[0001] This application contains subject matter related to the subject matter of the following commonly-owned applications: US 13/086,589, now US patent 8,800,528; US 13/138,954, now US patent 8,820,294; US 14/1 17,831 , published as US 2014/0083398; US 13/843,686, published as US 2013/0213342; US 14/026,931 , published as US 2014/0014063; US 14/074,580, published as US 2015/0122227; and, US 14/675,407.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The field includes opposed-piston engines in which a combustion chamber is defined between end surfaces of pistons disposed in opposition in the bore of a cylinder. More particularly, the field includes opposed-piston engines with combustion chambers having shapes that promote mixing of charge air with injected fuel.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] The related patent applications describe two-stroke cycle, compression- ignition, opposed-piston engines in which pairs of pistons move in opposition in the bores of ported cylinders. A two-stroke cycle opposed-piston engine completes a cycle of engine operation with two strokes of a pair of opposed pistons. During a compression stroke, as the pistons begin to move toward each other, charge air is admitted into the cylinder, between the end surfaces of the pistons. As the pistons approach respective top center ("TC") locations to form a combustion chamber the charge air is increasingly compressed between the approaching end surfaces. When the end surfaces are closest to each other, near the end of the compression stroke, a minimum combustion chamber volume ("minimum volume") occurs. Fuel injected directly into the cylinder mixes with the compressed charge air. Combustion is initiated when the compressed air reaches temperature and pressure levels that cause the fuel to begin to burn; this is called "compression ignition". Combustion timing is frequently referenced to minimum volume. In some instances, injection occurs at or near minimum volume; in other instances, injection may occur before minimum volume. In any case, in response to combustion the pistons reverse direction and move away from each other in a power stroke. During a power stroke, the pistons move toward bottom center ("BC") locations in the bore. As the pistons reciprocate between top and bottom center locations they open and close ports formed in respective intake and exhaust locations of the cylinder in timed sequences that control the flow of charge air into, and exhaust from, the cylinder.

[0004] Combustion is influenced by the degree to which compressed charge air is mixed with injected fuel. Motion and turbulence of charge air in the cylinder are critical factors in facilitating air/fuel mixing and combustion. In an opposed-piston engine, pressurized charge air may enter the cylinder in a tangential direction, which causes the formation of a vortex structure (commonly referred to as "swirl") that spirals longitudinally in the cylinder, across the direction of fuel injection. The bulk swirling motion breaks up the injected fuel streams and entrains fuel droplets into the moving charge air. In the short amount of time preceding ignition it is desirable to intensify the turbulence of charge air motion by generating additional bulk air flow structures. For this purpose, two- stroke, opposed-piston engines are equipped with pistons having crowns with contoured end surfaces that interact with swirling charge air in the cylinder and with squish flow of charge air from the circular peripheries of the piston end surfaces. The interaction produces additional bulk motion structures (commonly referred to as "tumble") in the form of vortexes oriented transversely or tangentiaily to the swirl vortex. The result is complex, turbulent charge air motion in the combustion chamber that facilitates combustion and that continues to encourage oxidation of unburned fuel and the products of combustion as the power stroke begins.

[0005] The related applications are directed to two-stroke cycle, compression- ignition, opposed-piston applications in which the piston end surfaces have shapes that add tumble to the bulk airflow structures, in these applications the combustion chamber is defined by bowls running along end surface ridges that extend on opposite sides of a chamber centeriine. Concave inner surfaces of the bowls and ridges guide air flow and fuel plumes in the combustion chamber. Convex outer surfaces of the ridges act like ramps to generate fumble from squish flows. While these ridges do contribute to production of tumble, they also pose significant challenges to engine operation and piston thermal management. The ridges present irregular contours with sharp edges that protrude outwardly from the piston end surfaces and cause hot spots in the piston crowns when combustion occurs. The hot spots impair combustion, which reduces the engine's efficiency. They also produce irregular thermal profiles on crown undersurfaces, which are difficult to manage and which necessitate complex internal piston structures to transport liquid coolant. Finally, the ridged end surfaces and the required cooling structures make the pistons difficult to manufacture and add to the costs of engine production and maintenance.

