TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates generally to communication networks, and more particularly to apparatuses and methods for managing cloud-native services associated with such networks.

BACKGROUND

One of the primary functions of a Radio Access Network (RAN) is to provide access for wireless devices, such as User Equipment (UE), to a communication network. There are various types of RANs, but over time, RANs have evolved according to various technologies - one of which is commonly known as 5G.

5G RANs comprise a logical radio node referred to as a “gNB.” As specified in the 3GPP Technical Specification 38.401 (“NG-RAN; Architecture description” v 16.4.0, January 4, 2021), a gNB typically consists of several Network Functions (NFs). These include a gNB Centralized Unit Control Plane (gNB-CU-CP), multiple gNB Centralized Unit User Planes (gNB-CU-UPs), and multiple gNB Distribution Units (gNB-DUs). Configuration parameters for the NFs are specified in 3GPP Technical Specification 28.542 (“Management and orchestration of networks and network slicing; 5G Core Network (5GC) Network Resource Model (NRM); Stage 1).

Some manufacturers have virtualized the NFs in 5G RANs and manage them as Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). The life cycle of the VMFs are particularly managed according to the ETSI Management and Orchestration (MANO) standards specified, in part, in ETSI GS NFV-SOL 005 v24.1 (2018-02) and GS NFV-SOL 003 V2.3.1 (2017-07). According to these standards, a network operator can onboard a VNF package and manage the lifecycle (e.g., instantiate, upgrade, and terminate) of the VNF.

There are some documents related to the management of VNFs according to the ETSI MANO specifications. For example, W02020103925A120200528 discloses running VNF containers (VNFCs) inside a container runtime environment. A VNF manager (VNFM) deploys the compositions of the containerized VNFs differently so as to improve the flexibility of the containerization VNF deployment. In another example, WO2020135799A120200702 discloses a VNFM deploying containers over multiple Containers as a Service (CaaS) clusters.

Additionally, a new type of RAN referred to as an Open-RAN (O-RAN) is currently being specified. The O-RAN defines a new architecture in which NFs are life-cycled on an Open-Cloud (O-Cloud) network using an 02 interface. The work on defining the 02 interface is just beginning; however, the NFs in an O-RAN expose an 01 operation and maintenance (O&M) interface to a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a network node and corresponding methods for managing cloud-native services associated with 3GPP defined Network Functions (NFs). In more detail, the embodiments disclosed herein modify the association between the NFs and the cloud-native services thereby altering how those NFs are realized by the cloud- native services.

To accomplish this, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method, implemented by a node in a communications network, for managing the cloud-native services associated with a Radio Access Network (RAN). In this embodiment, the method comprises the network node receiving a service notification for an NF implemented by one or more cloud-native services, modifying the association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification, and managing the one or more cloud-native services responsive to the modifying.

Additionally, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a network node in a communications network. The network node is configured to manage cloud-native services associated with a Radio Access Network (RAN) and comprises communications interface circuitry configured to receive a service notification for a Network Function (NF) implemented by one or more cloud-native services, processing circuitry communicatively connected to the communications interface circuitry, and memory comprising instructions executable by the processing circuitry such that the node is configured to modify an association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification, and manage the one or more cloud-native services responsive to the modifying.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure also provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a computer program stored thereon. In this embodiment, the computer program comprises instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry in a node configured to manage cloud-native services associated with a Radio Access Network (RAN), causes the node to receive a service notification for a Network Function (NF) implemented by one or more cloud-native services, modify an association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification, and manage the one or more cloud-native services responsive to the modifying.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a communication network configured according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating information sources used according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating how a RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function manages the split between the NFs and cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating a Control, Orchestration, Management, Policy, and Analytics (CO MPA) loop configured according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figures 5A-5D are flow diagrams illustrating a method, implemented by logic in the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function, for decoupling the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating deployment of the present embodiments in an O-RAN and the SMO platform according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figures 7-15 are flow diagrams illustrating methods for decoupling the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 16 is a functional block diagram of a network node configured to decouple the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 17 is a functional block diagram illustrating a computer program product for decoupling the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure modify the association between the 3GPP defined Network Functions (NFs) and one or more cloud-native services thereby changing how those NFs are realized by the cloud-native services. To accomplish this, the present disclosure provides logic that, when executed by a node, configures the node to “decouple” the NFs from the cloud-native services (i.e., modify the association between the NFs and the cloud-native services such that the NFs are unaware of the underlying cloud-native services that realize them), and to orchestrate the cloud-native services executing in the cloud that will realize those NFs. Additionally, the logic provided by the present embodiments configures the node to automatically deploy, upgrade, scale, and heal the cloud-native services, as well as expose the NFs and their O&M interfaces thereby facilitating the management of fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS).

