In particular, this invention relates to a method of separation of a metal component from a composite material including that metal.

Background Art Titanium alloys have been widely used in making components for aircraft, medical implants and chemical processing machinery and structures.

Titanium alloys can also be used to replace steel in making automotive components, but this application has been severely limited by the cost issues. This high cost is largely a result of expensive batch processes that are used to recover titanium from its mineral concentrates, and the technical difficulties associated with melting and alloying titanium.

The conventional titanium production process, the Kroll process, involves the reaction of Ti02 and carbon, in the form of coke, under chlorine gas at temperatures of 800°C to form TiC14 and carbon monoxide.

The titanium chloride (TiC14) produced in the reaction exists as a liquid and has to be purified by distillation. The liquid is introduced into a furnace holding a magnesium melt at 680°C to 750°C to facilitate the formation of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and pure titanium. MgCI2 is a gas, while titanium is a solid sponge. The sponge is purified by distillation or leaching using hydrochloric acid. The magnesium chloride can be recycled through an electrolysis process. The titanium sponge that is formed by this process can then be further processed to produce commercial purity titanium or titanium alloys by vacuum arc melting or other such melting methods.

If titanium or titanium alloy powder is needed, the titanium or titanium alloys need to be heated to a high temperature above (1650°C) to produce titanium/alloy melt. This is atomized into liquid droplets which in turn solidifies as powders.

The limitations of this process include its complexity and the use of chlorine and magnesium. The process involves several high temperature steps where a high amount of energy is needed. This contributes to the high cost of titanium and titanium alloys. The use of chlorine makes the process environmentally unfriendly. Magnesium metal is expensive, so the use of magnesium in the process also contributes to the high cost of titanium. The result of this process is that the cost of the titanium alloy powder is in the range of US$ 40 per kilogram.

United States Patent No. 6,264, 719 (Zhang et al.) discloses both a titanium alloy based dispersion-strengthened composite and a method of manufacture of the same. This patent discloses the use of dry high-energy intensive mechanical milling in the process of producing titanium based metal matrix composites (MMC).

MMCs are composites of a tough conventional engineering alloy and a high strength second phase material, which may be an oxide, nitride, carbide or intermetallic. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys occur at one end of the spectrum of MMCs. These are composites of a tough engineering alloy and a fine dispersion of an oxide. Typically, in order to obtain the required dispersion, there must be no more than 10% volume fraction of the oxide second phase, which may have a size of 10's of nm.

While US 6,264, 719 discloses a method of producing titanium based MMCs at a reduced cost, it does not disclose a method for separating out the unwanted components within the MMC, thus adjusting the level of certain components in the composite to more desirable concentration. The ability to use such a process to recover metal components including metals other than Ti would also be an advantage.

All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, those references do not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.

It is acknowledged that the term'comprise'may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of this specification, and unless otherwise noted, the term"comprise'shall have an inclusive meaning-i. e. that it will be taken to mean an inclusion of not only the listed components it directly references, but also other non-specified components or elements. This rationale will also be used when the term'comprised'or'comprising'is used in relation to one or more of the steps in a method or process.

Object of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to address problems in the prior art, or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.

Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuring description which is given by way of example only.

Summary of the Invention According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of separating components from a metal based composite, the method including the steps of increasing the size of a component and separating the increased sized component from the other components of the composite.

Preferably the metal based composite is heated to a temperature of between about 1500°C and about 1650°C.

Preferably the metal based composite is held at a temperature of between about 1500°C and about 1650°C for a time of between about 0.5 hours and about 10 hours.

Preferably the component increases in size to between about 15 m and about 100 pm.

Preferably the metal based composite is a metal matrix composite made up of at least two components where one is a metal.

Preferably the metal is titanium, yttrium or copper. Most preferably it is titanium.

Preferably the metal based composite is a combination of a metallic base and a reinforcing non-metallic component.

Preferably the non-metallic component is a ceramic material.

Preferably the metal based composite is a metal-ceramic composite where the major component makes up greater than about 50% of the composite.

Preferably the materials or phases that make up the metal based composites include metallic phases, intermetallic phases, oxides, nitrides, carbides or silicates.

