DYKEMAN, Harold D. (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
EIRICH, Thomas (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
KAISERSWERTH, Matthias (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
KRAMP, Thorsten (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
BUHLER, Peter (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
DYKEMAN, Harold D. (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
EIRICH, Thomas (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
KAISERSWERTH, Matthias (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
KRAMP, Thorsten (IBM Research GmbH, IBM Research - ZurichSaeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, CH-8803, CH)
| CLAIMS 1. A method for secure PIN management of a user trusted device (10) having computing means (15) coupled to a persistent memory (15 "), a non-persistent memory (15 ') and interfaces (17, 18, 20) for coupling to or/interacting with a user (1), a memory card (16) such as a smart card and a terminal (30), the method comprising the steps of: - providing (S I 01) the device coupled to the memory card (16); - receiving (S201 , S203) at the device: an external PIN (ext PIN) and a card PIN (card PIN), the latter capable of unlocking the memory card; - generating and storing (S204) a key (K) on the persistent memory, via the computing means and from the PINs received, such that the card PIN can be computed via a function (f) stored on the persistent memory, taking the external PIN and the key as argument; - receiving (S301), at the terminal, user input of the external PIN and communicating the external PIN to the device, the device being coupled to the terminal; and - instructing the computing means to compute (S302) the card PIN using the function as stored; - using the computed card PIN to unlock (S304) the memory card. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the card PIN received at the device is directly entered by a user at the device, and preferably the external PIN is directly entered at the device by the user. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising the steps of: - retaining the card PIN received in the non-persistent memory only, after reception at the device; and - deleting (S205) the card PIN and the external PIN from the non-persistent memory after the key is generated, the external PIN being preferably stored on the persistent memory only. 4. The method of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the steps of receiving the card PIN and the external PIN, generating and storing the key are executed if it is detected (SI 02) that no key is stored for the memory card coupled to the device. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the steps of generating and storing the key further comprises storing a flag value indicating that a key is stored at the device in relation to the card. 6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising the steps of: - providing the device coupled to another card (SI 00), PIN-protected with an other card PIN; - receiving (S201 , S203) at the device the other card PIN; - generating and storing (S204) in the persistent memory an other key for the other memory card, such that the other card PIN can be computed via the function, taking the other key and an external PIN as argument. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: - generating (S204) the other key such that the other card PIN can be computed via the function, taking as argument the other key and the same external PIN as used for generating and storing (S204) a previous key (K). 8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a step of: - establishing (S305) a trustworthy connection between a user (1) and at least one server (40) via said device (10) and said terminal (30), preferably using data stored on the unlocked card. 9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the device provided has a computerized method stored on the persistent memory, for establishing (S304) a trustworthy connection between the device and at least one server (40) via said terminal (30) when the terminal is connected to the server (40), the method further comprising the step of: - triggering at the device the computerized method for establishing the trustworthy connection. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of: - setting the device (10) in a communication (91) with a server (40) over a nonsecure connection (92) via the terminal (30). 11. The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the computerized method for establishing the trustworthy connection is triggered upon successfully unlocking the card. 12. The method of claim 10 or 11, further comprising a step of: - authenticating the device to the server by initiating the communication (91) to be set over the non-secure connection (92), and preferably by initiating a SSL/TLS communication (91). 13. The method of claim 10, 11, or 12, wherein: - the step of setting the device in a communication with the server further comprises starting, from the device, a proxy client residing at the terminal, in order to connect to the server via a SSL/TLS communication; and - the step of authenticating the device to the server comprises a SSL/TLS authentication with the server. 