to 1000 °C for approximately 1 to 24 hours. In certain embodiments the chemical modification materials are in the approximate range of 1 to 20 weight percent of the electrode material to be surface/chemically modified.

[0008] In certain embodiments a surface/chemically modified LiMn204 spinel oxide or LiCo02 layered oxide electrode material is prepared by a process including a) refluxion of a precursor solution in glacial acetic acid, wherein the precursor is selected from LixCoO2, LiCo0. 5Ni0. 502, A1203, Cr203, MgO, MgAl204, Lil. o5Mn). 9Nio. 0504 and combinations thereof, b) preparation of a precursor solution in water, wherein the precursor is selected from A1203, Cr203, MgO, MgAl204 and combinations thereof, c) dispersing LiMn204 spinel oxide or LiCoO2 layered oxide in the precursor solution; and d) heating the dispersed LiMn204 spinel oxide or LicoO2 layered oxide to approximately 30 to 400 °C ; and d) firing the heated dispersed LiMn204 spinel oxide or LiCoO2 layered oxide at 200-900 °C.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.

[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary comparison between the first and 100th discharge profiles of a LiMn204 cathode and a surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathode at room temperature with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate).

[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary comparison of cyclability data of LiMn204 with those of a number of surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes at room temperature with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate).

[0012] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary comparison of cyclability data of LiMn204 with those of a number of surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes at room temperature with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate).

[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary comparison of cyclability data of LiMn204 with those of a number of surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes at 60 °C with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate).

[0014] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary comparison of the cyclability data of LiMn204 and the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes at a higher current density of 2 mA/cm2 (2C rate) at room temperature.

[0015] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary comparison of the X-ray diffraction patterns of LiMn204 and the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 spinel cathodes in discharged state after cycling at 60 °C over 100 cycles.

[0016] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary comparison of cyclability data of LiCo02 and A1203 modified LiCoO2 at room temperature and at 60 °C in different voltage ranges of 4.3-3. 2, and4. 5-3. 2 at C/5 rate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] In certain embodiments of the invention, capacity retention of a lithium-ion battery electrode material is improved by surface/chemical modification.

Surface/Chemical modification of oxide electrode materials is typically performed by using a variety of materials including, but not limited to, LixCoO2, LiXCo0. 5Ni LiXCo0 75Nio. 7502, A1203, MgO, MgA1204, and Li1. 05Mnl. ohio. 0504 ; where 0 < x < 1.

Chemicalle modified LiMn__ 4 Cathodes [0018] In certain embodiments the surface of LiMn204 spinel oxide is modified to improve capacity retention. The surface/chemically modified LiMn204 demonstrates an improved capacity retention as compared to unmodified LiMn204 spinel oxide both at ambient temperature and at elevated temperatures. In certain embodiments the surface of LiMn204 spinel oxide is modified with surface modification materials such as LiXCo02, LiXNio. 5Nio. 502, AI203, MgO, and/or MgAl204 (where 0 x 1). Surface/chemical modification protects the spinel particles from attack by the acidic species present in the electrolyte and leads to maintenance of good structural integrity during cycling. The surface/chemically modified LiMn204 spinel oxides may in fact offer better long-term cyclability characteristics and safety features than the commercially used LiCoO2 cathodes. The lower cost coupled with high rate capability and excellent cycling properties make the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes attractive for energy storage for a variety of uses including, but not limited to cell phones, laptop computers, electric vehicles, and the like.

[0019] In one embodiment the surface/chemical modification of LiMn204 using a LiNio. 5Coo502, as described herein, provides superior capacity retention. In another embodiment the surface/chemical modification of LiMn204 using Lio. 75CoO2, as described herein, provides a superior combination of capacity value and capacity retention.

Surface/Chemically-modified LiCoO2 Cathodes [0020] Typically, commercial lithium ion batteries use the layered LiCo02 oxide cathodes, as they offer better cyclability. However, only 50% of its theoretical capacity could be practically utilized, which corresponds to a reversible extraction/insertion of 0.5 lithium ions per cobalt in LiCoO2. This results in capacity fading above a cut-off charge voltage of approximately greater than 4.2 V. The limited capacity of LiCo02 may be due to its chemical instability and tendency to lose oxygen from lattice on extracting more than 0.5 lithium ions per cobalt.

