[0001] This application claims benefit under Article 8 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty of U.S. Patent Application No. 15/935,342, filed March 26, 2018 and U.S. Patent Application No. 15/470,182, filed March 27, 2017, the entire disclosure of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The field of this disclosure relates to coatings and coated articles, particularly coatings on an electrical connection between a cable and a terminal.

[0003] Coatings such as polymer coatings can be used for various applications such as for surface protection, sealing, adhesive applications, insulation or conduction of heat or other energy, appearance, and numerous other applications.

[0004] Many substrates, for example metals susceptible to corrosion, can be coated to inhibit or prevent contact of the substrate with water. Substrates with metals of different electrode potentials (e.g., electrical connections or mechanical connections) can be susceptible to galvanic corrosion, and it can be particularly beneficial to inhibit or prevent contact of such substrates with water. Various materials and techniques have been proposed to protect substrates. However, since even a small amount of exposed substrate surface can be detrimental, there continues to be a need for new approaches.

[0005] Cable terminal connections are commonly used to facilitate electrical connections between various electrical or electronic components and subcomponents. The designs are myriad, and common features include a physical and electrically-conductive connection between a terminal and an electrically-conductive cable core. It is sometimes desirable to seal this electrically-conductive connection against outside contaminants such as dirt and moisture in order to maintain the integrity of the electrically-conductive connection.

[0006] Conductive cable cores and terminals are commonly made of conductive metal(s). Interest in weight savings and cost savings in various applications such as automotive electrical wiring applications have made aluminum based cables an attractive alternative to copper based cables. However, some wiring and electrical connectors may remain copper based. Thus, there may be a transition somewhere in the electrical circuit between an aluminum based portion of the circuit and a copper based portion of the circuit. Often this transition may occur at the terminal because the terminal may include copper (e.g., tin-plated copper) based for reasons of size and complexity of shape that can be more easily achieved with copper based materials over aluminum based materials. A crimp interface connection of metal cable core (e.g., aluminum) to a different metal terminal (e.g., copper) can produce galvanic corrosion at the interface of the metal of lower nobility if an electrolyte such as salt water is present.

[0007] Various materials and techniques have been proposed to protect from moisture at electric cable terminal connections. However, since even a small amount of exposed metal at the interface can be susceptible to the effects of moisture, including significant galvanic corrosion, there continues to be a need for new approaches to providing robust terminal connections for electric wire and cable.

SUMMARY

[0008] In accordance with some embodiments, an article comprises a substrate, and a self-healing layer over the substrate that is the product of a free radical polymerization reaction of a coating composition applied over the substrate, the coating composition comprising: (1) an oligomer comprising at least two active unsaturated bonds, (2) a monomer comprising an unsaturated bond, and (3) a compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups.

[0009] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is provided of making a coated article. According to the method, a coating composition comprising: (1) an oligomer comprising at least two active unsaturated bonds, (2) a monomer comprising an unsaturated bond, and (3) a compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups, is deposited over a substrate, and cured to form a self-healing layer.

[0010] In accordance with some embodiments, a wire terminal assembly comprises a conductive cable core. A conductive terminal is connected to the conductive cable core along a conductive connection interface. A coating is disposed over the conductive connection interface. The coating comprises the free radical addition polymerizate of a coating composition comprising: (1) a polymerizable compound comprising an unsaturated bond, and (2) greater than 4 parts per hundred by weight of a free radical photoinitiator, based on the total weight of polymerizable compound. [0011] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is provided of making a wire terminal assembly comprising a conductive cable core and a conductive terminal. According to the method, the conductive terminal is connected to the conductive cable core along a conductive connection interface. A coating composition comprising: (1) a polymerizable compound comprising an unsaturated bond, and (2) greater than 4 parts per hundred by weight of a free radical photoinitiator, based on the total weight of polymerizable compound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0012] The subject matter herein is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction in a perspective view of an example embodiment of a substrate; and

[0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction in a cross-sectional view of an example embodiment of a coated terminal wire assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] As mentioned above, a substrate, such as an electrical connection between a cable and a terminal, is coated with a coating composition comprising an oligomer comprising at least two active double bonds. As used herein, an active double bond is a double bond that is reactive with free radical monomer units during free radical polymerization. Typically such double bonds are in end groups at a terminus of an oligomer backbone molecule, but can also be disposed in side groups appended to the oligomer. In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises an active double bond at each of the two termini of the oligomer backbone. In some embodiments, the oligomer can include one or more double bonds disposed in a side groups appended to the oligomer backbone. The implementation of side group double bonds allows for more than two active double bonds in the oligomer molecule, which can provide molecular branching loci in the polymerizate.

