Title: THE SEPARATION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN FROM NON-POTABLE WATER AND THE RECOMBINING OF SAID HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN TO DRIVE A TURBINE OR PISTON ENGINE

Inventors: Robert Plaisted (US Citizen)

Eric Arno Vigen (US Citizen)

Kenneth Stephen Bailey (US Citizen)

Date: MAY 2018 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] This invention claims priority of three contemporaneously filed provisional applications by the same named inventors as herein claimed, applications number 62,520,324 filed 15 JUN 2017 and 62,521 ,248 filed 16 JUN 2017 and 62,523,656 filed 22 JUN 2017 which are hereby incorporated by reference thereto as if fully incorporated hereat.

[0005] PRIOR ART:

1 201701 1 198 System, Method and Apparatus for Recovering Mining Fluids from Mining

Byproducts

2 2017010068 PLASMA GAS WATER IONIZATION PURIFICATION SYSTEM

3 2017000188 SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING LIQUIDS WITH WAVE ENERGY FROM PLASMA

4 2016015290 COMBINED PROCESSES FOR UTILIZING SYNTHESIS GAS with LOW C02 EMISSION AND HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT

5 201601 1504 WATER/WASTEWATER RECYCLE AND REUSE WITH PLASMA, ACTIVATED CARBON AND ENERGY SYSTEM

6 2016010791 COMBINED GASIFICATION AND VITRIFICATION SYSTEM

7 2015036019 Control System for Gas

Production

8 2015032120 Reclamation of Metals from

a Fluid

9 2015028339 UP AND DOWN CONVERSION SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF EMITTED LIGHT FROM VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES INCLUDING RADIO FREQUENCY,

MICROWAVE ENERGY AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION SOURCES FOR UPCONVERSION

10 2015023235 System and Method for Treating Water Systems with High Voltage

Discharge and Ozone 11 2015021093 FUEL GENERATION USING HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS METHODS

12 2015019137 LIQUID TREATMENT DEVICE, LIQUID TREATMENT METHOD, AND PLASMA TREATMENT LIQUID

13 2015017090 PLASMA-ASSISTED CHEMICAL GAS SEPARATION METHOD HAVING INCREASED PLASMA DENSITY AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD

14 2015015126 Apparatus for Flow-Through of

Electric Arcs

15 2015013985 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING A LIQUID STREAM INTO PLASMA AND ELIMINATING PATHOGENS THEREIN

16 2015010225 LIQUID TREATMENT DEVICE AND LIQUID TREATMENT METHOD

17 2015004551 NON-FOULING, ANTI-MICROBIAL, ANTI-THROMBOGENIC GRAFT-FROM COMPOSITIONS

18 2014036451 COMBINED PROCESSES FOR UTILIZING SYNTHESIS GAS with LOW C02 EMISSION AND HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT

19 2014034556 INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE

20 2014032670 METHOD FOR OPERATING A PLASMA ARC TORCH HAVING MULTIPLE OPERATING MODES

21 2014032668 System and Method for Treating Water Systems with High Voltage

Discharge and Ozone

22 2014023886 System, Method and Apparatus for Treating Mining

Byproducts

23 2014021034 WATER/WASTEWATER RECYCLE AND REUSE WITH PLASMA, ACTIVATED CARBON AND ENERGY SYSTEM 24 2014017995 PLASMA ARC FURNACE AND APPLICATIONS

25 2014015766 COMBINED GASIFICATION AND VITRIFICATION SYSTEM

26 201401 134 System, Method and Apparatus for Recovering Mining Fluids from Mining

Byproducts

27 2014013802 PLASMA GENERATOR AND CLEANING AND PURIFYING APPARATUS INCLUDING THE SAME

28 2014013097 CLEANING APPARATUS

29 2014007671 PLASMA POUCH

30 2014002185 PLASMA TORCH

31 2013030290 Chemosensors for Hydrogen Sulfide

32 2013029909 PLASMA GENERATOR, AND CLEANING AND PURIFYING APPARATUS AND SMALL-SIZED ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE USING PLASMA GENERATOR

33 2013029179 PLASMA GENERATOR, AND CLEANING AND PURIFYING APPARATUS AND SMALL-SIZED ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE USING PLASMA GENERATOR

34 2013021438 SIP SYSTEM-INTEGRATION IC CHIP PACKAGE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

35 2013018972 USE OF AN ADAPTIVE CHEMICALLY REACTIVE PLASMA FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL DERIVED MATERIALS

36 2013013142 WASTE TREATMENT

37 2013009875 PLASMA GENERATOR AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING RADICAL, AND CLEANING AND PURIFYING APPARATUS AND SMALL-SIZED ELECTRICAL APP 38 2013008203 PLASMA ARC TORCH HAVING MULTIPLE OPERATING MODES

39 2013006471 PLASMA APPARATUS FOR BIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION AND STERILIZATION AND METHOD FOR USE

40 2013002233 SOLID OXIDE HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS GLOW DISCHARGE CELL

