This invention is concerned with propeller systems either for attachment to an existing outboard motor, or for incorporation into an outboard motor during construction.

.As is well known, an outbo-ard motor broadly comprises -an .internal combustion engine unit, generally encased in a suitable housing, and provided with means to attach it (such as a clamp) generally to the stern transαn of a boat. Attached to the base of the engine unit housing is a casing containing both water passages for engine coolant, an exhaust passage, and a propeller drive shaft. At the bottom of the shaft a bevel gear box is provided, in a suitable casing, to the output shaft of which a propeller is attached. This casing will also include inlet and outlet cooling water ports, and will also generally allow the engine exhaust gases to be released into the water. Such outboard motors are commonly used on a variety of small craft, including particularly sailboats of a size which is not large enough to accommodate an inboard motor. Such a sailboat will use an out±ioard motor for auxiliary power in adverse weather conditions, such as against headwinds and in calm conditions, and, especially, during docking and un-docking maneuvers. When used in a craft such as a sai.lboat, a conventional outboard motor exhibits certain significant disadvantages. Outboard motors as currently available were developed primarily for boats utilizing high speed propellers, often with planing hulls. These propellers produce high t.rust at high propeller speeds (-and thus at high engine speeds) . These propellers produce very low t_hrust at lower propeller (and engine) speeds.

However, sailboats do not have planing hulls, but displacement hulls. Consequently, the boat top speed for a sai-l±oat is substantially less than that commonly attained by planing hull craft of shorter overall length. Thus a sai]±>oat cannot utilize the high thrust of the conventional outboard motor as this is only developed at a high engine speed. Contrariwise, a saillooat becomes difficult to control at lower motor speeds more realistic for sailboat use since adequate thrust is not available from the outboard motor. Additionally, operation of an outboard motor under these circumstances is not very economical in fuel consumption.

A further problem is encountered when utilizing a conventional outboard motor as auxiliary power on a sai.l_boat when the propeller is used in reverse. This will be done either as a means of slowing the boat, or to move it backwards, for example in a docking anoeuver. A conventional outboard motor propeller is designed for high forward thrust at high propeller speeds; such a propeller provides very low thrust ±n the reverse direction, which again se.rves to ccπplicate handling a sailboat with such a motor. A separate problem also arises when the propeller is reversed, which is that in the conventional outboard motor the exhaust gases are released through the castings including the propeller drive shaft always in the aft direction. For larger motors, ports passing through the propeller boss are used, and for smaller motors at least one port is usually provided in the lcwer side of the cavitatiαn plate near the propeller. When moving astern, this gas flow .is obstructed by the water flew, which is then in the other direction. This factor contri±nites to the difficulties of using a conventional outixiard motor in a reverse mode.

.Although the shortcomings of the conventional outboard πotor have been described above in the context of a displacement hull, such as is typically found on a sai.lboat, these shortcoπ ngs are of concern elsewhere. Similar problems arise when it is required to move other displacement hulls at slew speeds, for example a small barge or a fishing boat, and when it is required to move even a planing hull for any length of time at a slow speed, for example when using a planing hull .boat for fishing by the trolling procedure. Under these -conditions the performance from a conventional outboard motor, fitted with the standard high speed raked propeller, falls far short of that which is desired. Furthermore, operation of such an outboard motor under these conditions, for which it is neither designed nor .intended, both shortens motor life and results in an excessive level of fuel consumption.

This invention seeks to overcome these difficulties by providing a combined propeller and nozzle system which seeks to provide when combined with a conventional outboard motor a relatively high level of thrust at low motor and propeller speeds in both the ahead and astern directions, and which vents the exhaust gases to the

output side of the propeller. That is, the exhaust gases are vented into the turbulence behind the propeller for both forward and reverse directions of rotation of the propeller.

Thus in its broadest aspect this invention comprises a combination of a Kort-type nozzle together with a special propeller, both of which are attached to a conventional outboard motor either as a retrofit kit of parts replacing an existing propeller, or as an integral part of the underwater parts of an outboard motor on construction thereof.

Nozzles of the Kort type are generally well known. Exairples of such nozzles are to be found in, amongst others. United States Patents 3,179,081 (Backhaus, et al) ; 3,455,268 (Gordon); 4,106,425 (Grubεr); 4,509,925 (Wuhrer) ; 4,694,645 (Flyborg, et al) ; 4,789,302 (Gruzling); and 4,832,633 (Corle H.) Whilst some of these are concerned with small motors, none of them appear to consider the problems of using an outboard motor with a sailboat or the like.

