CLAIM OF PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 17/001,445 filed on August 24, 2020, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to rotating equipment, for example, rotating equipment used in wellbores.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Artificial lift can be employed in wells to boost production of fluid to the

Earth’s surface. Electric submersible pumps (ESPs) are commonly used to provide artificial lift. As components of an ESP rotate, axial loads are generated. In some cases, ESPs include a protector that can support the thrust loads of the ESP. The protector can also provide other various functions, such as protecting a motor from well fluid, pressure equalization between the motor and the wellbore, and transmitting power from the motor to the ESP.

SUMMARY

[0004] Certain aspects of the subject matter described can be implemented as a thrust balancing apparatus for a pump. The apparatus includes a housing, a balancing chamber, a connecting tube, a balancing disk, a bushing, a washer, and a pair of upthrust washers. The balancing chamber is coupled to and disposed within the housing. The balancing chamber defines an upper cavity and a lower cavity. The connecting tube is coupled to the balancing chamber and the housing. The connecting tube is configured to establish fluid communication between the balancing chamber and an exterior of the housing, such that an interior of the balancing chamber is exposed to fluid surrounding the housing. The balancing disk is coupled to and surrounds a rotatable shaft of the pump. The rotatable shaft passes through the balancing chamber. A first portion of the balancing disk is disposed within the upper cavity of the balancing chamber. A second portion of the balancing disk passes through the lower cavity of the balancing chamber. A third portion of the balancing disk is external to the balancing chamber. The bushing is disposed within the housing and surrounds the rotatable shaft. The washer surrounds the rotatable shaft. The washer is disposed within the housing between the third portion of the balancing disk and the bushing. The pair of upthrust washers surrounds the third portion of the balancing disk. The pair of upthrust washers is disposed within the housing between the third portion of the balancing disk and the balancing chamber.

[0005] This, and other aspects, can include one or more of the following features.

[0006] In some implementations, the pump is an electric submersible pump that operates free of a protector. In some implementations, the housing is positioned downstream of a pump stage of the electric submersible pump.

[0007] In some implementations, the first portion of the balancing disk includes a first disk. In some implementations, the second portion of the balancing disk is tubular. In some implementations, the third portion of the balancing disk includes a second disk.

[0008] In some implementations, the washer is axially disposed between the bushing and the second disk of the third portion of the balancing disk. In some implementations, the pair of upthrust washers is axially disposed between the balancing chamber and the second disk of the third portion of the balancing disk.

[0009] In some implementations, the connecting tube is coupled to the upper cavity of the balancing chamber.

[0010] In some implementations, the upper cavity and the lower cavity of the balancing chamber are partitioned by a ring lining an inner circumferential wall of the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the second portion of the balancing disk passes through the ring.

[0011] In some implementations, a first spacing is defined between the ring and the first disk of the first portion of the balancing disk. In some implementations, a second spacing is defined between the pair of upthrust washers. In some implementations, the first spacing and the second spacing are adjustable to balance a thrust load of the rotatable shaft.

[0012] In some implementations, the apparatus includes a seal surrounding the rotatable shaft. In some implementations, the seal is radially disposed between the rotatable shaft and the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the seal is configured to prevent fluid flow between the upper cavity of the balancing chamber and an interior of the housing. [0013] Certain aspects of the subject matter described can be implemented as a system. The system includes an electric submersible pump (ESP) and a thrust balancing apparatus. The ESP is independent of a protector. The ESP includes multiple pump stages and a rotatable shaft. The thrust balancing apparatus is located downstream of the pump stages of the ESP. The thrust balancing apparatus includes a housing, a balancing chamber, a connecting tube, a balancing disk, a bushing, a washer, and a pair of upthrust washers. The balancing chamber is coupled to and disposed within the housing. The balancing chamber defines an upper cavity and a lower cavity. The connecting tube is coupled to the balancing chamber and the housing. The connecting tube is configured to establish fluid communication between the balancing chamber and an exterior of the housing, such that an interior of the balancing chamber is exposed to fluid surrounding the housing. The balancing disk is coupled to and surrounds the rotatable shaft. The rotatable shaft passes through the balancing chamber. A first portion of the balancing disk is disposed within the upper cavity of the balancing chamber. A second portion of the balancing disk passes through the lower cavity of the balancing chamber. A third portion of the balancing disk is external to the balancing chamber. The bushing is disposed within the housing and surrounds the rotatable shaft. The washer surrounds the rotatable shaft. The washer is disposed within the housing betw een the third portion of the balancing disk and the bushing. The pair of upthrust washers surrounds the third portion of the balancing disk. The pair of upthrust washers is disposed within the housing between the third portion of the balancing disk and the balancing chamber.

[0014] This, and other aspects, can include one or more of the following features.

[0015] In some implementations, the first portion of the balancing disk includes a first disk. In some implementations, the second portion of the balancing disk is tubular. In some implementations, the third portion of the balancing disk includes a second disk.