[0021] In certain embodiments, chemical instability of LiCoO2 may be overcome by surface/chemical modification with various compositions. The surface/chemically modified LiCo02 exhibits higher capacity than the unmodified LiCo02 layered oxide cathode both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures with good cyclability. In certain embodiments, the surface of LiCo02 is modified with surface/chemical modification materials such as Al2O3 and Li1.05Mn1.9Ni0.05O4. The surface/chemical modification may also improve the safety characteristics of the LiCoO2 cathode.

Electrode material [0022] In certain embodiments the electrode material comprises LiMn204 or LiCoO2.

Alternatively, other materials including LiNi1-yMyO2 where 0 < y zu 1 and M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu, LiMn1-yMyO2 where 0 < y < 1 and M = Cr and Al, and Lil+xMn yMyO4z+ XzwhereO<x<0. 33, 0<y< 1, 0< S0. 5, M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, and X = F and S may also be used as electrode materials.

Surface/chemical modification materials [0023] In certain embodiments surface/chemical modification materials may be a ceramic material, such as LixCo02, LixCoo. 5Nio. 502, A1203, Cr203, MgO, MgAl204, and/or Li1.05Mn1.9Ni0.05O4 (where 0 x 1) are used to modify the surface of electrode materials. Surface/chemical modification with LiCoo. 5Ni0. 502 may show excellent capacity retention and superior rate capability with a capacity fade of < 0.03% per cycle over 100 charge/discharge cycles at 60 °C and 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate). Other potential surface modification materials include LixNi)-yMy02, where 0#x#1,0#y#1, and M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Ga; Al2O3 ; MgO; Al2. yMgy03-o. 5y where 0 #y#2 ; Lil+XMn2-x-yMyO4 where 0 x 0.33, 0 # y < 2 and M = Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn; Zrl yMyO2-y where 0 y 1 and M = Mg, Ca; Zrl yMyO2X. sy where 0 < y < 1 and M = Sc, Y; and combinations thereof Methods of Surface/chemical modification [0024] In one embodiment, surface/chemical modified electrode materials are prepared by firing a mixture of electrode material and surface/chemical modifier. Firing temperatures may be in the approximate range of 100 °C to about 1000 °C, preferably in the approximate range of 200 °C to 900 °C, and also preferably in the approximate range of 300 °C to 800 °C. A mixture of electrode material and surface/chemical modifier may be fired for various lengths of time, which may be in the approximate range of 1 to 24 h.

Surface/chemical modification of an electrode material may be performed by treating various amounts of an electrode material with various amounts of surface/chemical modification material (s). The process typically results in a product with a surface/chemical modification material content in the range of about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent. The preferred surface/chemical modification material content in the approximate range of 2 to 5 weight percent. The process may involve dissolution of carbonates, nitrates or acetates of the surface/chemical modification material (s) in glacial acetic acid, refluxion of the mixture for about an hour, dispersion of an electrode material in a surface/chemical modifier solution, evaporation of the solvent, and decomposition of the resultant product at elevated temperature. The mixture is then fired at an elevated temperature in the presence or absence of a flowing oxygen atmosphere.

[0025] In another embodiment, the surface/chemical modifications with A1203, Cr203, MgO and MgA1204 may involve dispersion of an electrode material in an aqueous solution of aluminum, chromium or magnesium nitrate, formation/precipitation of a gelatinous Al (OH) 3, Cr (OH) 3 or Mg (OH) 2 over source material particles through the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and heating the resultant product at the approximate range of 100 °C to about 1000 °C, preferably in the approximate range of 300 °C to 800 °C, and also preferably in the approximate range of 300 °C to 400 °C for Al (OH) 3 and 400 °C to 600 °C for Cr (OH) 3 or Mg (OH) 2.

[0026] Other methods known in the art may be used to modify an electrode material as described herein, including chemical vapor deposition and other similar methods.

Electrode Fabrication [0027] Electrodes for use in energy storage and conversion devices, including batteries, may be fabricated by further processing the composites disclosed herein by, for example, grinding to form an electrode. Examples of forming a battery electrode and battery are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, "grinding"refers to mixing, crushing, pulverizing, pressing together, polishing, reducing to powder or small fragments, milling, ball milling, or any other suitable process to wear down a material.