14. A trusted device (10) having computing means (15) coupled to a non-persistent memory (15'), a persistent memory (15 ") and interfaces (17, 18, 20) for coupling to or interacting with a user (1), a memory card (16) such as a smart card and a terminal (30), and designed for: - if a memory card (16), PIN-protected by a card PIN (card PIN), is coupled (S I 01) thereto, then detecting (S I 02) whether a key (K) is stored for that memory card, - if not, then: - receiving (S201 , S203) both an external PIN (ext_PIN) and the card PIN, the latter entered directly at the device by the user; - instructing the computing means to generate (S204) and store a key (K) in the persistent memory, from the external PIN and card PIN received, such that the card PIN can be computed via a function (f) stored on the persistent memory, taking the external PIN and the key as argument; and - else: - receiving (S301) the external PIN from a terminal (30) coupled to the device; - instructing the computing means to compute (S302) the card PIN via the function stored; and - unlocking (S304) the memory card with the card PIN computed. 15. The trusted device of claim 14, further comprising a computerized method stored on the persistent memory, for establishing (S305) a trustworthy connection between the device and at least one server (40), by setting the device (10) in a communication (91) with the server (40) over a non-secure connection (92) via the terminal (30), upon unlocking (S304) the memory card with the card PIN computed. |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to user trusted devices using a PIN-protected memory card such as a smart card, such as those used for Internet banking. In particular, it relates to secure PIN management of such devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Security problems with PCs make them unsuitable for many functions since data entered by users can be manipulated or copied by an attacker. Transactions can be changed to send money to unwanted recipients or to order unwanted goods, or user credentials can be copied providing attackers with access to systems such as those used for Internet banking.
To solve some of these problems, a user trusted device (also a "secure device") can be used together with a PC. One such solution, the IBM Zone Trusted Information Channel (see Thomas Weigold, Thorsten Kramp, Reto Hermann, Frank Horing, Peter Buhler, Michael Baentsch, "The Zurich Trusted Information Channel - An Efficient Defence against Man-in-the-Middle and Malicious Software Attacks", In P. Lipp, A.-R. Sadeghi, and K.-M. Koch (Eds.): TRUST 2008, LNCS 4968, pp. 75-91, 2008), allows the user to verify information associated with a transaction (e.g. in the case of Internet banking the amount and recipient) before the transaction is executed by the service provider (e.g. the bank). The transaction is verified on the device, which is secure and can send the verified information to the back-end system in a secure manner.
To access an Internet service, the user has credentials that are used to identify him/her to that service. Such credentials are sometimes stored on a smart card. In this case, the secure device has a smart card reader to allow these credentials to be used. To ensure that the credentials can only be used by the intended users, the smart card is protected by a PIN. The PIN is thus kept secret; otherwise it could be used by someone else to access the server. The smart card may also be used for purposes other than authenticating users for Internet transactions. For example the same card may be used for getting cash from ATMs. In such cases the card's PIN requires even stronger protection.
In a secure device, memory is usually partitioned into persistent (or nonvolatile) and transient (also non-persistent or volatile) portions. Persistent memory retains its information stored independent of the operating mode of the device, for example, when the device is "off or the main battery has been removed. Persistent memory can be implemented using e.g. read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM, electrically erasable, programmable ROM (EEPROM), using battery backed- up static random access memory (SRAM) or dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Transient memory only retains information stored thereon during active operation of the device and is typically implemented with SRAM or DRAM. In running an application in the device, it is common to perform a save operation, whereby contents in the transient memory is stored on the persistent memory.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for secure PIN management of a user trusted device having computing means coupled to a persistent memory, a non-persistent memory and interfaces for coupling to or/inter acting with a user, a memory card such as a smart card and a terminal, the method comprising the steps of: providing the device coupled to the memory card; receiving at the device: an external PIN and a card PIN, the latter capable of unlocking the memory card; generating and storing a key on the persistent memory, via the computing means and from the PINs received, such that the card PIN can be computed via a function stored on the persistent memory, taking the external PIN and the key as argument; receiving, at the terminal, user input of the external PIN and communicating the external PIN to the device, the device being coupled to the terminal; and instructing the computing means to compute the card PIN using the function as stored; and using the computed card PIN to unlock the memory card.