41 2013001260 METHOD, SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT FOR GASIFICATION-LIQUEFACTION DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

42 2012028587 ADVANCED TREATMENT SYSTEM OF WASTEWATER HAVING PLASMA DISCHARGING VESSEL

43 2012026732 METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PLASMA TREATMENT OF A LIQUID

44 2012023792 Lateral Flow Immunoassay Controls

45 2012020197 METHOD FOR PRODUCING COMPOSITE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE

46 2012019321 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING A SYNGAS

47 2012018696 WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS AND APPARATUS

48 2012015609 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING LIQUID WITH IONS, STERILIZATION METHOD AND APPARATUS

49 2012012496 WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS AND APPARATUS

50 2012012146 System For The Conversion Of Carbonaceous Feedstocks To A Gas Of A Specified Composition 200600491 16 Method and apparatus for bubble glow discharge plasma treatment of fluids

20060042251 Arc-electrolysis steam generator with energy recovery, and method therefor

20050023128 Apparatus and method for the treatment of odor and volatile organic compound contaminants in air emissions

20040161859 Lateral flow immunoassay controls

20040134890 Elimination of airborne chemical and biological warfare agents

20040084294 Method and apparatus for processing a waste product

20030101936 Plasma reaction apparatus

20020155042 Pollution control device

20010043890 Purification system of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine

[0006] In the following, we present the background on sources of Hydrogen, including H20 (water) and natural gas. In addition, each of these methods has other catalysts and processes which have been tried to make the process better for a variety of reasons. These reasons include: a) the energy requirements, b) the properties and risks of various catalysts, and c) the production capacities.

[0007] Water splitting is the general term for a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen. Efficient and economical water splitting is a key technological component of a hydrogen economy. Various techniques for water splitting have been described in water splitting patents issued in the United States. In photosynthesis, water splitting donates electrons to the electron transport chain in photosystem II and separately donates protons in the proton membrane process. [0008] Huge energy requirements, the expected shortage of petroleum in the future and quick rise in pollution are the problems that need to be addressed by putting more efforts into investigating clean and sustainable energy resources. In pursuit of such energy sources, efforts are being put into 'light driven' splitting of water into 0 ₂ and H ₂ in an attempt to convert solar energy into fuel. Water oxidation (2H ₂ 0→4H ⁺ +4e ^~ +0 ₂ ) is the first important step in providing the necessary electrons and protons for the next step (proton reduction) in which hydrogen production takes place in a catalysis reaction by a proton reduction catalyst.

[0009] The water oxidation step has been considered the bottleneck of this process, so the designing of highly active and robust water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is an important step in the development of light- driven water splitting. Water oxidation catalysts minimize the overpotential and increase the reaction rate. An ideal WOC is required to possess low overpotential, high stability, high

activity/efficiency, low toxicity and low cost.

[0010] The process of water-splitting is a highly endothermic process (ΔΗ > 0). Water splitting occurs naturally in photosynthesis when photon energy is absorbed and converted into the chemical energy through a complex biological pathway. However, production of hydrogen from water requires large amounts of input energy, making it incompatible with existing energy generation. For this reason, most commercially produced hydrogen gas is produced from natural gas.

[001 1 ] Of the several requirements for an effective photocatalyst for water splitting, the potential difference (voltage) must be 1.23 V at 0 pH. Since the minimum band gap for successful water splitting at pH=0 is 1.23 eV, corresponding to light of 1008 nm, the electrochemical requirements can theoretically reach down into infrared light, albeit with negligible catalytic activity. These values are true only for a completely reversible reaction at standard temperature and pressure (1 bar and 25 °C). [0012] Theoretically, infrared light has enough energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen;

however, this reaction is very slow because the wavelength is greater than 380 nm. The potential must be less than 3.0 V to make efficient use of the energy present across the full spectrum of sunlight. Water splitting can transfer charges, but not be able to avoid corrosion for long term stability. Defects within crystal- line photocatalysts can act as recombination sites, ultimately lowering efficiency.

[0013] Under normal conditions, (due to the transparency of water to visible light), photolysis can only occur with a radiation wavelength of 180 nm or shorter. Thus, assuming a perfect system, the required minimal energy input is 6.893 eV.

[0014] Hydrogen is locked up in enormous quantities in water, hydrocarbons, and other organic matter. One of the challenges of using hydrogen as a fuel comes from being able to efficiently extract hydrogen from these compounds. Currently, steam reforming, or combining high-temperature steam with natural gas, accounts for the majority of hydrogen produced. Hydrogen can also be produced from water through electrolysis, but this method is much more energy intensive which also limits its' productivity (Myers, 1987).

[0015] Once extracted, hydrogen is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The energy can be delivered to fuel cells and generate electricity and heat or burned to run a combustion engine. In each case hydrogen is combined with oxygen to form water. The heat in a hydrogen flame is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. The water molecules are in an excited state on initial formation and then transition to a ground state; the transition unleashing thermal radiation. When burning in air, the temperature is roughly 2000 °C. [0016] Historically, carbon-rings has been the most practical carrier of energy, as more energy is delivered by breaking six atoms in car- bon-ring on one hydrocarbon atom, as packed in fossil fuels, into multiple (6) atoms C02 gas atoms generating a 6x volume differential. That is better than pure liquid hydrogen of the same volume H20 generating 3X volume change.