A conducting material may be mixed with the composites in the process of forming an electrode. The conducting material may be an electrically conductive material such as carbon, which may be in the form of graphite or acetylene black, but it will be understood with benefit of this disclosure that the conducting material may alternatively be any other material or mixtures of suitable materials known in the art.

[0028] Electrodes may be formed in a variety of shapes, sizes, and/or configurations as is known in the art. In one embodiment, electrodes may be formed by rolling a mixture of composites disclosed herein, conducting material, and binding material into one or more thin sheets which may be cut to form, for example, circular electrodes of various surface area, thickness, and weight. Electrochemical performance of such electrodes is typically evaluated according to procedures known in the art.

EXAMPLES SURFACE/CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ELECTRODE MATERIAL [0029] The following examples are included to demonstrate various embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques that function in the practice of the invention. However, those of ordinarily skilled in the art may appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

10030] Example 1: Surface/chemical Modification of LiMn204 Spinel Oxide.

Material and Methods [0031] A commercially available LiMn204 powder may be used as the host electrode material. The surface/chemical modification may be carried out by treating various amounts of LiMn204 powder with a precursor solution of LixCoO2 LiXCoO5Nioso2 A1203, MgO, Cr203 or MgAl204 through a chemical process so that the amount of the guest modification material in the final product is approximately 3 to 5 wt%. The chemical process in the case of LiXCo02, and LiXCoo. 5Nio. 502 involve a dissolution of the carbonates or acetates of the precursor metal ions in glacial acetic acid, refluxion of the mixture for about an hour, dispersion of the LiMn204 spinel oxide in the precursor solution, evaporation of the solvent, and decomposition of the resultant product at around 400 °C. The sample is then fired at 850 °C in flowing oxygen atmosphere. The surface/chemical modifications with A1203, Cr203, MgO and MgA1204 involve the dispersion of the LiMn204 spinel oxide in an aqueous solution of aluminum, chromium, or magnesium nitrate or a mixture of aluminum and magnesium nitrates, formation/precipitation of a gelatinous Al (OH) 3, Cr (OH) 3 or Mg (OH) 2 over LiMn204 particles through the addition of ammonium hydroxide, and heating the resultant product at 300 °C for Al (OH) 3 and at 600 °C for Cr (OH) 3 or Mg (OH) 2 in air.

[0032] The electrochemical performances of LiMn204 and the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 spinel oxide powders at both ambient and elevated temperatures are evaluated with coin cells. Cathodes are fabricated with the surface/chemically modified or unmodified LiMn204 powder, Denka black carbon, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder in a weight ratio of 75: 20: 5. The coin cells (CR2032) may be assembled with the cathodes thus fabricated, metallic lithium anodes, polyethylene separators, and 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) electrolyte may be cycled at various current densities between the voltage range of approximately 3.5 to 4.3 V using a battery cycler (manufactured by Arbin Instruments, College Station, TX).