In a first embodiment this invention seeks to provide an outboard motor unit comprising in combination:

(i) an engine me-ans adapted to drive a propeller in either an ahead or astern direction, and including a housing incorporating means whereby the outboard motor unit ^' is attachable to the hull of a boat; (ii) a first casing means extending generally downwardly from the housing and including a first propeller drive shaft means, eng.ine coolant water passages, and at least one first engine exhaust passage; (iii) a second casing means attached to the first casing means and including a second propeller drive shaft driven by the first shaft and extending substantially aft therefrom, engine coolant water passages, and at least one seconc passage connected to each first exhaust passage; (iv) a substantially symmetrical Kort accelerating nozzle attached to the second casing concentric about the axis of the second shaft; (v) a reversible propeller including blades and a boss attached to the second drive shaft and rotatable .in a plane

substantially perpendicular to the axis of the Kort nozzle at the mid-point thereof, wherein

(a) the blade pitch decreases outwardly along the length of the blade;

(b) the blade width increases outwardly along the length of the blade; and

(c) each blade is curved symmetrically .in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation so that both the leading and the trail.ing edges serve to accelerate water passing over the propeller regardless of the direction of rotation of the propeller;

(vi) at least one first exhaust gas exit port communicating with the second exhaust passage and adapted to vent exhaust gas aft of the nozzle; and (vii) at least one second exhaust gas exit port communicating with the second exhaust passage and adapted to vent exhaust gas forward of the nozzle, and wherein the exhaust gas exit ports are constructed and arranged to vent substantially all of the exhaust gases into the turbulence behind the propeller for both forward and reverse directions of rotation of the propeller.

In a second embodiment this invention seeks to provide a propeller and nozzle comb.ination for an outboard motor unit .including:

(i) an engine means adapted to drive a propeller in either an ahead or astern direction, and including a housing incorporating means whereby the outboard motor unit is attachable to the hull of a boat; (ii) a first casing means extending generally downwardly from the housing and including a first propeller drive shaft means, engine coolant water passages, and at least one first engiLne exhaust passage; (iii) a second casing means attached to the first casing means and including a second propeller drive shaft driven by the first shaft and extending substantially astern therefrcm, engine coolant water passages, and at least

one second exhaust passage connected to each first exhaust passage; wherein the combination comprises:

(iv) a substantially symmetrical Kort accelerating nozzle adapted to be attached to the second casing concentric about the axis of the second shaft; (v) a reversible propeller including blades and a boss adapted to be attached to the second drive shaft and rotatable in a plane substantially perpendicular to the axis of the Kort nozzle at the mid-point thereof, wherein

(a) the blade pitch decreases outwardly along the length of the blade;

(b) the blade width .Increases outwardly along the length of the blade; and

(c) each blade is curved syπmetrically .in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation so that both the leading and the trailing edges serve to accelerate water passing over the propeller regardless of the direction of rotation of the propeller;

(vi) at least one first exhaust gas exit port communicating with the second exhaust passage and adapted to vent exhaust gas aft of the nozzle; and

(vii) at least one second exhaust gas exit port communicating with the second exhaust passage and adapted to vent exhaust gas forward of the nozzle, and wherein the exhaust gas exit ports are constructed and arranged to vent substantially all of the exhaust gases into the turbulence behind the propeller for both forward and reverse directions of rotation of the propeller.

Preferably, the at least one first exhaust gas exit port comprises a first set of exhaust gas exit ports communicating with the second exhaust gas passage, extending through the propeller boss, and having axes substantially parallel to the second shaft.

Preferably, the at least one second exhaust gas exit port comprises a second set of exhaust gas exit ports comnunicating with the second exhaust gas passage, in an extension of the propeller

.boss, having axes substantially perpendicular to the second shaft, and situated between the propeller and the second casing.

Alteiπiatively, the at least one first and at least one second exhaust gas exit ports include either passages in a spacer used in mσunt.ing the Kort nozzle, and/or ports provided adjacent the nozzle .in the second casing.

It can thus be seen that the concepts of this invention can be utilized in two separate ways. First, an existing outboard motor can be modified by discarding the existing propeller, and attaching to it both the Kort nozzle and a replacement propeller. In sane cases, seme extra exhaust ports might be necessa^. Second, the improvements can be incorporated into the outboard motor during manufacutre, thus providing a motor specifically suitable from the outset for high pcwsr, low speed operation. In both cases, it is not necessary to make any changes to the internal combustion engine part of the outboard motor.