[0017] The carbon atoms have classic storage capabilities and release even more energy when burned with hydrogen. However, burning carbon base fuel and releasing the exhaust, contributes to global warming, due to the greenhouse effect of carbon gases. Pure hydrogen is the smallest element, and some of it will inevitably escape from any known container or pipe in micro amounts, yet simple ventilation could prevent such leakage from ever reaching the volatile 4% hydrogen-air mixture. So long as the product is in a gaseous or liquid state, pipes are a classic and very efficient form of transportation. Pure hydrogen, though, causes metal to become brittle, suggesting metal pipes may not be ideal for hydrogen transport.

[0018] Materials used in photocatalytic water splitting fulfill the band requirements outlined previously and typically have dopants and/or co-catalysts added to optimize their performance. A sample semiconductor with the proper band structure is titanium dioxide (TiO). However, due to the relatively positive conduction band of TiO, there is little driving force for H production, so TiO is typically used with a co-catalyst such as platinum (Pt) to increase the rate of H production.

[0019] It is routine to add co-catalysts to spur H evolution in most photocatalysts due to the conduction band placement. Most semiconductors with suitable band structures to split water absorb mostly UV light. In order to absorb visible light, it is necessary to narrow the band gap, since the conduction band is fairly close to the reference potential for H formation it is preferable to alter the valence band to move it closer to the potential for O formation since there is a greater natural overpotential. [0020] Photocatalysts can suffer from catalyst decay and recombination under operating conditions. Catalyst decay becomes a problem when using a sulfide-based photocatalyst such as cadmium sulfide (CdS), as the sulfide in the catalyst is oxidized to elemental sulfur at the same potentials used to split water. Thus, sulfide-based photocatalysts are not viable without sacrificial reagents such as sodium sulfide to replenish any sulfur lost, which effectively changes the main reaction to one of hydrogen evolution as opposed to water splitting. Recombination of the electron-hole pairs needed for photocatalysis can occur with any catalyst and is dependent on the defects and surface area of the catalyst; thus, a high degree of crystallinity is required to avoid recombination at the defects.

[0021] The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of photocatalysis is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using a photo-voltaic and electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step and can therefore be more efficient.

[0022] The U.N. warns that half the world population will face water scarcity by 2030, accelerated by climate change and population growth. Shortages on such a scale would threaten food production, as well as a health crisis through increased exposure to unsanitary water, which currently kills millions of people each year, through waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea.

[0023] Orange County California leads the world in recycling and purifying raw sewage and converting it back to usable/potable drinking water. The process works by re-routing a proportion of the 1.3 billion gallons of waste water generated in Southern California each day into a three-step treatment. The first is microfiltration of the treated waste water to remove solids, oils and bacteria, before the resulting liquid goes through reverse osmosis, pushing it through a fine plastic membrane that filters out viruses and pharmaceuticals. The water is then treated with UV light to remove any remaining organic compounds, before joining the main groundwater supply, which must pass strict quality controls to meet legal standards, and distribution to households.

[0024] Texas, (parts of which are also severely affected by drought), plans to generate 10% of all new water supplies through reclaimed water by 2060. A facility in Big Spring has introduced the first "Direct Potable Re- use" scheme in the United States by sending recycled water to the final treatment plant without passing it through groundwater reserves.

[0025] The present invention utilizes waste water or raw sewage to create hydrogen and oxygen gasses from waste, thereby preserving the usage of potable water for drinking, to produce hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel source. In the process of creating these gasses from a plasma arc, the dirty water is thereby purified, and the bacteria therein is eliminated. The byproduct (if any) is potable water.

[0026] When storing hydrogen, it must be noted it is not like propane gas, that is readily dispensed at local gas stations in metal canisters. Apart from being hard to contain (a propane tank would lose substantial amounts of gas straight through the walls), Hydrogen is extremely reactive and makes metals brittle - especially steels. High pressure hydrogen is even worse. If there are any carbon atoms in the metal matrix then hydrogen (which penetrates the metal) will bind to them to form methane and that adds internal pressure to the metal itself, further weakening it.

[0027] In other words, if you put raw hydrogen in a metal tank, you're making a pressure bomb (like the old trick of dry ice in a plastic bottle). Couple that with the pressure cycling inherent in tank-based gas storage systems, and you will have an explosion at some point. If you're unlucky the hydrogen will ignite at that point. Just to emphasize how bad it can get, exploding CNG and LPG (propane) cylinders in cars have a nasty tendency to shred the vehicle even if they don't cause a fire - which is why metal CNG/LPG tanks were banned for automotive use 30 years ago in most countries (Propane gas bottles for domestic use are subjected to much lower stress levels than automotive ones due to far lower charge/discharge rates and normally thoroughly tested at each refill).

