SYSTEM (DAS)

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS fOOOl] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C, §- 119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/243,867 filed on October 20, 2015, the content of which is relied upon and Incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002} The disclosure relates generally to a distributed antenna system (DAS) and more particularly to techniques for■amplifying multiple wireless channels in a DAS.

00 3} Wireless customers are increasingly demanding digital data sendees, such as streaming video signals. At the same time, some wireless customers use their wireless communications devices in areas thai are poorl serviced by conventional cellular networks, such as inside certain buildings or areas where there is little cellular coverage. One response to the intersection of these two concerns has been the use of DASs. DASs include remote units configured to receive and transmit communications signals to client devices within the antenna range of the remote units. DASs can be particularly useful when deployed inside buildings or other indoor environments where the wireless communications devices may not otherwise be able to effectively receive radio frequency (RF) signals from a signal source,

[0004] In this regard, FIG. 1 illustrates distributio of communication services to remote coverage areas 100(J 100(N) of a DAS 102, wherein 'N' is the number of remote coverage areas. These communication services can include cellular services, wireless services, such as RF identification (RF ID) tracking, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), local area network (LAN), wireless LAN (WLAN), wireless solutions (Bluetooth. Wi-Fi Global Positioning System (GPS) signal- based, and others) for location-based sendees, and combinations thereof, as examples. The remote coverage areas 100(1)-100(N) may be remotely located. In this regard, the remote coverage areas 10O(1)~1OO(N) are created by and centered on remote antenna units (RAUs) 1.04(1)-104(N) connected to a head-end equipment (HEE) 106 (e.g., a head-end controller, a head-end unit (HEU), or a central unit). The HEE 106 may be communicatively coupled to a signal source 108, for example, a base transceiver station (BTS) or a baseband unit (BBU). In this regard, the HEE 106 receives downlink communications signals HOP from the signal source 108 to be distributed to the RAUs 104(l)~fO4(N), The RAUs 104(J)-104(N) are configured to receive the downlink communications signals HOD from the HEE 106 over a l communications medium 112 to be distributed to the respective remote coverage areas 100(1)- i00(N) of the RAUs 104(1)-104(N). In a non-limiting example, the communications medium 112 may be a wired communications medium, a wireless communications medium, or an optical fiber-based communications medium. Each of the RAUs 1 4( .)-1 4(.\) may include an RF transmitter/receiver (not shown) and a respective antenna 114(1)-U4(N) operably connected to the RF transmitter/receiver to wirelessly distribute the communication services to client devices 116 within the respective remote coverage areas 100(1 )~100(N). The RAUs 104(1 )-104(N) are also configured to receive uplink communications signals J 10U from the client devices 116 in the respective remote coverage areas 100( )-100( ) to be distributed to the signal source 108. The size of each of the remote coverage areas 100(J.)~100(N) is determined by the amount of RF power transmitted by the respective RAUs 104(1)~104( ), receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and RF environment, as well as by RF transmitter/receiver sensitivity of the client devices 116, The client devices 16 usually have a fixed maximum RF receiver sensitivity, so that the above- mentioned properties of the RAUs 104(1)-104(N) mainly determine the size of the respective remote coverage areas 100(1)-100( ).

[0005] in a non-limiting example, the RAUs 1 4(1)-104(N) are configured to wirelessly distribute the downlink communications signals HO to the client devices 116 based on long- term evolution (LTE) technology. In this regard, the downlink communications signals HOD may occupy different LTE channels of respective bandwidtbs. For example, a first LTE channel occupies a respective bandwidth of five megahertz (5 MHz) while a second LTE channel occupies a respective bandwidth of twenty megahertz (20 MHz). In this regard, if the downlink communications signals 1 J0D are transmitted in the first LTE channel and the second LTE channel with a power level P, a channel power density of the first LTE channel is P/(5 MHz), while a channel power density of the. second LTE channel will be P/(20 MHz). In this regard, the first LTE channel has a higher channel power density than the second LTE channel. As a result, the downlink communications signals HOD transmitted in the first LTE channel may achieve a longer coverage range than the downlink communications signals HOB transmitted in the second LTE channel. As such, it may be desirable to transmit the downlink communicaiions signals HOD in both the first. LTE channel and the second LTE channel with similar coverage range.

{0006) No admission is made that any reference cited herein constitutes prior art. Applicant expressly reserves the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of any cited documents. SUMMARY

{O007J Embodiments of the disclosure relate to selective multichannel amplification in a distributed antenn system (DAS). In this regard, a remote antenna unit (RAU) in the DAS is configured to receive a plurality of downlink digital signals associated with a plurality of downlink channels having respective downlink channel bandwidths. The RAIJ is configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals based on respective digital scaling factors to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels. By digitally scaling the downlink digital signals to provide the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels, it is possible to provide substantially uniform radio frequency ( F) coverage range across the downlink channels, thus helping to improve overall RF coverage and user experience in a coverage area of the RAU i the DAS.