The invention will now be described in one embodiment with reference to the attached Figures, in which:

Figure 1 shows a partially sectioned side view of the lower parts of an outboard motor;

Figure 2 shows a partially sectioned propeller;

Figure 3 shows a face view of the propeller of Figure 2;

Figure 4 shows a face view of part of the assembly of Figure 1; and

Figure 5 shews in outline a conventional prior art outboard motor unit.

In these Figures, like parts -are given the same numbers.

Referring first to Figure 5, a conventional outobard motor is shown, which comprises essentially an engine unit shown generally at 100 which drives a propeller, 101, in either an ahead or an astern direction. Smaller motors -are generally powered by two stroke gaso-line eng.ines, whilst larger ones use four stroke engines. The outboard motor eng.ine unit also includes a conventional clamping means, 102, whereby the motor is attached to the hull, 103, of the boat. The clamping system also usually includes means to swing the motor upwardly out of the water when not in use, and also means to pivot the motor atout an essentially vertical axis in order to be

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able to steer the boat. A gear box is also generally included, whereby the rotation of the propeller can be changed frc a forward direction to a reverse direction. Below the motor unit a first casing 104 extends generally downwardly. Within this cas.ing there is provision for a first propeller drive shaft 105, first engine water coolant passages as at 106, and at least one f.irst exhaust passage, as at 107. Generally there are at least two water passages, one "in" and one "out". The bottom, or foot, of the motor unit comprises .bevel gears, whereby the second propeller drive shaft 109 is driven from the first shaft 105. The propeller 101 is attached, usually by means of a spline, to the second shaft 105, and retained thereon by a nut or the like. As shown, the second shaft extends generally aft of the motor unit. The foot or second casing also includes second engine coolant passages which teπrάnate in a vent such as the slots 113. The second casing also includes a second exhaust passage, which vents the exhaust gases into the water generally in one of two ways. For large motors, an exhaust port 110 is provided through the boss of propeller 101 and coπmunicating with the second exhaust passage 101. For smaller motors, a simil-ar vent to that used for the eng.ine water flows is used, generally at the rear of the second casing and coπmunicating with the second exhaust passage.

In Figure 1, the lower parts only of an out±ioard motor modified accord.ing to this invention are shown. The first casing, 1, connects upwardly to the motor unit fitself (not shown) and includes within it the first propeller drive shaft, water coolant passages, and exhaust gas passages. The first casing is connected to a second casing, 2, which generally includes a motor cavitation plate, 3. The second casing receives the lower end of the first propeller drive, shaft, which drives the second propeller shaft, 4, generally through bevel gears (not shown) . The second casing includes coolant water ports, as at 5, which are internally connected to the coolant passages in the f.irst casing, and ej∑haust gas passages.

The Kort nozzle, 6, shown in section at 6A and 6B, is attached to the cavitation plate 3, by means of a shaped spacer 7 (which can be made integrally with the nozzle) by bolts, shown at 8. If the nozzle is built in as the motor is manufactured, the spacer 7 and bolts 8 might be replaced by integral construction methods. The

lower periphery of the nozzle is anchored to the bottom of the second casing suitably by the bracket means 10, if des.ired.

Whilst the outer face of the Kort nozzle tapers in a generally aft direction, as can be seen from the sections at 6A and 6B, the internal shape of the nozzle ideally is substantially symmetrical. As a consequence, the accelerating effect of the nozzle in both directions of propeller rotation is substantially equal. Thus the distances X and Y are approximately the same. To the boat user, this means that motor response in terms of power developed is substantially the same both ahead and astern. Exper.iment has shown that seme departure from a symmetrical shape is permissible, provided that it is not such that the perceived performance ahead and astern becomes different. The nozzle types desi-gnated as Type 19B and Type 37B by the Maritime Research Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands, have been found suitable, of which Type 19B is preferred.

The propeller, 9, which as shown has four blades, is mounted onto the second shaft 4 which is at the longitudinal axis of the nozzle. The propeller mounting is adjusted to place the blades 11 centrally at mid-point along the length of the nozzle. The central placement aga.in contributes to simil-arity of power output ahead and astern. .As c-an be seen .in Figure 1, the blade pitch decreases outwardly along the blade, and as can be seen in Figure 3, the blades generally widen outwardly along the blade. Further, the blades have a symmetrical curvature (Figures 1 and 2) along their entire length so that .both the leading and the trail.ing edges serve to accelerate the water as the propeller rotates in either direction. .Again, the symmetry contributes to simil-arity of power output ahead and astern.

The propeller boss also provides two routes whereby the motor e^aust gases are vented. The first, and conventional one, comprises a plurality of arcuate passages 12 which pass through the propeller boss 13 substantially parallel to the shaft 4. When the boat is travelling ahead, the exhaust gases are then vented through these ports .into the turbulence behind the propeller. A second set of ports 14 is also provided located between the boss 13 and the casing 2. These can be obtained either by cutting away the extension to the boss as at 15 in Figure 2, or by providing a suitable slotted

spacer between the boss and the casing 3 on the shaft 4. When the boat is heading astern, the e.xhaust gases are vented through the second set of ports again .into the turbulence behind the propeller, thus relieving any hydrostatic back pressure which would otherwise arise on the exhaust system, and which interferes with motor operation.

It has also been found that the blade tips 16 should be shaped to match the inside curve of the nozzle, and preferably the gap between the blade tips and the nozzle should be as small as is possible.

In practice it has been found that this arrangement of Kort nozzle and propeller significantly improves the handling and control of a sailboat hull when powered by an otherwise conventional outboard motor, intended for use with a planing-type hull. Further, it appears that fuel economy is also improved; in comparison testing using a sailboat which is outboard motor driven at a speed of about 6 knots a fuel saving of about 15% has been observed.

In the proceeding discussion of figures 1 through 4 a specific embodiment is described for one embodiment of this invention. There are two relatively important ways in which this construction may need to be changed, when a Kort nozzle and matching propeller are being attached as a retrofit kit to an existing outboard motor. These concern the position.ing of the Kort nozzle and the re-routing of the exhaust gases.

Where the Kort nozzle is concerned, its position is constrained by the fact that the position of the propeller shaft also determines the axis of the nozzle. The performance desired from the outboard motor after modification will .indicate the desired propeller and nozzle diameters. Finally, the nozzle itself must be adequately robust to withstand the load placed upon it. Reaching a workable compromise between these competing factors may require that the cavitation plate is modified rather more than is shown in Figures 1 and 4, so that in effect it becomes part of the nozzle. For example, instead of being simply bolted up onto the underside of the cavitation plate, as shown in Figures 1 and 4, the cavitation plate could be modified to provide a tongue or tab which mates with a slot or recess provided in the nozzle.

Turning now to the venting of the exhaust gases, the construction shown in the Figures 1, 2 and 3 is one that is appropriate for a larger outboard motor. In some smaller out±oard motor designs the exhaust gases are vented through a port which points downwardly and aft through the cavitation plate. The gases are vented into the turbulence a short distance aft of the propeller when moving ahead. Problems with motor performance still arise when moving astern with the propeller reversed, sώce the exhaust port is being pressurized by porting toward the oncoπ ng water, and the gases are being exhausted into the undisturbed water ahead of the propeller. .Further, fitting of a nozzle to -such an engine will effectively obstruct such a downwardly oriented exhaust port. Where new construction is' concerned, adequate steps can be taken to re-route the exhaust gases. In a retrofit situation, at least two options are available, depending to a degree on the size of the nozzle and the separation between the cavitation plate and the propeller shaft axis.

If the nozzle size is such that a spacer, as at 7 in Figure 4 is in use, then if the spacer is deep enough the exhaust gases can be re-routed by providing exhaust ports through the spacer, as shown for example schematically at A in Figure 4, pointing both fore and aft, and connecting with the second exhaust passage in the upper part of the second casing. By this means the exhaust gases are always exhausted through a port towards the propeller race.

If the nozzle size is such that re-rout.ing the gases through such a spacer is not possible, then it is neccesary to modify the casings to provide new exhaust ports. Usually a single port pointing astern will be sufficient, but one each side of the casing pointing ahead may be found necessary, as shown schematically at B or C in Figure 1.

In this situation it is not desirable simply to provide a replacement single exhaust port pointing astern, since the water pressure onto the exhaust system will adversely affect motor performance when moving astern, especially if the motor utilizes a two stroke engine. The performance of such an eng.ine is directly affected by any back pressure in its exhaust system. Therefore, failure to provide exhaust ports not influenced by water flow

direction may serve to affect adversely the ability to provide an outboard motor with substantially the same percieved performance in both the ahead and astern directions.