[0016] Oligomers can be assembled from conventional monomer building blocks as with polymers, but with process and ingredient controls used to control molecular weight (e.g., common techniques for controlling molecular weight growth include but are not limited to stoichiometric excess of one type of monomer for condensation reactions, use of monofunctional capping agents, polymerization catalyst quenchers, or reaction quenching processing such as a reduction of temperature).

Oligomers and polymers are both characterized in the IUPAC Gold Book by their property of no significant change in properties by addition or removal of one or a few monomer units, and are distinguished by oligomers being of intermediate molecular mass and polymers being of high molecular mass. Although there is no universally- recognized bright line for molecular mass dividing oligomers from polymers, in some example embodiments, oligomers can have a degree of polymerization with a number of monomer units in a range having a low end of 5 monomer units, more specifically 10 monomer units, more specifically 20 monomer units, more specifically 50 monomer units, and even more specifically 100 monomer units, and an upper limit of 1000 monomer units, more specifically 500 monomer units, more specifically 200 monomer units, more specifically 150 monomer units, more specifically 125 monomer units, and even more specifically 100 monomer units. The above lower and upper range endpoints can be independently combined to disclose a number of different ranges. In some embodiments, the oligomer has a degree of polymerization of 100-500 monomer units.

[0017] In some embodiments, the oligomer can be a difunctionally- unsaturated urethane oligomer, such as a urethane methacrylate. Such oligomers can be formed from polyurethane monomer building blocks of polyisocyanates and polyols, with an unsaturated bond-containing mono-hydroxy compound (e.g., a hydroxyl- containing (meth)acrylate) acting as a capping agent with respect to the

polycondensation urethane chain-building reaction. Examples of polyisocyanates include hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexane-1,4- diisocyanate, methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate), toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 4,4-diisocyanate, xylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, diisocyanates and triisocyanates of HDI-based oligomers, and other aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates. Examples of polyols include diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2, 1,3 or 1,4 butanediols, 2-methyl-l,3-propane diol (MPDiol), neopentyl glycol (NPG), alkoxylated derivatives of such diols, polyether diols, polyester diols, and the like. Higher functional polyols can include trimethylol propane (TMP), PETA, di-TMP, di-PETA, glycerol, alkoxylated derivatives thereof, and the like. A mono-hydroxy-containing unsaturated compound such as a hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylates can be used to provide the oligomer with a terminal group comprising an unsaturated bond. Examples of hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylates are hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane mono- and di-(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol mono-, di-, tri- (meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol (meth)acrylate, hexanediol

mono(meth)acrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate mono- and di(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol mono (meth)acrylate, polypropylene/polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polybutyl glycol

mono(meth)acrylate, polytetramethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, hydroxy polycaprolactone mono(meth)acrylate, and ethoxylated and propoxylated derivatives thereof. The terminal group on the oligomer can also include unsaturated groups other than acrylate groups. For example, US 6,559,260 discloses urethane oligomers terminated with allyl groups.

[0018] Urethane oligomers can be prepared with or without catalysts. In the case where catalyst is used, various different catalysts can be used. Catalyzed reactions are desirable due to the shortened reaction time and fewer by-products.

Typical catalysts which may be used for this reaction are amines and metal-based catalysts. Some examples include dibutyltin dilaurate, 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] -octane (DABCO), l,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), N,N-dimethylcylohexylamine (DMCA), tetramethyltin, tetrabutyltin, tetraoctyltin, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, dimethyltin oxide, trimethyltin chloride, dimethyltin dichloride, trioctyltin chloride, dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin diacetate, butyltin trichloride, dioctyltin dichloride, dioctyltin oxide, dioctyltin dilaurate, and dioctyltin diacetate. Zinc, iron, bismuth, and zirconium complexes similar to- those tin-based complexes set forth above could also be used as catalysts.

[0019] Urethane oligomers can be formed by reacting the polyol(s) with a molar excess of the polyisocyanate(s) followed by reacting the resultant isocyanato- terminated product with the hydroxy functional (meth)acrylate(s), or in an alternative method the polyisocyanate(s), hydroxy functional (meth)acrylate(s), and metal salt polyol(s) can be mixed and reacted in one step. In the condensation reaction, one can use between 0.5 and 2.0, preferably 0.75 and 1.5, more specifically between 0.9 and 1.1 equivalents of isocyanate for each equivalent of hydroxyl. In this manner, free alcohol or free isocyanates remaining in the final material can be avoided. The final, condensed product will include (meth)acrylate functionalities that can be cured with free radical mechanism such as peroxides or radiation curing processes.

[0020] In some embodiments, the oligomer can include aliphatic hydrocarbon chain segments of 4-10 carbon atoms, more specifically 6-8 carbon atoms. Such aliphatic segments can be incorporated into the oligomer chain through the monomer (e.g., C6 segments in hexamethylene diisocyanate, C5 segments in 1,5- pentanediol).