[0016] In some implementations, the washer is axially disposed between the bushing and the second disk of the third portion of the balancing disk. In some implementations, the pair of upthrust washers is axially disposed between the balancing chamber and the second disk of the third portion of the balancing disk.

[0017] In some implementations, the connecting tube is coupled to the upper cavity of the balancing chamber.

[0018] In some implementations, the upper cavity and the lower cavity of the balancing chamber are partitioned by a ring lining an inner circumferential wall of the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the second portion of the balancing disk passes through the ring.

[0019] In some implementations, a first spacing is defined between the ring and the first disk of the first portion of the balancing disk. In some implementations, a second spacing is defined between the pair of upthrust washers. In some implementations, the first spacing and the second spacing are adjustable to balance a thrust load of the rotatable shaft.

[0020] In some implementations, the thrust balancing apparatus includes a seal surrounding the rotatable shaft. In some implementations, the seal is radially disposed between the rotatable shaft and the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the seal is configured to prevent fluid flow between the upper cavity of the balancing chamber and an interior of the housing.

[0021] Certain aspects of the subject matter described can be implemented as a method. Fluid communication between a balancing chamber and an exterior of a housing is established by a connecting tube coupled to the balancing chamber and the housing, thereby exposing an interior of the balancing chamber to fluid surrounding the housing. The balancing chamber is coupled to and disposed within the housing. The balancing chamber defines an upper cavity and a lower cavity. Pressure within the balancing chamber is balanced by adjusting a first spacing. A balancing disk is coupled to and surrounds a rotatable shaft passing through the balancing chamber. A ring lining an inner circumferential wall of the balancing chamber partitions the balancing chamber into the upper cavity and the lower cavity. The first spacing is defined between the balancing disk and the ring. Pressure between the balancing chamber and the housing is balanced by adjusting a second spacing. A pair of upthrust washers surrounds the balancing disk and is disposed within the housing between the balancing disk and the balancing chamber. The second spacing is defined between the pair of upthrust washers. Balancing pressure within the balancing chamber and balancing pressure between the balancing chamber and the housing results in balancing a thrust load of the rotatable shaft while the rotatable shaft rotates.

[0022] This, and other aspects, can include one or more of the following features.

[0023] In some implementations, the balancing disk includes a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion. In some implementations, the first portion includes a first disk disposed within the upper cavity of the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the second portion is tubular and passes through the lower cavity of the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the third portion includes a second disk that is external to the balancing chamber. In some implementations, the pair of upthrust washers is disposed axially in between the balancing chamber and the second disk of the third portion of the balancing disk. In some implementations, adjusting the second spacing includes adjusting an axial spacing between the pair of upthrust washers.

[0024] In some implementations, the connecting tube is coupled to the upper cavity of the balancing chamber. In some implementations, establishing fluid communication between the balancing chamber and the exterior of the housing includes establishing fluid communication between the upper cavity of the balancing chamber and the exterior of the housing.

[0025] In some implementations, fluid flow is prevented between the upper cavity of the balancing chamber and an interior of the housing by a seal that surrounds the rotatable shaft and is radially disposed between the rotatable shaft and the balancing chamber.

[0026] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0027] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example well.

[0028] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an example system that can be implemented in the well of FIG. 1.

[0029] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of an example apparatus that can be implemented in the system of FIG. 2A.

[0030] FIG. 2C is a radial cross-section of the apparatus of FIG. 2B.

[0031] FIG. 2D is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of FIG. 2B coupled to a portion of the system of FIG. 2A. [0032] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example method that can be implemented by the apparatus of FIG. 2B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] This disclosure describes technologies relating to balancing thrust loads in rotating equipment, and in particular, in protector-less electric submersible pumps (ESPs). ESP systems typically include a centrifugal pump, a protector, a power delivery cable, a motor, and a monitoring tool. The pump can transfer fluid from one location to another. For example, the pump provides artificial lift in a well to boost fluid production from the well. The pump can include multiple pump stages which include impellers and diffusers. The rotating impeller can provide energy to the well fluid, and the stationary diffuser can convert the kinetic energy of the fluid into head (pressure) to facilitate fluid flow. In some cases, pump stages are stacked in series to form a multi-stage pump that is housed within a pump housing. The motor can provide mechanical power to drive a rotatable shaft of the pump. The power deliver}' cable can supply electrical power to the motor from the surface. The protector can support thrust loads from the pump, transmit power from the motor to the pump, equalize pressure (for example, between the motor and the wellbore within which the ESP resides), provide motor oil to or receive motor oil from the motor according to changes in operating temperature, and prevent well fluid from entering the motor. The monitoring tool can be installed on the motor to measure parameters, such as pump intake and discharge pressures, motor oil and winding temperatures, and vibration. The monitoring tool can transmit measured data to the surface, for example, via the power delivery cable.

