SCALING FACTOR DESIGN FOR LAYER 1 REFERENCE SIGNAL RECEIVED POWER (Ll-RSRP) MEASUREMENT PERIOD

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/301,424, which was filed January 20, 2022; and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/395,611, which was filed August 5, 2022.

FIELD

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. For example, some embodiments may relate to layer- 1 reference signal received power (Ll-RSRP) measurement.

BACKGROUND

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 depicts an example of the one element being partially overlapped with another, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 2 schematically illustrates a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 3 schematically illustrates components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

Figure 5 illustrates a network 500 in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 6 depicts an example procedure for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B).

Sharing and Scaling Factors:

Aspects of the sharing factor between a serving cell and a cell with different physical cell identifiers (PCIs) for Layer 1 reference signal received power (Ll-RSRP) measurement may be defined in legacy third generation partnership project (3 GPP) specifications. However, some use cases may be problematic. Therefore, an alternative scaling factor design may be desirable for use with Ll-RSRP measurement. Embodiments herein relate to scaling factor design method for Ll- RSRP measurement for cells with different PCIs.

As used herein, the terms “sharing factor” and “scaling factor” may be used to describe various embodiments. Generally, sharing may be a concept that is due to the behavior of a SSB measurement, as described herein. If a SSB is overlapped, then the overlapped SSB may be used for a serving cell for some occasions, and another cell for other occasions. Then, scaling may be applied to the parameter P as described below. Generally, the two terms may be used interchangeably herein.

In legacy specifications, the scaling factor of P is used for Ll-RSRP measurement for a serving cell. Synchronization signal block (SSB) resources for Ll-RSRP measurement may collide with S SB-based measurement timing configuration (SMTC) and measurement gap, and so various scaling factors may be described for different colliding scenarios in section 9.5.4.1 of the 3GPP technical specification (TS).

In the 3GPP Release-17 (Rel-17) specifications, the scaling factor of P may be updated for Ll-RSRP measurement for both a serving cell and a cell with a different PCI because the SSB resource(s) between the serving cell and the cell with different a PCI (CDP) may collide with each other. At the same time, the SSB resource(s) from the two cells may collide with a SMTC and a measurement gap respectively (e.g., in one example the SSB resource from the serving cell may collide with a SMTC, and the SSB resource of the CDP may collide with a measurement gap). There are several scenarios for scaling factor design, which may increase the complexity of such design. Therefore, it may be desirable to design a unified method to calculate the scaling factor for different scenarios. Various terms may be used herein to describe various equations and calculations related to the scaling factor. As used herein, the following may be used:

- TSSB = ssb-periodicityServingCell, e.g., the SSB periodicity of the serving cell

- TsMTCpenod = the configured SMTC period

- TSSB CDP = SSB periodicity of the CDP

- Psc = sharing factor of serving cell when Ll-RSRP is only performed for serving cell

- PCDF = sharing factor of CDP when Ll-RSRP is only performed for CDP

- Pfinai, CDP = sharing factor of CDP when L 1 -RSRP is performed on both serving cell and cell with different PCI.

- Pfmai, sc = sharing factor of serving cell when Ll-RSRP is performed on both serving cell and CDP.

- xRP = periodicity of MG.

Further, with respect to concepts described in further detail below, Figure 1 depicts an example of the one element (e.g., SSB) being partially overlapped with another (e.g., an SMTC occasion). It will be understood that Figure 1 is intended as a very generalized and high level Figure for the sake of description of this concept. Specifically, Figure 1 shows three transmissions, Tx 105, Ty 110, and Tz 113. Tx 105 has a periodicity of 1, and Ty 110 and Tz both have a periodicity of 2. Each element 115 of the transmissions may or may not be transmitted in a transmission occasion 120. As can be seen in Figure 1, an element 115 of Tx 105 is transmitted in every occasion 120 (because it has a periodicity of 1), and an element 115 of Ty 110 is transmitted in every other occasion 120 (because it has a periodicity of 2). As such, it may be said that Tx 105 partially overlaps with Ty 110. Similarly, Tx 105 partially overlaps with Tz 113. It will be further noted that Ty 110 and Tz 113 are transmitted in separate transmission occasions 120, and so are said to be non-overlapping.

In embodiments, the scaling factor may be calculated based on the following two elements.

For the first element, the SSB resource for the serving cell and the SSB resource for the CDP may be compared with legacy scenarios to calculate Psc and PCDP respectively.

In one example, for frequency range 2 (“FR2,” which may describes frequencies between approximately 24.25 Gigahertz (GHz) and approximately 52.6 GHz), the Psc for a serving cell may be calculated based on:

Psc= - TSSB — > when the SSB of serving cell is partially overlapped with sMTCperiod measurement gap (TSSB <MGRP, where MGRP stands for the “measurement gap repetition period”) and SSB is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB < TsMTCpenod) and SMTC occasion is partially or fully overlapped with a measurement gap (which may be referred to below as “MG” or “GAP”).

P = P sharing factor, when SSB of serving cell is not overlapped with measurement gap and SSB is fully overlapped with SMTC period (TSSB = TsMTCperiod).

Psc = — - — when SSB of serving cell is partially overlapped with GAP and SSB is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB < TsMTCperiod) and SMTC occasion is not overlapped with GAP and

TsMTCperiod xRP Or

TsMTCperiod = xRP and TSSB < 0.5 *TsMTCperiod.

Psc is when SSB of serving cell is partially overlapped with GAP and

SSB is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB < TsMTCperiod) and SMTC occasion is not overlapped with GAP and TsMTCperiod = xRP and TSSB = 0.5* TsMTCperiod p

Psc = - — when SSB of sterving cell is partially overlapped with GAP

(TSSB < xRP) and SSB is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB < TsMTCperiod) and SMTC occasion is partially or fully overlapped with GAP.

In one example, for FR2, the PCDP for a CDP may be calculated based on:

1

- PCDP = - — — — — when SSB of cell with different PCI is not overlap 1 p 1 ed with measurement gap and SSB of cell with different PCI is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB CDP < TsMTCperiod).

1

- PCDP = — — — — — — when SSB of cell with different PCI is partially overlapped with measurement gap and SSB of cell with different PCI is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB CDP < TsMTCperiod) and SMTC occasion is not overlapped with measurement gap and

TsMTCperiod MGRP or TsMTCperiod = MGRP and TSSB CDP < 0.5 *TsMTCperiod

1

- PCDP = - — — — — when SSB of cell with different PCI is p 1 artially ^J overlapp ' ed with measurement gap (TSSB CDP <MGRP) and SSB of cell with different PCI is partially overlapped with SMTC occasion (TSSB CDP < TsMTCpenod) and SMTC occasion is partially or fully overlapped with measurement gap.