Notably, the embodiments described herein still allow network operators to continue using 3GPP standardized procedures. As such, operators are still able to observe and configure their gNB-CU-CP, gNB-CU-UP, and gNB-DU network functions. Additionally, if desired, operators can terminate 3GPP defined standard protocols, such as F1-C, F1-U, E1 , Xn/X2, and NG/S1.

Turning now to the drawings, Figure 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a communication network 10 configured according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As seen in Figure 1 , network 10 comprises a RAN 12 communicatively connected to a 5G Core Network (CN) 14. The RAN 12 may be, for example, a 5G RAN that comprises a plurality of gNBs 16a, 16b, 16c (collectively or generally referred to as “gNBs 16”). Each gNB 16, as is known in the art, is a logical radio node configured to provide wireless access for one or more User Equipment (UEs) to the services offered by CN 14. In some embodiments, RAN 12 comprises an O-RAN. In these cases, RAN 12 may also comprise a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 18. As seen in more detail later, SMO 18 is configured to, inter alia, terminate 01 and 02 interfaces.

It should be noted here that Figure 1 illustrates SMO 18 as being in the RAN 12. While this is an embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that the present embodiments are not limited to such an SMO 18 placement. In other embodiments, for example, there are a plurality of SMOs 18 - at least some of which are deployed at one or more Edge sites, regional sites, or national sites.

Figure 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating some of the information sources used according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In more detail, Figure 2 depicts a plurality of information sources, including two runtime sources and a design time source.

The runtime sources provide data collected during the runtime of NF services and/or cloud-native services and comprise a Runtime RAN and Cloud Analytics Data source 20 and a Runtime Cloud Infrastructure Data source 28. The Runtime RAN and Cloud Analytics Data source 20 can provide aggregated data collected at the NF level, or raw data from cloud-native services. Additionally, the Runtime RAN and Cloud Analytics Data source 20 can provide cloud analytics data collected from the cloud infra structure layer. Such data includes, but is not limited to, CPU-related data, memory usage data, and network throughput data. The Runtime Cloud Infrastructure Data source 28 provides data associated with the compute, storage, and networking layers, the availability and characteristics of which typically change over time.

The Network Service Design Time sources 22 provide data collected at design time. For example, a network operator may want to create an Enterprise Indoor Radio Access Network, which comprises gNB-CU-CP, gNB-CU-UP, and gNB-DU NFs 24. Each of these NFs 24 is linked to its software in a software catalog 26, which is continuously updated.

The data from each of these sources is input into a RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30, which as seen in Figure 3, repeatedly reacts to changes from these sources. According to the present embodiments, RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 comprises logic that “decouples” the NFs from the cloud-native services. In other words, the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 modifies an association between the NFs and the cloud-native services.

Figure 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating how the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 manages the decoupled NFs and cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As seen in Figure 3, the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 manages the NFs and their external interfaces separately from the cloud-native services 34 and how they make up the NFs. Additionally, according to the present disclosure, different clouds and different cloud service models are suitable for use with the present embodiments. Such cloud service models include, for example, Container-as-a-Service (CaaS) 36, Platform-as-a- service (PaaS) 38, and Function as a service (FaaS) 40. Additionally, cloud-native services can be scaled and shared between many multiple NFs. Beneficially, these aspects are hidden from network operator’s view of the NFs.

