CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U .S. Provisional Patent

Application No. 61 /589,704 which was filed on January 23, 2012, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

STATEM ENT AS TO RIGHTS TO I NVENTION MADE UNDER FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01 830 awarded by the U .S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention .

TECH N ICAL FI ELD

The present disclosure relates to the separation of components from a stream of different components. The stream can be combustion effluent which can include C0 ₂ for example, and the apparatus and methods can be used to separate and/or sequester C0 ₂ . BACKGROUN D

Environmental policy has dictated that certain components of combustion effluents be regulated and their discharge into the atmosphere be reduced. Example effluents include but are not limited to SOx and NO _x . Recently, environmental public policy considerations have dictated that the current or expanding amounts of C0 ₂ exhaust into the atmosphere should be limited or eliminated as well. As C0 ₂ is a major product of combustion, and combustion is typically an essential method for creating energy and meeting the world's energy demands, the focus of limiting C0 ₂ emissions has been on combustion processes such as coal combustion, particularly, flue gas from coal combustion. Flue gas typically contains coal combustion products which include components such as sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, as well as oxides of same, including CO2. The present disclosure provides apparatus and methods for separating the CO ₂ from the other flue gas components and post separation, the sequestration of the C0 ₂ .

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

Apparatus for separating C0 ₂ from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example apparatus can include: a vessel defining an interior volume and configured to house an electrolyte solution; an input conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume and configured to convey the electrolyte solution to the interior volume; an output conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume and configured to convey the electrolyte solution outside the interior volume; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; and an anode located within the interior volume and configured to provide hydrogen to the electrolyte solution within the vessel.

Other example apparatus can include: an elongated vessel defining an interior volume and configured to house an electrolyte solution , the vessel having two regions, each of the two regions associated with an opposing terminal end of the vessel; an input conduit extending outwardly from a wall of the one region of the vessel and in fluid communication with one of the two regions and configured to convey the electrolyte solution to the one region; an output conduit extending outwardly from a wall of the other region of the vessel and in fluid communication with the other of the two regions and configured to convey the electrolyte solution outside the other region; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the one region; and an anode located within the one region and configured to provide hydrogen to the electrolyte solution within the vessel. Methods for separating CO2 from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example methods can include: providing a CO2 rich electrolyte solution to a vessel containing an anode; and distributing hydrogen from the anode to acidify the electrolyte solution and evolve at least some of the C0 ₂ from the electrolyte solution to outside the vessel. DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the disclosure are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 is a separation apparatus according to an embodiment.

Fig. 1 B is the separation apparatus of Fig. 1 detailing the flow of components in accordance with an example configuration.

Figs. 2 and 2A are portions of the separation apparatus of Fig. 1 according to an embodiment.

Figs. 3 and 3A are portions of the separation apparatus of Fig. 1 according to an embodiment. Fig. 4 is an alternative embodiment of a separation apparatus according to an embodiment.

Fig. 5 depicts photographs of an example according to an experimental embodiment.

Fig. 6 depicts the results for experiment 1 . Fig. 7 depicts the results for experiment 2.

Fig . 8A is a separation apparatus according to an embodiment.

Fig. 8B is the separation apparatus of Fig. 5 detailing the flow of components in accordance with an example configuration .

Fig. 9 is a portion of the separation apparatus of Fig. 5 according to an embodiment. DESCRI PTION

The separation and/or sequestration apparatus and/or methods of the present disclosure are described with reference to Figs. 1 -9. Referring first to Fig. 1 , assembly 10 is provided that includes housing 11 containing a solution 12. Housing 11 can be an inert housing such as stainless steel, for example, and be of sufficient composition to avoid corrosion as it would be exposed to solutions having both acidic and caustic pH's. Housing 11 can define a vessel having an interior volume and configured to house solution 12. The vessel can be elongated and have opposing terminal ends.