SUMMARY

[0008] These disadvantages are reduced if not eliminated by providing a combustion chamber for an opposed-piston engine having a shape without ridges that interacts with charge air motion to produce tumble. In a plan view of the piston, the combustion chamber has an elongated shape that runs along a chamber centeriine, between diametrically-opposed openings of the combustion chamber through which fuel is injected. The combustion chamber structure is defined between the opposing end surfaces of a pair of opposed pistons when the pistons are near top center positions in the bore of a cylinder.

[0007] Each piston of the pair of pistons has a longitudinal axis and an end surface that includes no ridges. The end surface meets a sidewail of the piston at a circular, circumferential edge centered on the longitudinal axis. The circumferential edge defines the periphery of the piston end surface. The end surface is flat with respect to a reference plane that is orthogonal to the longitudinal axis and that contains the peripheral edge. Two diametrically-opposed notches formed in the end surface open through the circumferential edge. An elongate, concave bowl is formed in the end surface, and extends between the notches. The bowl and the notches lie beneath the reference plane. The bowl has a skewed shape in which a line following deepest portions of the bowl is offset to one side of a diameter of the piston with which the notches are aligned and which defines a centeriine of the combustion chamber.

[0008] A combustion chamber is formed between two opposed pistons having fiat end surfaces with skewed bowls formed therein. The pistons are aligned with their end surfaces in opposition such that skewed shapes of the bowls are disposed in an opposed facing alignment which forms a combustion chamber having a rotationally skewed shape with respect to a chamber centeriine. The rotationally skewed shape interacts with charge air motion to produce one or more tumble motions.

[0009] An opposed-piston engine includes at least one cylinder with a bore and longitudinally displaced intake and exhaust ports machined or formed in the cylinder, near respective ends thereof. Two pistons with fiat end surfaces are disposed in the bore in opposition to each other. Each fiat end surface has a bowl with a skewed shape formed therein. A combustion chamber with diametrically opposed openings for admitting fuel is formed between the bowls when the pistons are near top center locations in the bore. In a vertical sectional view, the combustion chamber has a rotationally skewed shape with respect to a chamber centerline. The rotationally skewed shape interacts with charge air motion to produce one or more tumble motions.

BRIEF DESCRI PTION OF THE DRAWI NGS

[0010] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an opposed-piston engine of the prior art.

[001 1] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a piston of the prior art which has an end surface shaped to form a combustion chamber with the end surface of a counterpart opposed piston

[0012] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a piston according to this disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a plan view of an end surface of the piston of FIG. 3 showing a bowl formed in the end surface; FIG. 4A is a longitudinal diametric sectional view of the facing sidewalls of the bowl, the view being through a longitudinal plane that is orthogonal to a diameter of the end surface.

[0014] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are longitudinal diametric sectional views of a combustion chamber formed between the opposing end surfaces of a pair of pistons having end surfaces shaped as per FIG. 4, in which the views correspond to parallel planes indicated by lines A-A, B-B, and C-C of FIG. 4.

[0015] FIG, 5D is a longitudinal diametric sectional view of the combustion chamber of FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, in which the view corresponds to the line D-D of FIG. 4, which is orthogonal to the lines A-A, B-B, and C-C of FIG. 4.

DETAI LED DESCRI PTION OF TH E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a two-stroke cycle internal combustion engine 8 of the opposed-piston type that includes at least one cylinder 10. The cylinder includes a bore 12 and longitudinally displaced intake and exhaust ports 14 and 16 machined or formed in the cylinder, near respective ends thereof. Each of the intake and exhaust ports includes one or more circumferential arrays of openings in which adjacent openings are separated by a solid portion of the cylinder wail (also called a "bridge"), in some descriptions, each opening is referred to as a "port"; however, the construction of a circumferential array of such "ports" is no different than the port constructions in FIG. 1 . [0017] Fuel injection nozzles 17 are secured in threaded holes that open through the side surface of the cylinder. Two pistons 20, 22 are disposed in the bore 12 with their end surfaces 20e, 22e in opposition to each other. For convenience, the piston 20 is referred to as the "intake" piston because of its proximity to the intake port 14. Similarly, the piston 22 is referred to as the "exhaust" piston because of its proximity to the exhaust port 18. Preferably, but not necessarily, the intake piston 20 and all other intake pistons are coupled to a crankshaft 30 disposed along one side of the engine 8; and, the exhaust piston 22 and all other exhaust pistons are coupled to a crankshaft 32 disposed along the opposite side of the engine 8.