Figure 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating a Control, Orchestration, Management, Policy, and Analytics (COM PA) loop 50 configured according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. According to the present disclosure, the COMPA loop 50 automates the management of the cloud-native services and determines how the NFs are realized by the system. As seen in Figure 4, COM PA loop 50 comprises Policy function (52), a Control, Orchestration, and Management (COM) function 54 that includes the logic of the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30, and an analytics function 56. The Policies function 52 provides the policies as input for the RAN Assurance and Deployment use cases as input into the COM function 54. Upon receipt, COM function 54 manages the decoupled NFs 32 and cloud-native services 34 according to the policies, and outputs data and information to an analytics function 56. The analytics function 56 includes logic for analyzing the “design time” data provided by the Network Service Design Time sources 22 (i.e., the network services design time data for NFs 24 and the data in the software catalog 26), as well as the “runtime” data provided by the Runtime RAN and Cloud Analytics Data source 20 (i.e., the RAN analytics and the cloud analytics) and the Runtime Cloud Infrastructure Data source 28 (i.e., the cloud infrastructure data). The analysis is then used to update the policies, which, as stated above, are input into the COM function 54.

Figures 5A-5D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 60 for decoupling the NFs 32 and the cloud-native services 34 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Turning first to Figure 5 A, method 60 is implemented by the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 executing on a network node, for example, and begins with receiving a network service design change notification (box 62). Upon receipt, the NF topology is read and evaluated (box 64). Then, for each change in the NF topology (box 66), the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 determines whether the change indicates that an NF instance should be added or removed (box 66). If an NF instance is to be added, RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 creates a new NF instance in the NF topology (box 70). If the change indicates that an NF instance is to be removed, however, RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 reads the current NF topology to identify the particular instance to remove (box 72) and removes the NF instance from the NF topology (box 74). Regardless of whether an NF instance is added to, or removed from, the NF topology, the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 adds an entry to the NF topology change report (box 76). Once all the changes in the NF topology have been processed, the NF topology change report is sent to a cloud-native service manager function (Figure 5B). Then, for each new entry in the NF topology change report (box 78), it is determined whether an NF is added or removed (box 80). If a NF has been added, method 60 continues with adding the NF (Figure 5C). Otherwise, if an NF is being removed, method 60 continues with removing the NF function (Figure 5D).

Adding/Reusina a Network Function

Turning to Figure 5C, for each cloud-native service comprising an NF (box 82), the cloud-native service topology is evaluated. This includes, but may not be limited to, obtaining the instance data and evaluating both the RAN Analytics data and the Cloud Analytics data (box 84). So evaluated, it is determined whether a new cloud-native service instance should be created, or an existing cloud-native service instance simply re-used (box 86). If it is determined that a new cloud-native service instance should be created, method 60 calls for reading the cloud topology to identify the particular cloud in which to initialize the cloud-native service instance being added. The cloud-native service software version is then obtained (e.g., retrieved from the software catalog) (box 90) and the cloud- native service instance is created in the cloud-native service topology and initialized in the cloud (box 92).

As seen in Figure 5C, adding an NF instance need not always require the creation of a new cloud-native service instance. In some embodiments, such creation may simply re-use an existing cloud-native service instance. In these situations, when it is determined to re-use an NF instance, method 60 calls for retrieving the cloud-native service data from the cloud-native service topology (box 94).

Regardless, method 60 then adds an entry associating the cloud-native service instance with the NF (box 96) and updates the discovery data for the NF such that the cloud-native service instance can be used by other cloud-native services that comprise the NF (box 98). Once all entries have been processed (box 82), method 60 ends.