With the calculated Psc and PCDP, the new periodicity for serving cell and CDP may be derived as shown below:

^T SSB_SC = Psc * TSSB_SC

The new periodicities have removed the impact of SMTC and measurement gap, and may be compared directly to get the final scaling factor for the serving cell and the CDP as follows:

Pfmai, SC = PSC

■ If TSSB_SC ^< TSSB_CDP ^:

Pfmai, CDP = PCDP

- If TSSB_CDP ⁼ TSSB_SC, the remaining part may be shared between serving cell and cell with different PCI as follows:

Pfmai, CDP = P _C DP * 2

Pfmai, SC = Psc * 2

Ll -RSRP Measurement

For inter-cell transmission configuration indicator (TCI) indication, the target TCI may refer to a CDP. It is possible that synchronization signal block (SSB) configuration of the serving cell and the CDP are overlapped. It may be desirable to define Ll-RSRP measurement requirements for this case. Various embodiments in this section may provide measurement requirements for inter-cell beam indication where the SSB configuration for a serving cell and a CDP are overlapped.

In embodiments, SSBs associated with a CDP (e.g., a non-serving cell) may be used for neighbor cell Ll-RSRP measurement. The SSB configuration for a non-serving cell may be provided by a higher layer to the UE. The SSB configuration may be the same or different for a serving cell measurement and a non-serving cell measurement. The SSBs may be fully overlapped, partially overlapped, or non-overlapped.

For Frequency Range 1 (“FRl,” e.g. frequencies of less than approximately 6 GHz)

Both SSBs inside or outside of the SMTC may be used for both the serving cell and the non-serving cell (e.g., the CDP) for Ll-RSRP measurement. Because the beam received by the UE from both of these cells beam may be the same, the UE may be able to perform Ll-RSRP for both the serving cell and the non-serving cell simultaneously.

FR2

For FR2, there may be two cases for SSB overlapping:

Case 1: SSB for serving cell and non-serving cell are fully overlapped and different receive beams are used

Similar to a layer-3 (L3) measurement, for the intra-frequency case, the SSB configuration for the serving cell and the non-serving cell may be the same. Therefore, the SSB may be fully overlapped for the serving cell and the non-serving cell. In this case, inside of the SMTC, because the LI measurement may re-use the beam of the L3 measurement, the same receive beam may be used for both the serving cell and the non-serving cell. The UE may be able to perform Ll-RSRP measurement for both serving cell and non-serving cell simultaneously. For SSBs outside of the SMTC, different receive beams can be considered for the serving cell and the non-serving cell to find a more suitable beam. The SSB for the serving cell measurement and the SSB for the nonserving cell measurement may only be shared, e.g. some SSBs may be used for the serving cell and some others may be used for the non-serving cell. Ll-RSRP measurement may be performed in a sequential manner for the serving cell and the non-serving cell. Therefore, there may be a sharing factor for receive sweeping between the serving cell measurement and the non-serving cell measurement.

Case 2: SSB for serving cell and non-serving cell are partially overlapped and different RX beam is used

In this case, some SSBs used for the serving cell may not be overlapped with SSBs for a non-serving cell. For SSBs that are not overlapped with the serving cell, the UE may perform Ll- RSRP for the non-serving cell. For SSBs that are overlapped with the serving cell, a measurement restriction may be defined, e.g. UE is required to measure for the serving cell or the non-serving cell. It may not be required to perform measurement simultaneously for both the serving and the non-serving cells. A longer measurement period for SSB-based Ll-RSRP measurement may be expected.

In another embodiment, the SSB can still be shared when SSBs are overlapped. For example, when SSBs are overlapped, some SSBs may be used for the serving cell and some others may be used for the non-serving cell.

Case 3: SSB for serving cell and non-serving cell are fully or partially overlapped and the same receive beam is used

In this case, no matter whether the SSBs for the serving cell and the non-serving cell are fully or partially overlapped, the same receive beam may be used for the serving cell and the nonserving cell. Therefore, the UE may be able to measure the SSB for both cells simultaneously.

SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Figures 2-5 illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments.

Figure 2 illustrates a network 200 in accordance with various embodiments. The network 200 may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3 GPP systems, or the like.

The network 200 may include a UE 202, which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 204 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 202 may be communicatively coupled with the RAN 204 by a Uu interface. The UE 202 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, loT device, etc.

In some embodiments, the network 200 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc.

In some embodiments, the UE 202 may additionally communicate with an AP 206 via an over-the-air connection. The AP 206 may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN 204. The connection between the UE 202 and the AP 206 may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 206 could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE 202, RAN 204, and AP 206 may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE 202 being configured by the RAN 204 to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources.

The RAN 204 may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN 208. AN 208 may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE 202 by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and LI protocols. In this manner, the AN 208 may enable data/voice connectivity between CN 220 and the UE 202. In some embodiments, the AN 208 may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN 208 be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN 208 may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In embodiments in which the RAN 204 includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN 204 is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN 204 is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc.

The ANs of the RAN 204 may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE 202 with an air interface for network access. The UE 202 may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN 204. For example, the UE 202 and RAN 204 may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE 202 to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc.

The RAN 204 may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

In V2X scenarios the UE 202 or AN 208 may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/ software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network.

In some embodiments, the RAN 204 may be an LTE RAN 210 with eNBs, for example, eNB 212. The LTE RAN 210 may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSLRS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands.

In some embodiments, the RAN 204 may be an NG-RAN 214 with gNBs, for example, gNB 216, or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB 218. The gNB 216 may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB 216 may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB 218 may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB 216 and the ng-eNB 218 may connect with each other over an Xn interface.

In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN 214 and a UPF 248 (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN214 and an AMF 244 (e.g., N2 interface).

The NG-RAN 214 may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH.

In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE 202 can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE 202, the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE 202 with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE 202 and in some cases at the gNB 216. A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load.

The RAN 204 is communicatively coupled to CN 220 that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE 202). The components of the CN 220 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN 220 onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network sub-slice.

In some embodiments, the CN 220 may be an LTE CN 222, which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN 222 may include MME 224, SGW 226, SGSN 228, HSS 230, PGW 232, and PCRF 234 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN 222 may be briefly introduced as follows.

The MME 224 may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE 202 to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc. The SGW 226 may terminate an SI interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN 222. The SGW 226 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement.

The SGSN 228 may track a location of the UE 202 and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN 228 may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME 224; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME 224 and the SGSN 228 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3 GPP access network mobility in idle/active states.

The HSS 230 may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions. The HSS 230 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 230 and the MME 224 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN 220.

The PGW 232 may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN) 236 that may include an application/content server 238. The PGW 232 may route data packets between the LTE CN 222 and the data network 236. The PGW 232 may be coupled with the SGW 226 by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW 232 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW 232 and the data network 2 36 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW 232 may be coupled with a PCRF 234 via a Gx reference point.

The PCRF 234 is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN 222. The PCRF 234 may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server 238 to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF 232 may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI.

In some embodiments, the CN 220 may be a 5GC 240. The 5GC 240 may include an AUSF 242, AMF 244, SMF 246, UPF 248, NSSF 250, NEF 252, NRF 254, PCF 256, UDM 258, and AF 260 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC 240 may be briefly introduced as follows.

The AUSF 242 may store data for authentication of UE 202 and handle authentication- related functionality. The AUSF 242 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC 240 over reference points as shown, the AUSF 242 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 244 may allow other functions of the 5GC 240 to communicate with the UE 202 and the RAN 204 and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE 202. The AMF 244 may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE 202), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 244 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 202 and the SMF 246, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 244 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 202 and an SMSF. AMF 244 may interact with the AUSF 242 and the UE 202 to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF 244 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN 204 and the AMF 244; and the AMF 244 may be a termination point of NAS (Nl) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF 244 may also support NAS signaling with the UE 202 over an N3 IWF interface.