[0021] In some embodiments, the oligomer can include polyester segments. Such segments can be prepared in a polycondensation reaction of polyol with polyacid. Polyols useful in preparing polyesters for use in this invention are polyfunctional alcohols of the type conventionally utilized in polyester preparation. Such polyols include ethylene glycol, 1,5-propanediol, propylene glycol, Methylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, 1,4,6-hexanetriol,

trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, dipropylene glycol, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, alkoxylated 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and the like. Although diols are generally utilized in the preparation of unsaturated polyesters, more highly functional polyols, i.e., polyols having a functionality of three to five, can also be used. In addition, a polyethylenically unsaturated monomer such as dicyclopentadiene or Bisphenol A dicyclopentadiene and derivatives thereof can be included. Examples of polycarboxylic acids optionally useful in preparing unsaturated polyesters used in this invention include phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid, glutaric acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, suberic acid, hexachloroendomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid, sebacic acid, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, succinic acid, adipic acid, and the like, wherein the term "acid" includes the corresponding anhydrides where such anhydrides exist. Terminal groups comprising unsaturated bonds can be provided with hydroxy (meth)acrylate chain terminators, or with unsaturated mono-acids, including but not limited to maleic acid, citraconic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, itaconic acid, chloromaleic acid, mesaconic acid, and the like, wherein the term "acid" is used to include the corresponding anhydrides where such anhydrides exist. Polyester molecules can be formed through known transesterification condensation reaction and catalyzation techniques. Aliphatic segments can be included in the polyacid (e.g., C8 segments in sebacic acid, C5 segments in 1,5-pentane diol). [0022] In some embodiments, the oligomer can have both polyurethane and polyester segments. For example, a polyester diol can be prepared using the polyester-formation techniques and incorporated as part of the polyol reactant in forming a urethane oligomer such as a urethane acrylate oligomer.

[0023] Oligomers as described above are commercially available, and are described in various US patent references, including US published application nos. US 2004/0054798 Al, US 2003/0149179 Al, US 2005/0154121 Al, and US patent nos. US 6,472,069, US 6,559,260, US 6,380,278, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0024] As mentioned above, the coating composition also includes an unsaturated bond-containing monomer. Examples of such monomers include, for example, alkyl (meth)acrylates; alkoxyalkyl (meth)acrylates; (meth)acrylonitrile;

vinylidine chloride; styrenic monomers; alkyl and alkoxyalkyl fumarates and maleates and their half-esters, cinnamates; and acrylamides; N- alkyl and aryl maleimides (meth)acrylic acids; fumaric acids, maleic acid; cinnamic acid; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the monomer comprises a (meth)acrylate monomer or acrylic acid. More specifically, example monomers can include are not limited to any particular species but includes various monomers, for example: (meth)acrylic acid monomers such as (meth)acrylic acid, methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n- propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (me th) acrylate, n- butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl

(meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, n-heptyl (meth)acrylate, n-octyl

(meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, decyl

(meth)acrylate, dodecyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, toluyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, 2- methoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2- hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl

(meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, 2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylate, - (methacryloyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, (meth)acrylic acid-ethylene oxide adducts, trifluoromethylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-trifluoromethylethyl (meth)acrylate, 2- perfluoroethylethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-perfluoroethyl-2-perfluorobutylethyl

(meth)acrylate, 2-perfluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, perfluoromethyl (meth)acrylate, diperfluoromethylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-perfluoromethyl-2-perfluoroethylethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-perfluorohexylethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-perfluorodecylethyl

(meth)acrylate and 2-perfluorohexadecylethyl (meth)acrylate; styrenic monomers such as styrene, vinyltoluene, a-methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, styrenesulfonic acid and salts thereof; fluorine-containing vinyl monomers such as perfluoroethylene,

perfluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride; silicon-containing vinyl monomers such as vinyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane; maleic anhydride, maleic acid, maleic acid monoalkyl esters and dialkyl esters; fumaric acid, fumaric acid monoalkyl esters and dialkyl esters; maleimide monomers such as maleimide, methylmaleimide, ethylmaleimide, propylmaleimide, butylmaleimide, hexylmaleimide, octylmaleimide, dodecylmaleimide, stearylmaleimide, phenylmaleimide and cyclohexylmaleimide; nitrile- containing vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; amido- containing vinyl monomers such as acrylamide and methacrylamide; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl benzoate and vinyl cinnamate; alkenes such as ethylene and propylene; conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene; vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, allyl chloride, allyl alcohol, etc. The aforementioned monomers may be used singly, sequentially, or in combination. From the desirability of physical properties of products, one or more classes of monomer may be chosen for the coating composition to apply to the substrate. In some embodiments, the monomer includes one or more (meth)acrylates or acrylic acid.