In other embodiments, the method may comprise one or more of the following features:
- the card PIN received at the device is directly entered by a user at the device, and preferably the external PIN is directly entered at the device by the user;
The method further comprises the steps of retaining the card PIN received in the non-persistent memory only, after reception at the device; and deleting the card PIN and the external PIN from the non-persistent memory after the key is generated, the external PIN being preferably stored on the persistent memory only;
the steps of receiving the card PIN and the external PIN, generating and storing the key are executed if it is detected that no key is stored for the memory card coupled to the device;
- the steps of generating and storing the key further comprises storing a flag value indicating that a key is stored at the device in relation to the card;
The method further comprises the steps of: providing the device coupled to another card, PIN-protected with an other card PIN; receiving at the device the other card PIN; generating and storing in the persistent memory an other key for the other memory card, such that the other card PIN can be computed via the function, taking the other key and an external PIN as argument;
The method further comprises the step of: generating the other key such that the other card PIN can be computed via the function, taking as argument the other key and the same external PIN as used for generating and storing a previous key;
The method further comprises the step of: establishing a trustworthy connection between a user and at least one server via said device and said terminal, preferably using data stored on the unlocked card;
the device provided has a computerized method stored on the persistent memory, for establishing a trustworthy connection between the device and at least one server via said terminal when the terminal is connected to the server, the method further comprising the step of: triggering at the device the computerized method for establishing the trustworthy connection;
The method further comprises the steps of: setting the device in a communication with a server over a non-secure connection via the terminal;
the computerized method for establishing the trustworthy connection is triggered upon successfully unlocking the card;
- The method further comprises the step of: authenticating the device to the server by initiating the communication to be set over the non-secure connection, and preferably by initiating a SSL/TLS communication; and
the step of setting the device in a communication with the server further comprises starting, from the device, a proxy client residing at the terminal, in order to connect to the server via a SSL/TLS communication; and the step of authenticating the device to the server comprises a SSL/TLS authentication with the server.
According to another aspect, the invention is further embodied as a trusted device having computing means coupled to a non-persistent memory, a persistent memory and interfaces for coupling to or interacting with a user, a memory card such as a smart card and a terminal, and designed for: if a memory card, PIN-protected by a card PIN, is coupled thereto, then detecting whether a key is stored for that memory card, if not, then: receiving both an external PIN and the card PIN, the latter entered directly at the device by the user; instructing the computing means to generate and store a key in the persistent memory, from the external PIN and card PIN received, such that the card PIN can be computed via a function stored on the persistent memory, taking the external PIN and the key as argument; and else: receiving the external PIN from a terminal coupled to the device; instructing the computing means to compute the card PIN via the function stored; and unlocking the memory card with the card PIN computed.
Preferably, the trusted device further comprises a computerized method stored on the persistent memory, for establishing a trustworthy connection between the device and at least one server, by setting the device in a communication with the server over a non-secure connection via the terminal, upon unlocking the memory card with the card PIN computed.
Methods and devices embodying the present invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting examples, and in reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a high-level embodiment of the method according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating operations as carried out during an initialization phase, in an embodiment;
FIG. 3 a flowchart illustrating operations as carried out during a phase of use, according to an embodiment; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a trusted device coupled to a terminal and a server, for initiating a trustworthy connection to a server, according to a specific embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As an introduction to the following description, it is first pointed at a general aspect of the invention, directed to a computer-implemented method for secure PIN management of a user trusted device. Instead of using the card's PIN, an external PIN is entered by the user at an external terminal (e.g. a PC), to be used in place of the actual card's PIN. During an initialization phase, the device uses the external PIN and the card's PIN to generate a key, which shall later allows for retrieving the card's PIN and unlock the card, during a phase of use. A subsequent trustworthy connection to a server can for instance be initiated, based on e.g. user credentials as stored on the card.
More in details, FIGS. 1 - 3 depict flowcharts illustrating a given embodiment of a method of secure PIN management of a trusted device. FIG. 1 points at both FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, which relate to an initialization phase and a phase of use, respectively. In the following, embodiments are described in reference to FIGS. 1 - 3 altogether.