[0034] In some cases, however, it can be desirable to remove the protector from the artificial lift system because the protector can be prone to various problems that may lead to frequent operational failures of the artificial lift system. The subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in particular implementations, so as to realize one or more of the following advantages. The artificial system is configured to operate without the use of a protector. The thrust balancing apparatus included in the artificial lift can fully support the thrust loads of the ESP (that is, develop zero residual thrust) at a range of operating conditions (for example, a range of operating speeds and flow rates) as opposed to a single design point. In contrast, conventional thrust balancing disks can provide full support of the thrust loads of the ESP at a particular design point, and auxiliary components help support residual thrust loads whenever the ESP operates away from the design point. The thrust balancing apparatus described can have similar or the same outer dimensions of a pump stage of an ESP. The thrust balancing apparatus described can be implemented in artificial lift systems in which solid and/or abrasive particles are expected in the well fluid without detrimental effect on functionality of the artificial system. The thrust balancing apparatus described can operate free of lubrication. The thrust balancing apparatus described can improve reliability and extend operating life of artificial lift systems.

[0035] FIG. 1 depicts an example well 100 constructed in accordance with the concepts herein. The well 100 extends from the surface 106 through the Earth 108 to one more subterranean zones of interest 110 (one shown). The well 100 enables access to the subterranean zones of interest 110 to allow recovery (that is, production) of fluids to the surface 106 (represented by flow arrows in FIG. 1) and, in some implementations, additionally or alternatively allows fluids to be placed in the Earth 108. In some implementations, the subterranean zone 110 is a formation within the Earth 108 defining a reservoir, but in other instances, the zone 110 can be multiple formations or a portion of a formation. The subterranean zone can include, for example, a formation, a portion of a formation, or multiple formations in a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir from which recovery operations can be practiced to recover trapped hydrocarbons. In some implementations, the subterranean zone includes an underground formation of naturally fractured or porous rock containing hydrocarbons (for example, oil, gas, or both). In some implementations, the well can intersect other types of formations, including reservoirs that are not naturally fractured. For simplicity ’s sake, the well 100 is shown as a vertical well, but in other instances, the well 100 can be a deviated well with a wellbore deviated from vertical (for example, horizontal or slanted), the well 100 can include multiple bores forming a multilateral well (that is, a well having multiple lateral wells branching off another w ell or wells), or both.

[0036] In some implementations, the well 100 is a gas well that is used in producing hydrocarbon gas (such as natural gas) from the subterranean zones of interest 110 to the surface 106. While termed a “gas well,” the well need not produce only dry gas, and may incidentally or in much smaller quantities, produce liquid including oil, water, or both. In some implementations, the well 100 is an oil well that is used in producing hydrocarbon liquid (such as crude oil) from the subterranean zones of interest 110 to the surface 106. While termed an “oil well,” the well not need produce only hydrocarbon liquid, and may incidentally or in much smaller quantities, produce gas, water, or both. In some implementations, the production from the well 100 can be multiphase in any ratio. In some implementations, the production from the well 100 can produce mostly or entirely liquid at certain times and mostly or entirely gas at other times. For example, in certain types of wells it is common to produce water for a period of time to gain access to the gas in the subterranean zone. The concepts herein, though, are not limited in applicability to gas wells, oil wells, or even production wells, and could be used in wells for producing other gas or liquid resources or could be used in injection wells, disposal wells, or other types of wells used in placing fluids into the Earth.

[0037] The wellbore of the well 100 is typically, although not necessarily, cylindrical. All or a portion of the wellbore is lined with a tubing, such as casing 112. The casing 112 connects with a wellhead at the surface 106 and extends downhole into the wellbore. The casing 112 operates to isolate the bore of the well 100, defined in the cased portion of the well 100 by the inner bore 116 of the casing 112, from the surrounding Earth 108. The casing 112 can be formed of a single continuous tubing or multiple lengths of tubing joined (for example, threadedly) end-to-end. In FIG. 1, the casing 112 is perforated in the subterranean zone of interest 110 to allow fluid communication between the subterranean zone of interest 110 and the bore 116 of the casing 112. In some implementations, the casing 112 is omitted or ceases in the region of the subterranean zone of interest 110. This portion of the well 100 without casing is often referred to as “open hole.”