Preferably the metallic phases, intermetallic phases and oxides include Ti (Al, O), Ti3Al (O) and TiAI (O) and Al203. For ease of reference throughout the specification, Ti (AI, O), Ti3AI) and TiAI (O) will now be collectively referred to as TixAly (O). This term should not be seen as limiting.

Preferably the component that increases in size in the metal based composite is AtzOs.

Preferably the mean particle size of the Al203 is increased by the heat treatment which brings about coarsening of the Al203 particles.

Preferably the composite is crushed and/or milled following treatment to decrease the size of a component in comparison to other components.

Preferably the milling occurs in an inert environment such as under argon or a vacuum.

Preferably the milling time is limited to minimise reduction of the increased size of the component.

Preferably the powder is mixed with surfactant and water to produce a suspension.

Preferably separation of the components is achieved by sieving, sedimentation, electrophoresis, electrostatic methods, chemical leaching, or the like.

In another aspect the invention provides a titanium rich powder produced by the process described above.

Preferably the Al203 content of the titanium rich powder is less than 30% and more preferably less than 15%.

Preferably the oxygen content in the titanium phase is less than 1.5 atomic percent.

Preferably the separation process is repeated to achieve a powder with a volume fraction of Al203 of less than about 30%.

Preferably the powder is reacted with a reducing agent to reduce the oxygen content in the metal phase to below about 1.5 atomic percent.

Preferably the Al203 volume fractions in the powder is reduced to below about 10% and the powder is reacted with a rare earth metal.

Drawing Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only and with reference to accompanying drawing in which: Figure 1 The microstructure of T (AI, O)/AI203 composite produced by pressure less sintering of the AI/TiOz composite powder at different temperatures (a) 1550 °C for 3 hours and (b) 1650 °C for 4 hours. The bright phase is Ti (AI, O) and the dark phase is Ai203.

Detailed Description of the Invention The invention of the present application is broadly directed to the separation of metals from composite materials. While there are known methods for achieving this, these methods suffer from some disadvantages and alternatives are needed.

For example, the combustion reaction used to produce TixAly/AI203 composite from aluminium and the titanium dioxide powders, as described in US Patent No. 6,264, 719

results in the formation of Al203 particles and a titanium rich metallic or intermetallic phase.

The titanium metallic or intermetallic phase is either Ti (AI, O) which is a solid solution of Al and oxygen in titanium, or Ti3Al (O) or TiAI (O) which is a titanium aluminide intermetallic compound containing dissolved oxygen, or a mixture of these phases.

It is often a disadvantage of the method disclosed in US Patent No. 6,264, 719 that the volume fraction of the Al203 component in the TixAly/AI203 composite is undesirably high, being greater than about 45%. While Al203 is a desired component of a metal-ceramic composite, it is often desirable to reduce the volume fraction of 203 to a low level of less than about 30% and more preferably 15%.

By reducing the volume fraction of the Al203 in the composite, mechanical properties of the metal-ceramic composites such as ductility and fracture toughness can be improved.

More importantly, by reducing the volume fraction of the Al203 to less than 15% or more preferably 10%, the TiAly/A1203 powder can then be further reduced by using calcium, calcium hydride or other suitable reductants to the titanium alloy in titanium aluminide, thus providing an alternative route for producing these high value titanium base metallic materials. This process can also be used to separate metals, such as copper or yttrium from composites including oxides of those metals (eg Cu2O ; Y203) for example.

It has been found that the mean particle size of the Al203 is increased by heat treatment, which brings about coarsening of the Al203 particles. This can be seen inFigure 1.

With reference specifically to titanium composites and Figure 1, by heating the TiAly/A1203 bulk composite to a temperature range of between about 1500°C and about 1650°C and holding at the temperature for a set period of time, ranging from about 0.5 to about 10 hours, the Al203 particles are significantly coarsened. The Al203 particle size increases to the range of approximately 15-100 urn. Temperatures over 1650°C can also be used as will be readily apparent but can be impractical in practice. The top and bottom limit will be readily discernable on testing.

The term'particle'in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean the individual embedded particles that make up a material and is a term known to

someone skilled in the art. The shape of a particle within the solid is usually controlled by the presence of surrounding matrix and the application of heat to the material will allow the particles to coarsen, or grow in size.