Results and discussion [0033] FIG. 1 compares first and 100th discharge profiles of a LiMn204 and a Li modified LiMn204 cathodes at room temperature at 0.5 mA/cm2, which corresponds to C/2 discharge rate. The discharge curves illustrated in FIG. 1 are labeled as follows: (a) LiMn204 (cycle 1), (b) LiMn204 (cycle 100), (c) LiCo02 modified LiMn204 (cycle 1), and (d) LiCoO2 modified LiMn204 (cycle 100). The surface/chemically modified LiMn204 exhibits better capacity retention compared to unmodified LiMn204. FIG. 2 compares the cyclability data of LiMn204 with those of a number of surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes (with LiCi0.5Ni0.5O2, LiCoO2 and Lio, 5Co02) up to 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate) at room temperature. The cyclability data illustrated in FIG. 2 are labeled as (a) LiMn204, (b) LiCoo. 5Nio. 502-modified LiMn204, (c) LiCo02-modified LiMn204, and (d) LiO7sCoO2-modified LiMn204. As evident from Figs. 1 and 2, the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 compositions exhibit excellent cyclability. The percentage capacity fading (over 100 cycles) calculated from the discharge capacity values are given in Table 1. Among all the materials examined, the LiCoo. sNio. 5O2-modified LiMn204 exhibits superior performance with a capacity fading value of less than 0.02 % per cycle over 100 cycles. However, the LiCo0.5Ni0.5O2-modified LiMn204 sample exhibits lower initial capacity (111 mAh/g) than the unmodified LiMn204 (127 mAh/g) as seen in Table 1. Additionally, the Lio. 75Co02 modified sample shows a higher capacity (123 mAh/g) than the LiCoO2- modified sample (118 mAh/g). [0034] Table 1. Specific capacity values (mAh/g) and capacity fading (%) rate for various surface/chemically modified LiMn204 and unmodified LiMn204 samples. Sample Capacity (mAh/g) (%) 1 st 100 th Capacity discharge discharge Fading per cycle LiMn204 at 25 °C (C/2) 126. 5 97. 13 0. 232 LiCo02-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C C/2) 117. 5 114. 29 0. 027 LiMn204 at 25 °C (2C) 118 86. 66 0. 266 LiCo02-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C (2C) 105. 7 101. 4 0. 040 LiCoo. 5Nio. 502-modified LiMn204 at 25 103. 73 100. 11 0. 034 °C (2C) LiMn204 at 60 °C (C/2) 132. 8 78. 43 0. 409 LiCo02-modified LiMn204 at 60 °C C/2) 113. 1 104. 63 0. 075 Lio. 75Co02-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C 123. 35 115. 58 0. 063 (C/2) LiCoo. 5Nio. 502-modified LiMn204 at 25 124. 35 114. 36 0. 019 °C (C/2) Lio. 75CoO2-modified LiMn204 at 60 °C 110. 8 108. 7 0. 080 (C/2) LiCoo. sNio. 502-modified LiMn204 at 60 111. 5 108. 3 0. 028 °C (C/2) Al203-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C (C/2) 131. 21 124. 73 0. 049 Al203-modified LiMn204 at 60 °C (C/2) 130. 27 109. 23 0. 161 Cr203-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C (C/2) 133. 03 109. 08 0. 18 MgO-modified LiMn204 at 25 °C (C/2) 136. 46 126. 63 0. 072 l0035] FIG. 3 compares the cyclability data collected with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate) at room temperature. The cyclability data illustrated in FIG. 3 are labeled as (a) LiMn204, (b) MgA1204-modified LiMn204, (c) Cr203-modified LiMn204, (d) Al203-modified LiMn204 and (e) MgO-modified LiMn204. As seen from Table 1, Al2O3 modified LiMn204 material exhibits higher initial capacity (131 mAh/g) with a least capacity fading of less than 0.05 % per cycle over 100 charge/discharge cycles, compared to other materials.

[0036] FIG. 4 compares the cyclability data collected at 60 °C with a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 (C/2 rate). The cyclability data illustrated in FIG. 4 are labeled as (a) LiMn204, (b) LiCoo. sNi0sO2-modified LiMn204, (c) LiCo02-modified LiMn204, (d) Li07CoO2-modified LiMn204, and (e) A1203-modified LiMn204. The surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes show a higher capacity retention compared to that of unmodified LiMn204. As seen in Table 1, the unmodified LiMn204 cathode shows a capacity fading of 0.41 % per cycle over 100 cycles while the surface/chemically modified cathodes show a much lower fade rate. Among all the surface/chemically modified samples, the LiCoo. SNio, 50z-modified LiMn204 cathode exhibits the lowest fading rate of less than 0.03 % per cycle over 100 cycles at 60 °C. Among the various materials listed in Table 1, the Lio. 75CoO2 modified LiMn204 may provide the best combination of high capacity and good cyclability.

[0037] FIG. 5 compares the cyclability data of LiMn204 and the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 cathodes at a higher current density of 2 mA/cm2 (2C rate) at room temperature. The cyclability data illustrated in FIG. 5 are labeled as (a) LiMn204, (b) LiCoo. 5Nio. 502-modified LiMn204, and (c) LiCoO2-modified LiMn204. As evident from Fig. 5, the LiCo02-modified LiMn204 exhibits excellent cyclability and rate capability at room temperature. The percentage capacity fading (over 100 cycles) calculated from the discharge capacity values at 2 mA/cm2 (2C rate) are given Table 1.