[0025] As mentioned above, the coating composition also comprises a compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups. Compounds comprising a plurality of polythiol groups (i.e., polythiols) can be prepared by a transesterification reaction of a polyalcohol (i.e., polyol) and a mercapto-substituted carboxylic acid such as

3-mercapto propionic acid, so the chemical structures of polythiols can be based on any of a number of polyols, including but not limited to glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol), triols (e.g., trimethylol propane, glycerol, cyanuric acid), and higher alcohols such as pentaerythritol. Polythiols can also be based off of polyol oligomers or pre-polymers such as polyether polyols. In some embodiments, the compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups can have from 2 to 6 thiol groups. In some embodiments, the compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups can have 4 thiol groups. Specific examples of compounds comprising a plurality of thiol groups include but are not limited to pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate), tris- [(3- mercaptopropionyloxy)-ethyl]-isocyanurate, trimethylolpropane tris thioglycolate, trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerythritol tetrakis thioglycolate, dipentaerythritol hexakis (3-mercaptopropionate), and the like, but it is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups can be pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate), which has the structure

O 0

[0026] In some embodiments, the compound comprising a plurality of thiol groups (i.e., polythiol compound) can be present in the coating composition in an amount, expressed as parts per hundred by weight based on the total weight of monomer or other polymerizable compound (i.e., based on the total weight of polymerizable compound) (phm), of at least 5 phm. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 8 phm of polythiol compound. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 9 phm of polythiol compound. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 10 phm of polythiol compound. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 11 phm of polythiol compound. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes an amount of polythiol compound in a range with a low end of 8 phm, 9 phm, 10 phm, or 11 phm, and an upper end of 12 phm, 14, phm, or 16 phm. All possible combinations of the above-mentioned range endpoints are explicitly included herein as disclosed ranges.

[0027] In some embodiments, the coating composition can include a free radical initiator such as a photoinitiator. Some free radical photoinitiators can produce free radicals by unimolecular fragmentation in response to exposure to external energy. The radicals are produced by a homolytic or heterolytic cleavage of a sigma bond in the molecule. Examples of this type of photoinitiator include but are not limited to peroxides, and peroxy compounds, benzoin derivatives (including ketoxime esters of benzoin), acetophenone derivatives, benzylketals, a-hydroxyalkylphenones and a-aminoalkylphenones, O-acyl a-oximinoketones, acylphosphine oxides and acylphosphonates, thiobenzoic S-esters, azo and azide compounds, triazines (e.g., trichloromethyl triazines, tribromomethyl triazines, aryl iodides), and biimidazoles.

[0028] Some free radical photoinitiators can produce free radicals by bimolecular hydrogen abstraction in response to exposure to external energy. The hydrogen abstraction photoreactive group transforms to an excited state and undergoes an intermolecular reaction with a hydrogen donor to generate the free radical, leading to the formation of a pair of radicals originating from two different molecules. Examples of this type of photoinitiator include but are not limited to quinones, benzophenones, xanthones and thioxanthones, ketocoumarins, aromatic 1,2-diketones, and

phenylglyoxylates .

[0029] Photoreactive aryl ketones can include acetophenone, benzophenone, anthraquinone, anthrone, and anthrone-like heterocycles (i.e., heterocyclic analogs of anthrone such as those having N, O, or S in the 10-position), or their substituted (e.g., ring substituted) derivatives. Examples of aryl ketones include heterocyclic derivatives of anthrone, including acridone, xanthone, and thioxanthone, fluorone, which terms are defined herein as including their ring substituted derivatives. The photoreactive groups of such ketones are capable of photochemical excitation with the initial formation of an excited singlet state that undergoes intersystem crossing to a triplet state. The excited triplet state can insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (from a support surface, for example), thus creating a radical pair. Subsequent collapse of the radical pair leads to formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. If a reactive bond (e.g., carbon-hydrogen) is not available for bonding, the ultraviolet light-induced excitation of the benzophenone, acetophenone or anthraquinone group is reversible and the molecule returns to ground state energy level upon removal of the energy source. Photoactivatable aryl ketones such as

benzophenone, anthraquinone and acetophenone are of particular importance inasmuch as these groups are subject to multiple reactivation in water and hence provide increased coating efficiency.

[0030] Another class of photoreactive groups includes compounds having an Si— Si bond. The radicals generated upon the breakage photo-induced cleavage of the Si— Si bond to provide reactive sites. Examples of Si— Si bond cleavage can be found in J. Lalevee, M. El-Roz, F. Morlet-Savery, B. Graff, X. Allonas and J. P. Fouassier, "New Highly efficient Radical Photoinitiators based on Si— Si Cleavage" Macromolecules, 2007, 40, 8527-8530, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of such photoinitiators include 10,10'-bis(10-phenyl-10H-phenoxasilin (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis Mo.) and 9,9'- dimethyl-9,9'-bis-9H-9-silafluorene.