{0008J in one embodiment, an RAU in a DAS is provided. The RAU comprises a plurality of channel circuits. The plurality of channel circuits is configured to receive a plurality of downlink digital signals at a plurality of signal power levels to be. communicated in a plurality of downlink channels having a plurality of downlink channel bandwidths, respectively. The plurality of channel circuits is also configured to digitally scale the plurality of downlink digital signals based on a plurality of digital scaling factors determined according to the plurality of downlink channel bandwidths to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in the plurality of downlink channels,

[0009J In another embodiment, a method for digitally sealing a plurality of downlink digital signals in an RAU in a DAS is provided. The method comprises receiving the plurality of downlink digital signals at a plurality of signal power levels to be communicated in a plurality of downlink channels having a plurality of downlink channel bandwidths, respectively. The method also comprises digitally scaling the plurality of downlink digital signals based on a plurality of digital scaling factors determined according to the plurality of downlink channel bandwidths to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in the plurality of downlink channels.

{0010] In another embodiment, DAS is provided. The DAS comprises a central unit. The DAS also comprises a plurality of RAUs. The plurality of RAUs is configured to receive a plurality of downlink digital communications signals from the central unit. The pluralit of RAUs is also configured to provide a plurality of uplink digital communications signals to the central unit. One or more RAUs among the plurality of RAUs each comprises a plurality of channel circuits. The plurality of channel circuits is configured to receive a plurality of downlink digital signals at a plurality of signal power levels to be communicated in a plurality of downlink channels having a plurality of downlink channel bandwidths, respectively. The plurality of channel circuits is also configured to digitally scale the plurality of downlink digital signals based on a plurality of digital scaling factors determined according to the plurality of downlink channel bandwidths to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in the plurality of downlink channels,

[0011} Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the descrvption or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

[0012 j It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims,

J 00.13 J The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments, and together with the description serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00141 FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary distributed antenna system (DAS);

[0015| FIG. 2 A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary conventional remote antenna unit (RAU) configured to generate a combined downlink digital signal based on a plurality of downlink digital signals;

[00161 FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of respective signal power levels of the downlink digital signals and a total signal power level of the combined downlink digital signal of FIG. 2A;

[0017] FIG, 2C is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of respective channel power densities of the downlink digital signals of FIG. 2B

[0018] FIG. 3 A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary RAU configured to digitally scale a plurality of downlink digital signals based on a plurality of digital scaling factors to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in a plurality of downlink channels; [00 ^' .19| FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of scaled channel power levels as a result of digital scaling;

[0020} FIG. 3C is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of the channel power densities of the scaled downlink digital signals of FIG. 3A;

{0021 { FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an exemplary process that can be performed by the RAU of FIG. 3A to digitall scale the downlink digital signals based on the digital scaling factors;

(0022] FIG, 5 is a flowchart of an exemplar}' process that a power scaling controlle may employ to determine the digital scaling factors of FIG. 3A;

[0023] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary process that a plurality of digital channel processing units in the RAU of FIG. 3A may perform to digitally scale the downlink digital signals;

[O024 | FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary DAS provided in the form of an optical fiber-based DAS that includes one or more of the RAU of FIG. 3A configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals based on the digital scaling factors;

[0025] FIG. 8 is a partial schematic cut-away diagram of an exemplary building infrastructure in which the DAS of FIG. 7 can be provided; and

|0026] FIG, 9 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detail illustrating an exemplary computer system that could be employed in a control circuit, including a controller in the RAU of FIG. 3 A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Embodiments of the disclosure relate to selective multichannel amplification in a distributed antenna system (DAS), in this regard, a remote antenna unit (RAU) in the DAS is configured to receive a plurality of downlink digital signals associated with a plurality of downlink channels having respective downlink channel handwidths. The RAU is configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals based on respective digital scaling factors to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals having a substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels. By digitally scaling the downlink digital signals to provide the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels, it is possible to provide substantially uniform radio frequency (RF) coverage range across the downlink channels, thus helping to improve overall RF coverage and user experience in a coverage area of the RAU in the DAS.

[0028] Before discussing exemplary aspects of selective multichannel amplification in a DAS that includes specific aspects of the present disclosure, a brief overview of a conventional RAU without the capability of digitally scaling downlink digital signals based on respective downlink channel bandwidths is first provided in reference to FIGS, 2A-2C. The discussion of specific exemplary aspects of selecti ve multichannel amplification in a DAS starts with reference to FIG, 3A.

(0029| in this regard, FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary conventional RAU 200 configured to generate a combined downlink digital signal 202 based on a plurality of downlink digital signals 204(1 )-204(]N). The conventional RAU 200 includes a channel identifier and router 206 configured to receive a downlink digital communications signal 208 and split the downlink digital communications signal 208 into the downlink digital signals 204(1)-2G4(N). The conventional RAU 200 includes a digital combiner 210 configured to combine the downlink digital signals 204(1)-204(N) to generate the combined downlink digital signal 202, The conventional RAU 200 also includes a broadband digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 212 configured to convert the combined downlink digital signal 202 into a downlink analog RF signal 214, The conventional RAU 200 further includes a power amplifier (PA) 216 configured to amplify the downlink analog RF signal 214 to generate a downlink R F communications signal 218, Tire digital combiner 210 receives the downlink digital signals 204(1)-204(N) at respective signal power levels P>-P _N Mid generates the combined downlink digital signal 202 at a total signal power level P _f , as further illustrated in FIG, 2B. For the convenience of illustration, the downlink digital signal 204(1 ) and the downlink digital signal 2-04(N) are referenced hereinafter as non-limiting examples.

