SHOCK ABSORBING FABRIC STRUCTURES

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 12/183,491 titled

"Shock Absorbing Fabric Structures" filed July 31, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 12/103,565 titled "Shock Absorbing Lanyards" filed April 15, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 10/790,394 titled "Shock Absorbing Lanyards" filed March 1, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] People who are at elevated positions above a floor or other relatively lower surface can be at risk of falling and injury. For example, workers and other personnel who have occupations that require them to be at elevated positions, such as on scaffolding, can be at risk of falling and injury. Safety harnesses can be worn to stop a person's fall and prevent or reduce injury. Safety harnesses, such as a seat belt, also can be worn to secure the occupant of a vehicle in the event of a sudden stop or collision to reduce the risk of injury.

[0003] Safety harnesses typically have a harness portion worn by the user and a tether or lanyard extending from the harness portion. The lanyard connects the harness portion to a secure structure. If a person falls from the elevated position, or is subjected to inertia due to a vehicle's sudden stop, the safety harness stops the person's fall, or prevents the person's forward movement, when the lanyard is straightened. With typical lanyards, however, the person's movement is stopped rather abruptly and the person is subjected to the shock force of the abrupt stop.

[0004] Lanyards that attempt to absorb the shock of a person's fall are known. Current lanyards have been made from two separate webbings assembled together. One webbing is a narrow, flat webbing woven of partially oriented yarn (POY webbing) and the other webbing is a relatively higher strength tubular-shaped webbing. After manufacture of the two webbings, the POY webbing is inserted into one end of the tubular-shaped webbing and pulled through the tubular-shaped webbing. A hook or other device inserted into the opposite end of the tubular- shaped webbing can be used to pull the POY webbing through the tubular-shaped webbing. The POY webbing is pulled through the tubular-shaped webbing so that the POY webbing extends inside of the tubular-shaped webbing from one end to the opposite end. The relative lengths of

the POY webbing and the tubular-shaped webbing then must be adjusted. While holding the POY webbing in place, one end of the tubular-shaped webbing is moved closer to the opposite end to place the tubular-shaped webbing in an accordion-like position over the POY webbing. The relative length adjustment of the webbings is performed manually and is a significant disadvantage of existing lanyards. After the manual adjustment of the relative webbing lengths, the POY webbing is essentially in a straight, linear orientation inside of the accordion-shaped orientation of the tubular-shaped webbing. The two webbings are then attached to each other by sewing at the ends. Any excess POY webbing extending out of the ends of the tubular-shaped webbing is cut off and discarded.

[0005] Because conventional lanyards are made from two separate webbings that must be assembled together, manufacture of the lanyards requires costly and tedious assembly processes, such as inserting the POY webbing through the tubular-shaped webbing. Also, after the insertion process, an additional manual process is required that adjusts the relative webbing lengths by placing the tubular-shaped webbing in the accordion position while maintaining the POY webbing in a straight position. Then, another process is required to attach the two separate webbings together while maintaining the POY webbing in the straight position and the tubular- shaped webbing in the accordion-shaped position. The relative lengths of the POY webbing and the tubular-shaped webbing is critical for proper functioning of the lanyard. The manufacturing process is complicated by proper control and manual setting of the critical relative lengths of the two webbings.

[0006] Existing lanyards that purport to reduce shock can be found in U.S. Patent

Nos. 5,113,981; 6,085,802; 6,390,234; and 6,533,066 and WIPO Publication No. WO/01/026738.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Certain embodiments of the invention generally pertain to fabric structures, such as fabric structures and shock absorbing and load limiting fabric structures, and methods of making them. More specifically, some embodiments of the invention pertain to shock absorbing and force limiter structures having a shock absorbing member and a load bearing member, wherein the shock absorbing member is substantially shorter than the load bearing member. The relative lengths of the shock absorbing member and the load bearing member is automatically adjusted. Also, the shock absorbing member and the load bearing member may be woven together in certain portions of the structures. Certain embodiments of the invention further pertain to methods of making fabric structures such as shock absorbing fabric structures. Certain

embodiments of the invention provide improved fabric structures that can elongate, absorb energy, and support a load

[0008] According to one embodiment of the invention, the fabric structure is a woven one- piece webbing that includes a sheath made from a plurality of ground yarns and an elongation member surrounded by the sheath. In some embodiments, the sheath can be high strength sheath. The fabric structure can also include a plurality of binder yarns and a plurality of lateral yarns.