[0028] Don't think you can get around this problem by using a thicker walled metal tank such as one designed for CNG or Acetylene. Hydrogen will still eventually weaken and destroy them. If you really must use hydrogen, then make it as you need it. There are plenty of pyro lysis setups available to do the job (and there are twice as many hydrogen atoms available in a liter of diesel than a liter of liquid hydrogen).

[0029] For short term stationary storage, the old "gasbag" (balloon) technique is safest and loses the least gas. It's very close to atmospheric pressure and any H2 that does escape will:

A: Go more or less straight up and,

B: Won't all escape at once, so there's less likelihood of an explosion.

[0030] This brings up the issue of hydrogen fueled cars. Apart from the handling issues mentioned above, hydrogen fuel must be made from something. In the old days "town/coal gas" (about 80% H2, 5% CO and assorted other volatiles) was made by pyrolysis of coal in a reducing environment with water added.

[0031] The most common method today is reduction of natural gas (the Haber process), at a net 60% energy loss over the raw stock. Therefore, you may as well just use the natural gas. The only viable low carbon way of making hydrogen fuel requires a very high temperature nuclear reactor and if you're going to do it that way, you might as well just expend extra energy and tack on extra carbon atoms extracted from the atmosphere. That way you have a much easier to handle fuel with a much higher energy density. The higher energy cost of production is offset by much lower energy costs in distribution and handling.

[0032] Putting aside the C02 emissions, bearing in mind that large chunks of the pollution issues with both gasoline and diesel revolve around the issue that the fuel isn't pure octane or the same long chain hydrocarbon (diesel is at least 30 different hydrocarbons plus contamination). Synthetic fuels would have very low contamination levels and be of a highly uniform chemical structure.

[0033] It's worth noting that one of the largest contributors to pollution reduction from both fuels is down to tighter refining specifications with lower allowed limits of contaminant such as sulfur and more stringent control over the mixtures of hydrocarbons being sold as diesel or gasoline (Ethanol mixed in with it reduces pollution levels slightly but the overall downsides are far worse than the positives).

[0034] As a gas, hydrogen has low density, but it occupies a very large volume. We need to find ways to compact it into much smaller volumes for its practical and everyday use. For example: to power a car with hydrogen for 400 km, a hydrogen balloon 5 m in diameter is required. This is obviously not practical; so all the required hydrogen needs to be packed into a much smaller form factor.

[0035] The required solution is to use materials capable of storing large amounts of hydrogen in a compact form. Metals and compounds such as magnesium and sodium borohydride can absorb a lot of hydrogen (up to 10% of their own weight) like a sponge would absorb water. The beauty of this concept is that once the hydrogen is absorbed by the material it is indefinitely stored in a totally safe manner. Controlling the temperature of the materials will allow fully reversible uptake and release of hydrogen.

[0036] Today only a few materials (LaNi5H6 (Lanthanum Nickel Alloy), MgH2 (Magnesium Hydride), NaBH4 (Sodium Borohydride), and LiBH4 (Lithium Borohydride) for example) can absorb and release hydrogen at ambient temperature. Unfortunately, these materials are heavy and thus can only store small amounts of hydrogen (less than 1.5 wt./%, i.e. 1.5 % of their own weight). Many other materials, like borohydrides, can to store large amounts of hydrogen (up to 18.4 wt./%). However, the use of this material is currently limited by the need for high temperatures to enable the release of the hydrogen and extremely high pressures (above 300 times atmospheric pressure) for hydrogen uptake. We need to find a way to use these materials without the requirement of the extreme heat and pressure conditions.

[0037] Haif a cup of water can generate approximately 106 Liters of hydrogen gas. Using newly discovered materials we can store that much hydrogen in just 0.005 Liters. That is a 10,000 times decrease in the storage space required! (According to MERL. at the University of New South Whales, Sydney, Australia).

[0038] It has been suggested that perhaps the preferred method is to use a hydrogen generator "on demand", which for instance uses aluminum, KOH, and water (or other types of alloys and water). This will produce a good amount of hydrogen which can be used instantly. Some groups are running engines with this technique (hydrolysis).

[0039] For Vehicles: Low volumes on demand either through direct generation from water on the spot or storage in a solid medium. As mentioned above, ammonia bromide is looking very promising. There is a Dutch based company coming to market with bromide pellets soon. fhttp://www.maynex.com) [0040] To store hydrogen into a cylinder tank the facts and myths are: Hydrogen must be removed from all oxygen making hydrogen in an inert gas form:

1. Hydrogen must be liquefied at temperature of 20.28 K (-423.17 °F/-252.87°C) and maintained at this temperature so it does not turn into gas form by means of nitrogen.

2. Hydrogen in maintenance of a liquid state and the devices in order to do this requires an industrial MAZMAT type licensing and certification. This can only be acquired if undersigned by corporate entity with over-sight. Liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic storage technology such as special thermally insulated containers and requires special handling common to all cryogenic fuels. Liquid hydrogen is in all purposes considered an explosive in liquid form or gas form and certifications are not for public use.

