BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention is directed to self-cleaning linear ionizers and related processes for corona ionizers. The invention is particularly useful in (but not limited to) ionizing bars in which the linear ion emitter is a wire. Accordingly, die general objects of the invention are to provide novel systems, methods and apparatus of such character.

2. Description of the Related Art

[0002] Conventional linear ionizing bars are typically composed of: (1) a bar type ionization cell having at least one linear emitter and one or more non-ionizing reference etectrode(s); (2) a clean air (or other gas) supply system having a group of jet type nozzles surrounding each ion emitter and connected to a supply manifold; and (3) a control system with an AC or pulsed DC high voltage power supply connected to the ionization cell. Such linear ionizing bars have found applications in a wide variety of manufacturing industries including flat panel displays, general electronics, semiconductors, etc. While some designs/applications may be optimized for ionization/charging, others may, instead, be optimized for charge neutralization. Charge neutralization applications may entail neutralization of large charged objects at relatively close distances and at rapid throughput rates. For example, the front and back of glass panels having a length and a width exceeding 3000 mm may need to be charge-neutralized wherein the distance between an ionizing bar(s) and the display panels usually ranges from 50 -100 mm up to 1000 mm or more, and wherein the display panels are transported at high speeds using robotics systems. [0003] Charge neutralizing bars with linear ionizers (ionizing cells comprising long thin wire(s) as emitter(s)/electrode(s)) have been suggested in (I) U.S. Patent No. 7,339,778, entitled "Corona Discharge Neutralizing Apparatus"; (2) U.S. Patent No. 8,048,200, entitled "Clean Corona Gas Ionization For Static Charge Neutralization"; and (3) U.S. Patent No. 8,492,733 entitled "Multi-Sectional Linear Ionizing Bar And Ionization Cell", all of which patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Further, ionizing bars with wire emitters are currently produced by AB Liros Electronic of Malmd, Sweden and/or Liros Electronic of Hamburg, Germany, and Simco-Ion Technology Group of Alameda, California USA.

[0004] With joint reference to Figures 1 and 2, a conventional multi-sectional linear ionizing bar 100 comprises four primary elements: a housing/enclosure 103, two ionization cells 101 and 102 with a stationary linear ion emitter 201 for establishing an ion plasma region along the length thereof, a manifold (hidden from view within housing 101) for receiving gas from a source and for delivering same past linear ion emitter 201 , and means for applying 202 an ionizing signal/voltage (from a conventional/suitable power supply) to linear ion emitter 201 to thereby establish the ion plasma region. The ionization cells 101,102 also have common reference (non- ionizing) electrodes 104 and 105 positioned on both sides of the ion emitter 201. The electrodes 104, 105 are conventionally positioned parallel to, on opposite sides of, and equally distant from ion emitter 201 This particular linear ionizing bar is shown and described in detail in U.S. Patent No.8,492,733 entitled "Multi-Sectional Linear Ionizing Bar And Ionization Cell" (incorporated by reference above).

[0005] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, housing 103 supports detachable ionization cell modules 101 and 102 from one side such mat daisy-chaining of multiple cells together is easily accomplished. Enclosure 103 may house a high voltage power supply and control system within an interior side (hidden front view by the enclosure 103).

[0006] Each conventional ionization cell 101 and 102 may comprise a linear, for example, wire type corona discharge ion emitter/electrode 201 , a pair of grills 205a and 205b, and an array (multiplicity/plurality) of gas orifices 206 positioned behind linear ion emitter 201 and through plate 203 for delivering gas steams past linear ion emitter 201as shown.

[0007] It will be appreciated that the contact/tensioning springs 202 are preferably positioned at and affixed to each end of wire electrode 201 and to stationary cell 103. Springs 202 also receive high voltage ionizing signals and apply them to electrode 201. When such AC ionizing signals (typically, high voltage AC, but DC in certain applications) is applied to linear electrode 201, corona discharge occurs (between the electrodes 201 and 104,105) to thereby yield copious amounts of both polarity ions. As a result, emitter 201 is surrounded by dense, high-concentration bipolar ion cloud of positive and negative ions.