Solution 12 within assembly 10 can be considered an electrolyte solution and can be primarily aqueous in nature. Solution 12 can have a high salt concentration sufficient to minimize ohmic losses due to ionic conduction between an anode and/or cathode within assembly 1 0. This salt concentration can range between from about 1 molar to about 1 0 molar. The electrolyte can be prepared from many salts such as potassium, sodium, barium, calcium, lithium, and/or magnesium, salts and chloride, sulfate, fluoride, iodide, phosphate, and/or nitrate, for example. Housing 11 can be arranged in a substantially normal relation to the horizontal plane, thereby taking advantage of gravitational effects, for example. In other arrangements a pressure differential may be established between entry and outlet by situating one or more pumps at the entry or outlets to establish a pressure differential through the vessel and/or across regions of the vessel.

In accordance with example implementations, a fluid flow 16 can be directed at the upper portion of assembly 12 via conduit 3, and this fluid flow can be directed through housing 11 and exiting the lower portion via conduit 14. Conduit 13 can be considered an input conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume of the vessel. Conduit 13 can be configured to convey the electrolyte solution to the interior volume. Conduit 1 3 can extend outwardly from a wall of housing 11 . Conduit 14 can be considered an output conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume of the vessel. Conduit 14 can be configured to convey the electrolyte solution outside the interior volume. Conduit 14 can extend outwardly from a wall of housing 11 . In accordance with example implementations, fluid 16 entering conduit 1 3 can include a particular effluent component having a form consistent with a proton deficient or basic aqueous environment. Example components include SOx, NO _x , and C0 ₂ . With regard to a specific system, the effluent component to be separated can include C0 ₂ having the form HC0 ₃ ^" and/or H ₂ C0 ₃ in a proton deficient environment, for example. In a proton rich or acidic environment C0 ₂ can take the form of C0 ₂ gas for example.

With reference to Fig. 1 and for example purposes only, regions of assembly 1 0 have been identified as region 1 8 and region 19. Region 1 8 can be considered an upper region of assembly 10, and region 1 9 can be considered a lower region of assembly 10. For purposes of explanation these regions are depicted as separated by a dashed line. However, the interface between these regions should not be considered to be so clear as this partition is for explanation purposes only. In accordance with example embodiments, the vessel can have two regions. Each of the two regions can be associated with a different opposing terminal end of the vessel. The input conduit can be in fluid communication with one region, region 18 for example, and configured to convey electrolyte solution to the one region. The output conduit can be in fluid communication with the other region, region 1 9 for example, and configured to convey electrolyte solution outside the other region. Region 18 can be considered the proton rich or acidic region of assembly 10, and region 1 9 can be considered the proton deficient or basic region of assembly 10. In accordance with an example aspect of the disclosure, the

C0 ₂ in a proton deficient or basic medium (2HC0 ₃ ^" ) can enter assembly 1 0, and be exposed to the media of region 1 8 containing anode 24. Anode 24 can be located within the interior volume of the vessel and configured to provide hydrogen to the electrolytic solution within the vessel. Anode 24 can be located in region 1 8 for example.

Anode 24 can be supplied with hydrogen in the form of hydrogen gas (H ₂ ). The anode can be configured as a gas diffusion type electrode with H ₂ exposed on one side, and electrolyte solution 1 2 on the other side. It can be a thin shell of electrode material of any desirable shape, for example. It can be configured to facilitate oxidation of H ₂ at a low electrochemical overpotential. Anode 24 can be configured as a bubbler. The flooding of anode 24 by solution 12 is to be avoided.