[0038] FIG. 6 compares the X-ray diffraction patterns of LiMn204 and the surface/chemically modified LiMn204 spinel cathodes in discharged state after cycling at 60 °C over 100 cycles. The X-ray diffraction patterns illustrated in FIG. 6 are labeled as follows: (a) LiMn204 cathode, (b) Lio. 75Co02 modified LiMn204 cathode, (c) Al2O3 modified LiMn204 cathode, (d) LiCoO2 modified LiMn204 cathode, and (e) LiCoo. 5Nio. 502 modified LiMn204 cathode. As seen from Fig. 6, unlike the surface/chemically modified LiMn204, the unmodified LiMn204 spinel cathode shows peak broadening indicating structural degradation during cycling at elevated temperatures. Similar results are also found for samples soaked in the electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in EC and DEC) at 55 °C. The peak-broadening feature (loss of crystallinity) could be due to the degradation of the particles of LiMn204 spinel. It is generally known that the crystallinity decreases proportionately with the extent of capacity fading. The surface/chemical modification of LiMn204 appears to protect the LiMn204 crystals from attack by the acidic species contained in the electrolyte and thereby leads to the maintenance of the well-defined crystallites during cycling. It may be theorized that the capacity fading of LiMn204 at elevated temperatures is due to the loss of active material from the surface during cycling.

[0039] Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies indicate that while the firing at elevated temperatures of around 800 °C leads to a diffusion of the surface modification material into the bulk of the electrode material, the firing at lower temperatures of around 300 °C leads to the presence of a significant amount of the surface modification material on the surface. So the former and latter cases may be termed as chemical modification and surface modification respectively. Thus the process described in this invention may broadly be considered as either surface modification or chemical modification or both depending upon the final firing temperature.

[0040] Example 2: Surface-modified LiCo02 Cathodes [0041] A commercially available LiCo02 powder may be used as the electrode material.

FIG. 7 compares the cyclability data of LiCoO2 and Al203-modified LiCo02 at room temperature and at 60 °C in various voltage ranges of 4.3-3. 2 and 4.5-3. 2 V at C/5 rate. The cyclability data illustrated in FIG. 7 are labeled as (a) LiCo02 at 25 °C (4.3-3. 2 V), (b) LiCo02 at 25 °C (4.5-3. 2 V), (c) A1203-modified LiCo02 at 60 °C (4.3-3. 2 V), (d) Al203-modified LiCo02 at 25 °C (4.5-3. 2 V), and (e) A1203-modified LiCo02 at 60 °C (4.5-3. 2 V).

[0042] The data reveals that LiCo02 suffers from capacity fading severely (FIG. 7 (a)) when the charging cut-off voltage is increased to 4.3 V at 25 °C. LiCo02 cathodes are conventionally cycled up to a charging cut-off voltage of 4.2 V with a capacity of around 140 mAh/g and below 4.2 V it is known to cycle well. On the other hand, A1203- modified LiCo02 does not show any fading during cycling with a voltage range of 4.3- 3.2 V. FIG. 7 also shows the cyclability data at 60 °C in the voltage range of 4.3-3. 2 V.

The Al203-modified LiCo02 does not show any capacity fading during cycling in the voltage range of 4.3-3. 2 V at even 60 °C. FIG. 7 also shows the cyclability data for Al2O3-modified LiCo02 at room temperature and at 60 °C in the voltage range of 4.5- 3.2 V. The Al2O3-modified LiCo02 exhibits very good cyclability at elevated temperatures with very little capacity fading. The data show that the unmodified LiCo02 cathode exhibits severe capacity fade in the voltage range of 4.5-3. 2 V. The good cylability of the Al2O3-modified LiCo02 up to a charging cut-off voltage of 4.5 V enables to achieve a much higher capacity of around 190 mAh/g compared to the 140 mAh/g generally achieved with unmodified LiCo02 cathode.

[0043] The capacity fading of unmodified LiCo02 at higher voltages could be due to the loss of oxygen and dissolution of cobalt from the lattice. The surface modification with A1203 seems to suppress these problems and improve the capacity retention at higher cut- off charge voltages. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies show that the A1203 is present on the surface of LiCo02.