3. Hydrogen; if you do not store H2 in liquid form, or gas form and have proper ventilation is still considered illegal for vehicular combustion volume metric efficiency usage in public highway motor applications, but currently is not enforced. As a private citizen on a public highway, using a water- hydrogen- cell for hydrogen + oxygen mixed usage is considered an explosive, due to oxygen in gas line with H2/Hydrogen. If hydrogen is introduced into combustion chamber without oxygen mixture then it is inert until contact with oxygen, therefore non-explosive till that 02/Oxygen contact point of gas mixture. If hydrogen is introduced in combustion cylinder chamber as only hydrogen then it is considered legal if done by qualified professional certified by DOT/Department of Motor Vehicles, but again these laws are not in effect. Therefore, do not ruin this new H2 application to further your fuel economy, please be careful and be certain hydrogen will not have any areas to pocket in engine compartment awaiting an ignition point explosive.

[0041 ] See: "Norway Hydrogen Highway" and "Scandinavian hydrogen highway partnership" to see what the rest of the world is actually "doing", not just fear-mongering about. Norway has legislated out all gasoline, diesel & hybrid autos by the year 2025. Refueling stations already in use afford H2 refueling within 3 minutes employing high-pressure hydrogen gas.

[0042] Plasma acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, positrons and ions, using an electric field associated with electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma structures (like shock and sheath fields). The plasma acceleration structures are created either using ultra-short laser pulses or energetic particle beams that are matched to the plasma parameters. These techniques offer a way to build high performance particle accelerators of much smaller size than conventional devices. The basic concepts of plasma acceleration and its possibilities were originally conceived by Toshiki Tajima and Prof. John M. Dawson of UCLA in 1979. Initial designs of experiment for "wakefield" were conceived at UCLA by the group of Prof. Chan Joshi. Current experimental devices show accelerating gradients several orders of magnitude better than current particle accelerators.

[0043] Plasma accelerators have immense promise for innovation of affordable and compact accelerators for various applications ranging from high energy physics to medical and industrial applications. Medical applications include betatron and free-electron light sources for diagnostics or radiation therapy and protons sources for hadron therapy. Plasma accelerators generally use

wakefields generated by plasma density waves. However, plasma accelerators can operate in many different regimes depending upon the characteristics of the plasmas used.

[0044] In 2012, scientists working on the LCLS overcame the seeding limitation for x-ray wavelengths by self-seeding the laser with its own beam after being filtered through a diamond monochromator. The resulting intensity and monochromaticity of the beam were unprecedented and allowed new experiments to be conducted involving manipulating atoms and imaging molecules. Other labs around the world are incorporating the technique into their equipment. SPECIFICATIONS

[0045] The present invention relates generally to creating hydrogen gas as well as oxygen in the same crucible with bladderless separation due to the use of a plasma arc created by dissimilar metals reacting with Perforated Nickel Plates. The 'plasma effect' acts to free massive amounts of hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules on the hydrogen emitting side of the crucible and the ionized oxygen molecules combine with the fragmented metal particles from the tungsten electrode which consumes the tungsten in part, which thereby captures the oxygen molecules almost completely. This then releases relatively pure hydrogen on the hydrogen side of the crucible.

[0046] Conversely, the 'plasma effect' acts to free massive amounts of hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules on the Oxygen emitting side of the crucible and the ionized hydrogen molecules combine with the fragmented metal particles from the Nickel electrode which consumes the nickel in part, which thereby captures the hydrogen molecules almost completely. This then releases relatively pure oxygen on the oxygen side of the crucible.

[0047] In the present invention the process begins when a 600 - 800 pulsed VDC is applied to the anode and cathode side of the hydrogen side of the crucible. The Cathode is comprised of a filament wire of Tungsten which is electronically fed, as needed, by an automatic feeder assembly and a stepper motor attached to a control module, monitored by a p/c at a control console and monitor. The Anode side is comprised of two perforated solid nickel plates affixed on either side of the Tungsten filament at close range and separated from the filament by two glass, or ceramic, or Teflon insulators that keep the filament from touching the nickel plates and shorting out. The seeded water in the crucible tank acts as a short circuit between the Anode and Cathode creating high heat because of the high voltage/high amperage VDC applied across the field. The high heat ionizes the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in the solution and millions of highly charged ions (electrons and protons) are freed from the H20 solution instantaneously. The freed electrons are guided, in one embodiment, by magnetics to a spot where a vacuum pump evacuates the free hydrogen and the resulting freed oxygen molecules are trapped by the particles and fragmented Tungsten metal that is melted off in the process whereby the oxygen atoms become bonded to the tungsten atoms and the oxygen atoms are trapped in the bottom of the crucible in the water bath solution.