[0038] The wellhead defines an attachment point for other equipment to be attached to the well 100. For example, FIG. 1 shows well 100 being produced with a Christmas tree attached to the wellhead. The Christmas tree includes valves used to regulate flow into or out of the well 100. The well 100 also includes a system 200 residing in the wellbore, for example, at a depth that is nearer to subterranean zone 110 than the surface 106. The system 200, being of a type configured in size and robust construction for installation within a well 100, can include any type of rotating equipment that can assist production of fluids to the surface 106 and out of the well 100 by creating an additional pressure differential within the well 100. For example, the system 200 can include a pump, compressor, blower, or multi-phase fluid flow aid. [0039] In particular, casing 112 is commercially produced in a number of common sizes specified by the American Petroleum Institute (the “API”), including 4- 1/2, 5, 5-1/2, 6, 6-5/8, 7, 7-5/8, 7-3/4, 8-5/8, 8-3/4, 9-5/8, 9-3/4, 9-7/8, 10-3/4, 11-3/4, 11-7/8, 13-3/8, 13-1/2, 13-5/8, 16, 18-5/8, and 20 inches, and the API specifies internal diameters for each casing size. The system 200 can be configured to fit in, and (as discussed in more detail below) in certain instances, seal to the inner diameter of one of the specified API casing sizes. Of course, the system 200 can be made to fit in and, in certain instances, seal to other sizes of casing or tubing or otherwise seal to a wall of the well 100.

[0040] Additionally, the construction of the components of the system 200 are configured to withstand the impacts, scraping, and other physical challenges the system 200 will encounter while being passed hundreds of feet/meters or even multiple miles/kilometers into and out of the well 100. For example, the system 200 can be disposed in the well 100 at a depth of up to 20,000 feet (6,096 meters). Beyond just a rugged exterior, this encompasses having certain portions of any electronics being ruggedized to be shock resistant and remain fluid tight during such physical challenges and during operation. Additionally, the system 200 is configured to withstand and operate for extended periods of time (for example, multiple weeks, months or years) at the pressures and temperatures experienced in the well 100, which temperatures can exceed 400 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) / 205 degrees Celsius (°C) and pressures over 2,000 pounds per square inch gauge (psig), and while submerged in the well fluids (gas, water, or oil as examples). Finally , the system 200 can be configured to interface with one or more of the common deployment systems, such as jointed tubing (that is, lengths of tubing joined end-to-end), a sucker rod, coiled tubing (that is, not-jointed tubing, but rather a continuous, unbroken and flexible tubing formed as a single piece of material), or wireline with an electrical conductor (that is, a monofilament or multifilament wire rope with one or more electrical conductors, sometimes called e-line) and thus have a corresponding connector (for example, a jointed tubing connector, coiled tubing connector, or wireline connector).

[0041] A seal system 126 is integrated or provided separately with a downhole system, as shown with the system 200, divides the well 100 into an uphole zone 130 above the seal system 126 and a downhole zone 132 below the seal system 126. In some implementations, the seal system 126 is integrated with a tubing (such as tubing 128) uphole of the system 200. FIG. 1 shows the system 200 positioned in the open volume of the bore 116 of the casing 112, and connected to a production string of tubing (also referred as production tubing 128) in the well 100. The wall of the well 100 includes the interior wall of the casing 112 in portions of the wellbore having the casing 112, and includes the open hole wellbore wall in uncased portions of the well 100. Thus, the seal system 126 is configured to seal against the wall of the wellbore, for example, against the interior wall of the casing 112 in the cased portions of the well 100 or against the interior wall of the wellbore in the uncased, open hole portions of the well 100. In certain instances, the seal system 126 can form a gas- and liquid-tight seal at the pressure differential the system 200 creates in the well 100. For example, the seal system 126 can be configured to at least partially seal against an interior wall of the wellbore to separate (completely or substantially) a pressure in the well 100 downhole of the seal system 126 from a pressure in the well 100 uphole of the seal system 126. Although not shown in FIG. 1, additional components, such as a surface compressor, can be used in conjunction with the system 200 to boost pressure in the well 100.

[0042] In some implementations, the system 200 can be implemented to alter characteristics of a wellbore by a mechanical intervention at the source. Alternatively, or in addition to any of the other implementations described in this specification, the system 200 can be implemented as a high flow, low pressure rotary device for gas flow in wells. Alternatively, or in addition to any of the other implementations described in this specification, the system 200 can be implemented in a direct well-casing deployment for production through the wellbore. Other implementations of the system 200 as a pump, compressor, or multiphase combination of these can be utilized in the well bore to effect increased well production.

[0043] The system 200 locally alters the pressure, temperature, flow rate conditions, or a combination of these of the fluid in the well 100 proximate the system 200. In certain instances, the alteration performed by the system 200 can optimize or help in optimizing fluid flow through the well 100. As described previously, the system 200 creates a pressure differential within the well 100, for example, particularly within the locale in which the system 200 resides. In some instances, the system 200 introduced to the well 100 adjacent the perforations can reduce the pressure in the well 100 near the perforations to induce greater fluid flow from the subterranean zone 110, increase a temperature of the fluid entering the system 200 to reduce condensation from limiting production, increase a pressure in the well 100 uphole of the system 200 to increase fluid flow to the surface 106, or a combination of these.

[0044] The system 200 moves the fluid at a first pressure downhole of the system

200 to a second, higher pressure uphole of the system 200. The system 200 can operate at and maintain a pressure ratio across the system 200 between the second, higher uphole pressure and the first, downhole pressure in the wellbore. The pressure ratio of the second pressure to the first pressure can also vary, for example, based on an operating speed of the system 200.