The SMF 246 may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF 248 and AN 208); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF 248 to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 244 over N2 to AN 208; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE 202 and the data network 236.

The UPF 248 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network 236, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 248 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF- to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 248 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network.

The NSSF 250 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 202. The NSSF 250 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 250 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 202, or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 254. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 202 may be triggered by the AMF 244 with which the UE 202 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 250, which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF 250 may interact with the AMF 244 via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF 250 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

The NEF 252 may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3 GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF 260), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 252 may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF 252 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 260 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 252 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 252 may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF 252 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 252 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 252 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 254 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 254 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 254 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 256 may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 256 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 258. In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF 256 exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 258 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 202. For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM 258 and the AMF 244. The UDM 258 may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 258 and the PCF 256, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 202) for the NEF 252. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 258, PCF 256, and NEF 252 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM- FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM 258 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 260 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control.

In some embodiments, the 5GC 240 may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3 ^rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE 202 is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC 240 may select a UPF 248 close to the UE 202 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 248 to data network 236 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 260. In this way, the AF 260 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 260 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 260 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 260 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The data network 236 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server 238.

Figure 3 schematically illustrates a wireless network 300 in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network 300 may include a UE 302 in wireless communication with an AN 304. The UE 302 and AN 304 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein.

The UE 302 may be communicatively coupled with the AN 304 via connection 306. The connection 306 is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6GHz frequencies. The UE 302 may include a host platform 308 coupled with a modem platform 310. The host platform 308 may include application processing circuitry 312, which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry 314 of the modem platform 310. The application processing circuitry 312 may run various applications for the UE 302 that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry 312 may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations

The protocol processing circuitry 314 may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection 306. The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry 314 may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations.

The modem platform 310 may further include digital baseband circuitry 316 that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry 314 in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions.

The modem platform 310 may further include transmit circuitry 318, receive circuitry 320, RF circuitry 322, and RF front end (RFFE) 324, which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels 326. Briefly, the transmit circuitry 318 may include a digital -to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry 320 may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry 322 may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE 324 may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry 318, receive circuitry 320, RF circuitry 322, RFFE 324, and antenna panels 326 (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc. In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry 314 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components.

A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels 326, RFFE 324, RF circuitry 322, receive circuitry 320, digital baseband circuitry 316, and protocol processing circuitry 314. In some embodiments, the antenna panels 326 may receive a transmission from the AN 304 by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels 326.

A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry 314, digital baseband circuitry 316, transmit circuitry 318, RF circuitry 322, RFFE 324, and antenna panels 326. In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE 304 may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels 326.

Similar to the UE 302, the AN 304 may include a host platform 328 coupled with a modem platform 330. The host platform 328 may include application processing circuitry 332 coupled with protocol processing circuitry 334 of the modem platform 330. The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry 336, transmit circuitry 338, receive circuitry 340, RF circuitry 342, RFFE circuitry 344, and antenna panels 346. The components of the AN 304 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE 302. In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN 308 may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling.

Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, Figure 4 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 400 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 410, one or more memory/storage devices 420, and one or more communication resources 430, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 440 or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 402 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 400.

The processors 410 may include, for example, a processor 412 and a processor 414. The processors 410 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

The memory/ storage devices 420 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 420 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 430 may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 404 or one or more databases 406 or other network elements via a network 408. For example, the communication resources 430 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

Instructions 450 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 410 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 450 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 410 (e.g., within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/storage devices 420, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 450 may be transferred to the hardware resources 400 from any combination of the peripheral devices 404 or the databases 406. Accordingly, the memory of processors 410, the memory/storage devices 420, the peripheral devices 404, and the databases 406 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

Figure 5 illustrates a network 500 in accordance with various embodiments. The network 500 may operate in a matter consistent with 3GPP technical specifications or technical reports for 6G systems. In some embodiments, the network 500 may operate concurrently with network 200. For example, in some embodiments, the network 500 may share one or more frequency or bandwidth resources with network 200. As one specific example, a UE (e.g., UE 502) may be configured to operate in both network 500 and network 200. Such configuration may be based on a UE including circuitry configured for communication with frequency and bandwidth resources of both networks 200 and 500. In general, several elements of network 500 may share one or more characteristics with elements of network 200. For the sake of brevity and clarity, such elements may not be repeated in the description of network 500.

The network 500 may include a UE 502, which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 508 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 502 may be similar to, for example, UE 202. The UE 502 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in- vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, loT device, etc.

Although not specifically shown in Figure 5, in some embodiments the network 500 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. Similarly, although not specifically shown in Figure 5, the UE 502 may be communicatively coupled with an AP such as AP 206 as described with respect to Figure 2. Additionally, although not specifically shown in Figure 5, in some embodiments the RAN 508 may include one or more ANss such as AN 208 as described with respect to Figure 2. The RAN 508 and/or the AN of the RAN 508 may be referred to as a base station (BS), a RAN node, or using some other term or name.

The UE 502 and the RAN 508 may be configured to communicate via an air interface that may be referred to as a sixth generation (6G) air interface. The 6G air interface may include one or more features such as communication in a terahertz (THz) or sub-THz bandwidth, or joint communication and sensing. As used herein, the term “joint communication and sensing” may refer to a system that allows for wireless communication as well as radar-based sensing via various types of multiplexing. As used herein, THz or sub-THz bandwidths may refer to communication in the 80 GHz and above frequency ranges. Such frequency ranges may additionally or alternatively be referred to as “millimeter wave” or “mmWave” frequency ranges.

The RAN 508 may allow for communication between the UE 502 and a 6G core network (CN) 510. Specifically, the RAN 508 may facilitate the transmission and reception of data between the UE 502 and the 6G CN 510. The 6G CN 510 may include various functions such as NSSF 250, NEF 252, NRF 254, PCF 256, UDM 258, AF 260, SMF 246, and AUSF 242. The 6G CN 510 may additional include UPF 248 and DN 236 as shown in Figure 5.

Additionally, the RAN 508 may include various additional functions that are in addition to, or alternative to, functions of a legacy cellular network such as a 4G or 5G network. Two such functions may include a Compute Control Function (Comp CF) 524 and a Compute Service Function (Comp SF) 536. The Comp CF 524 and the Comp SF 536 may be parts or functions of the Computing Service Plane. Comp CF 524 may be a control plane function that provides functionalities such as management of the Comp SF 536, computing task context generation and management (e.g., create, read, modify, delete), interaction with the underlaying computing infrastructure for computing resource management, etc.. Comp SF 536 may be a user plane function that serves as the gateway to interface computing service users (such as UE 502) and computing nodes behind a Comp SF instance. Some functionalities of the Comp SF 536 may include: parse computing service data received from users to compute tasks executable by computing nodes; hold service mesh ingress gateway or service API gateway; service and charging policies enforcement; performance monitoring and telemetry collection, etc. In some embodiments, a Comp SF 536 instance may serve as the user plane gateway for a cluster of computing nodes. A Comp CF 524 instance may control one or more Comp SF 536 instances.