Anode 24 of region 18 provides protons to this region through the electrochemical conversion of H ₂ to acid H ⁺ which is then available in the aqueous media to react with proton deficient form of the effluent and form C0 ₂ gas, for example. The configuration of anode 24 can be varied. In one configuration anode 24 can be a planar gas diffusion electrode with H ₂ on one side and solution on the other. It may be a single sheet, a folded or fluted sheet, or a series of stacked sheets as well. Specific to gas diffusion electrode is the prevention of flooding of the planar sheet by solution . Further, anode 24 may consist of many separate electrode structures. An assembly of anodes may be used that are electrically connected in parallel or in series, for example. Solution within region 18 may flow from one anode to the next, in series, or be fed individually to each electrode in parallel. C0 ₂ evolution may occur at the electrode surface, near the surface or distant from the electrodes, possibly in a separate chamber, provided that the majority of C0 ₂ gas is not swept to the cathode. Structures, such as rough surfaces, devices, such as ultrasonic horns, or chemicals may be introduced to enhance nucleation and evolution of C0 ₂ gas upon formation.

More particularly, within region 1 8, the following formula is an example of the form of both water and reduced carbon dioxide: H ₂ + 2HC0 ₃ ^" → C0 ₂ (g)+2H ₂ 0+2e ^"

In this form, C0 ₂ is in a gas phase, and thereby can evolve from assembly 10 as gas 28. As C0 ₂ is formed at anode 24, electrons are generated, and these electrons are transferred to cathode 26 in the caustic region 1 9 of assembly 1 0. The vessel may also include an exhaust conduit 27 in fluid communication with the interior volume of the vessel. I n accordance with example embodiments, conduit 27 can be in fluid communication with the one region , region 1 8 for example, and/or proximate anode 24. In accordance with example implementations, as fluid 16 transitions through assembly 1 0, it transitions through region 18 on to region 1 9. Region 19 is maintained as proton deficient or basic region thereby transitioning the media from an acidic form to a basic form.

Cathode 26 can be configured to produce hydrogen from solution 1 2 exposed thereto. Cathode 26 can be within the electrolytic solution and/or proximate conduit 14 and/or within region 1 9. In accordance with example implementations, the cathode can be located within the interior volume of the vessel. Cathode 26 can be configured to receive electrons and produce hydrogen. I n accordance with example implementations, this solution 12 can be depleted of C0 ₂ which in turn can cause the solution to become more caustic. Cathode 22 can be configured to efficiently capture the H ₂ created. For example, cathode 22 can include a cap configured to capture and direct the H ₂ created to a storage chamber or directly to anode 24. Solution flowing from the anode that is depleted of C0 ₂ load is made more basic at the cathode. Anode 24 can be operatively coupled to cathode 26 and configured to receive hydrogen from the cathode. Cathode 26 can be operatively coupled to the anode and configured to receive electrons from the anode. The cathode should efficiently produce H ₂ gas and capture that gas for delivery to the anode. Delivery may be by a suitable storage chamber or immediately made available to the anode. Solution flowing across the cathode will become more basic and can be made available to another vessel such as an absorber where an effluent component may be absorbed into solution.

As with the anode the cathode may have many configurations as a single electrode or an assembly of electrodes connected in parallel or in series. The basic solution of region 19 can be delivered to the absorber or alternatively the absorption process could be integrated into the cathode. Addition of all or some portion of the exit stream to the cathode flow stream can be used to reduce the pH at the cathode and thereby reduce the voltage needed to drive the electrochemical circuit. The electrode design should efficiently capture the evolved H ₂ gas and prevent its dilution with C0 ₂ or other effluents within the media.

In accordance with example implementations, solution 12 can flow by cathode 26 as it proceeds to exit conduit 14 as a basic water solution . I n accordance with example implementations, both anode 24 can be coupled to cathode 26 via a conductive material to transfer electrons. This conductive material can have power source 29 there between to facilitate the transfer of electrons, for example. In accordance with other implementations, cathode 26 can be coupled to anode 24 via cond uit to transfer hydrogen in the form of gas.

Referring to Fig. 1 B, an example of flow of components of the effluent and the system is shown with particular emphasis on C0 ₂ as an effluent component to be removed and/or sequestered. In accordance with this figure, HC0 ₃ can be received from an absorber and exposed to a proton rich environment provided by an anode producing H ⁺ . I n this region, C0 ₂ gas is produced and removed from the system. The solution received from the absorber can then proceed past the cathode where H ⁺ is removed from the solution to create a proton deficient or basic environment. The protons from this solution can be transferred to the anode and this solution can be utilized to absorb effluent components.