First, it is assumed that the secure device has computing means (e.g. a processing unit), coupled to both persistent and non-persistent memories, as known per se. It further possesses suitable interfaces for coupling to a memory card, e.g. a smart card, and a terminal. Additional interface allows for interacting with a user.
Second, once coupled to a memory card, the device may either be set in an initialization mode, step S200 or a use mode, step S300. Typically, the device identifies the card. Then, if no key is found to be stored for that card yet (decision SI 02: NO), an initialization mode is set, else (decision SI 02: YES) it directly set in use mode.
Thus, if no external PIN has been registered yet, the task flow continues on FIG. 2 (initialization time). Here, the user enters two PINs, steps S201, S203: one of them is the card's PIN (or card PIN), i.e. capable of unlocking the card; the other is the external PIN, preferably entered at the external terminal (denoted by ext PIN in the drawings).
Preferably, the card PIN is entered by the user directly at the device, for safety. The external PIN can be entered at the device too, although it could be entered from the PC, in a variant. Yet, the less inputted from the PC, the better the safety.
Furthermore, the card PIN and external PIN are preferably retained in the non- persistent memory only, after reception at the device. In this case, the PINs shall be retained the time of generating the key and deleted after, ensuring a short exposure time. In a variant, the external PIN is stored on the persistent memory, for a later use.
Most generally, the two PINs may be entered in any order. Preferably yet, the user is first prompted to enter the card PIN (step S201), after insertion of the card. Then, if the entry is successful (the device unlocks the card), the user is then invited to enter the external PIN. The invitation is for instance made at the device or at the PC.
Third, the PINs received allows for generating, step S204, a key K via the computing means. The key is subsequently stored on the persistent memory of the device. It is furthermore generated such that the card PIN can later be computed via a function as stored on the persistent memory, namely:
card_PIN =βΚ, ext_PIN),
wherein/ takes the external PIN and the key as argument. Thus, the card's PIN can be regarded as an encrypted version of the PC's PIN.
The function / can be as simple as an XOR encryption of the key and the ext PIN, where the XOR is the exclusive OR operator that returns e.g. 1 when the value of either the first bit or the second bit is a 1. As a result, if x XOR y = z, then z XOR x equals y. Thus, it is impossible to reverse the operation without knowing the initial value of one of the two arguments, such that presuming that the function is XOR doesn't help. If, however, one knows either x or y, then it is reversible. For example, if x XOR 1 returns 1, then x = 0, and if it returns 0, then x = 1. Similarly, the key K can first be generated from ext_PIN and card_PIN. Next, if one has the encrypted string and the key, it is possible to decrypt correctly, such that card_PIN can later be retrieved, starting from K and ext PIN. Without K, it is impossible to decrypt without making random keys and attempting each of them. The longer the encryption key, the more difficult it is to break it. For completeness, XOR encryption of a PIN can be obtained by repeatedly applying the key to successive segments (e.g. numbers) of the PIN and storing the output.
In a variant, the key and external PIN could else be combined to create another key that is for example used to encrypt the Card PIN.
Once generated, the key can then be stored on the persistent memory, for later use. The card PIN previously retained in the non-persistent memory can now be deleted, step S205. The card's PIN thus resides during a short time only in the memory. The external PIN can be deleted too (possibly after it has been stored on the persistent memory, according to the variant evoked earlier).
At present, the device is PIN-personalized with respect to the card to which it was coupled to. A flag value can for instance be stored which indicates that an external PIN is now registered at the device, in relation to that card. Later, if it is detected that an external PIN has already been registered for the card (e.g. based on the flag value stored), then the device may skip the initialization step. Rather, it enters a mode of use, as to be discussed later in reference to FIG. 3.
Similarly, if the device is later coupled to another card (again, PIN-protected), the new card's PIN and an external PIN are again used to generate a new key. Thus, the new card PIN can later be computed using the same function/, taking the new key and the external PIN as argument.