[0045] The system 200 can operate in a variety of downhole conditions of the well 100. For example, the initial pressure within the well 100 can vary based on the type of well, depth of the well 100, and production flow from the perforations into the well 100. In some examples, the pressure in the well 100 proximate a bottomhole location is sub-atmospheric, where the pressure in the well 100 is at or below about 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia), or about 101.3 kiloPascal (kPa). The system 200 can operate in sub-atmospheric well pressures, for example, at well pressure between 2 psia (13.8 kPa) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa). In some examples, the pressure in the well 100 proximate a bottomhole location is much higher than atmospheric, where the pressure in the well 100 is above about 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia), or about 101.3 kiloPascal (kPa). The system 200 can operate in above atmospheric well pressures, for example, at well pressure between 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa) and 5,000 psia (34,474 kPa).

[0046] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an implementation of the system 200, which can provide artificial lift within a wellbore, such as within the wellbore of the well 100. The system 200 includes an ESP 210, a motor 220, and a thrust balancing apparatus 250. In some implementations, the system 200 includes a different rotating equipment from the ESP 210, such as a blower or a compressor. In some implementations, the ESP 210 includes a rotatable shaft 211 and multiple pump stages 213. Each pump stage includes an impeller and a diffuser that cooperate to generate head, thereby facilitating fluid flow. The impellers of the ESP 210 can be fixed or floating. The impellers of the ESP 210 can be radial flow impellers, axial flow impellers, or mixed flow impellers. In some implementations, the motor 220 is positioned upstream relative to the ESP 210. In some implementations, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 is positioned downstream relative to the ESP 210. For example, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 can be positioned downstream of the downstream-most pump stage 213 of the ESP 210. The thrust balancing apparatus 250 is also shown in FIG. 2B and described in more detail later. As used in this disclosure, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are in relation to general direction of fluid flow during operation of the system 200. For example, when the system 200 is disposed in and operating within a vertical well, upstream can be synonymous with downhole, while downstream can be synonymous with uphole.

[0047] The system 200 is configured to operate without the use of a protector. Various components of the system 200 perform functions otherwise provided by a typical protector, such that a protector is not required in the system 200. For example, the motor 220 is sealed from the surrounding downhole environment, such that the interior of the motor 220 is not exposed to well fluid. For example, the motor 220 includes a pressure compensator, such as a diaphragm or piston, to equalize pressure between the motor 220 and the wellbore. For example, the motor 220 is coupled to the rotatable shaft 211 by a magnetic coupling, which transmits rotational motion from the motor 220 to the rotatable shaft 211. For example, the motor 220 includes a motor oil expansion chamber that compensates for changes in operating temperature. For example, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 can support thrust loads from the ESP 210. The concepts described here, however, can also be implemented in similar downholetype systems that include a protector.

[0048] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of an implementation of the thrust balancing apparatus 250. The thrust balancing apparatus 250 includes ahousing 251, a balancing chamber 253, a connecting tube 255, a balancing disk 257, a bushing 259, a washer 261, and upthrust washers 263 a and 263b. Each component of the thrust balancing apparatus 250 can manufactured as a singular, continuous member or as multiple, separate components that are integrated together to form the respective component.

[0049] The housing 251 houses the other components of the thrust balancing apparatus 250. For example, the balancing chamber 253, the connecting tube 255, the balancing disk 257, the bushing 259, the washer 261, and the upthrust washers 263a and 263b are all disposed within the housing 251. In some implementations, the housing 251 is tubular and has an outer diameter that is the same as or similar to an outer diameter of the pump stages 213 of the ESP 210. [0050] The balancing chamber 253 is coupled to and disposed within the housing 251. The balancing chamber 253 defines an upper cavity 253a and a lower cavity 253b. In some implementations, the balancing chamber 253 is fixed in position in relation to the housing 251. The balancing chamber 253 is made of a material that can withstand corrosion and abrasion during operation. In some implementations, the balancing chamber 253 is made of a similar or the same material as the impellers and/or diffusers of the ESP 210. In some implementations, the balancing chamber 253 is made of an austenitic cast iron alloy that includes nickel, such as Ni-Resist (standard or ductile). In some implementations, an outer diameter of the balancing chamber 253 is equal to or less than about 60% of the diameter of the impellers of the ESP 210. In some implementations, an outer diameter of the balancing chamber 253 is equal to or less than about 50% of the outer diameter of the housing 251. In some implementations, a longitudinal length of the balancing chamber 253 is equal to or less than a longitudinal length of a single pump stage 213 of the ESP 210,

[0051] In some implementations, a web structure 290 fixes the balancing chamber 253 in position within the housing 251. FIG. 2C is a cross-section of the thrust balancing apparatus 250 that shows an implementation of the web structure 290. The web structure 290 can provide structural rigidity to the balancing chamber 253 while also having sufficient flow area to prevent and/or mitigate choking flow through the apparatus 250. The web structure 290 can be sufficiently wide to accommodate the connecting tube 255.