[0031] Free radical photoinitiators are commercially available and include, for example, IRGACURE compounds from BASF, H-Nu compounds from Spectra (e.g., H-Nu-470-LT5). Free radical initiators include fluorones (including fluorone derivatives) as disclosed in US Patents 5,451,343, 5,395,862, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0032] In some embodiments, the coating composition can include an amount of free radical photoinitiator, expressed as parts per hundred by weight based on the total weight of monomer or other polymerizable compound (i.e., based on the total weight of polymerizable compound) (phm), of at least 4 phm. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 6 phm of free radical photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 8 phm of free radical photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes at least 10 phm of free radical photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the coating composition includes an amount of free radical photoinitiator in a range with a low end of >4 phm, or 6 phm, 8 phm, or 10 phm, and an upper end of 12 phm, 14 phm, or 16 phm. All possible combinations of the above-mentioned range endpoints are explicitly included herein as disclosed ranges.

[0033] In some embodiments, the coating composition can include a UV absorber. UV absorbers can include those described cyano substituted butamines such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,326, acetylenic compounds such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,274, substituted styrenes such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,876, hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles such as those described in EP 0 451 813, Schofield et al, EP 0 190 003, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,375, triazines such as those described in EP 0 531 258 or EP 0 530 135, cyanomethyl sulfone-derived merocyanines such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,154, thiazolidones, benzotriazoles and thiazolothiazoles such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,739,888, 3,253,921 or 3,250,617, triazoles such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,739,971, U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,394, U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,307, U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,728, and Leppard et al EP 0 323 408, EP 0 363 820, DD 288 249, U.S Pat. No. 3,004,896, hemioxonols such as those described in Wahl et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,125,597 and Weber et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,229, acidic substituted acidic substituted methane oxonols such as described in EP 0 246 553, and Liebe et al EPO 0 345 514, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Inorganic compounds such as nano-titanium dioxide can also be used. In some embodiments, the coating composition can include an amount of UV absorber in a range in a range with a low end of >0 parts per million by weight (ppm), 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, or 1500 ppm, and an upper end of 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm, or 3000 ppm, based on the total weight of monomer or other polymerizable compound. All possible combinations of the above-mentioned range endpoints (excluding impossible combinations where a low endpoint would have a greater value than a high endpoint) are explicitly included herein as disclosed ranges.

[0034] Although this disclosure is not limited to or by any particular theory or mode of operation, it is believed that in some embodiments the oligomers can provide a technical effect of contributing to incorporation of polymer segments in the resin matrix of the coating such as polyurethane segments and/or polyester segments that provide desirable coating properties such as water resistance, flexibility, temperature-resistance, etc., while the monomer can contribute adjustment of coating composition properties such as viscosity and adhesion to provide for proper deposition and flow of the coating composition to all desired areas of the substrate (without diluting the coating like a conventional solvent), and the addition polymerization during cure of both the oligomers and the monomers, with the presence of highly-reactive free radical species such as those produced during the polymerization of (meth)acrylates and/or acrylic acid, can contribute to adhesion to and integration of the coating with the substrate. Also, the macromolecule structures and the molecular weight distribution thereof, formed by bi-modal molecular weight distribution and other properties of the starting molecules, distributed between oligomeric chain length and monomer (single- unit) chain length, may provide unique polymeric protection to the substrate.

[0035] The polythiol can contribute to the formation of labile thio- acrylic bonds in an elastomeric matrix can impart self-healing characteristics to the coating, which can provide a technical effect of promoting self-healing of post- application defects such as cuts, cracks, scratches, or the like, which cable terminal structures can be subjected to during post-fabrication installation, packaging or shipment. Although this disclosure is not bound by any theory of operation, the coating's elastomeric properties are believed to contribute to chain mobility that promotes self-healing. As used herein in some embodiments, a coating is considered "self-healing" if an unsupported coating having a thickness of 0.5 mm to 10 mm (e.g., a thickness of 1 mm or 5 mm) is separated into two or more pieces and then placed in contact along the separation line on a temporary support if, within 5 hours of being separated and placed in contact, the unsupported coating can support its own weight disposed vertically. A coating is also considered "self-healing" if a scratch or other discontinuity of a depth of the smaller of 1 mm or half of the coating thickness spontaneously at least partially heals over (e.g., a reduction in scratch depth) within 5 hours of being formed. As an example of a coating to which the above tests can be applied, a coating of the coating composition can be applied to a substrate and cured to completion of the addition polymerization of reactive unsaturated groups on the monomer(s) and oligomer(s), followed by removal of the coating from the substrate or dissolution of the substrate by an agent to which the coating is inert.