It is an advantage of the present invention that the mean particle size of Al203 can be increased. By coarsening the Al203 particles in the composite, the material becomes more favourable for the later separation steps. This is contrary to conventional wisdom as the coarsening of the embedded particles within a composite is usually undesirable, as coarsened particles can decrease the overall strength of the final product.

In order to facilitate the separation of the increased sized Al203 from the TixAly (O), the composite with the coarsened Al203 particles is crushed and milled to produce a TixAly (O)/AI203 powder. The majority of the powder particles (greater that 85% in volume) will be either Ti rich metallic particles or A1203 particles. The milling step will preferably be adjusted to reduce the size of the Ti rich metallic particles while minimising the size reduction of the other component (ie Al203).

In some embodiments, the milling of the composite is undertaken under an inert environment. This could include an inert atmosphere such as argon, or a vacuum.

In preferred embodiments, the inert atmosphere is argon.

The milling condition needs to be controlled in such a way that the composite microstructure is broken into Al203 and TiAly (O) powder particles.

In preferred embodiments the milling time is limited in order to prevent the milling of the Al203 (or other undesirable component) beyond the preferred particle size.

The preferred particle size of the Al203 is approximately the size of the Al203 particles produced after grain coarsening. In other words, the milling and crushing processes will have a minimal effect on the Al203 size. It is a feature of the Al203 particle that after coarsening in the structure of the particle is often a single crystal. A single crystal material lacks or has no microstructure, including grain boundaries. It is a feature of single crystal that the lack of defects increases the overall strength and single crystal Al203 is therefore hard and resists crushing. The metallic or intermetallic phase on the other hand is easily

milled in comparison the Al203 and the average particle size of each component is therefore significantly different after milling.

In some embodiments the separation of the Al203 could be undertaken by means of a sieving or the like after milling of the metallic-ceramic composite, however, this is listed by way of example only and should not be seen to be limiting in any way as the Al203 Ti rich components could also be separated by using for example electrophoresis, electrostatic techniques (as electrosorption) or by chemical leaching methods.

In the preferred embodiments the separation of the Al203 from other components of the crushed TixAly (O)/AI203 powder is by sedimentation of the components in a liquid.

To prepare the suspension for sedimentation, the crushed TixAly (O)/AI203 powder is milled together with a mixture of water (solvent) and surfactant to ensure good coating of each powder particle by the water/surfactant molecules, creating a slurry. As an alternative, the powder can be mixed with the surfactant prior to mixing with the water (or other suitable liquid/solvent) to create the slurry.

In preferred embodiments the water/surfactant mixture has a pH in the range of 4-10.

However, it should be appreciated that this is listed by way of example only and should not be seen to be limiting in any way.

In some embodiments the surfactant is either sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (C, 2H25SO4~Na+) or polyacrylic acid ([-CH2CH (CO2H)-] n), although these are listed by way of example only and should not be seen to be limiting in any way.

In preferred embodiments, the surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (C12H2sSO4~Na+).

In other preferred embodiments, the ratio of surfactant to powder is typically 1: 10 by weight.

The coating of the surfactant onto the powder particles provides a number of advantages.

While the sizes of the particles rich in different components of the composite have been differentiated by the grain coarsening process and further milling processes, if they were simply suspended in water (or a similar solvent), the sedimentation rate would be too high

to differentiate the sedimentation times of the two types of powder particles. The addition of the surfactant assists suspension of the small particles in the liquid for a longer time and ensures the break up of the agglomerate and separation of the particles, and thus allows the larger, heavier Api203 rich particles to fall, as a sediment, well ahead of the smaller TiAly (O) rich particles.

Once the milled composite is sufficiently coated, the slurry can then be mixed with a quantity of liquid to make a suspension with a preferred powder concentration.

In some embodiments, the powder concentration in the suspension is 5-20 g/litre.

In preferred embodiments, the powder concentration in the suspension is 10-15 g/litre.

It should be appreciated that the water in which the powder is suspended could also be a water based solution, although these are listed by of example and should not be seen to be limiting. It is, however, preferred that the suspending agent is water.