[0008] Despite the advantages of conventional linear ionizing bars of the type discussed above, they still suffer from at least one deficiency common among corona discharge ionizers: emitter corrosion/contamination/degradation which may significantly reduce ionizing bar performance by causing an undesirable ion balance offset, longer discharge times, and the spread of contamination to the ambient environment and the target workpiece(s). Therefore, manual and regular emitter cleaning is a mandatory maintenance requirement for linear ionizing bars of the type discussed above. In this design, wire emitter is elevated above base plate 203 by the spring arrangement to facilitate manual removal of corrosion, debris, dust, etc. that accumulates on wire electrode 201. [0009] Manual cleaning is undesirable for a number of reasons. For example, the manual cleaning process requires turning off the flow of air/gas and the high voltage ionizing signals and inserting some type of wire cleaning implement between two grills/rails 205a and 205b. This cleaning implement may be a brush, a wet/dry wipe, or a foam block mat physically contacts emitter wire 201 as it is rubbed back and forth along emitter 201. The cleaning implement may be connected to a stick to reach emitter wire 201 from a relatively long distance because it is often difficult to reach the ion emitter wire for manual cleaning especially for ionizing bars installed in large semiconductor tools. For this reason, manual cleaning may damage the wires, spring contacts, and shorten lifetime of the detachable ionization cells. Last but not least, the frequency with which cleaning cycles must occur depends on the ambient air

conditions/cleanness (such as airborne particulate concentration or airborne molecular contamination (AMC) ) of rooms/production floors in which the ionizing bars are used. Such cleaning cycles may be time-consuming and may be required daily or weekly in certain critical field-applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The currently disclosed invention suggests new approaches for linear ionizer designs that are capable of solving the above-mentioned problems and, thus, are naturally beneficial for FPD industrial, semiconductor, and other applications.

[0011] in one apparatus form, the present invention satisfies the above-stated needs and overcomes the above-stated and other deficiencies of the related art by providing a self-cleaning linear ionizer having at least one ionizing electrode with opposing ends, at least one electrode- cleaner, and at least two spool assemblies. The electrode defines an axial working length mat establishes a linear ioo cloud when an ionizing voltage is applied thereto and a surface that develops degradation products with use. Such degradation products may (or may not) be due to the accumulation of contaminant byproducts as a result of interaction between die electrode surface and the ambient environment during corona discharge. For example, degradation products may be due to wire erosion/corrosion rather than any attraction of undesirable particles. As used herein die working length of the electrode is the linear portion of the electrode that discharges charge carriers in response to die application of an ionizing voltage, whether or not the electrode is moving. Although the working length of the electrode is stationary, the electrode may be axially movable along the stationary and linear working length. The electrode-cleaner may selectively engage the electrode along its working length and, optionally, may be stationary, or vibrate. The opposing ends of the electrode may be fixed to the opposing spool assemblies which selectively move the ionizing electrode such that the electrode-cleaner removes at least some of die surface degradation products from the electrode during movement A constant-force spring motor tensions the electrode such that a substantially constant tensional force is maintained on die electrode.

[0012] One method form of die invention may comprise a method of using an ionizer of the type having a movable ionizing electrode with opposing ends and a linear and axis-defining working length that is equal to or less than the length of the electrode, a stationary or movable electrode-cleaner that may selectively engage the electrode, opposing spool assemblies to which the electrode ends are affixed such mat the linear working length of electrode is disposed between the opposing spool assemblies, and a constant force spring assembly tensioning the electrode on the opposing spool assemblies such that a substantially constant tensional force is maintained on the electrode. One step of the inventive methods of using may comprise applying an ionizing signal to the electrode, during an iomzation/working mode of operation, to thereby establish a linear ion cloud along the linear working length thereof whereby the electrode surface develops degradation products with use. Another step of the inventive methods of using may comprise rotating the spool assemblies, during a cleaning mode of operation, to move and tension the ionizing electrode in a first axial direction such mat the electrode-cleaner removes surface degradation products from the electrode during movement

[0013] In various alternative method embodiments the ionization and cleaning modes of operation may occur simultaneously, alternately, and/or selectively repeated in desired patterns/cycles. For example, the cleaning mode of operation may be repeated at least twice in a row before each time the ionization mode of operation is repeated,

[0014] Naturally, the above-described methods of the invention are particularly well adapted for use with the above-described apparatus of the invention. Similarly, the apparatus of the invention are well suited to perform the inventive methods described above.

[0015] Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, from the claims and from the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings where like numerals represent like steps and/or structures and wherein:

[0017] Figures 1 and 2 are perspective and bottom views, respectively, of one

conventional linear ionizing bar of incorporated prior art reference U.S. Patent No, 8,492,733; [0018] Figure 3 schematically illustrates (in side-elevation view) a first preferred self- cleaning ionizing bar embodiment in accordance with the present invention;

[0019] Figure 4A is a partial and exploded perspective view of a physical implementation of the embodiment of the invention schematically presented in Figure 3;

[0020] Figure 4B, 4C and 4D show one particularly preferred pigtail support element for use in the embodiment of the invention presented in Figures 3 and 4A;

[0021] Figures 5A is a cross-sectional elevation view of a physical implementation of the invention schematically presented in Figures 3 through 4D, mis Figure showing a portion of a first spool assembly located within an inventive ionizer of the present invention;