I n a system for C0 ₂ separation/sequestration, the solution entering the chamber may contain dissolved C0 ₂ in a variety of soluble forms including C0 ₂ (aq), HC0 ₃ ^~ and C0 ₂ ^" but HC0 ₃ ^~ will be the dominant chemical species. At the anode an unspecified fraction will be converted to C0 ₂ gas and the remainder transferred to the cathode where some or most of the remaining HC0 ₃ ^" is converted to C0 ₂ ^" . I n the absorber C0 ₂ is absorbed causing the solution to become more acidic and cause HC0 ₃ ^" to dominate at the solution exit to an absorber, for example.

The addition of C0 ₂ gas or acid or base at the anode and cathode respectively will cause a shift in C0 ₂ soluble species and in the ability of the solution to absorb or evolve C0 ₂ gas.

In one illustrative embodiment, sufficient acid is added at the anode to drive the solution predominately to C0 ₂ (aq) and most of the dissolved C0 ₂ from the absorber is captured as gas at the anode. Such a solution will have a pH below about 6.5. Base added at the cathode can drive the pH as high as 13 or 14. Absorption of flue gas C0 ₂ will then drive the pH down below approximately 1 0.

Alternatively, if sufficient acid is added at the anode to convert only half the C0 ₂ load to C0 ₂ (aq) which is then released as C0 ₂ gas, the pH will drop to only 7 to 8. However, addition of base at the cathode will cause the pH to rise to near 1 0 to 11 . Thus the pH swing in this version is much less and the applied voltage may be reduced with subsequent reduction in power costs. However less C0 ₂ is captured compared to the first embodiment.

The system should be operated to minimize the amount of power and pumping energy required per unit of C0 ₂ gas captured. Referring to Figs. 2 and 2A, for example, anode 24 is described in more detail. Anode 24 can include an impermeable cap 30. Anode 24 can include metal support 34 within an exterior defined by a catalyzed carbon electrode 32 configured to generate H ⁺ ions at its outer surface. The pore size of this carbon electrode can be from 0.5 to 1 μιτι and the interior of which can be configured to receive H ₂ gas.

Referring to Figs. 3 and 3A, a more detailed view of cathode 26 is shown. I n accordance with example implementations, electrons can be provided to a platinum support 38 which is at least partially immersed in electrolyte solution containing water. Upon exposure of the platinum support 38 to electrons and water; H ₂ gas 40 can be generated and captured within assembly 36. In accordance with example implementations, the conversion of these materials is shown below: 2H ₂ 0+2e-→ H ₂ (g)+20H ^"

Gas transfer between the cathode and anode can occur by many methods, including storage or direct transfer. I n accordance with example implementations, an intermediate storage reservoir can be configured to couple to assembly 1 0 and accumulate H ₂ from the cathode and deliver H ₂ at the anode as desired. In accordance with example implementations, the reservoir may have the advantage that H ₂ flow could be regulated more precisely.

Physical arrangement of the anode and cathode may be such that the ionic pathway through solution 12 as it migrates through regions 1 8 and 1 9 can be limited. For example, the physical proximity of the anode and cathode can be optimized to achieve efficient H ₂ transfer while allowing efficient C0 ₂ separation.

Referring to Fig. 4, in accordance with an alternative embodiment, solution 46 is exposed to anode 54 which traverses regions 48 and 49 through assembly 40 and is then exposed to cathode 56. I n accordance with example implementations, electrons are provided from anode 54 and cathode 56 via conductive element 50, which can further be coupled to power source 59. I n accordance with another embodiment, hydrogen can be transferred between cathode 56 and anode 54 via conduit 42. Conduit 42 can reside within the volume defined by assembly 40.