[0048] Simultaneously the opposite side of the crucible begins to emit pure oxygen atoms because of a similar reaction between the Cathode comprised of perforated solid nickel plates identical to the plates and plate configuration on the hydrogen inside of the crucible with the exception that the Anode is now comprised of solid nickel wire that is again sandwiched between the two solid nickel plates and insulated by glass, ceramic, or Teflon insulators. Again the water solution creates a short between the Anode and Cathode and results in high heat being generated between the plates and the wire which fragments the nickel wire into small nickel particles which act to trap any hydrogen released in the plasma process and once the hydrogen atoms and the nickel atoms are bonded, the pure oxygen is released and then guided and accelerated by the magnetic guidance system to a place in the crucible where the freed oxygen atoms can be vacuumed off and stored as is the teachings of the present invention.

[0049] During the process the aqueous solution in the bottom of the crucible is constantly stirred by a recycle water pump that acts to reconstitute the catalytic or seeding element in the water bath and at the same time cool and clean the water chamber of larger particles and debris through a water filter located within the pump assembly. Once the hydrogen and oxygen atoms have been vacuumed from their respective sides of the crucible chamber, they are each stored in temporary tanks by a pressure pump that compresses the gasses and the tanks are each protected by flashback and release valves monitored electronically by the inbuilt computer control system referred to in particularity here in the present invention.

[0050] Additionally, in order to enhance the separation process in the Anode and Cathode plasma chambers a low voltage pulse of 0 to 200Hz is applied to the anode and cathode simultaneously which is caused to resonate at a specific frequency relevant to the hydrogen atoms on the one side and the oxygen atoms on the other side. In the case the monitoring system senses any irregularities in the system such as high heat, high pressure, leaking gasses on either side, loss of power, loss of pulsed modulation, low water level, low catalytic levels or any other such abnormality, the entire system will be powered down and the gasses exhausted first on the oxygen side and then on the hydrogen side. Since the entire system is comprised of base metals, water, ceramics, glass, and other non-flammables, the system is very unlikely to experience any fire or explosions.

[0051] It should be noted that the choice of metals described here in the Specifications are not limited to Nickel and Tungsten. Several other combinations of metals in a similar configuration can produce similar reactions to a greater or lesser degree of desired results. For example, in Figure 28 there are a set of possible combinations which can achieve desired results and at the same time create byproducts of great value and desirability such as Titanium Dioxide (Ti02) for example, as may be used in paint, food coloring, sunscreen, cosmetics and various industrial uses.

[0052] Once the raw hydrogen and oxygen have been created and sequestrated to a pure form, then the output product of each can be stored under low pressure in designated tanks, one for the hydrogen gas storage, and one for the oxygen gas storage. The storage tanks are loaded with special materials to allow for maximum volume storage for each type of gas. The materials in each storage tank compliment the storage by compacting the H2 and 02 gasses respectively. The storage of the gasses is in small quantities for safety and is required only to get the vehicle going from a dead start in the morning, if and when no gas generation has been undertaken overnight. This completes the production and storage phase of operations for vehicles powered by hydrogen or hydrogen and oxygen or as combined with other gases or fuels.

[0053] In the case of the powering of a turbine wherein the gasses are ignited to create heat and pressure to turn a turbine to generate electricity, the gasses can be stored under pressure on demand for a specific period such as hourly, daily, or weekly. In this case, the amount of gasses, actually stored for any given period, are minimized, as a safety factor, and the gasses are completely consumed by the. end of the designated period of use or demand.

[0054] As a result, of the present invention, any vehicle can be powered by both a combination of hydrogen and oxygen or other combustible materials created on demand, on an as needed basis. The use of non-potable water, or sea water, greatly enhances the process, such that water reservoirs located within the vehicle can be replenished at the seashore or just about anywhere with any form of water, potable or not.

[0055] When the process begins the fail-safe mechanical monitoring system indicates the gas pressure, temperature, flow-rate, water level, and output volumes, which may be automatically or manually controlled.

[0056] The non-potable water is seeded with sodium chloride and other base salts to eliminate bacteria and diseases. Ultra-Violet light is also used to eliminate bacteria, that may be present and the entire system is sanitized by filtering and straining of the aqueous solution on a continuous basis. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 Depicts the oxygen and hydrogen generator crucible as might be depicted in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example. The drawing depicts the two the invention's usage of nickel wire on the one side and the use of tungsten wire on the other side, each wire sandwiched between a pair of perforated solid nickel plates.

Figure 2 Depicts the oxygen or Cathode side of the gas generator and the component configuration of the cathode as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 3 Depicts the hydrogen or Anode side of the gas generator and the component configuration as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 4 Depicts the Dual Power Supply and Pulse Modulator for the present invention as might be found in the preferred embodiment for example.