[0022] Figure SB is a cross-sectional elevation view of a physical implementation of the invention schematically presented in Figures 3 through SA, this Figure showing an opposing spool assembly located whhin an inventive ionizer of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 6 is a simplified electrical circuit model showing the parasitic/stray capacitances inherently embodied in the inventive self-cleaning linear ionizer of Figures 3 through 5B;

[0024] Figure 7A is an bottom view of a second preferred embodiment of the self- cleaning linear ionizer of die invention, which embodiment employs a cleaning shuttle; and

[0025] Figure 7B shows the cleaning shuttle of the second preferred embodiment of

Figure 7A in greater detail. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0026] With joint reference to Figures 3 through 5B, a first preferred self-cleaning linear ionizer 300 is first schematically represented in Figure 3. As discussed herein, ionizer 300 of Figures 3 - 5B is physically and operationally the same sis prior art ionizer 100 except as shown in the accompanying drawings and as discussed in mis specification. According to this preferred embodiment of Figures 3, the preferred invention may include:

1. An ionization cell 30S including at least one flexible wire electrode 301 and reference electrodes (items 104 and 105 in Figures 1 and 2 but hidden in Figure 3);

2. An electrode-movin^driving spool assembly 302 with servo gear motor 314;

3. A constant-force ionizing electrode moving and tensioning system/assembly 303;

4. An electrode cleaning mechanism 315 which can be combined with an electrode contact arrangement 318 (means for applying) to improve the effectiveness of cleaning mechanism 315 and, optionally, to apply an ionizing signal a high voltage power supply 319 to wire electrode 301 ;

5. High and low voltage (either AC or DC, as selected based on design considerations and the exercise of ordinary skill in the art) power supplies 319 and 320, respectively, with an associated control system 321;

6. An optional debris collection and evacuation system 312, 316, and 317; and

7. An optional support element 304 for supporting the linear ion electrode 301.

[0027] In this embodiment, a single linear ion emitter 301 is preferably a flexible wire electrode mat is resiliently biased between a wire-driving spool assembly 302 and a wire- tensioning and wire-movement spool assembly 303. Spool assembly 303 preferably includes a passive coiled power spring motor which is able to store and release rotational energy in a form of torque so that electrode 301 is stretched taut between spool assemblies 302 and 303 (Means for moving) with a tension Tw. Spool assembly 302 and spool assembly 303 are also referred to herein as the first arid second spool assemblies and* inter alia, opposing ends of electrode 301 may be affixed thereto such that the working length of electrode 301 may be tautly disposed therebetween. The first spool assembly 302 may comprise a servo gear motor 314 and a first spool 313. The second spool assembly 303 may comprise a constant-force spring motor 310 and a second spool 307. in the embodiment of Figure 3, the electrode 301 is coiled around the first electrode spool 313 as the drive motor 314 pulls the electrode 301 in a first axial direction along the working length thereof whereby at least some of the contaminant byproducts are abraded off of the surface of the wire electrode 301 by the electrode-cleaner 315, Also, the electrode 301 is coiled around the second spool 307 as the constant-force spring motor assembly pulls electrode 301 in die opposite axial direction along the working length thereof whereby at least some of the contaminant byproducts are abraded off of the surface of wire electrode 301 by the electrode- cleaner.

[0028] For bng ionizers (about 1.0 meter or longer), wire electrode 301 may also be supported by plural intermediate support elements 304 such that rotation of the means for moving (first and second spool assemblies) causes axial movement of the wire electrode through the support elements 304. These supports 304 can be positioned on the air/gas supplying manifold 305 or on die bar enclosure (not shown in this Figure). More details of a physical implementation of this embodiment are presented with respect to Figures 4 et seq.

[0029] The wire- tensioning and wire-movement spool assembly mechanism 303 preferably comprises a guide roll (or, alternatively, a pigtail guide) 306 and a spool/bobbin 307 resiliently biased by a spring motor 310 (means for tensioning), In use, flexible wire electrode 301 may be wound/coiled on spool 307 and the resulting wire electrode coil will have a diameter Dl . As an option, spool 307 may hold a minimum of several wraps at all times and these end- wraps may be from the same or different material than emitter wire 301. Splicing a "tail" of different material onto an end of an expensive tungsten wire for such end wraps is an inexpensive way of secure the electrode to a spool rather than maintaining extra wraps of tungsten electrode that will never be deployed to produce charge carriers. The length of wire electrode 301 that can be coiled on spool 307 preferably should be greater than (at least equal to) the working length (the linear portion) of electrode 301 residing within ionization bar 300 (for example 1500 mm).