[0009] The elongation member can be made from elongation yarns, such as POY hi some embodiments, the webbmg has a first connection segment, an expansion segment, and a second connection segment In the first and second connection segments, the binder yarns can be interwoven with the ground yarns and the elongation yarns In the expansion section, some of the lateral yarns can be interwoven with the elongation yarns to connect the elongation yarns with the sheath, and the binder yarns can be woven with the ground yams of the sheath but not woven with the elongation yarns. Also m the expansion segment, the length of the elongation yarns can be shorter than the length of the sheath Heat treatment can shrink the length of the elongation yarns m the expansion segment In contrast, the yarns of the sheath do not substantially shrink from the heat treatment relative to the elongation member, and gather together in an accordion- hke arrangement.

[0010] Upon application of a predetermined load, the fabric structure stretches the elongation member and unfolds the gathered sheath The sheath supports the tensile load as it unfolds, while the elongation member absorbs energy as it stretches. In this way, the fabπc structure can be used to stop a person's fall or other movement and reduce a shock force felt by the user when that movement is stopped According to some embodiments, the fabπc structure may also be attached to a hardware component, such as a clip, a harness, or a component of a seatbelt

[0011] There is provided in some embodiments a fabric structure comprising a woven webbing comprising- (1) a plurality of ground yarns; (2) a plurality of elongation yarns, (3) a plurality of binder yarns, the ground yarns, the elongation yarns, and the binder yarns extending m a substantially warp direction; and (4) a plurality of lateral yarns, the lateral yarns extending in a substantially weft direction, wherein the elongation yarns comprise partially oriented yarns; and wherein the webbmg comprises (i) a first connection segment wherein the binder yarns are interwoven with the ground yarns and the elongation yarns, (ii) an expansion segment having first and second ends wherein the first end of the expansion segment is adjacent to the first connection

segment, wherein the ground yarns comprise a sheath that surrounds the elongation yarns, wherein at least some of the lateral yarns are interwoven with the elongation yarns and the ground yarns of the sheath to connect the elongation yarns with the sheath, wherein the length of the elongation yarns is shorter than the length of the sheath, and wherein the binder yarns are woven with the ground yarns of the sheath and are not woven with the elongation yarns, and (in) a second connection segment having first and second ends, wherein the first end of the second connection segment is adjacent to the second end of the expansion segment, and wherein the binder yarns are interwoven with the ground yarns and the elongation yarns

[0012] According to some embodiments, in at least one of the connection segments the elongation yarns may be interwoven with the ground yarns

[0013] According to some embodiments, the end of at least one of the connection segments may be attached to a hardware component

[0014] In some embodiments, the hardware component may be a clip

[0015] hi some embodiments, the hardware component may be a component of a seatbelt

[0016] In some embodiments, the difference in length between the elongation yarns and the sheath in the expansion section may be sufficient to allow the elongation yarns to stretch upon application of a predetermined load that is less than a breaking strength of the sheath

[0017] hi some embodiments, the sheath may comprise a top sheath layer and a bottom sheath layer, and the elongation yarns may be positioned between the top sheath layer and the bottom sheath layer.

[0018] In some embodiments, the top sheath layer may comprise upper ground yarns and the bottom sheath layer may comprise lower ground yarns and m the first connection segment, the upper ground yarns may be interwoven with the lower ground yarns

[0019] In some embodiments, in the second connection segment the upper ground yarns maybe interwoven with the lower ground yarns.

[0020] hi some embodiments, the ground yarns may collectively have a tensile strength of at least 5,000 lbs.

[0021] In some embodiments, the fabric structure may also comprise a flag and a capture yarn, wherein a portion of the capture yarn may be woven within at least a portion of the sheath

in at least the expansion segment and may be received in the flag, wherein when the expansion segment expands, a portion of the flag may be released to indicate such expansion.

[0022] In some embodiments, the fabric structure may further comprise a marker yarn, wherein the marker yarn may be woven as part of the sheath in the expansion segment and may be of a different color than the ground yarns.

[0023] There is also provided in some embodiments a fabric structure, comprising (a) a sheath; (b) elongation yarns inside of the sheath, the elongation yarns being elongatable and substantially inelastic and comprising partially oriented yarns; (c) a plurality of spaced apart connection segments wherein the elongation yarns are secured to the sheath by a plurality of binder yarns; and (d) an expansion segment between the spaced apart connection segments wherein the binder yarns are woven with the sheath and wherein lateral yarns are interwoven with the elongation yarns and the sheath to connect the elongation yarns with the sheath; wherein the length of the elongation yarns is shorter than the length of the sheath, and wherein the elongation yarns are extensible relative to the sheath.