The suspension can then be poured into a column of height ranging from 0.3 m to 10 m and allowed to settle. In preferred embodiments, the settling time ranges from 30 minutes to 4 hours.

After the settling for a period of time, the suspension, which now mainly contains TixAly (O) rich powder, is taken out of the column and the solid powder is separated from the liquid by filtering, centrifuge separation, or other typical liquid/solid separation methods to produce a Tira) y (O) rich powder. The sediment mainly contains Al203 rich powder.

It should be appreciated that while the sediment contains Al203, it is only rich in this component, other components will be present. The milling process will produce components of differing mean particle size, so there will still be some Al203 in the suspension as well.

The TiXAly (O) rich powder produced from the first round of column sedimentation typically contains 20-40 volume % Al203. To further reduce the volume fraction of the Al203 in the powder, the powder can be compacted sintered and coarsened to produce a TiAly (O)/AI203 composite again and crushing, wet milling, mixing with a liquid and column sedimentation cycle can be repeated.

It should be appreciated that this process cycle may be repeated multiple times to reduce the volume fraction of Al203 to a level typically in the range of 10-20%.

It should also be appreciated that the Al203 in the TixAly (O) rich powder may also be reduced by using other separating means such as electrophoresis or magnetic separation or the like, however these are listed by way of example only and should not be seen to be limiting.

In another embodiment of the present invention, TiAly (O) rich powder which has a volume fraction of Al203 preferably less than about 15% can be further reduced by mixing with calcium, calcium hydride or other reductants and heated to facilitate the reaction between the Al203 and the reductant to consume the majority of the Al203, and between TiAly (O) and the reductant to reduce the dissolved oxygen content in the TixAly (O) phase.

For instance, as by product of these reactions, the calcium oxide phase can be leached out using mild acids such as formic acid, acetic acid or the like, however, these are by way of example only and should not be seen to be limiting. In this way, a Ti-AI alloy or Ti, Aly compounds containing less than 1.5 atomic percent of dissolved oxygen can be produced.

It is an advantage to be able to produce a titanium based alloys or intermetallic compounds with an oxygen content below 1.5 atomic %, as dissolved oxygen has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of these materials, and thus reduces their values accordingly.

Alternatively, the TixAly (O) rich powder containing less than 10 volume percent Al203 can be further mixed with some rare earth metals such as yttrium and cerium and sintered to allow the reaction of the rare earth metals with Al203 and TixAly (O) to form composites consisting TixAly with a low dissolved oxygen content (less than 1.5 atomic percent) and particles of rare earth oxides.

The addition of rare earth metals to the Ti » Aly (O) rich powder allows the production of high value specialised materials with certain desirable features depending upon the rare earth metal added.

The term'rare earth metal'is a term known to someone skilled in the art and refers to metals that appear in the lanthanide series of the periodic table of elements.

While the starting materials required to produce the final TixAly (O) rich composite, being TiO2 powder, Al powder and other metal or metal oxide powders, should have purity levels of at least 98.5% to ensure the purity of the titanium alloys produced, it should be appreciated that in some cases, starting materials of lower purity, such as titaniferous smelter slag can be used. This slag typically contains 33 percent titanium oxides on a molar basis.

It should be appreciated that a lower purity starting material may compromise the quality of the titanium based alloys or composites that are formed. When less pure starting material is used, the process may need to be modified to accommodate the lower purity starting materials.

It is an advantage of the present invention that TixAly (O) of high purity with limited and controllable amounts of Al203 present can be produced by a relatively low cost, environmentally friendly, method of manufacture. The process also adaptable to separation of other metals as referred to earlier. Using the milling and the separation process as described, experiments with copper oxide and aluminium, and yttrium oxide and aluminium have shown the applicability of these methods to separate other metal based composites, too. An optical analysis of the separation results in these cases confirmed a particle size differentiation between the components. Thus the basic principles of the process as specifically described for titanium also apply to separation of these metals for example.

It is also an advantage of the present invention that the separation technique does not utilise any environmentally restricted materials such as chlorine and the like.

It is also an added advantage of the present invention that the cost of high purity Ti3AI is significantly reduced in comparison with current existing production costs for Ti3AI.