[0030] The spool 307 is preferably axially aligned with and fixedly attached to (or integrally formed with) a pulley/bobbin 30$ with diameter D2. As shown, one end of a cord/cable 322 may be wound/coiled on pulley 308 and the other may be resiliently-biased with a constant tension force Fs to spring motor assembly 310. Spring motor assembly 310 may be a reel/retriever/spool/bobbin and is preferably rated for a retracting load/force of 100 - 300 grams. Those of ordinary skill in the art may calculate the resulting tension Tw on wire electrode 301 from the condition of equal torques for spools 307 and pulley 308 as follows:

[0031]

[0032] Wire electrode 301 is preferably a small diameter tungsten or titanium wire. However, electrode 301 may, alternatively, also be any other type of conventional (prior art) corona discharge wire. Control of the electrode-tension Tw is important during normal ionization mode (a static mode of operation) to reduce breakage as well as movement/vibration during ionization (since such movement/vibration may shorten the useful life of electrode 301). Similarly, control of the electrode-tension Tw is important during cleaning mode (a dynamic/moving mode of operation) to reduce breakage as well as to provide adequate contact between electrode 301 and cleaning mechanism 315/(318). Therefore, it is important mat the means for tensioning (spring-motor assembly 310) provide a substantially constant and stable electrode-tension during both static and dynamic modes of operation. As used herein, the tensional Force is considered to be substantially constant if it is within 20 percent (phis or minus) of the predetermined desired tensional force. The spring motor/retriever assembly 310 may include a coil-spring rotation sensor 310' to monitor the number turns of pulley 308 (or spool 307 if 307 and 308 are stationary relative to one another) during the wire-cleaning mode for control of the wire-movement; The diameter 02 of pulley 308 is preferably less than mat of spool 307 and, therefore, the tensional force on the cord is less man that on the wire electrode. Spool 307 and pulley 308 may be positioned inside a plastic (or other electrically isolative) enclosure 31 lwhich may be in fluid communication with a pneumatic line and/or vacuum port 312 to support the high cleanliness of the wire moving and wire-tensioning assembly of ionizer 300.

[0033] Electrode-driving assembly 302 preferably comprises an electrically-isolating spool 313 (made of a conventional electrically isolative material such as common plastics) directly connected to a reversible servo gear motor 314. As an alternative to the arrangement shown in Figure 3, spool 313 may instead be connected to a motor by a pulley/cord-based transmission (in other words, indirectly connected) for better electrical isolation of spool 313. A portion of this pulley/cord-based transmission arrangement preferably used in this alternative is shown in Figure SA below. [0034] Wire-cleaning mechanism 315 may comprise one or more of the following abrading/cleaning elements: a brush, a wiper, a wire scraper, a closed or open cell foam block and/or other ablation means/electrode-cleaning means or other functional equivalent known in the art. Electrode-cleaner 315 may selectively engage electrode 301 and is preferably connected to a vacuum line 312 comprising an eductor 316 and an aerosol filter 317 for collecting contaminant byproducts/debris cleaned/abraded off of wire electrode 301. This means for evacuating enables the evacuation from the electrode-cleaner of at least some of the contaminant byproducts abraded off of the surface of the electrode.

[0035] Self-cleaning ionizing bar 300 may, optionally, include a wire-electrode- supporting/ contacting device 318 to (1) selectively provide a consistent/reliable physical contact between cleaning mechanism 315 and electrode 301 (to urge them toward one another) during cleaning operation mode; and (2) apply a high voltage ionizing signal from HVPS 319 to electrode 301 during normal operation mode (means for applying). Supporting/contacting device 318 may comprise any one or more of the following: a simple metal spring contact, a spring- loaded brush or any other known equivalent to deliver ionizing electrical signals to electrode 301. Alternatively, spool 307 may be made from a conductive material such as metal and fixed on central conductive shaft 309b which is in electrical communication with high voltage power supply 319 through spring motor 310 (means for applying). In this way, ionizing signals may be applied to wire electrode 301 from HVPS 319 through the conductive shaft and spool to power wire emitter 301 in the normal ionization mode of operation. Regardless of how ionizing signals are applied to electrode 301, bom of the low voltage 320 and high voltage 319 power supplies are preferably controlled by a microprocessor-based control system 321 to produce an ion cloud along electrode 301 in accordance with known [0036] Figure 4A is a partial, perspective, and exploded view of a simplified assembly of an ionization cell 400. Those of ordinary skill will see the similarities between mis embodiment of the invention and the prior art linear ionizers shown in Figures 1 and 2 (meaning bar 100 formed of ionization cells 101 and 102). Significantly, however, the embodiment of Figures 4A - 4D simplifies construction, increases reliability, and lowers the cost of the inventive ionization bars by avoiding a number of spring assemblies and electrical contacts on each ionization cell

[0037] The side grills/rails 405a and 405b are shown as exploded from base plate 203 for clarity. Electrode support elements 406a and 406b can be mounted on opposite ends of base plates 203 and 204 (only partially shown) to support ionizing wire 301. Those of skill in the art will appreciate mat wire electrode 301 defines an axis along the length thereof and support elements 406a and 406b restrain movement of electrode 301 in all directions except along the axis defined by electrode 301.