As noted above the anode and cathode may have a variety of configurations. Further the anode and cathode assemblies may be separated by an intervening flow chamber for the solution as well as the connecting conduit for transfer of H ₂ gas. Alternatively they may be closely integrated such that H ₂ created at the cathode is immediately available for use at the anode. Electrical connection between anode and cathode may be in series or in parallel in a manner partially dependent on the configurations of each anode and cathode assembly.

It is desirable to have CO ₂ removal 28 from assembly 1 0 be sufficient from solution 12 prior to that solution migrating to the bottom or towards the lower portion of assembly 1 0 and coming in contact with the cathode. However, while depicted in this description, it may not be possible to remove all of the CO2, but some C0 ₂ remaining in the solution does not render assembly 10 or the methods inoperable.

I n accordance with example implementations, a 4 KCI with 0.1 M KHCO ₃ solution can be used as the feed solution and the pH of the exiting KOH solution monitored. A pH electrode can also be used to monitor the solution near the top anode. The electrode location, and hence the interpretation of the pH value, can vary with electrode design. In some configurations, the inlet solution pH can be monitored and in other configurations, the solution above or to the side of the electrode can be monitored.

A sonicator with a horn type probe can be used in some configurations to stimulate nucleation of C0 ₂ gas. Typically the sonication can be kept on for 0.1 sec and pulsed at 10 sec intervals. Power may be varied from 100% to 20%.

The 0.1 M KHCO ₃ solution in 4M KCI can be pumped into the assembly at about 4 ml/min . The head space above the assembly can be purged with N ₂ at a flow of either 10 or 20 ml/min and the exhaust fed into a C0 ₂ meter. Calibration of this meter is not particularly stable or accurate and we estimate a 1 0 to 20 % error in the measured value. In the data reported below, the C0 ₂ concentration is reported as either a direct meter reading or converted to a flow rate of moles of C0 ₂ produced per minute. To obtain a chemical efficiency this number was divided by the KHCO3 inlet flow rate.

The current, I , that matches in KHCO3 mass flow is given by: l=n ^* C*S*F

Where C is the concentration, S if the flow rate, F is faradays constant and n is the number of electrons needed. n=1 in this case. In units of mol/liter, ml/min the equation is:

l=1 .6 ^* S ^* C

and for a 0.1 M solution at 4 ml/min the equivalent current can be 0.161 A or 161 mA. These relationships can be used to express the results in terms of coulometric efficiency.

The pump used for these configurations can be a small peristaltic pump that can produce a flow rate but which was not linear or very variable. Flows can be calibrated by collecting the outlet flow during each experiment. Photographs of an example assembly are shown in Fig. 5. The

KHCO3 solution can enter through the Swagelok port in the top left of the left picture. It then can flow down and over the anode shown in detail as the black cylinder in the right hand picture. The anode can be a hollow porous stainless steel cylinder with a platinum catalyst coating on the outside. It is here that the C0 ₂ evolutions should occur. The depleted solution can flow down to the cathode at the bottom of the reactor and out the Swagelok fittings at the bottom left. H ₂ gas created at the bottom cathode can bubble up through the barely visible center tube and into the bottom of the hollow anode where it can be reconverted to acid on the outside. The above configuration was used to generate the data below:

Summary of Experimental Results

Exp. 1 used the basic reactor of pictured above without sonication. The results demonstrated the electrochemical functionality of the device and the primary conclusion was that at least 4M KCI was required to reduce the ohmic overpotential associated with solution conductivity and the importance of balancing the proton generation rate to the in-flow of bicarbonate solution else the pH may be insufficiently acidic to generate CO ₂ . I n Exp. 2 the stainless steel support was eliminated and a flat electrode with a flow director was utilized. In these experiments we were able to evolve significant amounts of C0 ₂ as detailed below. In certain configurations, it can be beneficial to closely direct the flow of C0 ₂ saturated solution over the acid generating electrode and that if done properly, ultrasonication may not be needed and most certainly should be kept at very low and intermittent power levels.