Figure 5 Depicts the hydrogen and oxygen gasses under storage after creation including the recirculation pump, the vacuum pumps for each side of the crucible and the catalytic water feed as be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 6 Depicts the hydrogen and oxygen storage tanks as depicted in Figure 5 with the addition of the H2 and 02 combiner chamber resulting in the burnable gas mixture as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 7 Depicts the pressure pumps as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example. Figure 8 Depicts the flash guard or flash back suppressor as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 9 Depicts the Combiner Chamber that is used to recombine the H2 and 02 in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 10 Depicts the System Control Console Hardware as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 11 Depicts the Flow Chart of the Fail-Safe monitoring system as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 12 Depicts the Tungsten Feed Assembly that might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 13 Depicts the Automated Metal Wire Feed Assembly that might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 14 Depicts the Magnetic Steering and Ionic Mass Guidance System that might be in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 15 Depicts the System Flow Chart as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example. Figure 16 Depicts the Gas Storage System that might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 17 Depicts the Seeded Water Catalytic Feed System as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 18 Depicts the Magnetic Ionic Alignment System as might ^' be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 19 Depicts the Vacuum Pump Example that might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 20 Depicts the Computer Monitor Screen that can control operations and failsafe shut downs from a remote location as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 21 Depicts the Remote Monitoring Station Console as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 22 Depicts a simple Plasma Generated Chemical Accelerator as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 23 Depicts the Effective Ratios of H2 and 02 when bonded by various metals, as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 24 Depicts the revised Periodic Table identifying combining of Various Metals under the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube Model as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 25 Depicts the Invention Accelerator Example as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 26 Depicts the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube - Hydrogen Bonding Examples of the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 27 Depicts the Chemical Formulas suggesting the reactions found on the Anode Side and the Cathode Side as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 28 Depicts the combining of elements found in the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube Example of the redrawn Periodic Table as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 29 Depicts the Summary of the Invention as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 depicts (101) the Cathode (02) side of the (102) Crucible (ceramic container) comprising said (103) Ceramic Insulators, (104) Perforated Nickel Plates, (105) the Nickel wire, comprising (106) an open filament, and (107) the Anode Side of the (102) Crucible (ceramic container), comprising said (108) Ceramic Insulators, (108) Tungsten Wire, (109) a closed filament, and (1 10) Perforated Nickel Plates, all submerged in (111) an aqueous solution comprising H20 and KOH.

Figure 2 depicts (201) a Detailed image of the Cathode Side - Oxygen Side (O) of the Ceramic Crucible, comprising (202) the Ceramic Insulators, (203) the Mesh Nickel Plate (connected to the Anode Side of the Power Supply), (204) the Nickel Wire (connected to the Cathode Side of the Power Supply).

Figure 3 depicts (301) a Detailed image of the Anode Side - Hydrogen Side (H2) of the Ceramic Crucible, comprising (302) the Ceramic Insulators, (303) the Mesh Nickel Plate (Closed Filament), (304) the Tungsten Wire (connected to the Anode Side of the Power Supply).

Figure 4 depicts (401) the -24VDC Pulse Modulated Power Supply Comprising an Anode Side and a Cathode Side, AND (402) the Dual 200-800VDC Pulsed Arc Voltage Power Supply comprising a + Cathode Side individual Power Supply, and a - Anode Side individual Power Supply.

Figure 5 depicts (501) Cathode Side (02) Gas Pump, comprising a (502) Flash Suppressor, a (503) outlet hose, a (504) Oxygen Storage Tank, a (505) submerged Filtration Unit, a (506) Anode Side (H2) Gas Pump, further comprising a (507) Flash Suppressor, a (508) outlet hose, a (509) Hydrogen Storage Tank, a (510) submerged Filtration Unit, a (51 1) Water Bath Chamber comprising H20 and a Catalytic, a (512) Circulation Pump, as well as a (513) Water Supply for the Fuel Stock.

Figure 6 depicts the same component part as Figure 5 herein and further comprises (600) the H2 + 02 Combiner to supply fuel to an external device such as a car, truck, or other form of vehicular transportation.

Figure 7 depicts a commercially made Hydrogen Diaphragm Compressor for example.

Figure 8 depicts a commercially available Flash Guard for example that might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 9 depicts the detailed drawing of the Combiner depicted in Figure 6 herein above as (600). The Combiner Chamber is comprised of (901) the H2 Input Port, (902) the 02 Input Port, (903) the Exhaust, (904) the Bladder, (905) the Flashback Suppressor, (906) a Flow Control on the 02 Input Side and (907) the Output Port with the Combined H2 + 02 product ready to combust.

Figure 10 depicts (1001) the System Control Console, comprising (1002) the Date, (1003) the Time of Day, (1004) the Water Level in the Crucible, (1005) the Water Temperature in the Crucible, (1006) the H2 Temp, (1007) the H2 Pressure, (1008) the 02 Temp, (1009) the 02 Pressure, and (1010) the

Emergency Stop (Shut Down) Switch. The console can be remotely monitored and controlled by a Smart Phone or Hand-Held Device.