[0018] Operation of an opposed-piston engine such as the engine 8 with one or more ported cylinders (cylinders with intake and exhaust ports formed near ends thereof) such as the cylinder 10 is well understood, in this regard, in response to combustion the opposed pistons move away from respective TC positions where they are at their innermost positions in the cylinder 10. While moving from TC, the pistons keep their associated ports closed until they approach respective BC positions where they are at their outermost positions in the cylinder and the associated ports are open. The pistons may move in phase so that the intake and exhaust ports 14, 18 open and close in unison. Alternatively, one piston may lead the other in phase, in which case the intake and exhaust ports have different opening and closing times.

[0019] As charge air enters the cylinder 10 through the intake port 14, the shapes of the intake port openings cause the charge air to rotate in a vortex 34 about the cylinders longitudinal axis, which spirals in the direction of the exhaust port 16. A swirl vortex 34 promotes air/fuel mixing, combustion, and suppression of pollutants. Swirl velocity increases as the end surfaces 20e and 22e move together.

[0020] Figure 2 is an isometric view of a prior art piston for an opposed-piston engine that is taught in related US patent 8,800,528. The piston 50 has an end surface 51 that is shaped to form a combustion chamber with the end surface of an opposing piston. The end surface 51 of the piston has a periphery 53 surrounding a bowl 54 defining a concave surface 56. The concave surface 56 includes a first portion 58 curving away from the periphery 53 toward the interior of the piston 50. The concave surface 56 further includes a second portion 82 curving away from the first portion 58 and protruding outwardly in part from the end surface 51. A convex surface 64 opposite the bowl 54 curves away from the periphery 53 and protrudes outwardly from the end surface 51. The convex surface 64 meets the second portion 62 of the concave surface 56 to form a ridge 70 therewith. The ridge 70 has an edge 72. The end surface structure is provided on both pistons and the pistons are disposed in the bore of a ported cylinder with their end surfaces oriented to place complementary cun/ed surfaces of the end surface structures in opposition so as to define a combustion chamber. The combustion chamber space defined between these two end surfaces has a geometry that reinforces and sustains a charge air tumble motion which encourages fuel/air mixing. However, when combustion occurs, the edge 72 of the ridge becomes an elongated, curved hot spot.

[0021] Skewed Combustion Chamber Construction: Opposing pistons constructed according to this disclosure have flat end surfaces. An oblong concave bowl (also called a "recess" or a "cavity") with a skewed construction is formed in each end surface. The pistons are rotationaliy oriented in a cylinder bore so as to align their bowls in opposition. Near the end of a compression stroke when the pistons are nearest together, the opposing bowls define a combustion chamber having a skewed shape that interacts with swirl to generate tumble flow structures in bulk air motion. Opposed pairs of notches in the end surfaces form diametrically-opposed openings through which fuel is injected into the combustion chamber. The flat aspect of the end surface eliminates hot spots caused by outwardly-extending ridges.

[0022] Piston Construction: The fiat end surface of each piston meets a piston sidewail at a peripheral edge. The peripheral edge has a circular shape that is centered on a longitudinal axis of the piston and disposed at a single longitudinal level of the piston. A pair of notches is formed in the end surface. The notches are positioned in opposition on the peripheral edge, in alignment with an end surface diameter. The concave bowl formed in the end surface has an oblong shape that is elongated along the end surface diameter, between the notches. The bowl is flanked on either side by flat end surface portions that extend to the peripheral edge. The bowl has opposing sidewalls and a curved bottom portion which connects the sidewalls smoothly in a vertical section, wherein a maximum depth of the bowl is measured from a point of the bottom portion which is offset from, that is to say, positioned to one side of, a plane containing the piston's longitudinal axis and the end surface diameter.

[0023] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a piston 100 for an opposed-piston engine; FIG. 4 is a plan view of the end surface of the piston. Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the structural features of piston end surfaces that define the combustion chamber are essentially the same, if not identical, for each piston; accordingly, the piston 100 shown in these figures represents intake and exhaust pistons. The piston 100 comprises a crown 102 attached to, affixed to, or manufactured with a skirt 104 to form a continuous cylindrical sidewall of the piston. The crown 102 comprises a flat end surface 108. The sidewail and end surface 108 meet at a peripheral edge 110. The peripheral edge 1 10 has a circular shape that is centered on the longitudinal axis 1 12 of the piston as shown in the plan view of FIG. 4. A pair of notches 118 and a concave bowl 120 are formed in the end surface 108. The notches 118 are positioned in opposition in the peripheral edge 110, in alignment with a diameter 122 of the piston at the end surface.