Results for Exp. 1 are shown in Fig. 6. The in-let flow was kept constant at 4 ml/min of 0.3 M KHC0 ₃ in 4M KCI. Initially the voltage and current were gradually increased and then the current held constant at 350 mA or about 18% of the KHCO ₃ flow. The plot shows the "normalized current" which is the actual current converted to mole equivalents and divided by the KHC0 ₃ flow rate. The exit pH gradually increased to 8.8. At about 1 35 minutes a C0 ₂ meter was connected. The C0 ₂ flow was initially about 1 5% of the KH CO3 flow. This is the normalized C0 ₂ flow rate. The current was then turned off and the pH and C0 ₂ flows were allowed to decay to near original values. This took about 20 minutes. The current was then turned back on and gradually the pH and C0 ₂ flow increased . This first run clearly demonstrated that C0 ₂ evolution was possible and the assembly worked . The cell did not behave in this manner in later experiments as noted below. It also appeared that C0 ₂ evolution as evidenced by effervescence came in short bursts indicating a n ucleation problem.

The data for Exp. 2 is shown in Fig . 7. It is a complex plot and involves considerable data reduction . First the cell current and % C0 ₂ values were converted to equivalent mass flows in mol/min and then normalized to the actual KHC0 ₃ inlet flow in mol/min . These are the thick red and blue lines respectively. Also shown is the actual KHC0 ₃ flow in mol/min (dotted black line).

Also shown is the cell voltage (solid black line) which is mostly pegged at 9.99 V as this was the limit of the instrument. Hence it was necessary to adjust inlet flows of KHC0 ₃ rather than try to adjust current. The current was for the most part kept at about 440 mA except at the beginning and end of the experiments. In comparison to the data of the first experiment described above the cell voltages are much higher. This is in part due to the restricted fluid movement which increased the ohmic resistance and to the much smaller electrode area which probably increased the overpotentials. As before electrochemical efficiency was not the focus and we were happy just to get C0 ₂ evolution. The pH taken at the exit near the cathode (dotted green line) and near the side of the anode (solid green line) are shown. The difference between these two values defines the pH gradient.

During the first 1 2 minutes of the experiment the cell voltage was increased in steps to 9.99 V and about 440 mA with a KHC0 ₃ flow of 4e-3 mol/min (equivalent to 4 ml/min of 0.1 molar KHCO3). While the current increased proportionately, C0 ₂ evolution remained negligible.

The KHCO ₃ flow was then decreased until the normalized current exceeded 1 .0 at which point C0 ₂ evolution began to be noticeable. It was also during this time that the pH at the top anode dropped to near 6.3 and the exit pH rose to about 10. This experiment as well as earlier results suggests that the onset of a pH gradient and concurrent C0 ₂ evolution occur when the acid generated at the anode equals or exceeds the inlet flow of KHCO3. The pKa of H2CO ₃ is 6.35 and to form significant amounts of C0 ₂ it would be necessary to be near or below this pH . If the flow of KHC0 ₃ is greater than the acid generated then the speciation would dictate a pH higher than 6.35 and low C0 ₂ evolution rates.

To confirm this relationship the KH CO3 flow was increased at the end of the experiment in an attempt to "wash out" the pH gradient. The KH CO ₃ flow was gradually increased at a time shortly before 1 20 minutes. The normalized C0 ₂ rate fell sharply but the pH gradient did not begin to decrease until about 140 minutes. The pH at the anode did not change significantly until about 160 minutes. While there are significant time lags in these experiments it does appear possible to unbalance the acid generation rate with the KHC0 ₃ flow rate and cause the system to slowly shut down. The time lags are probably due to the large volumes in the reactor compared to the inlet flow and it apparently takes time to begin the C0 ₂ evolution process as well as shut it down.