[0024] There is also provided in some embodiments a method of making a fabric structure comprising: (i) weaving a webbing comprising: a plurality of ground yarns that form a sheath; a plurality of elongation yarns surrounded by the sheath, wherein the elongation yarns are partially oriented yarns; and a plurality of binder yarns; wherein the ground yarns, the elongation yarns, and the binding yarns extend in a substantially warp direction, the weaving step further comprising: (a) weaving a first connection segment, including weaving the plurality of binder yarns with the ground yarns and the elongation yarns; (b) weaving an expansion segment, including (1) connecting the elongation yarns to the sheath by weaving a plurality of lateral yarns extending in a substantially weft direction with the elongation yarns; and (2) weaving the plurality of binder yarns with the plurality of ground yarns of the sheath without weaving the binder yarns with the elongation yarns; and (c) weaving a second connection segment, including weaving the plurality of binder yarns with the ground yarns and the elongation yarns; and (ii) applying heat to the expansion segment, whereby in the expansion segment the length of the elongation yarns is reduced to be shorter than the length of the ground yarns.

[0025] In some embodiments, applying heat may comprise applying sufficient heat to adjust automatically the length of the elongation yarns so that the difference in length between the elongation yarns and the sheath may be sufficient to allow the elongation yarns to stretch upon application of a predetermined load that is less than a breaking strength of the sheath.

[0026] In some embodiments, applying heat may comprise an in-line continuous heating process.

[0027] In some embodiments, applying heat may comprise heat treating at least one fabric structure in a batch process.

[0028] In some embodiments, the method of making the fabric structure may comprise attaching an end of at least one of the connection segments to a hardware component.

[0029] In some embodiments, the method of making the fabric structure may comprise providing a hardware component that is a clip.

[0030] In some embodiments, the method of making the fabric structure may comprise providing a hardware component that is a component of a seatbelt.

[0031] In some embodiments, the method of making a fabric structure may further comprise (i) providing a capture yarn; and (ii) weaving a portion of the capture yarn within at least a portion of the sheath in at least the expansion segment and receiving the capture yarn in a flag; wherein when the expansion segment expands, a portion of the flag may be released to indicate such expansion.

[0032] In some embodiments, the method of making a fabric structure may further comprise weaving a marker yarn as part of the sheath in the expansion segment, wherein the marker yarn may be of a different color than the ground yarns.

[0033] One advantage of the present invention is to provide improved fabric structures, such as improved shock absorbing fabric structures.

[0034] An advantage of some embodiments of the invention is to automatically adjust the relative lengths of an elongation member and a sheath of a shock absorbing fabric structure.

[0035] Another advantage of some embodiments of the invention is to form a shock absorbing fabric structure by shrinking the length of a shock absorbing member relative to a sheath.

[0036] Another advantage of some embodiments of the invention is to provide improved shock absorbing fabric structures having a high strength sheath that supports a tensile load when unfolded and elongation yarns that absorb energy as the fabric structure stretches or elongates.

[0037] Yet another advantage of some embodiments of the invention is to provide fabric structures that can stop a person's fall while reducing the shock felt to the person.

[0038] Further advantages of some embodiments of the invention are to improve manufacturing of fabric structures and reduce costs of fabric structures.

[0039] An even further advantage of some embodiments of the invention is to control the relative lengths of a shock absorbing member and a load bearing web during manufacture of shock absorbing fabric structures.

[0040] Additional features and advantages of at least some of the embodiments of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The features and advantages may be desired, but, are not necessarily required to practice the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0041] Figure 1 is a photograph of a fabric structure according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0042] Figure 2 is a photograph of a partial cut-away of the fabric structure of Fig. 1.

[0043] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a weaving pattern of the expansion segment of the fabric structure of Fig. 1.

[0044] Figures 4-8 are pick diagrams of various weaving patterns of the expansion segment according to various embodiments of the fabric structure.

[0045] Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the weaving pattern of the fabric structure of

Fig. 3 at section 9-9 of that structure.

[0046] Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view of the weaving pattern of the fabric structure of

Fig. 3 at section 10-10 of that structure.

[0047] Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the weaving pattern of the fabric structure of

Fig. 3 at section 11-11 of that structure.

[0048] Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view of a weaving pattern of a connection segment of the fabric structure of Fig. 1.