(0030] In this regard, FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of the respective signal power level Pi of the downlink digital signal 204(1), the respective signal power level P _N of the downlink digital signal 204( ), and the total signal power level P of the combined downlink digital signal 202 of FIG. 2 A. Common elements between FIGS. 2A and 2B are shown therein with common element numbers and will not be re-described herein.

10031 j With reference to FIG. 2B, the downlink digital signals 204(1), 204(N) may be communicated in respective downlink channels of different downlink channel bandwidths. Fo example, the downlink digital signal 204(1 ) may be communicated in a respective downlink channel having a downlink channel bandwidth BW _¾ of five megahertz (5 MHz). The downlink digital signal 204(N) may be communicated in a respective downlink channel having downlink channel bandwidth BWN of twenty megahertz (20 MHz), in a non-limiting example, the downlink digital signals 204(1), 204( ) have the same signal power level P ₃ , P _N of approximately negative thirty-five decibel-milliwatts (-35 dBm). Accordingly, the total signal pow er level P _C of the combined downlink digital signal 202 is approximately negative thirty-two decibel-milliwatts (-32 dBm).

[0032] A respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204(1) is proportionally related to the respective signal power level Pi and inversely related to the downlink channel bandwidth BWj. Likewise, a respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204(N) is proportionally related to the respective signal power level P _A and inversely related to the downlink channel bandwidth BW . In this regard, since the downlink digital signals 204(1), 204( ) are at the same signal power level Pi, P> of approximately -35 dBm, the respective channel power densities of the downlink digital signals 204(1), ^' 2Θ4( ) will depend inversely upon the downlink channel bandwidths BWi, BWN, respectively. As a result, the respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204(1), which is associated with the downlink channel bandwidth BW| of 5 Mfc, will be higher than the respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204(N), which is associated with the downlink channel bandwidth B of 20 MHz. FIG. :2C is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of the respective channel power densities of the downlink digital signals 204(1), 2G4(N) of FIG, 2B.

{0033} As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204(1) is higher than the respective channel power density of the downlink digital signal 204( ) due to the difference between the respective downlink channel bandwidths BW|, BW*. As a result, the downlink digital signal 204(1) could potentially reach a distance farther than the downlink digital signal 204( ), However, in some deployments, it may be -necessary to configure the conventional RAU 200 to provide uniform RF coverage across multiple downlink channel associated with different downlink channel bandwidths. As such, it may be desirable to transmit the downlink digital signals 204(1)-204(N) in associated downlink, channels with a substantially equal channel power density,

|003 1 In this regard, FIG. 3 A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary RAU 300 configured to digitally scale a plurality of downlink digital signals 302(! )-302( ) based on a pluralit of digital scaling factors FJ-FN to generate a plurality of scaled downlink digital signals 304(1)- 304( ) having a substantially equal channel power density in a pluraiity of downlink channels CHI-C BN. The RAU 300 includes a plurality of channel circuits 306(1 3O6(N) configured to receive the downlink digital signals 302(1)-3O2( .) at a plurality of signal power levels Ρ _{ -ΡΝ to be communicated in the downlink channels CH _J -CHN, respectively. The downlink channels CHI- HN correspond to a plurality of downlink channel bandwidths BWJ-BW,N, respectively. In a non-limiting example, the signal power levels PI-PN of the downlink digital signals 302(1)- 302(N) are substantially equal. As such, according to previous discussion in FIG. 2B, channel power densities D _R I N of the downlink digital signals 302(ί)-302(Ν) in the downlink channels CHJ-CHN are inversely related to the downlink channel bandwidths BW _r BW _lN . Since the downlink channel bandwidths BWj-BW _N of the downlink channels CHi-CH may be different, the channel power densities Di-D^ of the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ) in the downlink channels CHI-OHN could be different as a result. Hence, to be able to provide uniform RF coverage in a coverage area served by the RAU 300, it ma be necessary to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ) to generate the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1 )-304(.\') having the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels CHt-CH _N .

1 035) In this regard, the digital scaling factors can be determined based on the downlink channel bandwidths BW|-B _N , as shown in the equation (Eq. 1) below.

[0036} Accordingly, the channel circuits 306(|)-306(N) are configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302{I )-302(N) based on the digital scaling factors Fi- _N . In this regard, each of the channel circuits 306(1 )-30 ^' 6(N) is configured to mathematically multiply magnitudes of digital samples representing a respective downlink digital signal among the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ) by a respective digital scaling factor among the digital scaling factors F*- Fiy For example, if the downlink digital signal 302(1) includes one hundred digital samples having one hundred respective magnitudes, the channel circuit 306(1) will multiply each of the one hundred respective magnitudes by the digital scaling factor Fi to generate the scaled downlink digital signal 304(1). The digital scaling performed by the channel circuits 306(1)- 306.(N) can cause the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1)-304(N) to have a plurality of scaled signal power levels P P'N that is proportional to the downlink channel bandwidths BW 8W>' of the downlink channels CHrCH _N . As a result, it is possible for the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1 )~304(N) to have the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink, channels CHj-CHjy. The RAU 300 includes a digital combiner 308 configured to combine the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1)-304(N) to generate a combined downlink digital signal 310 at a combined signal power level F r. in a non-limiting example, the digital scaling performed by the channel circuits 306(T)~306( ) can cause the combined signal power level c to substantially equal each of the signal power levels PJ-PN of the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ). J0O37} To further illustrate effects of the digital scaling performed by the channel circuits 306(l)-306(N) _f FIGS, 3B and 3C are discussed next. For the convenience of illustration, FIGS. 3B and 3C are discussed using the downlink digital signal 302.(1) and the downlink digital signal 302(N) as non-limiting examples,