Between about 25 minutes and 11 5 minutes the KHCO3 flow was varied in an effort to maximize the C0 ₂ evolution rate. From about 30 to 80 minutes the normalized C0 ₂ flow gradually increased to about 0.3 while the normalized current was kept at 1 .1 . The gradual increase was attributed to the gradual increase in the pH gradient over this time although the relationship is not straightforward and the exit pH seemed to vary considerably. Various levels of ultrasonication were also tried but with no distinct impact on C0 ₂ evolution.

At about 80 minutes the flow was further decreased and the normalized current rose to 1 .7 and the normalized C0 ₂ flow rose to nearly 0.5. These results demonstrate that about 50% of the incoming C0 ₂ can be captured . Thus we give this reactor a "chemical efficiency" of 50%. However the coulombic efficiency (1 /1 .7*100) is about 60%.

This is a successful demonstration of the feasibility of electrochemically generating pH gradients and using this to evolve C0 ₂ from feed solutions. A C0 ₂ chemical efficiency approaching 50% of the KHC0 ₃ flow and a coulombic efficiency of about 60% of KH CO3 flow.

Referring to Figs. 8 and 9, an assembly 60 is provided for treating a stream containing more than C0 ₂ . As an example, stream 70 entering assembly 60 can contain effluent components, for example, nitrogen as well as C0 ₂ . In accordance with example implementations, stream 70 can enter assembly 60 and migrate towards the upper portion of assembly 60 and further migrate across connective conduits 66 and 68 and pass through regions 18 and 19 of assembly 62, for example. In accordance with example implementations, assembly 60 can be described as including at least two portions: an adsorption column 64 and a C0 ₂ isolation column 62. Absorber 64 can be in fluid communication with one or both of the input or output conduits of the vessel. I n accordance with example implementations, the absorber can be configured to expose the combustion gases to the electrolyte solution exiting the output conduit. As shown in Fig. 8, cathode 26A may also be singly placed outside the vessel and, for example, within absorber 64. Absorber 64 can be in fluid communication with both regions of the vessel. According to an example implementation, as stream 70 can include both N ₂ as well as C0 ₂ gas. Within column 64, solution 76 can include a caustic solution received from column 62 as described previously. I n accordance with example implementations and with respect to the following formula, the C0 ₂ within stream 70 can be converted to a reduced form, and retained within the solution according to the following formula:

In accordance with this reaction, as basic solution is received from column 62, nitrogen gas 74 is unreacted and thereby separated as it evolves in gas form from solution 76 within the column 64. Solution 76 can continue on through interface 78 through conduit 66 to column 62. Column 62 is consistent with the reactors previously described wherein C0 ₂ is in its reduced form and exposed to acidic region 1 8 and basic region 19 that are maintained in those pH ranges via anode and cathode, respectively.

Referring to Fig. 8A a more detailed depiction of the transition of forms of the effluent is shown. As shown, effluent components C0 ₂ and N ₂ are exposed to aqueous solution or electrolyte, wherein the solution has a proton depleted or basic state reacting to bring C0 ₂ into the HCO3 or H ₂ C0 ₃ form while N ₂ remains in the gas form and able to evolve from the system. As the basic form of C0 ₂ transitions into the next vessel it is reacted according to the previously described embodiments. Referring to Fig. 9 , an interface 80 can be provided that is angled to prevent the transfer of gaseous particles from column 64 to column 62. I n accordance with example implementations, interface 80 can direct fluid via a pressure differential while allowing gaseous particle 74 to be separated from the fluid within column 64. It can be important for other gases not to enter column 62. In accordance with other implementations, column 64 may be configured to include a reservoir that allows gas bubbles time such as nitrogen 74 to coalesce and rise to the exit chamber to further facilitate the efficient transfer of gaseous particles out of column 64 without being transferred to column 62. To facilitate the efficient evolution of CO ₂ from column 62 for example, nucleation enhanced by ultrasonication or addition of carbonic hydrates or other chemical agents may facilitate the efficient evolution of C0 ₂ . Nucleating surfaces such as rough oxide substrates or even suspended particulate materials that flow around with the solution may be utilized .