[0049] Figures 13-17 are pick diagrams of various weaving patterns of the connection segment according to various embodiment of the fabric structure

[0050] Figure 18, comprising Figures 18A and 18B, is a drawing diagram of the fabric structure according to one embodiment of the invention

[0051] Figure 19 is a side partial cut-away view of the expansion segment of the fabric structure of Fig. 3

[0052] Figure 20 is a photograph showing a perspective view of the fabric structure of Fig

1 in use with a seatbelt component.

[0053] Figures 21-25 are illustrations of a fabric structure according to one embodiment of the invention in use with a flag.

[0054] Figure 26 is a perspective view of the fabric structure of Fig. 1 in use with a clip.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0055] Certain embodiments of the invention provide fabric structures comprised of woven webbings 10. As shown m Figure 1, the woven webbing 10 according to one embodiment comprises a first connection segment 12, an expansion segment 14, and a second connection segment 16. The first connection segment 12 includes a first end 18 and a second end 20 The expansion segment 14 includes a first end 22 and a second end 24. The second connection segment includes a first end 26 and a second end 28. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the first end 22 of the expansion segment 14 is adjacent to the second end 20 of the first connection segment 12, and the first end 26 of the second connection segment 16 is adjacent to the second end 24 of the expansion section 14

[0056] As shown in the embodiment of Figure 2, the woven webbmg 10 includes a plurality of elongation yarn bundles 34, each bundle comprising a plurality of elongation yarns 33, and a sheath 30, which is formed from a plurality of ground yarns 31 and 32 In the preferred embodiment, the ground yarns are polyester and each have a linear density of approximately 2,600 denier. However, the ground yarns 31 and 32 could be made from other suitable materials that are relatively higher strength and that do not shrink or shrink substantially less than the

elongation yarns during heat treatment. For example, in some embodiments, the ground yarns 31 and 32 forming the sheath 30 have a strength of at least 5,000 pounds tensile strength. In other embodiments, the ground yarns have a nominal breaking strength of greater than 5,400 pounds and, in some embodiments, have a nominal breaking strength exceeding 6,000 pounds, in compliance with 29 CF. R. 1926.104(d) (2008), American National Standards Institute ("ANSI") Z335.1, Canadian standard Z259.1.1 Class IA and IB, European standard BS EN 355:2002, and Australian standard AN/NZS 1891.1.1995.

[0057] The elongation yarn bundles 34 are surrounded by the sheath 30. The elongation yarns 33 are highly extensible and significantly stretch when placed under a tensile load. The elongation yarns can have any desired configuration, such as woven together or non-woven, for example. In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, the elongation yarns 33 can be grouped into elongation yarn bundles 34. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the woven webbing 10 includes approximately seventy- five elongation yarns 33 grouped into approximately twelve bundles 34. The elongation yarns 33 are one example of shock absorbing members of the woven webbing 10. In the preferred embodiment, the elongation yarns 33 are partially oriented yarns (POY) made of polymer materials such as polyester, but the elongation yarns 33 can be made from one or more suitable materials having high elongation properties and the ability to shrink in length, such as during heat treatment. In some embodiments, each of the elongation yarns has a linear density of between approximately 300 denier and approximately 5,800 denier. Together, each bundle of elongation yarns has a linear density of approximately 34,000 denier.

[0058] hi some embodiments, the sheath 30 is preferably woven with the elongation yarn bundles 34 extending in a substantially warp direction through the inside of the sheath 30. The sheath 30 supports a load applied to the woven webbing 10 after the elongation yarns 33 elongate under the load. The fabric structure is formed with the simultaneous weaving of the elongation yarns 33 with the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30. Thus, the woven webbing 10 is woven as a one-piece webbing. The elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 can each be made from materials having any desired structure, for example, woven materials, braided materials, knitted materials, non-woven materials, and combinations thereof.

[0059] Fig. 2 shows a cut-away view of the fabric structure of Fig. 1 in a finished form in which, in the expansion segment, the sheath 30 is in an accordion-like configuration that surrounds the elongation yarn bundles 34. The elongation yarn bundles 34 inside of the sheath 30 have a generally linear configuration rather than the accordion-like configuration of the sheath

30. The accordion-like configuration of the sheath 30 in the expansion segment 14 is

automatically formed by a heat treating process preferably after the woven webbmg comes off of the loom.