[0052] The connecting tube 255 is coupled to the balancing chamber 253 and the housing 251. The connecting tube 255 is configured to establish fluid communication between the balancing chamber 253 and an exterior of the housing 251, such that an interior of the balancing chamber 253 is exposed to fluid surrounding the housing 251 (for example, well fluid). In some implementations, the connecting tube 255 is coupled to the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253 at one end and coupled to a perforation in the housing 251 at another end. The connecting tube 255 is made of a material that can withstand corrosion and abrasion during operation. In some implementations, the connecting tube 255 is made of similar or the same material as the web structure 290 that supports the balancing chamber 253 within the housing 251. In some implementations, the connecting tube 255 is made of an austenitic cast iron alloy that includes nickel, such as Ni-Resist (standard or ductile). In some implementations, the connecting tube 255 is a part of the web structure 290 that supports the balancing chamber 253 within the housing 251. In some implementations, an inner diameter of the connecting tube 255 is in a range of from about 1/16 inch to about ! inch. In some implementations, a longitudinal length of the connecting tube 255 is at least 25% of the inner diameter of the housing 251. Although shown in FIG. 2B as including one connecting tube 255, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 can include additional connecting tubes 255 (as shown in FIG. 2C). In some implementations, multiple connecting tubes 255 make up a part of the web structure 290 that supports the balancing chamber 253 within the housing 251.

[0053] Referring back to FIG. 2B, the balancing disk 257 is coupled to and surrounds the rotatable shaft 211 ofthe ESP 210. The rotatable shaft 211 passes through the balancing chamber 253. In some implementations, the balancing disk 257 is fixed in position in relation to the rotatable shaft 211 and rotates with the rotatable shaft 211. The balancing disk 257 includes a first portion 257a, a second portion 257b, and a third portion 257c. The first portion 257a is disposed within the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253. The second portion 257b passes through the lower cavity 253b of the balancing chamber 253. The third portion 257c is external to the balancing chamber 253. In some implementations, the first portion 257a includes a first disk, the second portion 257b is tubular, and the third portion 257c includes a second disk. The outer diameter of the first portion 257a is less than an inner diameter of the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253. The balancing chamber 253 defines an opening through which the second portion 257b passes. An inner diameter of the opening defined by the balancing chamber 253 is greater than the outer diameter of the second portion 257b of the balancing disk 257 but less than the outer diameters of the first portion 257a and the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. The clearance between the opening defined by the balancing chamber 253 and the second portion 257b of the balancing disk 257 can be designed to prevent and/or mitigate debris migration across the balancing chamber 253 and balancing disk 257. Similarly, the clearance between the inner diameter of the ring 265 and the second portion 257b of the balancing disk 257 can be designed to prevent and/or mitigate debris migration across the balancing chamber 253 and balancing disk 257. Similarly, the clearance between the opening defined by the inner diameter of the upper cavity 253a and the outer diameter of the first portion 257a can be designed to prevent and/or mitigate debris migration across the balancing chamber 253 and balancing disk 257.

[0054] The balancing disk 257 is made of a material that can withstand corrosion and abrasion during operation. In some implementations, the balancing disk 257 is made of similar or the same material as the balancing chamber 253. In some implementations, the balancing disk 257 is made of an austenitic cast iron alloy that includes nickel, such as Ni-Resist (standard or ductile).

[0055] The bushing 259 surrounds the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210. The bushing 259 is disposed within the housing 251. In some implementations, a portion of the bushing 259 is tubular and a remaining portion of the bushing 259 is shaped like a disk. The bushing 259 is made of a material that can withstand corrosion and abrasion during operation. In some implementations, the bushing 259 is made of similar or the same material as the balancing chamber 253. In some implementations, the bushing 259 is made of austenitic cast iron alloy that includes nickel, such as Ni-Resist (standard or ductile). In some implementations, the bushing 259 is made of copper. In some implementations, the bushing 259 is made of ceramic material, such as zirconia, tungsten carbine, and silicon carbide. In some implementations, the bushing 259 is coupled to the housing 251. In some implementations, the bushing 259 has an outer diameter that is equal to or approximately equal to the outer diameter of the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257.

[0056] The washer 261 surrounds the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210. The washer 261 is disposed within the housing 251 between the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257 and the bushing 259. In some implementations, the washer 261 is axially disposed between the bushing 259 and the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, the washer 261 is axially disposed between the disk-shaped portion of the bushing 259 and the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In such implementations, the washer 261 prevents physical contact between the balancing disk 257 and the bushing 259. The washer 261 can withstand material loss (for example, due to friction) during rotation of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, the washer 261 is a phenolic washer. In some implementations, an outer diameter of the washer 261 is equal to or approximately equal to the outer diameter of the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, an outer diameter of the washer 261 is equal to or approximately equal to the outer diameter of the bushing 259. In some implementations, the washer 261 has a thickness of at least 1/16 inch.