[0038] With joint reference now to Figure 4B, 4C, and 4D, a preferred pigtail support/guide element 406a/406b is shown in a top view in Figure 4B. The same pigtail support is shown in orthogonal side elevation views in Figures 4C and 4D. Naturally, the threaded end of the pigtail support is intended to affix the support to the ionization cell 400 through base plates 203, 204. The opposing free end preferably takes the form of a helical pigtail guide 407 which permits axial movement of electrode 301 therethrough. Further, electrode 301 may be inserted into helical guide/support 301 in a direction other than in the direction of the electrode axis during assembly of the inventive ionizer or during replacement of an old/spent/used electrode. While elements 406a/406b are preferably fabricated from conductive (or semi conductive materials) such as thick stainless steel wire mat are bent into shape and threaded, they must be electrically isolated from each other as well as from ground. One simple way to ensure this is to ensure that base plates 203 and 204 are formed of electrically insulating material, in this preferred embodiment, pigtail supports can be mounted, for example, on each ionization cell 400 (instead of using the springs employed by prior art devices) in spaced relation to prevent wire 301 from sagging and/or vibrating between the support elements.

[0039] It will be appreciated that, in Figure 4A, ion emitter 301 is positioned in spaced relation to cell base plates 203, 204 (over a manifold having air jet nozzles). Further, emitter 301 is at least generally centrally located as in the known linear bars. In this preferred embodiment, emitter 301 is also preferably supported by group of pigtail guides (406a ,406b and so on).

[0040] Simplified side cutaway views of an inventive self-cleaning ionizing bar are shown in Figures 5 A and 5B. They show a first spool assembly cross-section 300a and a second spool assembly cross-section 300b of an ionizer 300, respectively, both positioned within a linear ionization bar housing. This housing is the same in all important respects to conventional housing 103. In the embodiment of Figure 5A, a spool 313 carries coiled emitter wire 301 and a pulley 314a is connected to servo motor (not shown) by a belt 505a. Both pulley 314a and belt 505a may be made of an electrically isolative material such as con ventional polymers or plastics or equivalents known in the art. Further, spool 313 and pulley 314a are shown as being fixedly attached to (or integrally formed with) one another and are disposed on and for rotation about axle 309a. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the pulley/belt arrangement discussed with respect to Figure SA represents an alternative to the servo gear motor arrangement shown in Figure 3. One benefit of the arrangement of Figure 5A compared to that of Figure 3 is a decrease in any possible leakage current from the high voltage applied to wire 301 and to low voltage servo motor. [0041] As shown in Figure SB, spool 307 carries emitter wire 301 coiled thereon and pulley 308 carries a cord 322 coiled thereon. Cord 322 connects pulley 308 with spring-motor or retriever assembly (not shown here but see sensor 310 ^* and motor 310 of Figure 3). As shown in Figure 5B, a cross-section 300b of ionizer 300 reveals that the second spool assembly is preferably positioned inside of an elongated bar enclosure of the same general type as enclosure 103 of prior art ionizer 100. hi particular, spool 307 and pulley 308 are shown as being fixedly attached to (or integrally formed with) one another and are disposed on and for rotation about axle 309b. Axle 309b and cord 322 may, optionally, be made of a conventional electrically isoiative material such as various plastics known in the art Alternatively, spool 307 and axle 309b may be made of a conventional conductive material (such as various metals known in the art) and in electrical communication with HYPS 319 (although not shown in Fig. 3, such electrical communication could be provided through spring motor 310 or other arrangement as a mere matter of design choice). Further, in accordance with various preferred embodiments of the invention shown herein, the wire emitter, the gas-supplying manifold, and emitter-support elements can all be positioned between the two opposing spool assemblies.

[0042] Returning to Figure 3, preferred methods of using inventive linear ionizer in accordance with the invention will now be discussed with particular emphasis on methods of self-cleaning (the cleaning mode of operation) a flexible wire electrode used in the invention. The self-cleaning mode is preferably initiated with microprocessor-based control system 321.

[0043] Control system 321 may monitor the ion current of the ionization cell (using a conventional HVPS current sensor, not shown), the ion balance of the ionized gas flow delivered to the target workpiece (using a conventional ion balance sensor, not shown) or both. If the ion current and/or the ion balance is/are determined to be outside of predetermined limits, control system 321 may either (1) inform relevant personal mat electrode cleaning is warranted, and/or (2) initiate automatic electrode cleaning by initiating a cleaning mode of operation. Jn either case, ionizer 300 will enter an electrode cleaning mode of operation to restore ionizing performance within the predetermined current and/or balance limits.