[0038) FIG. 3B is a. schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of the scaled channel power levels P'j, P%, as a result of digital scaling. Common elements between FIGS. 3A and 38 are shown therein with common element numbers and will not be re-described herein.

[0039] For the purpose of illustration, i t is assumed that the downlink channel bandwidth B W _t of the downlink channel CHj is 5 MHz and the downlink channel bandwidth BW» of the downlink channel CH _N is 20 MHz. As such, according to the equation (Eq. 1) above, the digital scaling factor F; and the digital scaling factor Fjy will be twenty percent (20%) and eighty percent (80%), respectively, it is further assumed that the signal power level χ of the downlink digital signal 302(1) and the signal power level P of the downlink digital signal 302( ) are both -35 dBm. Accordingly, the channel circuit 306(1) digitally scales the downlink digital signal 302(1 ) based on the digital scaling factor F ₍ to generate the scaled downlink digital signal 304(1) at the scaled signal power level P'j. which is approximately negative forty-two decibel- milliwatts (-42 dBm). Likewise, the channel circuit 306( ) digitally scales the downlink digital signal 302(N) based on the digital scaling factor FN to generate the scaled downlink digital signal 304(N) at the scaled signal power level P' _N? which is approximately negative thirty-six decibel-milliwatts (-36 dBm). As illustrated in FIG. 3B ₅ the combined signal power level Pc of the combined downlink digital signal 310 is approximately -35 dBm, which is approximately equal to the signal power levels P _T , P .

[0040] By digitally scaling the signal power levels P P _N to the scaled signal power levels P' _JS P'N based on tlie digital scaling factors Ft, Fjv, the channel power .densities Dj, ON of the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1), 304(N) will be substantially equal, as illustrated in FIG. 3C. In this regard, FIG. 3C is a schematic diagram providing an exemplary illustration of the channel power densities D ₃ , Όχ of the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1), 304( ) of FIG. 3A. As illustrated in FIG. 3C, the channel power densities Di, ON of the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1), 304( ) are substantially equal. As a result, the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1), 304( ) are able to provide substantially uniform RF coverage in the coverage area served by the RAU 300 of FIG. 3A.

[00411 With reference back to FIG. 3 , the RAU 300 includes a broadband DAC 312 configured to receive and convert the combined downlink digital signal 310 into a downlink analog RF signal 314. The RAU 300 also includes a power amplifier 316 configured to receive and amplify the downlink analog RF signal 314 to generate a downlink RF communications signal 318.

10042J The RAU 300 can be configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)- 302(N) according to a process. In this regard, FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an exemplary process 400 that can be performed by the RAU 300 of FIG. 3 A to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302<1)-302( ) based on the digital scaling factors Fj-F

{00431 According to the process 400, the channel circuits 30ύ(1)~306(Ν) in the RAU 300 receive the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302(N) at the signal power levels PJ-PN to be communicated in the downlink channels CH _I -CHN having the downlink channel bandwidths BW _J -BWN, respectively {block 402). Next, the channel circuits 306(1>306( ) in the RAU 300 digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302(N) based on the digital scaling factors F _r determined according to the downlink channel bandwidths BW BW^ to generate the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1)-304(N) having the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels CH ,- H _N (block 404).

(0044] With reference back to FIG. 3A, the channel circuits 306(1)-306(N) include a plurality of digital channel processing units 320( ^' 1)-320( ), respectively. The digital channel processing units 320(1 320( ) receive the digital sealing factors Fj-¾ respectively. The digital channel processing units 32Q(!.)-320(N) are configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ) based on the digital sealing factors FrF* to generate the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1 )-304(N) having the substantially equal channel power density in the downlink channels CH CH _N . The channel circuits 306(1 )~306(N) include a plurality of digital upconverters 322(1)~322(N), respectively. The digital upconverters 322(1)-322(N) are configured to digitally upconvert the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1 )-304(N) into respective downlink transmission frequencies.

1 0451 The RAU 300 also includes a channel identifier and router 324. in a non-limiting example, the channel identifier and router 324 can be implemented using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). in another non-limiting example, the channel identifier and router 324 can be implemented as an embedded software system employing a central processing unit (CPU), storage, and memory. In another non-limiting example, the channel identifier and router 324 can be implemented in the same physical FPGA or embedded system as other components, such as the digital channel processing units 320(1)-320(N). The channel identifier and router 324 can be configured to receive a downlink digital communications signal 326. The channel identifier and router 324 splits the downlink digital communications signal 326 into the downlink digital signals 302(1}-302(N) and routes the downlink digital signals 302(1 }-302(!S ^F ) to the channel circuits 306(1 )-306(N), respectively.