Two other such functions may include a Communication Control Function (Comm CF) 528 and a Communication Service Function (Comm SF) 538, which may be parts of the Communication Service Plane. The Comm CF 528 may be the control plane function for managing the Comm SF 538, communication sessions creation/configuration/releasing, and managing communication session context. The Comm SF 538 may be a user plane function for data transport. Comm CF 528 and Comm SF 538 may be considered as upgrades of SMF 246 and UPF 248, which were described with respect to a 5G system in Figure 2. The upgrades provided by the Comm CF 528 and the Comm SF 538 may enable service-aware transport. For legacy (e.g., 4G or 5G) data transport, SMF 246 and UPF 248 may still be used.

Two other such functions may include a Data Control Function (Data CF) 522 and Data Service Function (Data SF) 532 may be parts of the Data Service Plane. Data CF 522 may be a control plane function and provides functionalities such as Data SF 532 management, Data service creation/configuration/releasing, Data service context management, etc. Data SF 532 may be a user plane function and serve as the gateway between data service users (such as UE 502 and the various functions of the 6G CN 510) and data service endpoints behind the gateway. Specific functionalities may include include: parse data service user data and forward to corresponding data service endpoints, generate charging data, report data service status.

Another such function may be the Service Orchestration and Chaining Function (SOCF) 520, which may discover, orchestrate and chain up communi cation/computing/data services provided by functions in the network. Upon receiving service requests from users, SOCF 520 may interact with one or more of Comp CF 524, Comm CF 528, and Data CF 522 to identify Comp SF 536, Comm SF 538, and Data SF 532 instances, configure service resources, and generate the service chain, which could contain multiple Comp SF 536, Comm SF 538, and Data SF 532 instances and their associated computing endpoints. Workload processing and data movement may then be conducted within the generated service chain. The SOCF 520 may also responsible for maintaining, updating, and releasing a created service chain.

Another such function may be the service registration function (SRF) 514, which may act as a registry for system services provided in the user plane such as services provided by service endpoints behind Comp SF 536 and Data SF 532 gateways and services provided by the UE 502. The SRF 514 may be considered a counterpart of NRF 254, which may act as the registry for network functions.

Other such functions may include an evolved service communication proxy (eSCP) and service infrastructure control function (SICF) 526, which may provide service communication infrastructure for control plane services and user plane services. The eSCP may be related to the service communication proxy (SCP) of 5G with user plane service communication proxy capabilities being added. The eSCP is therefore expressed in two parts: eCSP-C 512 and eSCP-U 534, for control plane service communication proxy and user plane service communication proxy, respectively. The SICF 526 may control and configure eCSP instances in terms of service traffic routing policies, access rules, load balancing configurations, performance monitoring, etc.

Another such function is the AMF 544. The AMF 544 may be similar to 244, but with additional functionality. Specifically, the AMF 544 may include potential functional repartition, such as move the message forwarding functionality from the AMF 544 to the RAN 508.

Another such function is the service orchestration exposure function (SOEF) 518. The SOEF may be configured to expose service orchestration and chaining services to external users such as applications.

The UE 502 may include an additional function that is referred to as a computing client service function (comp CSF) 504. The comp CSF 504 may have both the control plane functionalities and user plane functionalities, and may interact with corresponding network side functions such as SOCF 520, Comp CF 524, Comp SF 536, Data CF 522, and/or Data SF 532 for service discovery, request/response, compute task workload exchange, etc. The Comp CSF 504 may also work with network side functions to decide on whether a computing task should be run on the UE 502, the RAN 508, and/or an element of the 6G CN 510.

The UE 502 and/or the Comp CSF 504 may include a service mesh proxy 506. The service mesh proxy 506 may act as a proxy for service-to- service communication in the user plane. Capabilities of the service mesh proxy 506 may include one or more of addressing, security, load balancing, etc. EXAMPLE PROCEDURES

In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of Figures 2-5, or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in Figure 6. The process may include or relate to a method to be performed by a UE, one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes and/or implements the UE. The process may include identifying, at 601, a received transmission from a serving cell or another cell (CDP), wherein the CDP has a different physical cell identifier (PCI) than the serving cell; identifying, at 602 based on a factor related to a periodicity of a synchronization signal block (SSB) of the serving cell and a factor related to a first other periodicity, a sharing factor related to the serving cell; identifying, at 603 based on a factor related to a periodicity of a SSB of the CDP and a factor related to a second other periodicity, a sharing factor related to the CDP; identifying, at 604 based on the sharing factor related to the serving cell and the sharing factor related to the CDP, an updated sharing factor; and performing, at 605 based on the updated sharing factor, a measurement related to the transmission.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 may include the scaling factor will be calculated by two elements.

Example 2 may include for the first element, SSB resource for serving cell and cell with different PCI will be compared with legacy scenarios to calculate Psc and PCDP respectively.

Example 3 may include with the calculated Psc and PCDP, the new periodicity for serving cell and cell with different PCI is derived as below:

^T SSB_SC = Psc * TSSB_SC

Example 4 may include that we can compare the periodicity to get the final scaling factor for serving cell and cell with different PCI under three conditions :

Pfinal, SC = PSC

If TSSB _SC ^< TSSB CDP

Pfinal, CDP = PcDP f T _{SB CDP} = T _{SB sc} , the remaining part will be shared between serving cell and cell with different PCI.

Pfinal, CDP = P _c DP * 2

Pfinal, SC = PSC * 2

Example 5 may include the final scaling factor will be applied to the Ll-RSRP measurement period for serving cell and non-serving cell.

Example 6 may include a method to be performed by one or more electronic devices or elements thereof, wherein the method comprises: identifying a serving cell scaling factor Psc related to layer 1 -reference signal received power (Ll-RSRP); identifying a code domain power scaling factor PCDP related to Ll-RSRP; and identifying, based on Psc and PCDP, a periodicity related to a cell.

Example 7 may include the method of example 6, and/or some other example herein, wherein the cell is a new serving cell.

Example 8 may include the method of example 6, and/or some other example herein, wherein the cell is a cell with a different physical cell identifier (PCI).

Example 9 may include the method of any of examples 6-8, and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more electronic devices include a user equipment (UE).

Example 10 may include the method of any of examples 6-9, and/or some other example herein, wherein Psc or PCDP are based on comparison with a legacy scenario.

Example 11 may include for FR1, UE can perform Ll-RSRP for both serving cell and non-serving cell simultaneously when SSB resource for serving cell and non-serving cell are overlapped, no extra delay is needed.

Example 12 may include for FR2, inside SMTC, UE can perform Ll-RSRP for both serving cell and non-serving cell simultaneously, no extra delay is needed.

Example 13 may include for FR2, outside SMTC, if SSB for serving cell and nonserving cell are fully overlapped and different RX beam is used, SSB for serving cell measurement and non-serving cell can only be shared, a sharing factor will be needed for measurement period.

Example 14 may include for FR2, outside SMTC, if SSB for serving cell and nonserving cell are partially overlapped and different RX beam is used, measurement restriction can be defined, e.g. UE is required to measure for serving cell or non-serving cell. It’s not required to perform measurement simultaneously for two cells.

Example 15 may include for FR2, outside SMTC, if SSB for serving cell and nonserving cell are partially overlapped and different RX beam is used, some SSB will be used for serving cell and some others will be used for non-serving cell, a sharing factor will be needed for measurement period.