[0036] In some embodiments, the coating can be formulated and/or processed to have elasticity parameters that promote self-healing of the coating. In some embodiments, the coating can be formulated and/or processed to have an elongation (at breaking point) of at least 50%, or at least 100%, or at least 150%, or at least 200%. From a practical perspective, elongations are generally less than or equal to 2000%. In some embodiments, the coating can be formulated to have a Young's modulus of less than or equal to 15 MPa, or less than or equal to 10 MPa, or less than or equal to 5 MPa, or less than or equal to 1 MPa. From a practical perspective, Young's moduli are generally greater than or equal to 0.03 MPa. Unless otherwise stated, elongation and Young's modulus values disclosed herein can be determined using rectangular samples having a thickness of 1-2 mm (e.g., a thickness of 1.5 mm) prepared by polymerization with a 10 second exposure at 25 °C to 395 nm UV light. Testing can be performed at 25 °C according to a recognized standard, such as ASTM D2370-16, with a tensometer such as a Monsanto Tensometer 2000 equipped with pneumatic compressive grips and set for MPa tensile response with a gage length of 25 mm and a rate of load application of 50 mm/minute.

[0037] The elasticity of the coating can be controlled by the skilled person using formulation and processing parameters. For example, in some embodiments, elasticity can be promoted by using oligomers with a low Tg. Examples of low Tg oligomers include polyurethane oligomer including flexible polyether diol segments. In some embodiments, elasticity of the coating can be promoted by the inclusion of acrylic monomer(s) with long aliphatic ester groups (e.g., three or more carbons in the aliphatic ester group) in the curable coating composition. In some embodiments, elasticity of the coating can be promoted with higher contents of polythiol, within the ranges described hereinabove, or by including a second polythiol with a thiol functionality <4 in combination with a tetrathiol. Any of the above parameters can be varied in cooperative or oppositional combination to produce a polymer coating with a target elasticity along with other parameters to produce a coating with the target properties.

[0038] Additional disclosure regarding articles, materials, and methods disclosed herein can be found in U.S. patent application serial nos. 15/196,326;

15/469,953; and 15/470,182, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0039] The aforementioned polymerizable compounds, free radical photoinitiators, and UV absorber may be used singly, sequentially, or in combination. From the desirability of physical properties of products, one or more classes of monomer may be chosen for the coating composition to apply to the substrate. In some embodiments, the monomer includes one or more (meth)acrylates or acrylic acid.

[0040] In some embodiments, the coating composition can have a viscosity at 40°C in a range having a low limit of 100 cp, more specifically 200 cp, and more specifically 300 cp, and an upper limit of 4500 cp, more specifically 2500 cp, and more specifically 1500 cp. All possible combinations of the above-mentioned range endpoints are explicitly included herein as disclosed ranges. In some embodiments, the coating composition can have a viscosity of 300 - 1000 cp at 40°C. In some embodiments, the coating composition can have a viscosity of 200 - 800 cp at 40°C. The viscosity of the coating composition can be manipulated by varying respective amounts of the oligomer and monomer, with lower viscosities promoted by higher proportions of monomer in the coating composition or by higher proportions of polythiol in the coating composition, and higher viscosities promoted by higher proportions of oligomer in the coating composition.

[0041] When both oligomer and monomer are present in the coating composition, the respective amounts of oligomer and monomer can vary, depending on the target properties of the application process and the final coating. In some example embodiments, the composition can comprise at least 50 wt.% oligomer and less than 100 wt.% oligomer, and greater than 0 wt.% monomer and less than or equal to 50 wt.% monomer. [0042] In some embodiments, the coated substrate can be treated with a corrosion-inhibiting oil, which can include conventional untreated mineral oils or a mineral oils with corrosion-inhibiting additives such as phosphates (e.g., zinc dithiophosphate). The oil can be applied by conventional means such as with a spray or brush. Examples of corrosion-inhibiting oils include conventional mineral oil and other commercially-available oils such as Ecoline 3690, Nye 531J, Nye 561J, or Richards Apex 562CPD. Application of the oil to the coated components can be made by various techniques, including but not limited to jet, spray, or tool-applied using tools such as brushes, sponges, or rollers.

[0043] Referring now to the Figures, An example of a coating is schematically depicted in FIG. 1, where a substrate comprising substrate portion 14' and substrate portion 22' are coated with a coating 102'. In some embodiments, the process parameters of the application, and/or the properties of the coating composition (e.g., viscosity) can be adjusted or maintained to promote formation of a conformal coating on the substrate, including along any gaps in the substrate, as shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, a conformal coating can be defined as one that conforms to the contours of the underlying substrate rather than fill gaps and levelling to form a level surface. In some embodiments, a coating such as a conformal coating can have a thickness in a range having a lower end of 50 μιη, more specifically 75 μιη, and even more specifically 100 μιη, and an upper limit of 5 mm, more specifically 2 mm, more specifically 1 mm, and even more specifically 0.5 mm. For jet application as described above, useful viscosities for promoting conformal coatings can include those viscosity ranges discussed below.