[0046] In a non-limiting example, the channel identifier and router 324 receives the downlink digital communications signal 326 in common public radio interface (CPRl) format. The channel identifier and router 324 can be configured to examine control fields i CPRl frames conveyed in the downlink digital communications signal 326 to determine the downlink channels CHi-C.¾. The channel identifier and router 324 then splits the downlink digital communications signal 326 into the downlink digital signals 3O2(1)-302( ) based on the downlink channels CHI-CHN.

[0047] With continuing reference to FIG. 3A, the RAU 3(H) may be communicatively coupled to a power scaling controller 328, which may be a FPGA, a CPU, a microprocessor, or a microcontroller, in a non-limiting example, it is possible to provide the power scaling controller 328 in the RAU 300. The power scaling controller 328 is configured to determine the downlink channel bandwidths BWj-BWjy of the downlink digital signals 302(1 ,)-302(N). The power scaling controller 328 is also configured to determine the digital scaling factors FI-F based on the downlink channel bandwidths BWi-B ^, respectively. The power scaling controller 328 is also configured to provide the digital scaling factors FJ-FN to the channel circuits 3θ6(ί)~306(Ν) in the RAU 300.

(0048} I a non-limiting example, the power scaling controller 328 receives the downlink digital communications signal 326, which is configured to be distributed to the RAU 300, in the CPRl format. In this regard, the power scalin controller 328 examines the control fields in the CPRl frames conveyed in the downlink digital communications signal 326 to determine the downlink channel bandwidths BW|-BW _N of the downlink channels CH C¾- (0049] In another non-limiting example, the power scaling controller 328 is communicatively coupled to a management database 330 configured to store configuration information determined by a management module 332. The management module 332. which may be provided inside or outside the RAU 300, is responsible for configuration and ongoing management of the RAU 300. The management module 332 provides, for example, a management interface to enable management of the RAU 300 by an operator. The management interface may be, for example, a human controlled graphical user interface (GUI). Alternatively, the management interface may be, for example, an electronic interface using a scheme such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) or various automation schemes. The management module 332 stores functional parameters obtained via the management interface in the management database 330. (005β| The functional parameters managed via the management module 332 may include, for example, activating and deactivating the RAU 300, or controlling various configuration parameters. These configuration parameters may include, for example, a specification of the number of channels that the RAU 300 will amplify and the downlink channel bandwidths BW _R BWN (in, for example, quanta of 300 kiloHertz (Khz)) thai the downlink channels CHI-CHN utilize. The functional parameters stored in the management database 330 may be utilized by the power scaling controller 328 to determine the downlink channel bandwidths BW _J -BWN of the downlink channels CHJ-CHN- In addition, the- functional parameters stored in the management database 330 may be utilized by the digital channel processing units 320(1 )-320(N) to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302( ) based on the digital sealing factors F F^,

[0051} Upon determining the downlink channel bandwidths B ₃ -BW _N of the downlink channels CHi-CRiy, the power scalin controller 328 calculates a total downlink channel bandwidth BWJOTAL (BWTOT _A L ^« BWi) of the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302(N). The power scaling controller 328 then determines a digital scaling factor Fy for each of the downlink digital signals 302(1)-302 ^' (N) according to the equation (Eq. 1) above.

|0052] The power scaling controller 328 may determine the digital scaling factors .Fi-Fj* according to a process. In this regard, FIG, 5 is a flowchart of an exemplary process 500 that the poxver scaling controller 328 may employ to determine the digital sealing of FIG. 3 A. With reference to FIG. 5, the power scaling controller 328 determines the downlink channel bandwidths BW.i-BW _N of the downlink channels CHj-CH associated with the downlink digital signals 3O2(J 302(N) (block 502). As previously discussed, the power scaling controller 328 may determine the downlink channel bandwidths BWI-BWN based on the control fields in the CPRI frames conveyed in the downlink digital communications signal 326 and/or functional parameters stored in the management database 330. The power scaling controller 328 sets a pointer i to one (1) (block 504). By setting the pointer i to one (1), the power scaling controller 328 is set to start from the downlink channel C¾ among the downlink channels CH _r C¾. Next, the power scaling controller 328 computes the total downlink channel bandwidth BWTOTAL of the downlink channel bandwidths BWJ-BW _n (block 506). As previously discussed, the total downlink channel bandwidth BWTOTAL equals a sum of the downlink channel bandwidths BW BW _N

[0053| The power scaling controller 328 then selects a downHnk channel bandwidth BW, ( 1 < i < N) among the downlink channel bandwidths BWI-BWN of a downlink channel. C¾ (1 < i < N) among the downlink channels CHi-CHy* (block 508). The power scaling controller 328 then computes a digital scaling factor F$ (1 < i < N) for the downlink channel CHj (1 < i < ) (block 510). The power scaling controller 328 then increases the pointer i by one (1 ) (Ϊ = j + 1} (block 512). The power scaling controller 328 then cheek whether the pointer ϊ equals N (block 514). If the pointer i is less than N, the power scaling controller 328 returns to block 508 to compute a next digital scaling factor. Otherwise, the power scaling controller 328 ends the process (block 516).