Removing a Network Function

Turning to Figure 5D, for each cloud-native service comprising an NF (box 100), method 60 reads the cloud-native service instance data for the NF (box 102). If the cloud- native service is not already associated with another NF instance (box 104), method 60 calls for removing the cloud-native service instance in the cloud-native service topology and terminating the instance in the cloud (box 106). However, if the cloud-native service is already associated with another NF instance (box 106) method 60 calls for removing the cloud-native service instance’s association with the NF (box 108). Once complete, method 60 returns to processing the next new entry in the NF topology change report (box 78 - Figure 5B). Figure 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating deployment of the present embodiments in an O-RAN 110 environment according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As seen in Figure 6, the O-RAN 110 environment comprises an SMO platform 18 and the cloud-native services 34. The SMO platform 18 comprises the previously described CO MPA loop 50, a topology and inventory function 112, a policy function 114, an analytics function 116, and the Network Service Design time function 22, including software catalog 26. The SMO platform 18 is operatively connected to an NF ingress/egress interface of the cloud-native services 34 via an 01 interface to facilitate O&M, and to a (CISM) 122 interface via an 02 interface to facilitate life cycle management.

The cloud-native services 34 execute in the cloud/cluster 120 and, as previously described, comprises the Caas, PaaS, and FaaS cloud service models 36, 38, 40. Each of the Caas, PaaS, and FaaS cloud service models 36, 38, 40 comprises their own services, with the CaaS cloud service module 36 comprising boundary services 36a and traffic services 36b.

In the embodiment of Figure 6, the RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 executes in the SMO 18 and has access to the following:

• The network service design information, as well as the VNFs that compose the network service and the associated software. When designing the network, policies can also be designed to control the Radio Access Network Assurance and Deployment Automation functionality;

• The cloud and radio Infrastructure information in the Topology & Inventory received over the 02 interface of O-RAN 110; and

• Analytics at various levels. These may include, but are not limited to, the cloud, the cloud-native service and NF, and the network service. The raw data is received over the 01 and 02 interfaces.

Armed with this information, the policy driven RAN Assurance and Deployment Automation function 30 can realize the following:

• NFs can be shown in the Topology & Inventory, with addressing information for the O&M 01 interface;

• Cloud-native services can be managed across various clouds and cloud service models, such as the CaaS, FaaS, and PaaS cloud service models 36, 38, 40; • Boundary services 36a can realize the O&M 01 interface, as well as the 3GPP defined F1-C, F1-U, E1 , Xn/X2, and NG/S1 interfaces, thereby routing API traffic to the correct cloud-native services; and

• Ingress and egress configuration to allow external communication.

Figures 7-15 are flow diagrams illustrating methods for decoupling the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In these embodiments, the methods are implemented at a network node.

More particularly, Figure 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 130 for managing cloud-native services associated with a network, such as a Radio Access Network (RAN). As seen in Figure 7, method 130 begins with the network node receiving a service notification for a NF implemented by one or more cloud-native services (box 132). For example, as previously described in Figure 5A, the service notification may comprise a network service design change notification. Then, based on the service notification, the node then modifies an association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services (box 134). So modified, the node begins managing the one or more cloud-native services responsive (box 136).

In one embodiment, the NF comprises one or more of a gNB-CU-CP NF, a gNB- CU-UP NF, and a gNB-DU NF.

In one embodiment, the service notification comprises a network service design change notification indicating that the NF has been added or removed.

In one embodiment, the service notification comprises at least one of a network service design change notification and runtime analytics data. The network service design change notification indicates at least one of a change to the NF, a change to software associated with the NF, and a change to a cloud infrastructure of the cloud network. The runtime analytics data comprises the analytics data for one or both of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and the network.

In one embodiment, the change to the cloud infrastructure comprises a change to the availability and/or characteristics of one or more resources of the cloud network associated with the one or more cloud-native services.

In one embodiment, the one or more resources comprise one or more compute resources, memory resources, and networking resources of the cloud network. In one embodiment, the RAN analytics data comprises aggregated data associated with the NF, and/or raw data associated with the one or more cloud-native services.