[0060] In some embodiments, as explained further below, the elongation yarns 33 and the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30 are connected and secured together at the first connection segment 12 and the second connection segment 16 For example, the elongation yarns 33 and the ground yarns 31 and 32 can be integrally woven or interlaced together with binder yarns 38 and 39 In some embodiments, the binder yarns 39 and 39 are lighter, smaller denier yarns than the ground yarns. For example, in some embodiments, the binder yarns can be between approximately 300-1500 denier polyester yarns. In other embodiments, the binder yarns can be industrial filament polyester, nylon, Nomex, Kevlar, or any other suitable yarn The interlaced weaving of the elongation yarns 33 and the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30 secures the two types of yarns together during weaving of the woven webbing 10 Preferably, the elongation yarns 33 are secured to the sheath 30 such that the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 cannot be readily separated at the first connection segment 12 and the second connection segment 16 during use. The elongation yarns 33 also can be secured to the sheath 30 by stitching the elongation yarns 33 and the ground yarns 31 and 32 together

[0061] As stated above, the elongation yarns 33 are made of one or more materials that shrink in length during heat treatment, and the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30 are made of one or more materials that do not shrink in length or shrink substantially less than the elongation yarns 33 Because the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 are connected together at the first connection segment 12 and the second connection segment 14, the length of the elongation yarns 33 reduces significantly relative to the length of the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30. In this way, the shrinking of the elongation yarns 33 draws the first connection segment 12 closer to the second connection segment 16 The length of the ground yarns 31 and

32 of the sheath 30 is not significantly reduced relative to the length of the elongation yarns 33 Because the length of the sheath 30 is forced to occupy a shorter distance due to the reduced- length elongation yarns 33, the sheath 30 gathers together or bunches up in the expansion segment 14. In this manner, the sheath 30 automatically forms an accordion-like configuration m the expansion segment 14 after heat treatment of the woven webbing 10.

[0062] Important properties of the elongation yarns 33, which can serve as the shock absorbing member, can include some or all of high elongation, high shrinkage, and high shrink- force (the force produced during the shrinkage) to "accordion" the sheath. The elongation yarns

33 should have sufficiently high elongation and load bearing properties under load to absorb the

load energy so as to reduce shock to a person or other body whose body is in a sudden deceleration state such as in a fall from a building, a parachute descending, or an automobile or aircraft accident. The shrinkage should be sufficiently high to achieve the correct relative lengths between the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30.

[0063] The relative lengths of the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 in the finished woven webbing 10 provide for proper elongation of the formed woven webbing 10 (stretching of the elongation yarns 33 and unfolding of the sheath 30) to stop a person's fall or forward movement and reduce the shock force otherwise felt by the person. The relative lengths of the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 can be conveniently and accurately controlled because the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 are woven together as a one-piece woven webbing. Also, the heat treating process provides convenient and accurate control of the relative lengths by shrinking the elongation yarns 33 relative to the sheath 30, preferably after the elongation yarns 33 and the sheath 30 are secured together. In this manner, the relative lengths of the elongation yams 33 and the sheath 30 in the expansion segment 14 are automatically adjusted. The relative lengths do not have to be adjusted before assembly of the elongation yarns 33 to the sheath 30. This is in contrast to conventional lanyards, which had the relative lengths adjusted or set before assembly of the partially oriented yarns (POY) to the outer webbing.

[0064] Various heat treating processes can be used to shrink the elongation yarns 33. For example, a continuous oven can be used in an in-line, continuous heating process. The webbing can be continuously woven and fed into the continuous oven for heat treatment. After exiting the continuous oven, the continuous webbing can be cut to a desired length to provide an individual fabric structure or lanyard. Another example of heat treatment is a batch process in which individual fabric structures are heat treated.

[0065] The elongation yarns 33 have an elongation property that allows the elongation yarns 33 to stretch significantly under a predetermined tensile force. The elongation yarns 33 have this elongation property even after the heat treatment process. When the fabric structure is placed under tensile load, the elongation yarns 33 stretch under tension and absorb the force or energy applied to the fabric structure 10. Accordingly, the elongation yarns 33 are a shock absorbing member that provides a shock absorbing feature.

[0066] In some embodiments, the sheath 30 provides a top sheath layer 40 and a bottom sheath layer 42 with the elongation yam bundles 34 being positioned between the top 40 and

bottom 42 sheath layers. In this way, the sheath 30 surrounds the elongation yarn bundles 34. The sheath 30 has other configurations in alternate embodiments.