[0024] FIG. 4A is a longitudinal, diametric sectional view of the facing sidewalis of the bowl 120, the view being through a longitudinal plane that is orthogonal to a diameter of the end surface. With reference to FIGS. 4 and 4A, the concave bowl 120 has an oblong shape that is elongated along the diameter 122 and that connects smoothly with each notch 118. The concave bowl 120 is abutted on opposing sides of its opening by flat end surface portions 108a and 108b that extend to the peripheral edge 110. The peripheral edge 110 and the flat end surface portions 108a and 108b are disposed at a single longitudinal level of the piston where an end surface plane P _ES , orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 112 and intersecting the end surface diameter 122, is defined.

[0025] As shown in the sectional view of FIG. 4A, the concave bowl 120 has opposing sidewalis 123 and 124 and a curved bottom portion 125 which connects the sidewalis smoothly in the illustrated vertical section. With reference to FIGS. 4 and 4A, the sidewall 123 includes a rounded lip 1231 where the sidewall 123 is connected smoothly to the end surface portion 108a, and the sidewall 124 includes a rounded lip 1241 where the sidewall 124 is connected smoothly to the end surface portion 108b.

[0028] As shown in the sectional view of FIG. 4A, a bowl depth D is the maximum distance between the curved bottom portion 125 and the end surface plane P _ES that is measured in each of a succession of vertical sections taken along the diameter 122, There is a maximum depth D _m3x of the concave bowl 120 in a vertical section. According to this disclosure, the bowl 120 is constructed such that each bowl depth D is measured from a point of the bottom portion 125 that is offset in an orthogonal direction from (positioned to one side of) a longitudinal cut plane P _L . The plane P _L contains the piston's longitudinal axis and the diameter 122; and, the planes P _L and P _E s are mutually orthogonal. In some instances, the bowl depth D may diminish smoothly from a D _max position aligned with the midpoint of the diameter 122, toward each of the notches 118. As seen in the plan view of FIG. 4, the depth D positions are traced along the bottom portion 125 by a curved arc shape 126 having a concave side that faces the plane P _L . in some cases where the D _max position is aligned with the midpoint , the maximum depth D may diminish at the same rate in each direction from the midpoint so that the curved arc shape is symmetrical with respect to the plane P _L . Although one such instance is shown in FIGS. 4 and 4A, it is not intended to be limiting. For example, the bowl depth D may diminishes smoothly from a maximum bowl depth D _max that is located between the midpoint M of the end surface diameter in plan and a respective one of the notches 18.

[0027] As shown in the sectional view of FIG. 4A, the offset of the bowl depth locations along the curved arc 126 causes the sidewali 23 to slope more steeply toward the bottom portion 125 than the sidewali 124. The sidewali 124 has a deflection portion A which is approximately linear. The deflection portion A is inclined on the inside of the bowl 120 at a chute angle a with respect to the end surface plane P _ES . in some instances, the chute angle a diminishes smoothly from a maximum value (a _max ) position relative to the midpoint M of the diameter 122 toward each of the notches 118. In such instances, the chute angle a may diminish at the same rate in each direction from the midpoint M, toward a respective notch 118. Although one such instance is shown in FIGS. 4 and 4A, it is not intended to be limiting.

[0028] As shown in the sectional view of FIG. 4A, the steepness of the slope of the sidewali 123 is dependent on a depth D and an offset 0 _D . The steepness is further dependent on a distance along a line L that is orthogonal to the plane P _L , and that extends between the plane P _L and a point where the curvature of the lip 1231 transitions to the flat end surface portion 108a.