Example 16 may include for FR2, outside SMTC, SSB for serving cell and non-serving cell are fully or partially overlapped and same RX beam is used, UE can measure SSB for both cells simultaneously, no extra delay is needed.

Example 17 may include a method of a UE, the method comprising: determining that a first SSB resource of a serving cell overlaps with a second SSB resource of a non-serving cell; and performing Ll-RSRP measurements on the respective first and second SSB resources simultaneously based on the determination.

Example 18 includes a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: identifying a received transmission from a serving cell or another cell (CDP), wherein the CDP has a different physical cell identifier (PCI) than the serving cell; identifying, based on a factor related to a periodicity of a synchronization signal block (SSB) of the serving cell and a factor related to a first other periodicity, a sharing factor related to the serving cell; identifying, based on a factor related to a periodicity of a SSB of the CDP and a factor related to a second other periodicity, a sharing factor related to the CDP; identifying, based on the sharing factor related to the serving cell and the sharing factor related to the CDP, an updated sharing factor; and performing, based on the updated sharing factor, a measurement related to the transmission.

Example 19 includes the method of example 18, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first other periodicity or the second other periodicity is a periodicity of an SSB- based measurement timing configuration (SMTC).

Example 20 includes the method of example 19, and/or some other example herein, wherein the factor related to the periodicity of the SMTC is TSMTC.

Example 21 includes the method of any of examples 18-20, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first other periodicity or the second other periodicity is a periodicity of a measurement gap (MG). Example 22 includes the method of example 21, and/or some other example herein, wherein the factor related to the periodicity of the MG is xRP.

Example 23 includes the method of any of examples 18-22, and/or some other example herein, where the transmission is a frequency range 2 (FR2) transmission.

Example 24 includes the method of any of examples 18-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement is a layer 1 received signal reference power (Ll-RSRP) measurement.

Example 25 includes the method of any of examples 18-24, and/or some other example herein, wherein the factor related to the periodicity of the serving cell is TSSB.

Example 26 includes the method of any of examples 18-25, and/or some other example herein, wherein the factor related to the periodicity of the SSB of the CDP is TCDP.

Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions thereof.

Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions thereof.

Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-26, or portions thereof.

Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Abbreviations

Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 vl6.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 3 GPP Third AO A Angle of 70 BPSK Binary Phase Generation Arrival Shift Keying

Partnership AP Application BRAS Broadband Project Protocol, Antenna Remote Access 4G Fourth 40 Port, Access Point Server Generation API Application 75 BSS Business 5G Fifth Programming Interface Support System Generation APN Access Point BS Base Station 5GC 5G Core Name BSR Buffer Status network 45 ARP Allocation and Report AC Retention Priority 80 BW Bandwidth

Application ARQ Automatic BWP Bandwidth Part Client Repeat Request C-RNTI Cell

ACR Application AS Access Stratum Radio Network Context Relocation 50 ASP Temporary ACK Application Service 85 Identity

Acknowledgem Provider CA Carrier ent Aggregation, ACID ASN. l Abstract Syntax Certification

Application 55 Notation One Authority Client Identification AUSF Authentication 90 CAPEX CAPital AF Application Server Function Expenditure Function AWGN Additive CBRA Contention

AM Acknowledged White Gaussian Based Random Mode 60 Noise Access

AMBRAggregate BAP Backhaul 95 CC Component Maximum Bit Rate Adaptation Protocol Carrier, Country AMF Access and BCH Broadcast Code, Cryptographic

Mobility Channel Checksum

Management 65 BER Bit Error Ratio CCA Clear Channel Function BFD Beam 100 Assessment AN Access Failure Detection CCE Control Network BLER Block Error Channel Element ANR Automatic Rate CCCH Common

Neighbour Relation Control Channel CE Coverage CO Conditional CRI Channel -State Enhancement Optional Information CDM Content CoMP Coordinated Resource Delivery Network Multi-Point Indicator, CSI-RS CDMA Code- 40 CORESET Control 75 Resource Division Multiple Resource Set Indicator Access COTS Commercial C-RNTI Cell

CDR Charging Data Off-The-Shelf RNTI Request CP Control Plane, CS Circuit

CDR Charging Data 45 Cyclic Prefix, 80 Switched Response Connection CSCF call

CFRA Contention Free Point session control function Random Access CPD Connection CSAR Cloud Service CG Cell Group Point Descriptor Archive CGF Charging 50 CPE Customer 85 CSI Channel-State

Gateway Function Premise Information CHF Charging Equipment CSI-IM CSI

Function CPICHCommon Pilot Interference

CI Cell Identity Channel Measurement CID Cell-ID (e g., 55 CQI Channel 90 CSI-RS CSI positioning method) Quality Indicator Reference Signal CIM Common CPU CSI processing CSI-RSRP CSI Information Model unit, Central reference signal CIR Carrier to Processing Unit received power Interference Ratio 60 C/R 95 CSI-RSRQ CSI CK Cipher Key Command/Resp reference signal CM Connection onse field bit received quality Management, CRAN Cloud Radio CSI-SINR CSI

Conditional Access signal-to-noise and Mandatory 65 Network, Cloud 100 interference CMAS Commercial RAN ratio Mobile Alert Service CRB Common CSMA Carrier Sense CMD Command Resource Block Multiple Access CMS Cloud CRC Cyclic Management System 70 Redundancy Check CSMA/CA CSMA DNAI Data Network Evolution with collision Access Identifier (GSM Evolution) avoidance EAS Edge

CSS Common DRB Data Radio Application Server

Search Space, Cell40 Bearer 75 EASID Edge specific Search DRS Discovery Application Server

Space Reference Signal Identification

CTF Charging DRX Discontinuous ECS Edge

Trigger Function Reception Configuration Server

CTS Clear-to-Send 45 DSL Domain 80 ECSP Edge

CW Codeword Specific Language. Computing Service

CWS Contention Digital Provider

Window Size Subscriber Line EDN Edge

D2D Device-to- DSLAM DSL Data Network

Device 50 Access Multiplexer 85 EEC Edge

DC Dual DwPTS Enabler Client

Connectivity, Direct Downlink Pilot EECID Edge Current Time Slot Enabler Client

DCI Downlink E-LAN Ethernet Identification

Control 55 Local Area Network 90 EES Edge

Information E2E End-to-End Enabler Server

DF Deployment EAS Edge EESID Edge Flavour Application Server Enabler Server

DL Downlink ECCA extended clear Identification

DMTF Distributed 60 channel 95 EHE Edge

Management Task assessment, Hosting Environment Force extended CCA EGMF Exposure

DPDK Data Plane ECCE Enhanced Governance

Development Kit Control Channel Management

DM-RS, DMRS 65 Element, 100 Function

Demodulation Enhanced CCE EGPRS

Reference Signal ED Energy Enhanced DN Data network Detection GPRS DNN Data Network EDGE Enhanced EIR Equipment Name 70 Datarates for GSM 105 Identity Register eLAA enhanced ETWS Earthquake and FB Functional Licensed Assisted Tsunami Warning Block

Access, System FBI Feedback enhanced LAA eUICC embedded Information EM Element 40 UICC, embedded 75 FCC Federal Manager Universal Communications eMBB Enhanced Integrated Circuit Commission Mobile Card FCCH Frequency