The term'component'in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean a phase that makes up part of a metal-based composite. While it should be appreciated that there is at least two components in a metal based composite, there is theoretically no limit to the number of components that make up metal based composite.

Examples The steps detailed below utilise as a starting material, the Al/TiO2 composite powder formed by the method of manufacture as disclosed in US Patent No. 6,264, 719 and disclose the method of producing high purity TiAI alloy or TixAly intermetallic compounds with Al203 in low and controlled concentrations.

The starting material used in the process is Ti02 powder, Al powder and other metal oxides or metal oxide powders, require a purity level of at least 98.5% to ensure the purity of the titanium alloys produced have the desired quality.

Step 1: reaction sintering of the TixAly (O)/AI203 bulk composite The Al/TiO2 composite powder produced using the method disclosed in US patent 6,264, 719 is pressed into a compact. The mole ratio between Al and Ti02 can be controlled according to one of the following nominal expressions: 4/3 Al +Ti02- Ti + 2/3 Al203 (1) 5/3 Al + Ti02 o 1/3 Ti3AI + 2/3 Al203 (2) 7/3 Al + Ti02 e TiAI +2/3 Al203 (3) The compact is heated to a temperature sufficiently high to ignite the composite reaction between the Al and the Ti02, forming TixAly (O) including Ti (AI, O) and Al203. The heating and combustion reaction also causes sintering of the powder compact into a bulk Ti, Aly (O)/AI203 composite. The temperature required for ignition is 700°C.

Alternatively, the Al/Ti02 composite powder can be heated to a temperature above 700°C to allow the ignition of the combustion reaction between Al and Ti02 forming Ti, Aly (O)/AI203 composite powder.

The TixAly (O)/AI203 composite powder can be pressed into a compact and sintered into a bulk TixAly (O)/AI203 by holding the compact at 1550°C for two hours.

Step 2: Method of Coarsening of Al20 ; particle size The TixAly (O)/AI203 bulk composite is heated to 1650°C and is held at this temperature for 4 hours to cause the Al203 particles in the TixAly (O)/AI203 composite to be significantly coarsened, as shown in Figure 1. The size of the Al203 particles should be in the range of 15-100 um. The heating rate is 5°C/minute.

It should be appreciated that sometimes it might be advantageous to combine step 1 and step 2.

Step 3: Preparation of the composite for separation Crush and mill the TixAly (O)/AI203 composite with coarsened microstructure using a mechanical mill under argon or other inert atmosphere including a vacuum. The milling time should be about 20 minutes. The milling condition needs to be controlled in such a way that the composite microstructure is broken into discrete Al203 and TixAly (O) powder particles. The milling should not be too long and the reduction of the Al203 particle size should be prevented. The size of the powder particles is in the range of 0. 5-100 um. The powder contains 40-60% of 203 depending on the Al/Ti02 mole ratio in the starting powder.

Step 4: Addition of a surfactant to the powder and production of the slurry The TiXAly (O)/AI203 powder produced from step 3 is further mixed with water and surfactant at a ratio of 1 g of powder to 10 ml of water and 0.1 g of surfactant in a mechanical mill. The surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulphate. The milling time is 30 minutes, or sufficiently long to coat the powder particles surface with water and the surfactant molecules. At the end of this step a slurry is produced.

Step 5: Separation of the slurry The slurry from step 4 is mixed with a large quantity of water to make a suspension with a powder concentration of approximately 10 g/litre. The suspension is then poured into a column with a height of 5 m. After a time of one hour, the suspension is separated from the liquid using a typical solid-liquid separation method such as filtering or centrifugal separation. The powder produced is called B1 powder. In the meantime, sediment at the

bottom of the column is also taken out of the column and filtered. The powder produced from the sediment is called the B2 powder. B1 powder, which accounts for typically 30- 50% of the total starting powder, contains 20-40% AtzOs. B2 powder, which accounts for typically 50-70% of the total starting powder contains 70-85% Ai203. B1 powder has a particle size typically in the range of 0.5-10 pm, while the B2 powder has a particle size typically in the range of 5-100 um.