[0044] The cleaning mode begins with the step of checking the status of high voltage power supply (HVPS) 319 and (if not already in a "Standby" mode) switching it to a "Standby ^** mode. Control system 321 will also stop the flow of CD A/gas to the manifold and restore the CDA pressure to eductor 316 at the connection to fab/tool vacuum line 312. Then, control system 321 tums-on the low voltage DC power supply 320 (LVPS) mat is connected to servo motor 314. Since servo motor 314 has a large big reduction gear (not shown) it starts slow rotation of spool 313. This begins to wind/coil corona wire 301 from spool 307. and axially pull it through support elements 304 and cleaner 315, and onto spool 313. Since spool/bobbin 313 is preferably connected to a servo motor 314 made from a conventional highly electrically isolative material (such as an ABS plastic or other equivalents known in the art) the possibility of current leakage from emitter wire 301 to motor 314 is reduced/eliminated when ionizer 300 operates in the normal/ionization mode (when ionizing signals are applied to electrode 301). Electrical isolation can be further enhanced if bom spool 313 and pulley 314a ate also made from a conventional highly electrically isolative material (such as an ABS plastic or other equivalents known in the art).

[0045] In this cleaning mode of operation the amount of current applied from LVPS 320 to servo motor 314 depends on the tension Tw of wire electrode 301. Information about this current can be used by control system 321 to monitor wire electrode tension and/or the status of other wire parameters (such as the degree of wire contamination or wire breakage). For this reason, motor current signals provided by LVPS 320 ate preferably monitored by control system 321 during the wire cleaning mode pf operation.

[0046] Further in this embodiment, one end of corona wire electrode 301 is affixed to spool 313 and the opposite end is affixed to spool 307. Wire tension Tw is substantially constant and balanced by a conventional constant-force spring-motor assembly such as a coiled spring, a retriever, a reel, and/or any other equivalent constant-force spring known in the art. Examples of constant-force spring motor assemblies of the type preferably used in the present invention include those made and offered by Spring John Evans ^* Sons, Inc. of 1 Spring Ave., Lonsdale, PA 19446 with the following product names/descriptions: Enclosed Reels ER04, ER06, ER08; Retreiver 3827-B; and/or Miniature enclosed reel MER-04-SP. Examples of other equivalent spring motor assemblies will readily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art

[0047] The tension force experienced by wire electrode 301 during cleaning may be equal to or greater than that typically experienced by wire electrode 301 during the normal ionization mode. During this period, spring motor 310 will store/accumulate rotational energy. In the cleaning mode, wire 301 is drawn or pulled onto/wound around spool 313 and also passes through upstream cleaning mechanism 315. When this occurs, cleaning mechanism 315 preferably abrades off and also traps contaminant particles/debris abraded from the surface of the electrode. Restated, rotational movement of the first and second spool assemblies causes axial movement of the wire electrode along the working length thereof whereby at least some of the contaminant byproducts are abraded off of the surface of the wire electrode by the electrode- cleaner. Particularly desirable cleaning mechanisms for use in the invention include brushes, springs, closed or open cell foam blocks, felt pads, and/or other wire cleaning/polishing means known in the art. [0048] As a first stage of cleaning, cleaning mechanism 3 IS (and servo motor 314, if desired) may be continuously evacuated by a vacuum (or low pressure) air stream created by eductor 316 so that contaminant byproducts/debris/panicles (removed from the surface of wire 301) will also be removed from cleaner 315: In particular, the inlet of educator 316 may be connected to a clean dry air (CDA) tine and the outlet of the eductor 316 can be connected to a filter 317 to thereby draw the degradation products away from cleaner 315 and remain trapped in filter 317.

[0049] After the full working length (for example 1,500 mm) of emitter wire 301 is wound around spool 313, the wire movement preferably stops. For control system purposes, a stop-signal may be generated by sensor 310' or, alternatively, by counting the number of rotations of spool 313 or of spool 307. fin response thereto, control system 321 will turn off servo motor 314 and reverse me polarity of the voltage applied to motor 314 by LVPS 3.20 so that motor 314 reverses direction and spool 313 starts unwinding corona wire 301. Since the tension on emitter 301 is counterbalanced by spring-motor/retriever assembly 310, the opposite end of wire 301 will start to wind back onto spool 307 as spring motor assembly 310 releases the previously stored rotational energy. As this happens, cleaning mechanism 315 begins a second stage of deaning/polishing/abradjng that enhances wire clearness before ionization ceil 300 enters into the ionization mode of operation again. If desired, multiple cleaning/polishing cycles/rounds may occur before cell 300 enters into the ionization mode of operation again. At the end of the cleaning mode spring motor 310 again keeps wire tension on constant preselected level Tw during normal operating mode of the linear bar.