The user may for instance want to use always the same external PIN: (s)he would then have to enter it each time a key needs be generated. Thus, the external PIN doesn't need to be stored on the non-persistent memory. Yet, in a variant evoked earlier, a reference external PIN can be stored on the device (e.g. obfuscated), such that the user needs not be prompted to enter a new external PIN. Entering the new card's PIN would suffice in that case. This variant is however not preferred, since then there remains a possibility that the external PIN and the key be both read out of the device memory and, assuming the attacker knows the function, used to generate the card's PIN.
The process can be repeated for as many cards as needed.
Next, during the phase of use, the user is first prompted to enter the external
PIN, upon coupling the device to the card, step S301. The external PIN is preferably entered at the terminal, which usually is more practical, owing to the likely more suited human interfaces. Then, the external PIN can be communicated to the device, where it is preferably retained in the non-persistent memory only.
Second, computing means at the device are instructed to compute (S302) the card PIN, using the function / and the key as stored in relation to the card, in the persistent memory. Again, the card PIN is preferably retained in the non-persistent memory only, step S303.
Finally, the (re-)computed card PIN can be used to unlock the card, step S304. Now, in a variant, if the user forgets his/her external PIN, the card's PIN can yet be entered directly on the device, even if the device is in a PIN-personalized state. Entering the card's PIN at the device instead of the external PIN overrides the card's PIN re-computation and can results in unlocking the card. Preferably, after entering the card's PIN at the device, the user is prompted to enter a new external PIN, such that a new key can be generated.
Note that a number of variants as described above can be advantageously combined. For instance, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, the following takes place. Initially the device has no information regarding the card's PIN; it is non PIN-personalized yet. Then, when the user inserts a smart card into the device's reader, (s)he is prompted to enter the card's PIN on the device. If the latter entry is successful, the user is then prompted to enter a new PIN, i.e. the external PIN. The latter is entered on the PC or the device. The device then performs a number of checks with respect to the external PIN (e.g. it checks that it is not the same as the card's PIN). Furthermore the device generates a key such that, given the external PIN and key, the card's PIN can be computed using the function The key is then stored on the device and the device is now said to be in a PIN-personalized state. No PIN is stored permanently on the device. Next, when the user inserts the smart card into the device (now PIN-personalized), (s)he is prompted to enter the external PIN on the PC. The external PIN is passed to the device which can then compute the card's PIN, using the external PIN and key. If the external PIN was entered correctly, the device computes the correct card's PIN and thus unlocks the user's card as desired. Now, if the user forgets his/her external PIN, the card's PIN can yet be entered directly on the device, even if the device is in a PIN-personalized state, and then a new external PIN can be set. The same procedure can be used to change the external PIN at any time. If the user has multiple smart cards that can be used with a single device, the device can determine which card is inserted and will thus know which key to use so that the correct card's PIN is computed. Yet, a single external PIN can be used as opposed to having one external PIN per card, as discussed earlier.
Note that entering an external PIN on the PC is more convenient for the user than entering the card's PIN on the secure device. Yet, this does not compromise the security of the system since the user's card's PIN is not exposed and cannot be computed by an attacker (the attacker does at least not know the key used to compute the card's PIN).
If an attacker manages to steal the external PIN and knows the function/, a brute-force attack on the key (guessing possible keys) will result in a large number of reasonable plain texts which an attacker would have to try one by one. This is however not a problem since smart cards only allow a very small number of retries (e.g. 3 or 5) before blocking the card's function.
Also, the function/ can be chosen so that it produces a viable result for any guessed key, thus making such an attack effectively impossible.
At present, suitable use can safely be made out of data, e.g. user credentials as stored on the card. In particular, a trustworthy connection can be established, step S305, between a user (or strictly speaking the device) and a server, via the terminal, and using such data.
More in details, the device is preferably provided with a computerized method, stored on the persistent memory, for establishing (see S304) a trustworthy connection between the device and the server.