Broadband E-UTRA Evolved Correction CHannel

EMS Element 45 UTRA 80 FDD Frequency Management System E-UTRAN Evolved Division Duplex eNB evolved NodeB, UTRAN FDM Frequency E-UTRAN Node B EV2X Enhanced V2X Division EN-DC E- F1AP Fl Application Multiplex UTRA-NR Dual 50 Protocol 85 FDMA Frequency Connectivity Fl-C Fl Control Division Multiple

EPC Evolved Packet plane interface Access Core Fl-U Fl User plane FE Front End EPDCCH interface FEC Forward Error enhanced 55 FACCH Fast 90 Correction PDCCH, enhanced Associated Control FFS For Further Physical CHannel Study

Downlink Control FACCH/F Fast FFT Fast Fourier Cannel Associated Control Transformation

EPRE Energy per 60 Channel/Full 95 feLAA further resource element rate enhanced Licensed EPS Evolved Packet FACCH/H Fast Assisted System Associated Control Access, further

EREG enhanced REG, Channel/Half enhanced LAA enhanced resource 65 rate 100 FN Frame Number element groups FACH Forward Access FPGA Field- ETSI European Channel Programmable Gate

Tel ecommuni ca FAUSCH Fast Array tions Standards Uplink Signalling FR Frequency Institute 70 Channel 105 Range FQDN Fully 35 GNSS Global 70 HLR Home Location Qualified Domain Navigation Satellite Register Name System HN Home Network

G-RNTI GERAN GPRS General Packet HO Handover

Radio Network Radio Service HPLMN Home

Temporary 40 GPSI Generic 75 Public Land Mobile Identity Public Subscription Network GERAN Identifier HSDPA High

GSM EDGE GSM Global System Speed Downlink RAN, GSM EDGE for Mobile Packet Access

Radio Access 45 Communication 80 HSN Hopping

Network s, Groupe Special Sequence Number

GGSN Gateway GPRS Mobile HSPA High Speed Support Node GTP GPRS Packet Access GLONASS Tunneling Protocol HSS Home

GLObal'naya 50 GTP-UGPRS 85 Subscriber Server

NAvigatsionnay Tunnelling Protocol HSUPA High a Sputnikovaya for User Plane Speed Uplink Packet Si sterna (Engl.: GTS Go To Sleep Access Global Navigation Signal (related HTTP Hyper Text

Satellite 55 to WUS) 90 Transfer Protocol

System) GUMMEI Globally HTTPS Hyper gNB Next Unique MME Text Transfer Protocol Generation NodeB Identifier Secure (https is gNB-CU gNB- GUTI Globally http/ 1.1 over centralized unit, Next 60 Unique Temporary 95 SSL, i.e. port 443)

Generation UE Identity LB lock

NodeB HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Information centralized unit Hybrid Block gNB-DU gNB- Automatic ICCID Integrated distributed unit, Next 65 Repeat Request 100 Circuit Card

Generation HANDO Handover Identification

NodeB HFN HyperFrame IAB Integrated distributed unit Number Access and HHO Hard Handover Backhaul ICIC Inter-Cell IMEI International ISDN Integrated Interference Mobile Services Digital

Coordination Equipment Network

ID Identity, Identity ISIM IM Services identifier 40 IMGI International 75 Identity Module

IDFT Inverse Discrete mobile group identity ISO International Fourier IMPI IP Multimedia Organisation for

Transform Private Identity Standardisation IE Information IMPU IP Multimedia ISP Internet Service element 45 PUblic identity 80 Provider IBE In-Band IMS IP Multimedia IWF Interworking- Emission Subsystem Function IEEE Institute of IM SI International LWLAN Electrical and Mobile Interworking

Electronics 50 Subscriber 85 WLAN Engineers Identity Constraint IEI Information loT Internet of length of the Element Things convolutional

Identifier IP Internet code, USIM IEIDL Information 55 Protocol 90 Individual key Element Ipsec IP Security, kB Kilobyte (1000

Identifier Data Internet Protocol bytes) Length Security kbps kilo-bits per IETF Internet IP-CAN IP- second Engineering Task 60 Connectivity Access 95 Kc Ciphering key

Force Network Ki Individual IF Infrastructure IP-M IP Multicast subscriber IIOT Industrial IPv4 Internet authentication Internet of Things Protocol Version 4 key IM Interference 65 IPv6 Internet 100 KPI Key Measurement, Protocol Version 6 Performance Indicator

Intermodulation IR Infrared KQI Key Quality , IP Multimedia IS In Sync Indicator IMC IMS IRP Integration KSI Key Set Credentials 70 Reference Point 105 Identifier ksps kilo-symbols 35 LOS Line of MAC-IMAC used for per second Sight 70 data integrity of KVM Kernel Virtual LPLMN Local signalling messages Machine PLMN (TSG T WG3 context) LI Layer 1 LPP LTE MANO

(physical layer) 40 Positioning Protocol Management

Ll-RSRP Layer 1 LSB Least 75 and Orchestration reference signal Significant Bit MBMS received power LTE Long Term Multimedia L2 Layer 2 (data Evolution Broadcast and link layer) 45 LWA LTE-WLAN Multicast

L3 Layer 3 aggregation 80 Service (network layer) LWIP LTE/WLAN MBSFN LAA Licensed Radio Level Multimedia Assisted Access Integration with Broadcast

LAN Local Area 50 IPsec Tunnel multicast

Network LTE Long Term 85 service Single

LADN Local Evolution Frequency

Area Data Network M2M Machine-to- Network LBT Listen Before Machine MCC Mobile Country

Talk 55 MAC Medium Access Code

LCM LifeCycle Control 90 MCG Master Cell Management (protocol Group LCR Low Chip Rate layering context) MCOT Maximum LCS Location MAC Message Channel

Services 60 authentication code Occupancy

LCID Logical (security/encryption 95 Time Channel ID context) MCS Modulation and

LI Layer Indicator MAC-A MAC coding scheme LLC Logical Link used for MD AF Management