[0057] The upthrust washers 263a and 263b surround the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. The upthrust washers 263a and 263b are disposed within the housing 251 between the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257 and the balancing chamber 253. In some implementations, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b are axially disposed between balancing chamber 253 and the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In such implementations, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b prevent physical contact between the balancing chamber 253 and the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, the upthrust washer 263a is fixed to the exterior of the balancing chamber 253, and the upthrust washer 263b is fixed to the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In such implementations, the upthrust washer 263a remains stationary, while the upthrust washer 263b rotates with the rotatable shaft 211 during operation of the system 200. Similar to the washer 261, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b can withstand material loss (for example, due to friction) during counter-rotation with respect to each other and during rotation of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b are phenolic washers. In some implementations, an outer diameter of the upthrust washers 263 a and 263b is equal to or approximately equal to the outer diameter of the second disk of the third portion 257c of the balancing disk 257. In some implementations, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b have a thickness of at least 1/16 inch each.

[0058] In some implementations, the upper cavity 253a and the lower cavity 253b of the balancing chamber 253 are partitioned by a ring 265 that lines an inner circumferential wall of the balancing chamber 253. In such implementations, the second portion 257b (tubular portion) of the balancing disk 257 passes through the ring 265. In such implementations, a first spacing 267a is defined between the ring 265 and the first disk of the first portion 257a of the balancing disk 257, and a second spacing 267b is defined between the upthrust washer 263a and the upthrust washer 263b. The first spacing 267a and the second spacing 267b can be adjusted to balance a thrust load of the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210.

[0059] In some implementations, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 includes a seal 269 that surrounds the rotatable shaft 211 and is radially disposed between the balancing chamber 253 and the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210. In some implementations, the seal 269 is configured to prevent fluid flow between the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253 and an interior of the housing 251 while the rotatable shaft 211 rotates. The selection of the seal 269 can depend on various parameters, such as range of operating temperature, range of operating pressure, ty pe of fluid that the seal 269 is expected to be exposed to, and acceptable leakage level. In some implementations, the seal 269 is a labyrinth-type seal, which is typically associated with insignificant mechanical losses and leakage power losses that do not significantly affect overall pumping efficiency.

[0060] FIG. 2D is a schematic diagram of the thrust balancing apparatus 250 coupled to a pump stage 213 of the ESP 210. The doted arrows represent fluid flow through the system 200. In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 2D, the housing 251 of the thrust balancing apparatus 250 can be the same as or similar to the casing of the ESP 210. In some implementations, the washer 261 is omitted. In such implementations, the balancing disk 257 and the bushing 259 can be fixed to the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210. In such implementations, the bushing 259 can be formed as a sleeve surrounding the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210 and fixed in position with respect to the rotatable shaft 211 (for example, by way of a key way slot formed in the shaft 211). In some implementations, the balancing disk 257 is fixed to the bushing 259. In some implementations, the bushing 259 is fixed to an impeller of the downstream-most pump stage 213 of the ESP 210. In such implementations, the bushing 259 can be formed as a sleeve surrounding the rotatable shaft 211 of the ESP 210 and fixed in position with respect to the impeller and the rotatable shaft 211 (for example, by way of a key way slot formed in the shaft 211 or a portion of the impeller). In some implementations, the thrust balancing apparatus 250 includes a second pair of upthrust washers, where one upthrust washer is fixed to the first disk of the first portion 257a of the balancing disk 257 (rotates with rotatable shaft 211) and the other upthrust washer is fixed to the ring 265 (stationary). In such implementations, the first spacing 267a is defined between this second pair of upthrust washers.

[0061] Before operation of the ESP 210, the balancing disk 257 rests on top of the washer 261, which rests on top of the disk-shaped portion of the bushing 259. At the beginning of operation of the ESP 210, the pressure within the housing 251 (exterior to the balancing chamber 253) is the greatest pressure in the system thrust balancing apparatus 250. This pressure imposes a downward thrust on the rotatable shaft 211, resulting in a downward axial movement of the rotatable shaft 211 and the balancing disk 257, which is fixed to the rotatable shaft 211. This downward axial movement decreases the first spacing 267a (low-pressure orifice) and increases the second spacing 267b (high-pressure orifice). This downward axial movement also causes the pressure within the lower cavity 253b to increase, as more well fluid flows into the lower cavity 253b. The increase in pressure within the lower cavity 253b imparts an upward thrust on the balancing disk 257 and, in turn, on the rotatable shaft 211. The cross-sectional area of the first disk of the first portion of the balancing disk 257 can be designed to be sufficiently large to develop the upward thrust to lift the rotatable shaft 211. The up ard thrust results in an upward axial movement of the rotatable shaft 211 and the balancing disk 257. The upward axial movement increases the first spacing 267a (low-pressure orifice) and decreases the second spacing 267b (high-pressure orifice). The decrease in the second spacing 267b increases the pressure drop across the second spacing 267b. The simultaneous increase in the first spacing 267a allows for the pressure within the lower cavity 253b to decrease. Both of these effects can reduce the effect of the upward thrust. This “push-and-pull” continues in the thrust balancing apparatus 250 until the balancing disk 257 reaches an equilibrium point that fully supports the thrust load of the ESP 210. The thrust balancing apparatus 250 is capable of reaching equilibrium points across a range of operating conditions of the ESP 210 (for example, different combinations of pumping speeds and flow rates).