[0029] The intended effect of locating the maximum depths D to one side of the longitudinal cut plane is to give the bowl 120 a skewed shape in a longitudinal diametric sectional view. The shape and degree of the bowl's skew can be altered by variation of one or more of the bowl parameters D, a, L, and 0 _D , and possibly others. Further, although the bowl's skew seen in FIG. 4A is leftward, it should be evident that the skew may be rightward. [0030] The longitudinal diametric sectional views of a combustion chamber seen in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C show a combustion chamber 150 formed between end surfaces of two pistons 100' and 100" disposed in opposition in the bore of a cylinder 160. These sectional views are transverse to a combustion chamber centerline CC, which is best seen in FIG. 5D. For example, these sectional views are orthogonal to the chamber centerline CC. The end surfaces 108' and 108" are constructed according to FIGS. 3, 4, and 4A. The pistons 100' and 100" are rotated on their longitudinal axes to positions in which the notches 1 18 of the end surfaces are aligned in longitudinal opposition, and the bowls 120 are mutually oriented so that deflection portions A' and A" are in opposition respectively with steeply curved sidewalis 123" and 123'. This disposes the skewed shapes of the bowls in an opposed facing alignment that defines a combustion chamber 150 having a shape that is rotationally skewed in the longitudinal sectional views of FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C. Although the figures illustrate a rotational skew in a clockwise direction, it should be evident that the pistons may be rotated to orient the skew in a counterclockwise direction. The combustion chamber's shape is rotationally skewed because the deepest portions of the bowls 120' and 120" are disposed on opposite sides of a longitudinal plane P _CY _ that contains a longitudinal axis 52 of the cylinder and that coincides with the longitudinal planes of the pistons 00' and 100". Further, the skew is centered on the combustion chamber centerline CC, which is aligned with the piston diameters 122. In a longitudinal sectional view of the combustion chamber shown in FIG. 5D, which is orthogonal to the views of FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, the combustion chamber has an elongated shape with opposite end portions that taper along the combustion chamber centerline CC toward fuel injectors 165 that are mounted in a cylinder sidewall 70. The fuel injectors 165 are aligned with the combustion chamber centerline CC and positioned to inject opposing fuel sprays into the combustion chamber 150 through injection ports that are defined between opposing notches 108' and 108". For example, the fuel injectors 165 may be constructed to emit fuel sprays that comprise a plurality of plumes having injection axes that are either collinear with the chamber centerline CC, in the manner illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10C of related US patent 8,820,294, or that are tangential the chamber centerline CC. For example, the fuel sprays may comprise three plumes or four plumes.

[0031] In the sectional views of FIGS. 5A-5D, the pistons 100' and 100" are near TC locations in the bore and the combustion chamber 150 is near minimum volume. W th reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, as the pistons approach each other at minimum volume, squish motion from between the peripheries of the piston end into the combustion chamber becomes stronger. This squish flow preferentially separates more where the bowl profiles are deeper (123' and 123") as compared to the shallower regions of the bowls (A' and A"). This preferential flow separation sets up a rotational structure 176 circulating around the combustion chamber centerline CC. As can be seen, the rotational structure circulates transversely to the swiri axis, which is generally coilinear with the cylinder axis 152: the structure 178 is therefore tumble. The strength of this fumble motion increases as the disposition of the deepest portions of the opposed bowls increases. The generation of this tumble motion is useful to ensure the diffusion plumes resulting from ignition of the fuel sprays emanating from the opposing injectors are centered in the combustion chamber, thus minimizing heat rejection to the combustion chamber walls.

[0032] Tumble motions 178 are also set up in the orthogonal cut plane shown in FIG. 5D. These tumble motions may result from a number of sources, such as interaction of swirl and squish motions, residual tumble in the cylinder from the scavenging process, and the interactions of the charge motion with fuel sprays. They have less of an effect on the performance and emissions characteristics of the engine, as the dominant factor in this longitudinal section is the momentum arising from fuel injection.

[0033] it is noted that the deepest parts of the bowls could be offset from the centerline midpoint M. With reference to FIG. 5D, for instance, for each bowl 108' and 108", the deepest part of the bowl may be closer to a respective one of the injectors 165. For example the maximum depth of the bowl 108' may be located between the midpoint M and the left hand injector 165, while the maximum depth of the bowl 108" may be located between the midpoint and the right hand injector 165. This proximity of the deepest part of the bowl to an injector has the potential for benefits with respect to reducing plume impingement on the bowls early in the combustion process and minimizing heat rejection to the bowl trench regions later in the combustion process. Reducing heat rejection to the bowl trench regions may further reduce coolant flow rates, thereby improving engine brake specific fuel consumption.

[0034] Although principles of piston and combustion chamber constructions have been described with reference to presently preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the described principles. Accordingly, the scope of patent protection accorded to these principles is limited only by the following claims.