In one embodiment, the service notification is received over an 01 or 02 interface.

Figure 8 is a flow diagram illustrating how the network node modifies (box 134) the association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services according to one embodiment. Particularly, in one embodiment, modifying the association comprises the network node decoupling the NF from the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification (box 138). To accomplish the decoupling, the network node determines a NF topology for the NF responsive to receiving the service notification (box 140), and then generates an NF topology change report based on the determined NF topology (box 142). Once the report has been generated, the network node sends the NF topology change report to a cloud-native service manager to trigger updating the one or more cloud-native services based on the NF topology change report (box 144).

Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating how the network node determines a NF topology (box 140) according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As seen in Figure 9, the network node can either add a new NF instance or remove an existing NF instance. If adding an NF, the network node creates a new NF instance of the NF in the NF topology (box 146). If removing an NF, however, the network node removes a selected NF instance from the NF topology (box 148).

Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating a method by which the network node updates the one or more cloud-native services based on the NF topology change report (box 150). In this embodiment, the network node analyzes each entry in the NF topology change report, each of which represents a change to the NF topology. For each entry, the network node determines whether a new NF instance has been added to the NF topology or a selected NF instance has been removed from the NF topology (box 152). So determined, the network node can update the NF topology to either add the new NF instance, or to remove the identified selected NF instance, as described above in Figure 9.

Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 160 by which the network node adds a new NF instance to the NF topology. As seen in Figure 11 , for each of the one or more cloud-native services comprising the NF, the network node analyzes a cloud-native services topology (box 162), the runtime analytics data for the RAN (box 164), and the runtime analytics data for the network (box 166). Based on the results of the analysis, the network node creates a new cloud-native service instance for the NF or re-uses an existing cloud native service instance for the NF (box 168), and updates the discovery function of the NF so that other cloud-native services associated with the NF are able to use the cloud-native service instance (box 170).

Figures 12-14 are flow diagrams illustrating how the network node creates a new cloud-native service instance for the NF (Figure 12 - box 168a) and re-uses an existing cloud native service instance for the NF (Figure 14 - box 168b), according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Particularly, as seen in Figure 12, the network node analyzes a cloud topology for each of one or more virtual cloud networks (box 172), and then, based on the analysis, deploys the new cloud-native service instance to a selected one of the one or more virtual cloud networks (box 174).

Figure 13 is a flow diagram illustrating how the network node deploys a newly- added cloud-native service instance to a selected virtual cloud network based on the analysis of Figure 12, according to one embodiment (box 174). Particularly, the network node first selects a virtual cloud network on which to initialize the cloud-native service instance based on the analyses (box 176). Then the node obtains a software version for the cloud-native service instance (box 178). In one embodiment, the software version may be obtained from software catalog 26. Once the information has been obtained, the network node creates the cloud-native service instance in the cloud-native service topology for the selected virtual cloud network (box 180), initializes the cloud-native service instance in the selected virtual cloud network (box 182), and associates the initialized the cloud-native service instance with the NF (box 184).

To re-use an existing cloud-native service instance (Figure 14 - box 168b), the network node obtains cloud-native service data for the existing cloud native service instance from the cloud-native service topology (box 186). Then, based on the cloud- native service data, the network node associates the cloud-native service instance with the NF (box 188).

Figure 15 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for when a selected NF instance has been removed from the NF topology according to one embodiment (box 190). Particularly, for each cloud-native service that comprises the NF, the network node obtains the cloud-native service instance data for the NF (box 192). Then, based on the cloud-native service instance data, the network node determines whether the cloud-native service instance is/is not associated with another instance of the NF (box 194). If the cloud-native service instance is associated with another instance of the NF, the network node dissociates the cloud-native service from the NF (box 196). If the cloud-native service instance is not associated with another instance of the NF, however, the network node removes the cloud-native service instance of the NF from the cloud-native service topology and terminates the instance in the cloud (box 198).