More shall be said in reference to FIG. 4, showing a schematic representation of a trusted device coupled to a terminal and a server.
As described above, the secure device 10 has computing means 15 coupled to the non-persistent memory 15', the persistent memory 15". It further has suitable interfaces 17, 20 for communicating with a memory card 16 and a terminal 30.
Further interfaces (like control buttons 18 and display 12) allow for interaction with a user 1.
The device is further designed for detecting whether a key is already stored for the card currently coupled. If not, then it shall prompt the user to enter both the external PIN and the card's PIN. The latter (especially) is entered directly at the device via convenient input means 18, such as buttons/selectors. In turn, a logic circuit can instruct the computing means to generate and store the key in the persistent memory 15". Then, during the phase of use, the device can receive the external PIN from the terminal 30, re-compute the card's PIN and thereby unlock the card.
The device 10 can invoke the computerized method stored thereon to trigger a trustworthy connection to the server 40. For instance, it may establish a communication 91 with the server over a non-secure connection 92 via the terminal 30, upon unlocking the card. Authenticating the device to the server can be done while initiating the communication 91 over the non-secure connection 92, e.g. by initiating a SSL/TLS authentication to the server, using user credentials as stored on the card. In this regards, setting the device in communication with the server may advantageously comprises starting, from the device, a proxy client residing at the terminal, in order for the device to connect to the server, via the terminal (note that the proxy may possibly resides on the device too). The proxy relays bits received from the device to the internet and vice versa. Authenticating the device to the server can be achieved, e.g. bi-directionally, by initiating from the device the SSL/TLS authentication to the server.
Thus, an SSL/TLS channel is set between the server and the device. Sensitive user-server communication is passed through and processed at the device, hooked into the path to the server by the proxy. The device intercepts the communication flow. It may for instance continuously scans exchanged data for sensitive operations. Critical information can thereby be extracted for subsequent display at the device.
The user can accordingly verify the displayed information. Non-sensitive operations are instead allowed to be passed along the device to go to the PC.
Meanwhile, sensitive personal information as stored on the memory card (e.g. a private key used in SSL/TLS) is hold at the device. Private data are protected from extraction and duplication in the smart card within the device. A trusted and tamper- resistant secure communication is thereby obtained at the device endpoint.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 4, the device may for instance look as a usual USB device 10, comprising a processing unit 15, using one or more processors, and coupled to both non-persistent 15' memory and persistent 15" memory. The persistent memory notably stores suitable code for generating and storing the key evoked earlier. The function used at re-computation of the card's PIN is also stored on the persistent memory. Code is further stored which allows to re-compute the card's PIN and unlock the memory card. The memory 15" may further have stored thereon a security software stack, including cryptographic algorithms, e.g. a TLS engine 14 for the SSL/TLS authentication. The computerized method for establishing the trustworthy connection to server is stored on the persistent memory too. It may further include HTTP parser executable 11 (for parsing data and thereby scan them), a USB management software (implementing the USB mass storage device or MSD profile 20), and possibly a pre-loaded networking proxy, as evoked above. As said too, user credentials can be stored on the memory card (e.g. a smart card 16), such as client-server certificates (e.g. X.509) enabling TLS-client authentication. The smart card may hold sensitive personal information and have encryption means. In variants, the card cannot encrypt but is used to sign sensitive operations. The device is preferably equipped with a standard smart card reader 17. Finally, the device has control buttons 18 (e.g. OK, Cancel, etc. selectors) and display 12, for displaying sensitive information. The computer program code required may be implemented in a high-level (e.g. procedural or object-oriented) programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Note that instruction operations that the device, the terminal or the server performs may be stored on a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the invention may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing instructions to perform functions of the invention. In all case, the present invention encompasses not only the device but the computer system, extended with a terminal and at least one server.
More generally, the above invention may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.
Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non- volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks or the like.
While the present invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the device may require to be not connected to the PC at the time of entering the card's PIN, if it is provided with a battery.