[0044] In some embodiments, the substrate can be formed of a moisture- sensitive material such as a metal susceptible to corrosion. In some embodiments, the substrate can include two metals with different electrode potentials, and is susceptible to moisture-induced galvanic corrosion. FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary embodiment of coating of an electric cable connector a cable 10 having an insulative outer cover 12 and a conductive core 14. The conductive core can comprise a first metal, which can include metal alloys. The core 14 is depicted in FIG. 2 as comprising a grouping of individual strands 15 bundled and/or twisted together, but could also have other configurations such as a mono-element metal core. An end portion of an insulative outer cover 12 is removed to expose a lead 16 of core 14. A terminal 22 has a rearward portion 84 including a pair of insulation crimp wings 36 and a pair of core crimp wings 38 with a notch or gap 40. In some embodiments, the conductive terminal 22 can comprise a second metal, which can include metal alloys. Wings 36 and 38 are crimped into a physical connection with cable 10 such that terminal 22 is secured to insulative outer cover 12 and makes electrical contact with lead 16 of core 14. Voids 42 may be formed between individual strands 15 of core 14 before or after terminal 22 is crimped onto cable 10. Core crimp wings 38 may optionally include serrations 17 to enhance the bite of core crimp wings 38 into the lead 16.

[0045] As further shown in FIG. 2, a coating applicator 100 can dispense a coating composition 102 at the interface of the lead 16 and the terminal 22. The coating applicator can be any type of applicator, including but not limited to one or more spray nozzles, brushes, rollers, or jet heads. In some embodiments, the spray applicator includes one or more jet heads. Jet applicators are known, and are described for example in US Patent Nos. 5,320,250; 5,747,102; and 6,253,957, and US Appl. Pub. No. 2016/0089681 Al, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the jet head(s) can apply the coating composition while moving in a predetermined pattern above the terminal. The specific dispensing parameters can vary widely depending on the size and configuration of the terminal assembly being sealed. In some embodiments of interest, jet dispensing can be performed with a linear dispensing velocity in a range having a lower end of 0.1 mm s, more specifically 5 mm/s, and even more specifically 10 mm/s, and an upper limit of 500 mm s, more specifically 100 mm/s, and even more specifically 50 mm/s. In some embodiments of interest, the jet head(s) can dispense and apply fluid with a frequency range with a lower end of 1 Hz, more specifically 125 Hz, and an upper limit of 500 Hz, more specifically 250 Hz. In some embodiments of interest, the jet head(s) dispense numerous dots to form a uniform coating. In some embodiments, drop sizes between 2xl0 ^~6 ml and 2 ml, more specifically between 0.25 ml and 2 ml. The dispensing pulse can be set so that the valve is continually open, creating a steady stream with a maximum volume limited to the amount of material contained in the valve, e.g., 2 ml. In some embodiments, an actinic radiation source 104 such as an ultraviolet (UV) radiation source can be integrated with the coating applicator 100.

[0046] As mentioned above, the coating is applied to the substrate at any portion where it can be exposed to moisture. There may of course be some portions of the interface that are not directly coated (e.g., where a bit or gripping portion of the terminal wings 38 is deeply engaged into and sealed against the cable core 14 so that neither moisture nor the coating composition could penetrate); however, in some embodiments, the coating covers and seals all of the exposed portions of the conductive connection interface and adjoining exposed portions of the cable core and terminals. In some embodiments, the coating covers and seals all portions of the conductive cable core exposed outside of the insulating outer cover. As depicted in FIG. 2, the applicator 100 is applying the coating composition to the area of gap 40. In some embodiments of FIG. 2, the coating composition is applied to cover any one or combination or all of: the exposed portion of the conductive core 14 in the gap 40, the terminal wings 38, the interface 28 between the terminal wings 38 and the conductive core 14, a corresponding interface (not shown) between the terminal wings 38 and the conductive core 14 in the area of gap 40, and the exposed portion of the conductive core 14 protruding past the terminal wings 38 (including any gaps 42 between strands 15, if present).

[0047] In some embodiments, a first metal of the core and a second metal of the terminal can be the same or can be different alloys of the same metal. In some embodiments, the first and second metals can be different metals. In some embodiments, the coating is applied to seal an electrically conductive connection interface between metals having different electrode potentials (defined as the electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is a standard hydrogen electrode and the electrode on the right is the electrode in question) in order to provide protection against moisture penetration that can cause galvanic corrosion. The difference in electrode potential needed to cause galvanic corrosion can vary widely based on a number of factors such as salt content in the penetrating moisture, surface areas of the exposed metals, distance through the liquid electrolyte between the metals, temperature, etc. Electrode potential differences commonly associated with galvanic corrosion can range from 0.15 to 1.8 volts. Examples of metal pairings where difference in electrode potential can lead to galvanic corrosion include aluminum and copper (e.g., aluminum cable core and terminals of copper or tin-plated copper). In some embodiments, the terminal can be formed from a metal that is more noble than the cable core metal. In some embodiments, the terminal can be formed from a metal that is less noble than the cable core metal. In some embodiments, the first and second metals can have the same electrode potential or can be the same metal. In such embodiments, the applied coating can still seal against moisture that can cause oxidation, even if there is no potential for galvanic corrosion. [0048] The coating composition can include various additives and coating aids, as known in the art. Additives and coating aids can include, but are not limited to dyes (static or fluorescent), surfactants, thickeners, stabilizers, pigments, fillers, and other known coating additives.