An apparatus can perform any of the methods herein described by implementing any functional means, modules, units, or circuitry. In one embodiment, for example, the apparatuses comprise respective circuits or circuitry configured to perform the steps shown in the method figures. The circuits or circuitry in this regard may comprise circuits dedicated to performing certain functional processing and/or one or more microprocessors in conjunction with memory. For instance, the circuitry may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random- access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory may include program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. In embodiments that employ memory, the memory stores program code that, when executed by the one or more processors, carries out the techniques described herein.

Figure 16 is a functional block diagram of a network node configured to decouple the NFs and the cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

The network node 200 may, for example, be any node performing an NF as seen in Figure 1. In one embodiment, however, network node 200 comprises a Policy and Charging Control node. In other embodiments, such as in an O-RAN environment, the network node 200 may comprise an SMO.

As seen in Figure 16, network node 200 comprises processing circuitry 202, memory circuitry 204, and communications circuitry 206. In addition, memory circuitry 204 stores a computer program 208 that, when executed by processing circuitry 202, configures network node 200 to implement the methods of Figures 5A-5D and 6-15 as herein described.

In more detail, the processing circuitry 202 controls the overall operation of network node 200 and processes the data and information it receives from other sends and receives to/from other nodes. Such processing includes, but is not limited to, receiving a service notification for a Network Function (NF) implemented by one or more cloud-native services, modifying an association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification, and managing the one or more cloud-native services responsive to the modifying, as previously described. In this regard, the processing circuitry 202 may comprise one or more microprocessors, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof.

The memory circuitry 204 comprises both volatile and non-volatile memory for storing computer program code and data needed by the processing circuitry 202 for operation. Memory circuitry 204 may comprise any tangible, non-transitory computer- readable storage medium for storing data including electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, or semiconductor data storage. As stated above, memory circuitry 204 stores a computer program 208 comprising executable instructions that configure the processing circuitry 202 to implement the methods herein described. A computer program 208 in this regard may comprise one or more code modules corresponding to the means or units described above. In general, computer program instructions and configuration information are stored in a non-volatile memory, such as a ROM, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) or flash memory. Temporary data generated during operation may be stored in a volatile memory, such as a random access memory (RAM). In some embodiments, computer program 208 for configuring the processing circuitry 202 as herein described may be stored in a removable memory, such as a portable compact disc, portable digital video disc, or other removable media. The computer program 208 may also be embodied in a carrier such as an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.

The communication circuitry 206 communicatively connects network node 200 to one or more other nodes in CN 10, as is known in the art. As such, communications circuitry 206 may comprise, for example, any circuitry configured to communicate with the NFs executing on the nodes in CN 10 using any well-known interface.

Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 17 is a functional block diagram illustrating a computer program product for managing cloud-native services according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As seen in Figure 17, computer program 208 comprises a communications module/unit 210, an NF manager module/unit 212, a cloud-native services manager module/unit 214, and a cloud-native services control module/unit 216.

When computer program 208 is executed by processing circuitry 202, the communications module/unit 210 configures network node 200 to communicate with the other NFs in CN 10 to receive service notifications, and to send and/or receive the generated NF topology change reports, as previously described. The NF manager module/unit 212 configures network node 200 to modify the association between the NF and the one or more cloud-native services based on the service notification, as previously described.

The cloud-native services manager module/unit 214 configures network node 200 to add, remove, and/or update NF instances, as previously described. The cloud-native services control module/unit 216 configures network node 200 to then manage and control the cloud-native services, decoupled from the NF instances, as previously described.

Embodiments further include a carrier containing such computer program 208. This carrier may comprise one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. In this regard, embodiments herein also include a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer readable (storage or recording) medium and comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform as described above.

Embodiments further include a computer program product comprising program code portions for performing the steps of any of the embodiments herein when the computer program product is executed by a computing device. This computer program product may be stored on a computer readable recording medium.

The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other ways than those specifically set forth herein without departing from essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.