[0067] Fabric structures of the present invention may be formed on any desired programmable loom, such as a needle loom. As described above, the fabric structure 10 has a first connection segment 12, an expansion segment 14, and a second connection segment 16. The expansion section expands during use. Figure 3 shows a weaving pattern of the fabric structure 10 according to one embodiment of the invention. The fabric structure 10 is formed of a plurality of elongation yarns 33 (which can be grouped into elongation yarn bundles 34), a plurality of ground yarns 31 and 32, a plurality of binder yarns 38 and 39, and a plurality of lateral yarns 36. In some embodiments, the lateral yarns can be approximately 1,000 denier polyester yarns. In other embodiments, the lateral yarns can be industrial filament polyester, nylon, Nomex, Kevlar, or any other suitable yam. The ground yarns 31 and 32 form the sheath 30. The binder yarns 38 and 39 and the ground yarns 31 and 32 extend in a substantially warp direction. Elongation yarn bundles 34, such as POY, also extend in a substantially warp direction, along the inside of the sheath 30 between the top layer 40 and the bottom layer 42.

[0068] In the expansion segment 14, the elongation yarn bundles are capable of shrinking freely during heat treatment. Also in the expansion segment 14, the elongation yarn bundles 34 are woven together with a plurality of lateral yarns 36 (also referred to as "weft" or "pick" yarns). In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the lateral yarns 36 are woven in a weft direction with the elongation yarn bundles 34 at a first attachment point 44 and a second attachment point 46. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the first attachment point 44 corresponds to the fifth weft/pick and the second attachment point 46 corresponds to the fourteenth weft/pick. Thus, the weaving pattern of this embodiment repeats every fourteen wefts (fourteen weft repetitive pattern). In this embodiment, the two attachment points are separated by eight wefts. In other embodiments, the attachment points are separated by four or sixteen wefts.

[0069] Figure 19 shows a partial cut-away view of the expansion section 14 of the woven webbing 10 according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, seven elongation yarn bundles 34 are used. Figures 4-8 are pick diagrams (also known as chain diagrams or cam drafts) for the expansion segment 14. In all of these diagrams, the horizontal rows of squares represent lateral (also referred to as weft or pick) yarns, and the vertical columns (which correspond to harnesses of a loom) represent groups of warp yarns, such as the elongation yarn bundles, the ground yarns, or the binder yarns. The pick diagram of Figure 4 shows a sixteen harness loom, with harnesses

1-2 representing the binder yarns 38 and 39, harnesses 3-10 representing the ground yarns 31 and

32, harnesses 11-14 representing the elongation yarn bundles, and harnesses 15-16 representing marker yarns 60.

[0070] Figure 9 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section 9-9 of Fig. 3. of the woven webbing 10, which comprises nine elongation yarn bundles in this embodiment, at a non- attachment point, such as non-attachment point 48 of Fig. 3. As shown in Figure 9, at the non- attachment points, the lateral yarns 36 are woven with the ground yarns 31 and 32 and not woven with the elongation yarn bundles 34.

[0071] Figure 10 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section 10-10 of Fig. 3 of the woven webbing 10 at the first attachment point 46 of Fig. 3. The loom lifts alternate elongation yarn bundles as a lateral yarn 36 is thrown. Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section 11-11 of Fig. 3 of the woven webbing 10 at the second attachment point 48 of Fig. 3, where a lateral yarn 36 is thrown as the elongation yarn bundles 34 that were lifted when the lateral yarn was thrown at the first attachment point 44 are now lowered, and the elongation yarn bundles 34 that were lowered when the lateral yarn was thrown at the first attachment point 44 are now lifted. Pn this way, the weaving pattern of the lateral yarns 36 and the elongation yarn bundles 34 at the first attachment point 44 is opposite of the weaving pattern of the lateral yarns 36 and the elongation yarn bundles 34 at the second attachment point 46. In this embodiment, the weaving pattern repeats after a cycle of fourteen picks. Although Figure 3 shows a fourteen weft- yarn repetition, as few as approximately ten weft yarns, or fewer, could be used as the repetitive pattern, or as many as approximately thirty-four weft yarns or more could be used. Lateral yarns 36 could be woven with the elongation yarn bundles 34 at various other attachment points, however, and could be woven in a more or less frequent repetitive pattern than that shown in Figure 3.

[0072] The expansion segment 14 of the woven webbing can have various other weaving patterns. Figures 5-8 are pick diagrams for creating an expansion segment 14 of the woven webbing with various weaving patterns. For example, Figures 5-8 show a twenty harness loom, with harnesses 1-2 representing binder yarns, harnesses 3-10 representing ground yarns, harnesses 11-14 representing elongation yarns, and harnesses 15-16 representing marker yarns.