Figure 1 1 depicts the Overall System Fail Safe Flow Chart Diagram. After initialization the systems routinely checks the H2 Gas Sensor for Leaks, the 02 Gas Sensor for leaks, the H2 Chamber

Temperature, the 02 Chamber Temperature, the H2 and 02 Pressure, the Catalyst Level, the Tungsten Level or number of Replacement Tips Remaining, the Nickel Wire remaining, and can either proceed with operations or shut the system down depending on preset Thresholds determined by factory personnel. If the levels reach a critical level an audible alarm may sound indicating that an emergency situation may exist. Figure 12 depicts the (1201) Ceramic Tungsten Feeder Assembly, comprising (1202) a Copper Sleeve, (1203) a series of Tungsten (or other preselected) Metal Tips for use as an alternative for the Anode Side of the System, as opposed to the Tungsten Wire and Feeder Assembly. This configuration is for high heat and maximum output capacity.

Figure 13 depicts (1301) the Metal Filament Feeder Assembly as opposed to the Tip Feder Assembly depicted in Figure 12 above, comprising (1302) the Ceramic Container (one side), (1303) the Water Level, (1304) the Filament Wire itself, (1305) a Guide Wheel and Post, (1306) the Feedstock Spool, (1307) the Drive Belt or Chain Drive Assembly, (1308) the Stepper Motor.

Figure 14 depicts (1401) the Magnetic Steering Assembly, comprising (1402) a Ceramic Encapsulated Circular Neodymium Magnet, (1403) an Encapsulated Stepper Motor, (1404) a non-metallic Drive Belt Assembly, (1405) a Fine-Tuning Bar Magnet (with Swivel), (1406) a Ceramic Casing Enclosure, and (1407) a Mounting Assembly.

Figure 15 depicts the System Flow Chart indicating a Go-No Go condition during normal operations.

Figure 16 depicts two hydrogen storage tanks found in the current model of the Honda FCX hybrid car.

Figure 17 depicts (1701) a Salt Water Seeding Feed Tank, comprising (1702) Water Inlet Port, (1703) Salt Inlet Port, (1704) a Cube Float Water Shut Off Level Detector, (1705) a Salinity Measuring Instrument.

Figure 18 depicts (1801) 18-A Ionic Misalignment of the H2 ions as might be found in the preferred embodiment, and (1802) 18-B Ionic Alignment after the ions are subjected to the Magnetic Field generated by the Magnetic Steering Assembly depicted in Figure 14 herein above.

Figure 19 depicts (1901) the Vacuum Pumps Example as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example. The Pumps comprise removing gas from the (1 02) Production Chamber, the (1903) Production Egress to H2 or 02 Gas, and (!904) the Initial Egress Removing Air.

Figure 20 depicts (2001) the Computer Dashboard Image (identical to the one found in Figure 10 above with the exception that the control may be monitored and adjusted by a computer operator from a remote location via a satellite feed or wireless link.

Figure 21 depicts (2101) a satellite fed control feed from (2102) a regional office of the Operator, comprising (2103) a satellite uplink antenna to an orbiting satellite, (2104) a H2 refueling pump owned by a major gasoline provider such as ARCO for example, comprising (2105) a satellite receiving antenna.

Figure 22 depicts (2201) a Plasma Chemical Accelerator comprising (2202) a gas inlet port, (2203) a Plasma Source, (2204) a remote transport region, (2205) a gas buffer or flashback suppressor, (2206) a Main Processing Chamber, and (2207) a Vacuum Pump, as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 23 depicts (2301) the Effective Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen with a Metalloid or Metal, comprising (2302) Hydrogen Gas, (2303) Metal, and (2304) Oxygen Gas, as might be found in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 24 depicts Figure 45 of the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube Model of the Realignment of the Periodic Table of the Elements incorporated herein by reference thereto as if fully contained herein. The Table Comprises (2401 ) a Circle around the Groupings of T04, T05, and T06 depicting the

Motomagnetic Endcap, (2402) a Circle around the Groupings EO l , E02, and E03 depicting Equatorial 90 Group with High Electrical Conductivity.

Figure 25 depicts (2501 ) the Coherent Light Source Model, comprising (2502) the Magnetic Guide,

(2503) The Laser Light Tube, and acts to accelerate the ions in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example at a specified wavelength to match the resonant frequency of the ionic mass being affected in this example.

Figure 26 depicts (2601) the H20 and H202 Electron Settling Positions according to the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube Model, comprising (2602) the Hydrogen Atom offering a Proton to Bond with an Oxygen Atom to achieve a shared Bond, further comprising (2603) depicting H202 with the Oxygen and Hydrogen sharing a Bond derived from the Magnetic Steering of the Ionic Mass.

Figure 27 depicts the Chemical Formulae that allows the present invention to release Hydrogen on the one side of the crucible and Oxygen on the opposite side of the same crucible with a result of pure H2 gas being released on the H2 side of the crucible.

Figure 28 depicts the Arno Vigen Scrunched Cube Example of diverse Cathode and Anode choices with various metals and their counterparts to achieve the desired end results in the preferred embodiment of the present invention for example.

Figure 29 depicts a summary of the present invention and the advantages of the invention over prior art teachings previously cited on the Background of the Invention Listings pages that are incorporated within the present invention by disclosure herein.

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