[0049] After application, the coating composition is cured via a free radical polymerization in response to activation of the photoinitiator. In some embodiments, an actinic radiation emitter 104 such as a UV light source can be integrated with coating applicator 100 as depicted in FIG. 2, facilitating sequential application of the coating composition followed by exposure to UV light.

[0050] The following examples are intended to further describe and not to limit the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0051] Coating compositions were prepared containing 70 wt.% of a urethane acrylate oligomer (CN961H81 from Sartomer Corp.), and 30 wt.% of a mixture of lauryl acrylate monomer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate monomer, and acrylic acid monomer, based on the total weight of the coating composition. 10 phm of a free radical photoinitiator (H-NU-470-LT5 from Spectra Corp.) and 300 ppm of Quinizarin Blue dye were also included. Varying amounts of pentaerythritol tetrakis- (3-mercaptopropionate) were included in some of the coating compositions as set forth in the Table below. Coatings were applied to a smooth substrate and either removed for cut testing or left in place for scratch testing. Coatings that had been removed from the substrate were cut into two pieces, which were separated and then immediately positioned in contact along the cut line for 5 hours, and were considered to pass if the coating could be hung vertically without separation (i.e., the coating hung vertically could support its own weight). Coatings that passed the cut test were subjected to a surface scratch from a sharp blade, and were considered to pass if the scratch at least partially refilled or healed overnight. The results are set forth in the table below: Table 1

[0052] As can be seen from the results in Table 1, the coatings with polythiols as described herein had significantly improved robustness, including self- healing of cuts and scratches.

Example 2

[0053] Coating compositions were prepared containing 70 wt.% of a urethane acrylate oligomer (CN961H81 from Sartomer Corp.), with the remaining 30 wt.% comprising mixtures of lauryl acrylate monomer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate monomer, and acrylic acid monomer, based on the total weight of the coating composition. 10 phm of a free radical photoinitiator (H-NU-470-LT5 from Spectra Corp.) and 300 ppm of Quinizarin Blue dye were also included. Varying amounts of pentaerythritol tetrakis-(3-mercaptopropionate) were included in some of the coating compositions as set forth in Table 2 below. Coatings were applied to a smooth substrate and were removed for tensile testing. The results are set forth in the table below:

Table 2

[0054] As shown in Table 2, the self-healing coatings 7, 8, and 9 exhibited significantly higher elongations and significantly lower Young's modulus values compared to the comparison examples.

Example 3

[0055] Coating compositions were prepared containing 70 wt.% of a urethane acrylate oligomer (CN961H81 from Sartomer Corp.), and 30 wt.% of a mixture of lauryl acrylate monomer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate monomer, and acrylic acid monomer, based on the total weight of the coating composition. 10 phm of a free radical photoinitiator (H-NU-470-LT5 from Spectra Corp.) and 1500 ppm of UV absorber were also included. Varying amounts of pentaerythritol tetrakis- (3-mercaptopropionate) ("PETMP") were included in some of the coating compositions as set forth in Table 3. For deployment, the coating compositions are applied to 0.75 mm ² Delphi cable which was terminated with a Delphi terminal # 13781251, using a robotic jet coater and cured using an LED UV lamp emitting at 395 nm for durations specified in the Table. The coatings are applied to 0.75 mm ² terminated aluminum cable leads in approx. 2-3 seconds without contamination of the mating portion of the terminal.

[0056] The samples were tested using a modified version of a test known in the automotive industry as PG18C was used in this work, where the samples were exposed three times to 100 thermal cycles of -40 to 130°C followed by 6 days of 8 hour salt spray and 16 hour standing in a humid environment. Terminal performance was assessed by measurement of the electrical resistance increase of the double-ended terminated lead over the course of the test, with less than 7.5 mohm increase required to pass. Ten coated assemblies for each sample were subjected to the testing. The test results are shown in Table 2.

Table 3

[0057] As can be seen from the results in Table 3, terminals coated with the coatings containing the polythiol overall had significantly improved performance against the comparison coatings with respect to minimum resistance gain, average resistance gain, and percent of samples with < 7.5 mohm resistance increase.

[0058] While the subject matter herein has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that it is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the embodiments described herein can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Additionally, while various embodiments have been described, it is to be understood that some implementations may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the disclosure is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description.