[0073] In the expansion segment 14, the binder yarn 38 is interwoven with the ground yarns 31 and 32, but the binder yarn 38 is not woven with the elongation yarns 33.

[0074] A weaving pattern of the first connection segment 12 according to one embodiment is illustrated in Figure 12. In some embodiments, the second connection segment 16 has the same weaving pattern as the first connection segment 12. The first connection segment 12 comprises a plurality of ground yarns 31 and 32 woven to form a sheath 30 (the sheath having a top layer 40 and a bottom layer 42). Binder yarns 38 and 39 are woven or interlaced with both the ground yarns 31 and 32 and the elongation yarn bundles 34. In the first connection segment 12 and the second connection segment 16, the elongation yarn bundles 34 are connected and secured to the sheath 30. Accordingly, the binder yarns 38 and 39 secure the elongation yarn bundles 34 to the sheath 30 by stitching or otherwise interweaving the top and bottom layers of the sheath together. Other examples of weaving suitable for the connection segments provides the upper ground yarns interlacing with the lower ground yarns with or without the binder yarns.

[0075] Figures 13-17 are pick diagrams for creating a connection segment 12 or 14 of the woven webbing with various weaving patterns. For example, Figures 13-15 show a twenty harness loom, with harnesses 1-2 representing binder yarns, harnesses 3-10 representing ground yarns, harnesses 11-14 representing elongation yarns, and harnesses 15-16 representing marker yarns. Figures 16-17 show a seventeen harness loom, with harnesses 1-2 representing binder yarns, harnesses 3-10 representing ground yarns, harnesses 11-14 representing elongation yarns, and harnesses 15-16 representing marker yarns.

[0076] The drawing diagram of Figure 18 shows the placement of yarns in harnesses to produce the fabric structure of Figures 1 and 2. The pick diagrams of Figs. 4-8 and 13-17 represent action of the harnesses to create the woven fabric structure. The vertical axis of Figure 18 represents the number of harnesses of a loom used to make the fabric structure of this embodiment. In this embodiment, twelve harnesses are used. The horizontal axis of Figure 18 represents the yarns that are used to create the fabric structure, with the bottom line showing the number of times each section repeats. For example, the first column of Figure 18 illustrates that the first yarn is in the fifth harness frame, while the second yarn is in the sixth harness frame.

[0077] In a preferred embodiment, the fabric structure 10 is a 4 foot by 1 and 3/8 foot nylon structure formed from approximately 248 nylon ground yarns (the ground yarns having a linear density of approximately 1680 denier), 20 nylon binder yarns (the binder yarns having a linear density of approximately 1680 denier), and 90 elongation yarns (the elongation yarns being partially oriented yarns with a linear density of approximately 5580 denier). As shown in Figure 18, the shaded boxes correspond to either marker yarns 60 or elongation yarns 33. In a preferred embodiment, the fabric structure 10 made according to the drawing diagram of Figure 18 may be

formed on a Mueller NFREQ needle loom. The expansion segment 14 of the fabric structure 10 may be heat treated in an oven at a temperature of 249° F for approximately 4 5 minutes

[0078] When the expansion segment 14 of a fabric structure 10 such as the one described above is subjected to heat treatment, the elongation yarn bundles 34 shrink in length and the first connection segment 12 and second connection segment 16 move closer together because, in the connection segments, the elongation yarn bundles 34 are secured to the sheath 30. As a result, the expansion segment 14 reduces in length between the first connection segment 12 and the second connection segment 16; however, because the ground yarns 31 and 32 of the sheath 30 do not shrink, the sheath gathers together to form the accordion-hke configuration in the expansion segment 14 It is desirable that, in the expansion segment 14, the sheath 30 shrink substantially less than the elongation yarn bundles 34 to maintain a desired length differential between the elongation yarn bundles 34 and the sheath 30.

[0079] At least one of the connection segments 12 or 16 can be attached to a hardware component, such as a clip, a metal clasp, a harness, or a seatbelt component For example, one of the connection segments can be attached to a harness worn by a user and the other connection segment can be attached to a load-supporting structure. In some embodiments, one of the connection segments can be attached to a harness and/or a clip for attachment to a child seat for use, for example, in an automobile or other vehicle As another example, as shown in Figure 20, connection segment 12 or 16 can be attached to a seatbelt component 52. As shown in Figure 26, connection segment 12 or 16 could alternatively be attached to a clip