[0054] With reference back to FIG. 3A, the digital channel processing units 320(I)-320( ) can be configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1.)-302(N) according to a process, in this regard, FIG, 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary process 600 that the digital channel processing units 320(1 )-320(N) in the RAU 300 of FIG, 3A may perform to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1 )-30 ^' 2(N). For the convenience of discussion, the digital channel processing unit 320(1) configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signal 302(1) is referenced herein as a non-limiting example. It shall be appreciated that the process 600 can be employed by any of the digital channel processing units 320(1)-32O(N) in the R AU 300,

[0055J According to the process 600, the digital channel processing unit 320(1) performs ^' policy-independent scaling on the downlink digital signal 302(1) based on a policy-independent scaling factor (block 602). In a non-limiting example, the policy-independent scaling can help reduce magnitude (e.g., amplitude) of the downlink digital signal 302(1) to prevent gain compression in the power amplifier 316 of FIG. 3A. Next, the digital channel processing unit 320(1) performs digital scaling by mathematicall y multiplying the magnitudes of digital samples representing the downlink digital signal 302(1) b the digital scaling factor F _s (block 604), In a .non-limiting example, it is possible to perform the policy-independent scaling (block 602) and the digital scaling (block 604) in a single scaling operation based on a combined sealing factor. In this regard, the combined scaling factor may be determined by multiplying the policy- independent scaling factor with the digital scaling factor F ₍ ,

{0056} With reference back to FIG. 3 A, the downlink digital signals 302(1 )-302( ) include a plurality of in-pha.se (i) sample signals 334(1)-334( ) and a plurality of quadrature (Q) sample signals 336(1)-336(N), respectively, in thi regard, the channel circuits 306(1 )-306(N) receive the i sample signals 33 (1)-334(N) and the Q sample signals 336(1)-336(N) as the downlink digital signals 302(l)~302( ), Accordingly, the channel circuits 306(1)-3 ^' 06( ) are configured to digitally scale the ί sample signals 334(1)-334(N) based on the digital scaling factors FJ-FN to generate a plurality of -scaled I sample signals 338(1 )-338(N), respectively. The channel circuits 306(1)-306(N) are also configured to digitally scale the Q sample signals 336(1)~33ά(Ν) based on the digital scaling factors Fi-F to generate a. plurality of scaled Q sample signals 340(1)» 340(N), respectively.

{0O57J Subsequently, the digital upconveriers 322{1)-322(N) digitally upeonvert the scaled 1 sample signals 338(I)-338( ) and the scaled Q sample signals 340(1 )-340( ) into the respective downlink transmission frequencies. The digital combiner 308 combines the scaled I sample signals 338(1)-33S(N) to generate a combined downlink I sample signal 342. The digital combiner 308 also combines th scaled Q sample signals 340(1 }-340(N) to generate a combined downlink Q sample signal 344.

{0 58| in a non-limiting example, the RAU 300 further includes an I-Q combiner 346 coupled to the digital combiner 308. The I-Q combiner 346 is configured to combine the combined downlink I sample signal 342 and the combined downlink Q sample signal 344 to generate the combined downlink, digital signal 310. The broadband DAC 312 converts the combined downlink digital signal 310 into the downlink analog RF signal 314.

[0059] With continuing reference to FIG. 3 A, in a non-limiting example, the I-Q combiner 346 can also be configured to include a mixer that performs functions of the broadband DAC 312. in this regard, the I-Q combiner 346 is able to convert the combined downlink digital signal 310 into the downlink analog RF signal 314,

[00 J In one non-limiting example, the RAU 300 may include a plurality of the power amplifier 316 and/or a plurality of the digital combiner 308. As such, each power amplifier 316 amplifies a particular range of frequencies. Each of the channel circuits 306(1)-306(N) may be coupled to a respective digital combiner 308 according to the downlink channels CHi-CHjy. In this manner, each of the downlink channels CH _J -CHN is amplified by a respective power amplifier 3 6.

(0061 ] In another non-limi ting example, the RAU 300 may include a plurality of the broadband DAC 312 coupled directly to the channel circuits 306(1)-3Q6(N), respectively. In this regard, the broadband DAC 312 receives and converts the scaled downlink digital signals 304(1 )-304(N) into respective downlink analog RF signals. As such, the digital combiner 308 may be replaced by an analog combiner disposed between the broadband DAC 312 and the power amplifier 316,

[0062] FIG, 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary DAS 700 provided in the form of an optical fiber-based DAS that includes a plurality of the RAU 300 of FIG. 3A configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1 )-302(N) based on the digital scaling factors Fj- Fjy. The DAS 700 includes an optical fiber for distributing communications services for multiple frequency bands. The DAS 70.0 in this example is comprised of three (3) main components. A plurality of radio interfaces provided in the form of radio interface modules (RIMs) 702(1)- 702(M) are provided in a head-end unit (HEU) 704 to receive and process downlink digital communications signals 706B(1)-706D( ) prior to optical conversion into downlink, optical fiber-based communications signals. The downlink digital communication signals 706P(1 706D( ) may be received from a base station (not shown) as an example. The RIMs 702(1 02(M) provide both downlink and uplink interfaces for signal processing, The notations "1-R" and 'T~M ^,! indicate that any number of the referenced component, I -R and 1.-M, respectively, may be provided. The H ^' EU 704 is configured to accept the RIMs 702(1.)-702(M) as modular components that can easily be installed and removed or replaced in the HEU 704, In one example, the HEU 704 is configured to support up to twelve (12) RIMs 7Q2(I>702(I2). Each RIM 702(1 )-702(M) ca be designed to support a particular type of radio source or range of radio sources (i.e., frequencies) to provide flexibility in configuring the HEU 704 and the DAS 700 to support the desired radio sources.