[0062] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example method 300. The method 300 can be implemented, for example, by the thrust balancing apparatus 250. At step 302, fluid communication between a balancing chamber (for example, the balancing chamber 253) and an exterior of a housing (for example, the housing 251) is established by a connecting tube (for example, the connecting tube 255) that is coupled to the balancing chamber 253 and the housing 251. By establishing fluid communication between the balancing chamber 253 and the exterior of the housing 251 at step 302, an interior of the balancing chamber 253 is exposed to fluid surrounding the housing 251. As described previously, the balancing chamber 253 is coupled to and disposed within the housing 251, and the balancing chamber 253 defines an upper cavity 253a and a lower cavity 253b. In some implementations, establishing fluid communication between the balancing chamber 253 and the exterior of the housing 251 at step 302 includes establishing fluid communication between the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253 and the extenor of the housing 2 1.

[0063] At step 304, pressure within the balancing chamber 253 is balanced by adjusting a first spacing (for example, the first spacing 267a). The first spacing 267a can be increased or decreased at step 304. As described previously, the balancing disk 257 is coupled to and surrounds the rotatable shaft 211 (of the ESP 210), which passes through the balancing chamber 253. The ring 265 partitions the balancing chamber 253 into the upper cavity 253a and the lower cavity 253b. The first spacing 267a is defined between the balancing disk 257 and the ring 265.

[0064] At step 306, pressure between the balancing chamber 253 and the housing 251 is balanced by adjusting a second spacing (for example, the second spacing 267b). The second spacing 267b can be increased or decreased at step 306. As described previously, the upthrust washers 263a and 263b surround the balancing disk 257 and are disposed within the housing 251 between the balancing disk 257 and the balancing chamber 253. The second spacing 267b is defined between the upthrust washers 263a and 263b. Balancing pressure within the balancing chamber 253 and balancing pressure between the balancing chamber 253 and the housing 251 results in balancing a thrust load of the rotatable shaft 211 while the rotatable shaft 211 rotates. In some implementations, adjusting the second spacing 267b includes adjusting an axial spacing between the upthrust washers 263a and 263b.

[0065] In some implementations, fluid flow between the upper cavity 253a of the balancing chamber 253 and an interior of the housing 251 is prevented by a seal (for example, the seal 269). As described previously, the seal 269 can surround the rotatable shaft 211 and be radially disposed between the rotatable shaft 211 and the balancing chamber 253. Although shown in FIG. 3 as a progression from step 302 to step 304 to step 306, the various steps of method 300 can occur concurrently in parallel and do not necessarily need to be performed sequentially. For example, adjusting the first spacing 267a to balance pressure within the balancing chamber 253 at step 304 and adjusting the second spacing 267b to balance pressure between the balancing chamber 253 and the housing 251 at step 306 can occur simultaneously. Further, the various steps of method 300 can occur repeatedly and continuously, for example, throughout the operation of the ESP 210.

[0066] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented, in combination, in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations, separately, or in any subcombination. Moreover, although previously described features may be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a subcombination.

[0067] As used in this disclosure, the terms “a,” “an,” or “the” are used to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. The statement “at least one of A and B” has the same meaning as “A, B, or A and B.” In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed in this disclosure, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section.

[0068] As used in this disclosure, the term “about” or “approximately” can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.

[0069] As used in this disclosure, the term “substantially” refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more.

[0070] Values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of “0.1% to about 5%” or “0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include about 0.1% to about 5%, as well as the individual values (for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (for example, 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. The statement “X to Y” has the same meaning as “about X to about Y,” unless indicated otherwise. Likewise, the statement “X, Y, or Z” has the same meaning as “about X, about Y, or about Z,” unless indicated otherwise.

[0071] Particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations, alterations, and permutations of the described implementations are within the scope of the following claims as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. While operations are depicted in the drawings or claims in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed (some operations may be considered optional), to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking or parallel processing (or a combination of multitasking and parallel processing) may be advantageous and performed as deemed appropriate.

[0072] Moreover, the separation or integration of various system modules and components in the previously described implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation or integration in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together or packaged into multiple products.

[0073] Accordingly, the previously described example implementations do not define or constrain the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.