Step 6: Further separation of low AI203 powders B1 powder is compacted by using mechanical press and the material goes through step 1 to step 5 again to produce B3 and B4 powders. B3 powder is from the suspension and contains a lower volume fraction of Ai203 than the B1 powder. The volume fraction of Al203 articles in the B3 powder is in the range of 15-25%. B4 is the by-product of the process. B1 to B4 powders are all valuable in their own right.

Steps 1 to 5 may be repeated more than once to produce B5 and B6 or further refined powders.

Step 6a: Extraction of titanium rich powder from suspension The B1 or B3 powder produced from step 5 is mixed with surfactant and water to produce a suspension with a solid concentration of approximately 10 g/litre. The titanium rich powder is then extracted from the suspension by using either a method of electrophoresis or magnetic separation.

Step 7: Addition of calcium hydride to reduce the oxygen content in the titanium rich powder Once the volume fraction of the Al203 in the TiAly (O) rich powder has been reduced to below 30% the powder can then be mixed with calcium hydride and heated to 800°C to facilitate the reaction between Al203 and calcium hydride to eliminate Al203, and between TixAly (O) and calcium hydride to reduce the oxygen content in the TixAly (O) phase to below 1.5 atomic percent. As a by product of the reaction, the CaO and 3CaO. AI203 phase can then be leached out by using mild acids such as formic and acetic acids.

Step 7a: Addition of Y and Ce to the titanium rich powder Alternatively, once the volume fraction of the Ai203 in the TixAly (O) rich powder is below 10%, the powder will be mixed with rare earth metals such as yttrium (Y) and cerium (Ce) to react with Al203 and TixAly (O) to form composites consisting of TixAly with a low dissolved oxygen content (<1 at%) and the particles of rare earth metals.

Times of processing methods (based on upscaling the basic research work) were as follows : 1 High energy mechanical milling (Discus Mill) time was 2 hours for 250 g of Al/TiO2.

2 Heat-treatment timing was 3 hours at high temperature such as 1500-1600°C for the pressed milled product powder. After this heat treatment the intermediate product powder will be Ti3Al (O)/AI203 with high volume fraction of Al203.

3 Crushing of the pellets time was 10 min (in discus milling machine).

4 Wet milling the Ti3Al (O)/AI203 with high volume fraction of A1203 four 30 minutes in order to disaggregate the Ti3Al (O), and Al203 particles and prevent them from reaggregating again 5 The wet milled powder is placed in a large scale sedimentation column for 2 hours as settling time. After that decant the top fraction of the sedimentation column containing the Ti3Al (O)/AI203 with low volume fraction of Al203. The amount of this material is about 50% of the total powder in the first stage.

6 Metal hydride reduction 4 hours at high temperature of the Ti3Al (O)/AI203 with low volume fraction of Al203 in order to achieve different kinds of titanium alloys. We can control this chemical processing to achieve either Ti3AI/TiAI or TiAI/Ti3AI or any other titanium alloys depending on the starting constituents.

7 Washing 4 hours in order to get rid of the by product materials.

This separation technique we have developed is a unique technique tool to separate different material particles, which have some particle agglomeration barrier. It does not matter whether they are of close or different densities. With different densities wet milling will help to disaggregate the particles then separate the particles within the slurry using sedimentation column. When there is little difference in the densities, heat treatment will

coarsen the particles, then by crushing we can achieve particle differentiation between different phases particles. This was what happened between Ti3Al (O), and Al203 particles.

To produce 1 kg of pure titanium alloy we need 3.3 Kg of the Ti3Al (O)/AI203 with high volume fraction of Al203 (which is the product of the heat treatment of the Al/TiO2) in this case we can say we need 2.24 kg of Ti02 and 1.06 kg of Al powder to mill then followed by heat treatment.

The final TiAI/Ti3AI product is a titanium aluminium alloy with little or no Al203 phase.

Different analysis techniques, such as X-ray diffractometry, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), EDX analysis and X-ray mapping confirm this. Powder combustion analysis using Leco equipments confirm that this titanium alloy also has a low oxygen content (down to about 0.8 wt%).

While in the foregoing description there has been made reference to specific components or integers of the invention having known equivalents then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth.

Although this invention has been described by way of example only and with reference to possible embodiments thereof it is to be understood that modifications or improvements may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.