J0063] For example, one RIM 702 may be configured to support the Personalized Communications System (PCS) radio band. Another RIM 702 may be configured, to support the 800 megahertz (MHz) radio band, in this example, by inclusion of the RIMs 702(1)~702(M), the HEU 704 could be configured to support and distribute communications signals on both PCS and ^' Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 700 radio bands, as art example. The RIMs 702 may be provided in the HEU 704 that support any frequency bands desired, including but not limited to the US Cellular band, PCS band. Advanced Wireless Service (AWS) band. 700 MHz band. Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900, GSM 1800, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), The RIMs 702(1 )-702(M) may also be provided in the HEU 704 that support any wireless technologies desired, including but not limited to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), CDMA200, lxRTT, Evolution - Data Only (EV-DO), UMTS, High-speed Packet Access (HSP ), GSM, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), LTE, iDEN, and Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD).

[0064] The RIMs 702(1 )-702(M) may be provided in the HEU 704 that support any frequencies desired, including but not limited to US FCC and industry Canada frequencies (824- 849 MHz on uplink and 869-894 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1850-1915 MHz on uplink and 1930-1 95 MHz on downlmk), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1710-1755 MHz on uplink and 2110-2155 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (698-716 MHz and 776-787 MHz on uplink and 728-746 MHz on downlink),. Ell R & TTE frequencies (880-915 MHz on uplink and 925-960 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1 710- 1785 MHz on uplink and 1805-1880 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1920- 1980 MHz on uplink and 21 10-2170 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (806-824 MHz on uplink and 851-869 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (896-901 MHz on uplink and 929- 941 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (793-805 MHz on uplink, and 763-775 MHz on downlink), and US FCC frequencies (2495-2690 MHz on uplink and downlink).

[0065} With continuing reference to FIG. 7, the downlink digital communications signals 706B(i)-706D(R) are provided to a plurality of optical interfaces provided in the form, of optical interface modules (OIMs) 7O8(1)-708(N) in this embodiment to convert the downlink digital communications signals 7060(1 )-706D(R) into downlink optical fiber-based communications signals 7!0D(l)-7i0D(R). The notation "UN" indicates that any number of the referenced component 1-N may be provided. The OIMs 708(1 )-708fN) may be configured to provide a plurality of optical interface components (OJCs) that contain optical -to- electrical (O/E) and electrical-to-optical (E O) converters, as will be described in more detail below. The OIMs 7O8(1)-708(N) support the radio bands that can be provided by the RIMs 702{1)~702(M) ₅ including the examples previously described above.

[0066] The OIMs 708(i)-708(N) each include E/O converters to convert the downlink digital communications signals 706D(i)-706B(R) into the downlink optical fiber-based communications signals 710D(1)-7100(R). The downlink optical fiber-based communications signals 71OD(1)-7J.O0(R) are communicated over a downlink optical fiber-based communications' medium 712D to a plurality of remote antenna units (RAUs) 714(! )-7I4(S). A plurality of RAUs among the RAlJs 714(i)-7I4(S) are provided as the RAU 300 of FIG. 3A configured to digitally scale the downlink digital signals 302(1)~302( ) based on the digital scaling factors Fi-F^. The notation -"1-S" indicates that any number of the referenced component 1-S may be provided. RAU O/E converters provided in the RAUs 714(!)~7.14(S) convert the downlink optical fiber-based communications signals 710D(i)-710D(R) back into the downlink digital communications signals 706l ⁾ (l )-7060(R), which are provided to antennas 716(j )-716(S) i the RAUs 714(1)~714(S) to client devices (not shown) in the reception range of the antennas 7i6(l)~7i6(S),

[0067} RAU E/O converters are also provided in the RAUs 71 (J.)-7I4(S) to convert uplink digital communications signals 718U(1)-718U(S) received from the client devices through the antennas 716(1)-7.16(S) into uplink optical fiber-based communications signals 710U(1)- 710U(S). The RAUs 714(1 )-7.!4(S) communicate the uplink optical fiber-based communications signals 710IJ(1)-710U(S) over an uplink optical fiber-based communications medium 712 f to the OIMs 708(.1)-708(N) in the HEU 704. The OIMs 708(1)-708(N) include O/E converters that convert the received uplink optical fiber-based communications signals 7ίθϋ(1)-710ϋ(8) into uplink digital communications signals 720U(1 )-720IJ(S), which are processed by the RL s 7O2(1)-702(M) and provided as the uplink digital communications signals 7201J(1)-720U(S). The HEU 704 may provide the uplink digital communications signals 720U(l}-72(iU(S) to a base station or other communications system,

{0068] Note that the downlink optical fiber-based communications medium 7121 ^} and the uplink optica) fiber-based communications medium 712 U connected to each RAU 714(1 )-7I4(S) may be a common optica! fiber-based communications medium, wherein for example, wave division multiplexing (WDM) is employed to provide the downlink optical fiber-based communications signals 710D(1)-71 ^' 0D(R) and the uplink optical fiber-based communications signals 71 U(i)-7I0U(S) on the same optical fiber-based communications medium.