Control, Low Layer 65 authentication Data Analytics

Compatibility and key 100 Function

LMF Location agreement MD AS Management

Management Function (TSG T WG3 context) Data Analytics

Service MDT Minimization of Control MT Mobile

Drive Tests CHannel 70 Terminated, Mobile

ME Mobile MPDSCH MTC Termination

Equipment Physical Downlink MTC Machine-Type

MeNB master eNB 40 Shared Communication

MER Message Error CHannel s

Ratio MPRACH MTC 75 mMTCmassive MTC,

MGL Measurement Physical Random massive

Gap Length Access Machine-Type

MGRP Measurement 45 CHannel Communication

Gap Repetition MPUSCH MTC s

Period Physical Uplink Shared 80 MU-MIMO Multi

MIB Master Channel User MIMO

Information Block, MPLS MultiProtocol MWUS MTC

Management 50 Label Switching wake-up signal, MTC

Information Base MS Mobile Station wus

MIMO Multiple Input MSB Most 85 NACK Negative

Multiple Output Significant Bit Acknowledgement

MLC Mobile MSC Mobile NAI Network

Location Centre 55 Switching Centre Access Identifier

MM Mobility MSI Minimum NAS Non-Access

Management System 90 Stratum, Non- Access

MME Mobility Information, Stratum layer

Management Entity MCH Scheduling NCT Network

MN Master Node 60 Information Connectivity

MNO Mobile MSID Mobile Station Topology

Network Operator Identifier 95 NC-JT Non¬

MO Measurement MSIN Mobile Station coherent Joint

Object, Mobile Identification Transmission

Originated 65 Number NEC Network

MPBCH MTC MSISDN Mobile Capability

Physical Broadcast Subscriber ISDN 100 Exposure

CHannel Number NE-DC NR-E-

MPDCCH MTC UTRA Dual

Physical Downlink Connectivity NEF Network 35 NPDCCH NSA Non- Standalone

Exposure Function Narrowband 70 operation mode

NF Network Physical NSD Network

Function Downlink Service Descriptor

NFP Network Control CHannel NSR Network

Forwarding Path 40 NPDSCH Service Record

NFPD Network Narrowband 75 NSSAINetwork Slice

Forwarding Path Physical Selection

Descriptor Downlink Assistance

NFV Network Shared CHannel Information

Functions 45 NPRACH S-NNSAI Single-

Virtualization Narrowband 80 NS SAI

NFVI NFV Physical Random NSSF Network Slice

Infrastructure Access CHannel Selection Function

NF VO NFV NPUSCH NW Network

Orchestrator 50 Narrowband NWU S N arrowb and

NG Next Physical Uplink 85 wake-up signal,

Generation, Next Gen Shared CHannel N arrowb and WU S

NGEN-DC NG- NPSS Narrowband NZP Non-Zero

R AN E-UTRA-NR Primary Power

Dual Connectivity 55 Synchronization O&M Operation and

NM Network Signal 90 Maintenance

Manager NSSS Narrowband ODU2 Optical channel

NMS Network Secondary Data Unit - type 2

Management System Synchronization OFDM Orthogonal

N-PoP Network Point 60 Signal Frequency Division of Presence NR New Radio, 95 Multiplexing

NMIB, N-MIB Neighbour Relation OFDMA

Narrowband MIB NRF NF Repository Orthogonal

NPBCH Function Frequency Division

Narrowband 65 NRS Narrowband Multiple Access

Physical Reference Signal 100 OOB Out-of-band

Broadcast NS Network 00 S Out of

CHannel Service Sync OPEX OPerating PDCP Packet Data 70 PMI Precoding

EXpense Convergence Matrix Indicator

OSI Other System Protocol, Packet PNF Physical Information Data Convergence Network Function

OSS Operations 40 Protocol layer PNFD Physical Support System PDCCH Physical 75 Network Function OTA over-the-air Downlink Control Descriptor

PAPR Peak-to- Channel PNFR Physical

Average Power PDCP Packet Data Network Function Ratio 45 Convergence Protocol Record

PAR Peak to PDN Packet Data 80 POC PTT over

Average Ratio Network, Public Cellular PBCH Physical Data Network PP, PTP Point-to- Broadcast Channel PDSCH Physical Point

PC Power Control, 50 Downlink Shared PPP Point-to-Point

Personal Channel 85 Protocol

Computer PDU Protocol Data PRACH Physical

PCC Primary Unit RACH Component Carrier, PEI Permanent PRB Physical Primary CC 55 Equipment resource block

P-CSCF Proxy Identifiers 90 PRG Physical

CSCF PFD Packet Flow resource block

PCell Primary Cell Description group PCI Physical Cell P-GW PDN Gateway ProSe Proximity ID, Physical Cell 60 PHICH Physical Services, Identity hybrid-ARQ indicator 95 Proximity-

PCEF Policy and channel Based Service Charging PHY Physical layer PRS Positioning

Enforcement PLMN Public Land Reference Signal

Function 65 Mobile Network PRR Packet

PCF Policy Control PIN Personal 100 Reception Radio Function Identification Number PS Packet Services

PCRF Policy Control PM Performance PSBCH Physical and Charging Rules Measurement Sidelink Broadcast Function Channel PSDCH Physical 35 QFI QoS Flow ID, 70 REG Resource

Sidelink Downlink QoS Flow Element Group

Channel Identifier Rel Release

PSCCH Physical QoS Quality of REQ REQuest

Sidelink Control Service RF Radio

Channel 40 QPSK Quadrature 75 Frequency

PSSCH Physical (Quaternary) Phase RI Rank Indicator

Sidelink Shared Shift Keying RIV Resource

Channel QZSS Quasi-Zenith indicator value

PSFCH physical Satellite System RL Radio Link sidelink feedback 45 RA-RNTI Random 80 RLC Radio Link channel Access RNTI Control, Radio

PSCell Primary SCell RAB Radio Access Link Control

PSS Primary Bearer, Random layer

Synchronization Access Burst RLC AM RLC

Signal 50 RACH Random Access 85 Acknowledged Mode

PSTN Public Switched Channel RLC UM RLC

Telephone Network RADIUS Remote Unacknowledged

PT-RS Phase-tracking Authentication Dial Mode reference signal In User Service RLF Radio Link

PTT Push-to-Talk 55 RAN Radio Access 90 Failure

PUCCH Physical Network RLM Radio Link

Uplink Control RAND RANDom Monitoring

Channel number (used for RLM-RS

PUSCH Physical authentication) Reference

Uplink Shared 60 RAR Random Access 95 Signal for RLM

Channel Response RM Registration

QAM Quadrature RAT Radio Access Management

Amplitude Technology RMC Reference

Modulation RAU Routing Area Measurement Channel

QCI QoS class of 65 Update 100 RMSI Remaining identifier RB Resource block, MSI, Remaining

QCL Quasi coRadio Bearer Minimum location RBG Resource block System group Information RN Relay Node 35 RTT Round Trip SCC Secondary

RNC Radio Network Time Component Carrier,

Controller Rx Reception, 70 Secondary CC

RNL Radio Network Receiving, Receiver SCell Secondary Cell

Layer S1AP SI Application SCEF Service

RNTI Radio Network 40 Protocol Capability Exposure

Temporary Sl-MME SI for Function

Identifier the control plane 75 SC-FDMA Single

ROHC RObust Header Sl-U SI for the user Carrier Frequency

Compression plane Division

RRC Radio Resource 45 S-CSCF serving Multiple Access

Control, Radio CSCF SCG Secondary Cell

Resource Control S-GW Serving 80 Group layer Gateway SCM Security

RRM Radio Resource S-RNTI SRNC Context

Management 50 Radi o N etwork Management

RS Reference Temporary SCS Subcarrier

Signal Identity 85 Spacing

RSRP Reference S-TMSI SAE SCTP Stream Control

Signal Received Temporary Mobile Transmission

Power 55 Station Protocol

RSRQ Reference Identifier SDAP Service Data

Signal Received SA Standalone 90 Adaptation

Quality operation mode Protocol,

RS SI Received Signal SAE System Service Data

Strength 60 Architecture Adaptation

Indicator Evolution Protocol layer

RSU Road Side Unit SAP Service Access 95 SDL Supplementary

RSTD Reference Point Downlink

Signal Time SAPD Service Access SDNF Structured Data difference 65 Point Descriptor Storage Network