[0050] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that spools 313 and 307 may be sized and shaped to accommodate lengths of corona wire 301 far longer than that of bar 300. If so, multiple ionization operations can occur before even one cleaning operation (with two phases) is completed since electrode 301 may be advanced as appropriate to present new/fresh sections for each ionization operation. In this case, the initial phase of cleaning will occur as the wire is advanced past cleaner 315, but the second cleaning phase (reversal of wire direction and rewinding of the entire length of wire 301) will not begin until die desired number bf ionization operations occurs. Thus, a variety of operational mode combinations may be executed as desired if spools 313 and 307 are sized and shaped to accommodate lengths of corona wire 301 longer than that of bar 300.

[0051] In sum, according to the embodiment of Figures 3 through 5B, the emitter wire tensioning system preferably includes a combination of active and passive motors with plastic/isolative spools. Further, spools 307 and 313 (as well as the spring-motor 310) can (optionally) be placed in highly electrically isoktive enclosures such as enclosure 311 (in the case of spool 307). Moreover, the wire cleaning/tensioning system may also provide an efficient and effective means to power ionizing emitter 301 and it may do so in a way that prevents leakage current from the emitter wire 301 during normal ionization operations.

[0052] Turning now to Figure 6, there is shown a simplified electrical circuit model 600 showing the parasitic/stray capacitances inherently embodied in the inventive self-cleaning linear ionization bar of Figures 3 through 5B. As shown, the spool with coiled emitter wire 601 on the schematically-represented drrving-end-section 602 presents a stray capacitance Cd, a group conductive wire guides 603 present stray capacitance Cgi - Cg4 and the schematically represented spool and spring-motor-assembl y 604 present a stray capacitance C5. All capacitors representing the various stray capacitances terminate on a grounded reference electrode 605. The model 600 of Figure 6 shows that high voltage power supply 606 primarily sources currents into parasitic capacitance and corona ionization. Naturally, operational efficiency can be improved through the minimization of parasitic/leakage current conditions and this may be achieved in the following ways:

[0053] affixation of wife guides into dielectric materials of ionization cells, manifolds and/or enclosures;

[0054] the use of plastic/electrically-isolative spools, plastic pulleys, and rubber belts in drive units; and/or

[0055] the use of passive mechanical (spring motor) parte, non-conductive spools, cording, and/or enclosures in the electrode tensioning system(s ).

[0056] In some cases its preferable to have a linear bar comprising a system of easily exchangeable linear ionization ceils (such as those previously discussed with respect to Figures I, and 2). Hie constant force spring mechanisms and/or spring retrievers taught herein with respect to the embodiment of Figures 3 - SB can also be used in other embodiments of the inventive ionization bars.

[0057] Figure 7A illustrates an another preferred embodiment of an inventive linear ionizing bar 700. This embodiment is preferably equipped with an alternative electrode-cleaning mechanism/means that may include one or more electrically isolative filaments positioned in proximity with and parallel to the ionizing electrode 701 axis wire and an electrode-cleaning shuttle 70S that may move with the filament (along axis parallel to the electrode axis) and slide along the length of the electrode from one end of the ionizer to another. The filaments may be made of one of the many conventional electrically isolative materials such as polymers or plastics. The shuttle 70S may be additionally supported and guided by both rails 706a and 706b. In this way the shuttle may selectively abrade at least some of the contaminant byproducts off of the surface of the ionizing electrode. The filaments) is/are preferably In tensioned and stretched between opposing and counter-balanced spool assemblies (of the type discussed above with respect to Figures 3 - SB) of the cleaning system to permit the shuttle to ride thereon.

[0058] In this embodiment the cleaning mechanism most preferably comprises, for example, two filaments 702a and 702b in which one end of each filament is connected to a driving section 703 that may include a spool connected to small servo gear motor (not shown). Driving section 703 is functionally similar to that previously discussed with respect to Figures 3 and Sa in all important respects. Further, the opposite end of each of filaments 702a and 703b is connected to spring/retriever section 704 which includes a spool linked to constant-force spring mechanism or spring retriever (not shown). Sections 703 and 704 may comprise the means for moving the cleaning mechanism discussed herein with respect to this embodiment Section 704 is functionally similar to that previously discussed with respect to Figures 3 and Sb in all important respects. Finally, filaments 702a and 702b are preferably fixedly attached to and therefore carry cleaning "platform" or "shuttle" 705.