1 069] The DAS 700 further includes the power scaling controller 328 of FIG, 3 A configured to determine the digital scaling factors F ¾ based on the downlink channel bandwidths BW B ^' W _N , In a non-limiting example, the power- scaling controller 328 is provided as an independent entity in the DAS 700, In another non-limiting example, the power scaling controller 328 is provided in the HEU 704.

f 0070] The DAS 700 of FIG. 7 may be provided in an indoor environment, as illustrated in FIG, 8. FIG- 8 is a partial schematic cut-away diagram of an exemplary building infrastructure 800 in which the DAS 700 of FIG. 7 ca be employed. The building infrastructure 800 in this embodiment includes a first (ground) floor 8020), a second floor 802(2), and a third floor 802(3). The floors 8O2(J)-802(3) are serviced by an HEU 864 to provide antenna coverage areas 806 in the building infrastructure 800. The HEU 804 is communicatively coupled to a base station 808 to receive downlink communications signals 81 D from the base station 808, The HEU 804 is communicatively coupled to a plurality of RAUs 812 to distribute the downlink communications signals 810D to the RAUs 812 and to receive uplink comimmications signals 810U from the RAUs 812, as previously discussed above. The downlink communications signals 810D and the uplink communications signals 8I0O communicated between the HEU 804 and the RAUs 812 are carried over a riser cable 814. The riser cable 814 may be routed through interconnect units (ICUs) 816(l)-81 (3) dedicated to each of the floors 802(1 )-802(3) that route the downlink communications signals 81 D and the uplink communications signals 810U to the RAUs 812 and also provide power to the RAUs 812 via array cables 818.

(0071] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detail illustrating an exemplary computer system 900 that could be employed in a control circuit, including the power scaling controller 328 and the digital channel processing units 320(1)-320(N) of FIG. 3A for determining the digital scaling factors F F _N and performing digital scaling based on the digital scaling factors Fi-F in the RAU 300. In this regard, the computer system 900 is adapted to execute instructions from an exemplary computer-readable medium to perform these and/or any of the functions or processing described herein. 10072| in this regard, the computer system 900 in FIG. 9 may include a set of instructions that may be executed to predict frequency interference to avoid or reduce interference in a multi- frequency DAS. The computer system 900 may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. While onl a single device is illustrated, the term "device" shall also be taken to include any collection of devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The computer system 900 ma be a circuit or circuit included in an electronic board card, such as a printed circuit board (PCB), a server, a personal computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computing pad, a mobile device, or any other device, and may represent, for example, a server or a user's computer.

073 J The exemplary computer system 900 in this embodiment includes a processing device or processor 902, a main memory 904 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM ^" (SDRAM), etc.), and a static memory 906 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), which may communicate with each other via a data bus 908. Alternatively, the processor 902 ma be connected to the main memory 904 and/or the static memory' 906 directly or via some other connectivity means. The processor 902 may be a controller including the power scaling controller 328 and the digital channel processing units 320(I)-320( ) of FIG. 3A, as an example, and the main memory 904 or the static memory 906 may be any type of memory.

{ 074{ The processor 902 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices, such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processor 902 may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VUW) microprocessor, a processor implementing other instruction sets, or other processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processor 902 is configured to execute processing logic in instructions for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.

1 075] The computer system 900 may further include a network interface device 910. The computer system 900 also may or may not include an input 912, configured to receive input and selections to be communicated to the computer system 900 when executing instructions. The computer system 900 also may or may not include an output 914, including but not limited to a display, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), and/or a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse). j0076) The computer system 900 may or may not include a data storage device that includes instructions 916 stored in a computer-readable medium 918. The instructions 916 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 904 and/or within, the processor 902 during .execution thereof by the computer system 900, the main memory 904 and the processor 902 also constituting computer-readable medium. The instructions 916 may further be transmitted or received over a network 920 via the network interface device 910.

[0077] While the computer-readable medium 918 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term "computer-readable medium ^* ' should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The ter "computer-readable medium" shall also be taken, to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the processing device and that cause the processing device to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the embodiments disclosed herein. The term ''computer-readable medium ^" ' shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optica! medium, and magnetic medium.

100781 The embodiments disclosed herein include various steps. The steps of the embodiments disclosed herein may be formed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine- executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.

[0079] The embodiments disclosed herein may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the embodiments disclosed herein. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes: a machine-readable storage medium (e.g., ROM, random access memory ("RAM"), a magnetic disk storage medium, an optical storage medium, flash memory devices, etc); and the like.

[0080] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps, or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is in no way intended that any particular order be inferred.

{0081} it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Since modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the inventio should be construed to include everything withi the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.