RTP Real Time SAPI Service Access Function

Protocol Point Identifier 100 SDP Session

RTS Ready-To-Send Description Protocol SDSF Structured Data SiP System in 70 SS Synchronization Storage Function Package Signal SDT Small Data SL Sidelink SSB Synchronization Transmission SLA Service Level Signal Block

SDU Service Data 40 Agreement SSID Service Set

Unit SM Session 75 Identifier

SEAF Security Management SS/PBCH Block Anchor Function SMF Session SSBRI SS/PBCH

SeNB secondary eNB Management Function Block Resource SEPP Security Edge 45 SMS Short Message Indicator,

Protection Proxy Service 80 Synchronization SFI Slot format SMSF SMS Function Signal Block indication SMTC S SB-based Resource

SFTD Space- Measurement Timing Indicator Frequency Time 50 Configuration SSC Session and

Diversity, SFN SN Secondary 85 Service and frame timing Node, Sequence Continuity difference Number SS-RSRP

SFN System Frame SoC System on Chip Synchronization Number 55 SON Self-Organizing Signal based

SgNB Secondary gNB Network 90 Reference SGSN Serving GPRS SpCell Special Cell Signal Received Support Node SP-CSI-RNTISemi- Power

S-GW Serving Persistent CSI RNTI SS-RSRQ Gateway 60 SPS Semi-Persistent Synchronization

SI System Scheduling 95 Signal based

Information SQN Sequence Reference

SI-RNTI System number Signal Received

Information RNTI SR Scheduling Quality

SIB System 65 Request SS-SINR Information Block SRB Signalling 100 Synchronization

SIM Subscriber Radio Bearer Signal based Signal Identity Module SRS Sounding to Noise and

SIP Session Reference Signal Interference Ratio Initiated Protocol SSS Secondary TDD Time Division TTI Transmission

Synchronization Duplex Time Interval

Signal TDM Time Division Tx Transmission,

SSSG Search Space Multiplexing Transmitting,

Set Group 40 TDMATime Division 75 Transmitter

SSSIF Search Space Multiple Access U-RNTI UTRAN

Set Indicator TE Terminal Radio Network

SST Slice/Service Equipment Temporary

Types TEID Tunnel End Identity

SU-MIMO Single 45 Point Identifier 80 UART Universal

User MIMO TFT Traffic Flow Asynchronous

SUL Supplementary Template Receiver and

Uplink TMSI Temporary Transmitter

TA Timing Mobile UCI Uplink Control

Advance, Tracking 50 Subscriber 85 Information

Area Identity UE User Equipment

TAC Tracking Area TNL Transport UDM Unified Data

Code Network Layer Management

TAG Timing TPC Transmit Power UDP User Datagram

Advance Group 55 Control 90 Protocol

TAI TPMI Transmitted UDSF Unstructured

Tracking Area Precoding Matrix Data Storage Network

Identity Indicator Function

TAU Tracking Area TR Technical UICC Universal

Update 60 Report 95 Integrated Circuit

TB Transport Block TRP, TRxP Card

TBS Transport Block Transmission UL Uplink

Size Reception Point UM

TBD To Be Defined TRS Tracking Unacknowledge

TCI Transmission 65 Reference Signal 100 d Mode

Configuration TRx Transceiver UML Unified

Indicator TS Technical Modelling Language

TCP Transmission Specifications, UMTS Universal

Communication Technical Mobile

Protocol 70 Standard Tel ecommuni ca V2X Vehicle-to- WMAN Wireless tions System everything Metropolitan Area UP User Plane VIM Virtualized Network UPF User Plane Infrastructure Manager WPANWireless

Function 40 VL Virtual Link, 75 Personal Area Network

URI Uniform VLAN Virtual LAN, X2-C X2-Control

Resource Identifier Virtual Local Area plane

URL Uniform Network X2-U X2-User plane

Resource Locator VM Virtual XML extensible

URLLC Ultra- 45 Machine 80 Markup

Reliable and Low VNF Virtualized Language

Latency Network Function XRES EXpected user

USB Universal Serial VNFFG VNF RESponse

Bus Forwarding Graph XOR exclusive OR

USIM Universal 50 VNFFGD VNF 85 ZC Zadoff-Chu

Subscriber Identity Forwarding Graph ZP Zero Power

Module Descriptor

USS UE-specific VNFMVNF Manager search space VoIP Voice-over-IP,

UTRA UMTS 55 Voice-over- Internet

Terrestrial Radio Protocol

Access VPLMN Visited

UTRAN Public Land Mobile

Universal Network

Terrestrial Radio 60 VPN Virtual Private

Access Network

Network VRB Virtual

UwPTS Uplink Resource Block

Pilot Time Slot WiMAX

V2I Vehicle-to- 65 Worldwide

Infrastruction Interoperability

V2P Vehicle-to- for Microwave

Pedestrian Access

V2V Vehicle-to- WLANWireless Local

Vehicle 70 Area Network Terminology

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

The term “application” may refer to a complete and deployable package, environment to achieve a certain function in an operational environment. The term “AI/ML application” or the like may be an application that contains some AI/ML models and application-level descriptions.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computerexecutable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource.

The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/ systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like.

The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content.

The term “SMTC” refers to an S SB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration .

The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure.

The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation.

The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA.

The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC.

The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell.

The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC CONNECTED configured with CA/.

The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

The term “machine learning” or “ML” refers to the use of computer systems implementing algorithms and/or statistical models to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions, but instead relying on patterns and inferences. ML algorithms build or estimate mathematical model(s) (referred to as “ML models” or the like) based on sample data (referred to as “training data,” “model training information,” or the like) in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform such tasks. Generally, an ML algorithm is a computer program that learns from experience with respect to some task and some performance measure, and an ML model may be any object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with one or more training datasets. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms as discussed herein may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure.

The term “machine learning model,” “ML model,” or the like may also refer to ML methods and concepts used by an ML-assisted solution. An “ML-assisted solution” is a solution that addresses a specific use case using ML algorithms during operation. ML models include supervised learning (e.g., linear regression, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), descision tree algorithms, support machine vectors, Bayesian algorithm, ensemble algorithms, etc.) unsupervised learning (e.g., K-means clustering, principle component analysis (PCA), etc.), reinforcement learning (e.g., Q-learning, multi-armed bandit learning, deep RL, etc.), neural networks, and the like. Depending on the implementation a specific ML model could have many sub-models as components and the ML model may train all sub-models together. Separately trained ML models can also be chained together in an ML pipeline during inference. An “ML pipeline” is a set of functionalities, functions, or functional entities specific for an ML-assisted solution; an ML pipeline may include one or several data sources in a data pipeline, a model training pipeline, a model evaluation pipeline, and an actor. The “actor” is an entity that hosts an ML assisted solution using the output of the ML model inference). The term “ML training host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts the training of the model. The term “ML inference host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts model during inference mode (which includes both the model execution as well as any online learning if applicable). The ML-host informs the actor about the output of the ML algorithm, and the actor takes a decision for an action (an “action” is performed by an actor as a result of the output of an ML assisted solution). The term “model inference information” refers to information used as an input to the ML model for determining inference(s); the data used to train an ML model and the data used to determine inferences may overlap, however, “training data” and “inference data” refer to different concepts.