[0059] According to the embodiment of Figures 7A and 7B each filament may be made front plastic polymers such as nylon, polyethylene, polyamide, Teflon and/or other highly flexible and electrically isolative materials. Preferred filaments are round in cross-section with a diameter in the range of about 0.05mm to about 2 mm (functional, but not preferred, filaments may have a larger diameter), have a smooth surface, and have low adhesion/highly hydrophobic properties. Preferred filament diameters are about equal to that of the ion emitter but may be up to about 2*3 times larger than mat of the ion emitter. As a result, filament tension can be significantly higher than wire electrode tension, ft should be noted that for installations with a downward facing ionizer, filament tension should be increased sufficiently to oppose the force of gravity to thereby ensure that the filament does not sag downwardly. This increased filament tension might require the selection of a larger filament diameter.

[0060] Filaments 702a and 702b may perform several different functions simultaneously. One of these functions is to carry (support) cleaning platform 705. Another is to serve as a mechanical protection grid for ion emitting wire 701. Moreover, the high electrical resistivity of the filaments means that they also serve as a grid that enhances ion balance of the air/gas stream produced by linear ionizing bars in accordance with this invention.

[0061] According to a related embodiment, the cleaning mechanism may comprise plural filaments in which at least one filament 702a can be made from a flexible conductive material (such as stainless steel) and in which other filaments 702b can be made from electrically isolative materials In this embodiment, the conductive filament 702a can be grounded (or electrically biased) and, therefore, inherently serve as a non-ionizing reference electrode. Further, the electrode cleaner may comprise at least one guide that engages at least one ionizer rail, and the electrode cleaner may be connected to at least one filament that is a non-ionizing reference electrode.

[0062] Turning how to Figure 7B how, this Figure illustrates a simplified cleaning platform or cleaning shuttle 70S of the type shown in Figure 7A. As shown, shuttle 705b is preferably fixedly attached to filaments 702a and 702b and may include one or more of a variety of different wire cleaners 708. These may include a simple brush cleaner, a wiper, a wire scraper, a closed or open cell foam block, and/or any other equivalent means for cleaning, material or arrangement known in the art. Although primarily intended to clean a wire electrode 701, shuttle 705 may also carry side deaners/brushes (not shown) to clean rails 706a and 706b. The shuttle 705 also may have additional support from the top side of rails 706. If so, shuttle guides 709 may slide on or in rails 706a, 706b. Preferably, shuttle 705 will be "parked" inside driving section 703 when not in use, for example, after a cleaning operation.

[0063] A wire cleaning operation in accordance with die embodiment of Figures 7A and

7B is initiated by the microprocessor of a control system 707. The system 707 will check the status of the high voltage power supply (see Figure 3) and, if is on, switch it to "Standby" mode for the duration of the corona wire cleaning operation. At the start, cleaning shuttle 70S will be in its parking place and the filament(s) will be coiled on the spool in the same driving section 703. Then, the control system 707 turns 'ΌΝ" low voltage DC power supply (LVPS) and a servo motor (see Figure 3). The motor starts to rotate the spool and to unwind filaments) 702a and 702b.

[0064] Filaments) 702a and 702b move (are pulled) under tension created/defined by the spring motor or retainer 704 during unwinding. As the result, cleaning shuttle 70S moves along the bar and cleans emitter wire 701 (and, optionally, the springs and grills of the ionization cell if the shuttle is equipped with the optional side cleaners/brushes). As soon as shuttle 705 reaches the spring section 704, control system 707 stops it and reverses the rotational direction of the driving motor in section 703 and the shuttle is pulled in the opposite direction. The cleaning mode finally terminates when the shuttle 705 reaches its original parking place in section 703 once again.

[0065] In some cases, it may be possible to have number of wire cleaning/polishing cycles/runs. The spring motor 704 keeps the tension of all of the filament(s) at a constant/preselected level during ionization and cleaning operating modes of the linear ionizer. [0066] The time table for corona wire cleaning can be daily, weekly, or monthly or any other schedule depending on environmental conditions in the field. Relatively long self cleaning linear bars can be the most economical solution (long bars take more time to clean and ratio of the cost of the auto-cleaner function to the cost of the bar itself is smaller).

[0067] While the present invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is intended to encompass the various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. With respect to the above description, for example, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, including variations in size, materials* shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims. Therefore, the foregoing is considered to be an illustrative, not exhaustive, description of the principles of the present invention.

[0068] Other than in the operating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions referring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, etc. used in the

specification and claims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties, which the present invention desires to obtain. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of die number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0069] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth die broad scope of the invention are approximations, die numerical values set ford) in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0070] Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10; that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10. Because (he disclosed numerical ranges are continuous, they include every value between die minimum and maximum values. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the various numerical ranges specified in this application are approximations.

[0071] For purposes of the description hereinafter, die terms "upper", "lower", "right", "left", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as it is oriented in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the invention. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting.