WO/2021/244363 | POINT CLOUD COMPRESSION METHOD, ENCODER, DECODER, AND STORAGE MEDIUM |
JPH04367184 | PICTURE ENCODER |
WO/2019/162231 | SELECTIVE QUANTIZATION PARAMETER TRANSMISSION |
LI XIANG (US)
AUYEUNG CHEUNG (US)
LIU SHAN (US)
US20160100168A1 | 2016-04-07 | |||
US20140301469A1 | 2014-10-09 | |||
US20150078456A1 | 2015-03-19 | |||
US20080298694A1 | 2008-12-04 |
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method of decoding an encoded video bitstream, the method being performed by at least one processor and comprising: obtaining the encoded video bitstream; determining whether a chroma array type of a video sequence included in the encoded video bitstream is a first chroma array type indicating that the video sequence includes multiple color planes and that the multiple color planes are jointly encoded; based on determining that the chroma array type is not the first chroma array type, setting a value of at least one syntax element to zero without parsing the at least one syntax element from the encoded video bitstream; and based on the value of the at least one syntax element being zero, decoding the video sequence without applying at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chroma array type is determined based on a first flag indicating whether the video sequence includes the multiple color planes, and a first syntax element indicating a chroma format of the video sequence. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on determining that the chroma array type is the first chroma array type, setting the value of the at least one syntax element by parsing the at least one syntax element; based on the determined value of the at least one syntax element, decoding the video sequence by applying the at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one tool comprises at least one from among block-based delta pulse code modulation, palette mode coding, and adaptive color transform. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a second flag signaled in a picture parameter set (PPS) is set equal to zero. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one syntax element is signaled in the PPS, and wherein the at least one tool corresponds to a chroma quantization parameter of the video sequence. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a third flag signaled in an adaptation parameter set (APS) is set equal to zero. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least one syntax element is signaled in the APS, and wherein the at least one tool corresponds to an adaptive loop filter. 9. A device for decoding an encoded video bitstream, the device comprising: at least one memory configured to store program code; and at least one processor configured to read the program code and operate as instructed by the program code, the program code including: obtaining code configured to cause the at least one processor to obtain the encoded video bitstream; determining code configured to cause the at least one processor to determine whether a chroma array type of a video sequence included in the encoded video bitstream is a first chroma array type indicating that the video sequence includes multiple color planes and that the multiple color planes are jointly encoded; first setting code configured to cause the at least one processor to, based on determining that the chroma array type is not the first chroma array type, set a value of at least one syntax element to zero without parsing the at least one syntax element from the encoded video bitstream; and first decoding code configured to cause the at least one processor to, based on the value of the at least one syntax element being zero, decode the video sequence without applying at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the chroma array type is determined based on a first flag indicating whether the video sequence includes the multiple color planes, and a first syntax element indicating a chroma format of the video sequence. 11. The device of claim 9, further comprising: second setting code configured to cause the at least one processor to, based on determining that the chroma array type is the first chroma array type, set the value of the at least one syntax element by parsing the at least one syntax element; second decoding code configured to cause the at least one processor to, based on the determined value of the at least one syntax element, decode the video sequence by applying the at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the at least one tool comprises at least one from among block-based delta pulse code modulation, palette mode coding, and adaptive color transform. 13. The device of claim 9, wherein based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a second flag signaled in a picture parameter set (PPS) is set equal to zero. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the at least one syntax element is signaled in the PPS, and wherein the at least one tool corresponds to a chroma quantization parameter of the video sequence. 15. The device of claim 9, wherein based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a third flag signaled in an adaptation parameter set (APS) is set equal to zero. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the at least one syntax element is signaled in the APS, and wherein the at least one tool corresponds to an adaptive loop filter. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device for decoding an encoded video bitstream, cause the one or more processors to: obtain the encoded video bitstream; determine whether a chroma array type of a video sequence included in the encoded video bitstream is a first chroma array type indicating that the video sequence includes multiple color planes and that the multiple color planes are jointly encoded; based on determining that the chroma array type is not the first chroma array type, set a value of at least one syntax element to zero without parsing the at least one syntax element from the encoded video bitstream; and based on the value of the at least one syntax element being zero, decode the video sequence without applying at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the chroma array type is determined based on a first flag indicating whether the video sequence includes the multiple color planes, and a first syntax element indicating a chroma format of the video sequence. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions are further configured to cause the one or more processors to: based on determining that the chroma array type is the first chroma array type, set the value of the at least one syntax element by parsing the at least one syntax element; based on the determined value of the at least one syntax element, decode the video sequence by applying the at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the at least one tool comprises at least one from among block-based delta pulse code modulation, palette mode coding, and adaptive color transform. |
Table 2: Picture parameter set RBSP syntax from VVC Draft 7
Table 3: Adaptive loop filter data syntax from VVC Draft 7
[59] Embodiments may relate to handling the sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag when ChromaArrayType equals to 0 as follows. As shown in Table 4, when ChromaArrayType equals to 0, sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag is not parsed and inferred to be 0 such that joint Cb and Cr residual coding as a chroma residual coding is disabled to avoid unnecesary decoding processes. The text changes are highlighted in italics and texts with strikethrough indicates deleted texts. Table 4: Handling on sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag
[60] sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag equal to 0 may specify that the joint coding of chroma residuals is disabled. sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag equal to 1 may specify that the joint coding of chroma residuals is enabled. When sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag is not present, it may be inferred to be be equal to 0. [61] When ChromaArrayType is 0, a video component shall be encodeded as if it is monochrome or 4:4:4 with separately coded colour planes. As shown in the italicized syntax in Table 1, Table 2 and 3, the syntax elements pps_cb_qp_offset, pps_cr_qp_offset, pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag, pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag, alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag are signaled independently on ChromaArrayType. When ChromaArrayType is 0, these flags could have a value of 1 which enables coding tools that are not applicalbe to encoding a video component as if it is monochrome or 4:4:4 with separately coded colour planes. This results in conflicting signaling between ChromaArrayType and the abovementioned syntax elements. [62] To ensure there are no conflicts in the signaling between ChromaArrayType and the related syntax elements, embodiments relate to modifications to a syntax of a sequence parameter set RBSP, a picture parameter set RBSP syntax and adaptive loop filter data syntax. [63] Embodiments are described in the form of text modifications relative to the specification text of VVC Draft 7 shown below Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8. The text changes are highlighted in italics and texts with strikethrough indicates deleted texts. Table 5: Modified sequence parameter set RBSP syntax
Table 6: Modification to picture parameter set RBSP syntax from VVC Draft 7
Table 7: Modification to adaptation parameter set syntax from VVC Draft 7
Table 8: Modification to adaptive loop filter data syntax from VVC Draft 7
[64] pps_chroma_present_flag may specify whether chroma component is present. When pps_chroma_present_flag equal to 1, chroma related syntax may be present in PPS. pps_chroma_present_flag equal to 0 may specify that chroma component does not present. It may be a requirement of bitstream conformance that pps_chroma_present_flag equal to 0 when ChromaArrayType is equal to 0. [65] pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may specify the offsets to the luma quantization parameter Qp′ Y used for deriving Qp′ Cb and Qp′ Cr , respectively. The values of pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may be in the range of −12 to +12, inclusive. When ChromaArrayType is equal to 0, pps_cb_qp_offset and pps_cr_qp_offset may be not used in the decoding process and decoders may ignore their value. [66] pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag equal to 1 may specify that pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_value and joint_cbcr_qp_offset_list[ i ] are present in the PPS RBSP syntax structure. pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag equal to 0 may specify that pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_value and joint_cbcr_qp_offset_list[ i ] are not present in the PPS RBSP syntax structure. When pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag is not present, it may be inferred to be be equal to 0. [67] pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag equal to 1 may indicate that the slice_cb_qp_offset and slice_cr_qp_offset syntax elements are present in the associated slice headers. pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag equal to 0 may indicate that these syntax elements are not present in the associated slice headers. When pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag is not present, it may be inferred to be be equal to 0. [68] pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag equal to 1 may specify that the pic_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_intra_slice and pic_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_inter_slice syntax elements are present in PHs referring to the PPS and that cu_chroma_qp_offset_flag may be present in the transform unit syntax and the palette coding syntax. pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag equal to 0 may specify that the pic_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_intra_slice and pic_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_inter_slice syntax elements are not present in picture headers referring to the PPS and that the cu_chroma_qp_offset_flag is not present in the transform unit syntax and the palette coding syntax. When pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag is not present, it may be inferred to be be equal to 0. [69] aps_chroma_present_flag specifies whether chroma component is present. When aps_chroma_present_flag equal to 1, chroma related syntax may be present in APS. aps_chroma_present_flag equal to 0 may specify that chroma related syntaxes are not present. It may be a requirement of bitstream conformance that pps_chroma_present_flag equal to 0 when ChromaArrayType equal to 0. [70] alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag equal to 1 may specify that a chroma filter is signaled. alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag equal to 0 may specify that a chroma filter is not signaled. When alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag is not present, it may be inferred to be be equal to 0.. [71] When ChromaArrayType is 0, a video component may be encoded as if it is monochrome or 4:4:4 with seperately coded colour planes. [72] In FIG. 5A, chroma QP related syntax parsing may be disabled when pps_chroma_present_flag is 0 to avoid unnecesary decoding process. The syntax such as pps_cb_qp_offset, pps_cr_qp_offset, pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag, pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag, pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag may be inferred to 0, and thus not applied in QP derivation process in decoder side. [73] In FIG. 5B, chroma ALF filter as a chroma filter may be disabled when aps_chroma_present_flag is 0 to avoid unnecesary decoding process. Therefore, the syntax alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag are inferred to 0. [74] In FIG. 5C, VVC Draft 7 has several coding tools only applied to when chroma format is 4:4:4 without separate colour plane such as BDPCM for chroma, PLT and ACT. The syntax related to these tools should not be parsed when chroma format is 4:4:4 with separate colour plane which means there chroma component present as luma component. Therefore, parsing of these syntax should be performed only when ChromaArrayType equals to 3 to avoid unnecessary decoding process. [75] In detail, FIGS. 5A-5C are flowcharts of example processes 500A, 500B, and 500C for decoding an encoded video bitstream, according to embodiments. In embodiments, any of processes 500A, 500B, and 500C , or any portions of processes 500A, 500B, and 500C, may be combined in any combination or permutation and in any order as desired. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIGS. 5A-5C may be performed by decoder 210. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIGS. 5A-5C may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including decoder 210, such as encoder 203. [76] As shown in FIG. 5A, process 500A may include obtaining an encoded video bitstream including a coded video sequence (block 511). [77] As further shown in FIG. 5A, process 500A may include determining whether pps_chroma_present_flag is equal to 1 (block 512). [78] As further shown in FIG 5A, if pps_chroma_present_flag is not equal to 1 (NO at block 512), process 500A may proceed to block 513. However, if pps_chroma_present_flag is equal to 1 (YES at block 512), process 500A may proceed to block 515. [79] As further shown in FIG. 5A, process 500A may include inferring a value of chroma QP related syntax to be equal to 0 without parsing the chroma QP related syntax (block 513), and then decoding the video sequence without applying the chroma QP related syntax (block 514). [80] As further shown in FIG. 5A, process 500A may include parsing a value of the chroma QP related syntax (block 515). [81] As further shown in FIG. 5A, process 500A may include determining whether a value of the chroma QP related syntax is equal to 0 (block 516). [82] As further shown in FIG 5A, if the value of the chroma QP related syntax is determined to be equal to 0 (YES at block 516), process 500A may proceed to block 514. However, if the value of the chroma QP related syntax is determined not to be equal to 0 (NO at block 516), process 500A may proceed to block 517, in which the chroma QP related syntax is applied while decoding the video sequence. [83] As shown in FIG. 5B, process 500B may include obtaining an encoded video bitstream including a coded video sequence (block 521). [84] As further shown in FIG. 5B, process 500B may include determining whether aps_chroma_present_flag is equal to 1 (block 522). [85] As further shown in FIG 5B, if aps_chroma_present_flag is not equal to 1 (NO at block 522), process 500B may proceed to block 523. However, if aps_chroma_present_flag is equal to 1 (YES at block 522), process 500B may proceed to block 525. [86] As further shown in FIG. 5B, process 500B may include inferring a value of alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag to be equal to 0 without parsing alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag (block 523), and then decoding the video sequence without applying the ALF chroma filter (block 524). [87] As further shown in FIG. 5B, process 500B may include parsing a value of alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag (block 525). [88] As further shown in FIG. 5B, process 500B may include determining whether a value of the alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag is equal to 1 (block 526). [89] As further shown in FIG 5B, if the value of the chroma QP related syntax is determined not to be equal to 1 (NO at block 526), process 500B may proceed to block 524. However, if the value of the alf_chroma_filter_signal_flag is determined to be equal to 1 (YES at block 526), process 500B may proceed to block 527, in which the ALF chroma filter is applied while decoding the video sequence. [90] As shown in FIG. 5C, process 500C may include obtaining an encoded video bitstream including a coded video sequence (block 531). [91] As further shown in FIG. 5C, process 500C may include determining whether chromaArrayType is equal to 3 (block 532). [92] As further shown in FIG 5C, if chromaArrayType is not equal to 3 (NO at block 532), process 500C may proceed to block 533. However, if chromaArrayType is equal to 3 (YES at block 532), process 500C may proceed to block 535. [93] As further shown in FIG. 5C, process 500C may include inferring a value of syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane to be equal to 0 without parsing the syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane (block 533), and then decoding the video sequence without applying a coding tool related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane (block 534). [94] As further shown in FIG. 5C, process 500C may include parsing a value of the syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane (block 535). [95] As further shown in FIG. 5C, process 500C may include determining whether a value of the syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane is equal to 1 (block 536). [96] As further shown in FIG 5C, if the value of the syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane is determined not to be equal to 1 (NO at block 536), process 500C may proceed to block 534. However, if the value of the syntax related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane is determined to be equal to 1 (YES at block 536), process 500C may proceed to block 537, in which the tool related to chroma format of 4:4:4 without separate color plane is applied while decoding the video sequence. [97] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an example process 600 for decoding an encoded video bitstream, according to embodiments. In embodiments, any portion of process 600 may be combined or arranged in any combination or permutation and in any order as desired. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 6 may be performed by decoder 210. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 6 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including decoder 210, such as encoder 203. [98] As shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include obtaining an encoded video bitstream (block 601). [99] As further shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include determining whether a chroma array type of a video sequence included in the encoded video bitstream is a first chroma array type indicating that the video sequence includes multiple color planes and that the multiple color planes are jointly encoded (block 602). [100] As further shown in FIG 6, if the chroma array type is not the first chroma array type (NO at block 602), process 600 may proceed to block 603. However, if the chroma array type is the first chroma array type (YES at block 602), process 600 may proceed to block 605. [101] As further shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include inferring a value of at least one syntax element to be 0 without parsing the at least one syntax element from the encoded video bitstream (block 603), and then decoding the video sequence without applying at least one tool corresponding to the at least one syntax element (block 604). [102] As further shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include parsing the at least one syntax element (block 605). [103] As further shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include determining whether a value of the at least one syntax element is equal to 0 (block 602). [104] As further shown in FIG 6, if the value of the at least one syntax element is determined to be equal to 0 (YES at block 606), process 600 may proceed to block 604. However, if the value of the at least one syntax element is determined not to be equal to 0 (NO at block 606), process 600 may proceed to block 607, in which the video sequence is decoded using a tool based on the value of the at least one syntax element. [105] In embodiments, the chroma array type may be determined based on a first flag indicating whether the video sequence includes the multiple color planes, and a first syntax element indicating a chroma format of the video sequence. [106] In embodiments, the at least one tool may include at least one from among block-based delta pulse code modulation, palette mode coding, and adaptive color transform. [107] In embodiments, based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a second flag signaled in a picture parameter set (PPS) may be set equal to 0. [108] In embodiments, the at least one syntax element may be signaled in the PPS, and the at least one tool may correspond to a chroma quantization parameter of the video sequence. [109] In embodiments, based on the chroma array type being a second chroma array type indicating that the video sequence does not include the multiple color planes, or that the multiple color planes are separately encoded, a value of a third flag signaled in an adaptation parameter set (APS) may be set equal to zero. [110] In embodiments, the at least one syntax element may be signaled in the APS, and the at least one tool may correspond to an adaptive loop filter. [111] Although FIGS.5A-5C and 6 show example blocks of processes 500A, 500B, 500C, and 600, in some implementations, processes 500A, 500B, 500C, and 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIGS 5A-5C and 6 . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of processes 500A, 500B, 500C, and 600 may be performed in parallel. [112] Further, the proposed methods may be implemented by processing circuitry (e.g., one or more processors or one or more integrated circuits). In one example, the one or more processors execute a program that is stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium to perform one or more of the proposed methods. [113] The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 7 shows a computer system 700 suitable for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. [114] The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like. [115] The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like. [116] The components shown in FIG. 7 for computer system 700 are exemplary in nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration of components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of a computer system 700. [117] Computer system 700 may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video). [118] Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard 701, mouse 702, trackpad 703, touch screen 710 and associated graphics adapter 750, data-glove 1204, joystick 705, microphone 706, scanner 707, camera 708. [119] Computer system 700 may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen 710, data-glove 1204, or joystick 705, but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers 709, headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens 710 to include cathode ray tube (CRT) screens, liquid-crystal display (LCD) screens, plasma screens, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted). [120] Computer system 700 can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW 720 with CD/DVD or the like media 721, thumb-drive 722, removable hard drive or solid state drive 723, legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like. [121] Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals. [122] Computer system 700 can also include interface(s) to one or more communication networks (955). Networks can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of networks include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include global systems for mobile communications (GSM), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), fifth generation (5G), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external network interface adapters (954) that attached to certain general purpose data ports or peripheral buses (949) (such as, for example universal serial bus (USB) ports of the computer system 700; others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system 700 by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). As an example, network 755 may be connected to peripheral bus 749 using network interface 754. Using any of these networks, computer system 700 can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni- directional send-only (for example CANbus to certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces (954) as described above. [123] Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core 740 of the computer system 700. [124] The core 740 can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) 741, Graphics Processing Units (GPU) 742, specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) 743, hardware accelerators 744 for certain tasks, and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) 745, Random-access memory (RAM) 746, internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and the like 747, may be connected through a system bus 748. In some computer systems, the system bus 748 can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core’s system bus 748, or through a peripheral bus 749. Architectures for a peripheral bus include peripheral component interconnect (PCI), USB, and the like. [125] CPUs 741, GPUs 742, FPGAs 743, and accelerators 744 can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM 745 or RAM 746. Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM 746, whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage 747. Fast storage and retrieve to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU 741, GPU 742, mass storage 747, ROM 745, RAM 746, and the like. [126] The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts. [127] As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture 700, and specifically the core 740 can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core 740 that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage 747 or ROM 745. The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core 740. A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core 740 and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM 746 and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator 744), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer- readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software. [128] While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof. Acronyms: HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding VVC: Versatile Video Coding JVET: Joint Video Exploration Team CU: Coding Unit VTM: Versatile Video Coding Test Model SPS: sequence parameter set BDPCM: Block-based Delta Pulse Code Modulation ACT: Adaptive Color Transform 4:4:4: video with chroma format equal to 4:4:4 ALF: adaptive loop filter QP: quantization parameter PLT: palette mode coding