[0080] The fabric structure 10 can be used as a fall protection device, to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a sudden stop, or in any other application where rapid human or other body deceleration may occur. When using the fabric structure as a fall protection device, one end of the fabric structure 10 is securely attached to a safety harness worn by a user. The opposite end of the fabric structure 10 is securely attached to a fixed structure If the user falls, the fabric structure 10 stops the person's fall and reduces the shock felt by the person as the user is brought to a stop As the person falls, the fabπc structure 10 straightens and the load of the user begins to be applied to the fabric structure 10. The elongation yarns 33 stretch and absorb the force of the load applied to the fabric structure 10 As the elongation yarns 33 stretch, the sheath 30 elongates as the accordion shape unfolds. When the sheath 30 reaches its maximum length, i e , the accordion shape is completely unfolded, the fabπc structure 10 stops the person from falling any farther The sheath 30 carries the load

applied to the expanded fabric structure 10 The shock of stopping the fall that would otherwise be felt by the falling person is reduced or cushioned by the energy-absorbing elongation yarns 33

[0081] In some embodiments, the fabric structure 10 includes one or more capture yarns

50, as shown m Figures 21-25 As shown in Figure 21, the capture yarn 50, which can be a monofilament yarn, can be woven with the ground yarns inside the sheath 30 as a stuffer through the woven webbing, with at least a portion of the capture yarn exiting the woven webbing. Figure 7 shows a pick diagram for an expansion segment 14 that includes a capture yarn 50, while Figure 16 shows a pick diagram for a connection segment 12 or 16 that includes a capture yarn 50. In some embodiments, the capture yarn 50 is secured to the sheath in the at least one connection segment and the expansion segment 14 hi some embodiments, the capture yarn 50 is secured to the at least one connection segment by interweaving it with the sheath, while in other embodiments the capture yarn 50 may be secured by gluing, stitching, or other suitable manner The portion of the capture yarn 50 that exits the woven webbmg can be inserted mside of a flag 54, as shown in Figure 22. A portion of the flag 54 can be compressed together around the capture yarn 50 to form a compressed portion 56 of the flag, with the non-compressed portion of the flag 54 forming a tab portion 58, as shown in Figure 23 A portion of the connection segment where the capture yarn 50 exits the woven webbmg, such as second connection segment 16, can be secured to the tab portion 58, as shown in Figure 24 When a load is applied to the fabπc structure to cause the expansion segment 16 to expand, the capture yarn 50 breaks and withdraws as the flag 54 decompresses and is released from the connection segment and expands to its original, non-compressed configuration, as shown in Figure 25 The releasing of the flag 54 indicates that the elongation yarns 33 have elongated under a load and that the fabπc structure 10 has been deployed

[0082] Alternatively, a marker yarn 60 could be interwoven with the sheath 30 in the expansion segment 14 m such a way that the marker yarn 60 is visible on the outside of the woven webbmg 10. In some embodiments, the marker yarn 60 is of a different color than the ground yarns 31 and 31 that form the sheath 30 When the elongation yarns 33 elongate after being subjected to a load, the marker yarn 60 stretches along the expansion segment 14 so that the stretched marker yarn 60 indicates that the fabric structure has been deployed.

[0083] In one embodiment, a fabric structure 10 is designed to stop a falling person withm

3 5 feet, which is in compliance with 29 C.F.R 1926.104(d) (2008) In this embodiment, the fabric structure 10 has a finished, ready- for-use length of about 6 feet In other embodiments, the fabric structure has a finished, ready-to-use length of about 4 feet The fabπc structure 10 is

formed from a woven webbing having a length of about 9.5 feet. After heat treatment, the elongation yarns 33 have a reduced length of about 6 feet and the sheath 30 retains its 9.5 feet length. However, the sheath 30 is longitudinally gathered together to form the accordion-like shape over the 6 feet finished length. During use of the fabric structure 10, the elongation yarns 33 will stretch from about 6 feet to about 9.5 feet, unfolding the accordion-shaped sheath 30 to the maximum length of about 9.5 feet. When the fabric structure 10 reaches the maximum 9.5 feet length, the fabric structure 10 stops the person's fall. The elongation yarns 33 absorb the energy of the fall and reduce the abrupt shock to the person when the fabric structure 10 stops the fall.

[0084] In another embodiment of the present invention, a fabric structure has lengths of the elongation yarns and the sheath to stop a falling person within about 11.75 feet. The fabric structures, however, can be made in any desired length according to the present invention.

[0085] The fabric structures of the present invention can be made of any suitable materials including, but not limited to, synthetic material yarns woven to form the fabric structure.

[0086] Various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.