[0001] This invention relates generally to skin whitening or skin lightening compositions for cosmetic use.

[0002] The present invention relates to a skin-whitening (or skin-lightening) composition for external use containing an alcohol-extracted chia {Salvia hispanica) seed extract and to a method of whitening skin by topically applying a composition containing an effective amount the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract.

[0003] Skin color is primarily determined by the amount of melanin present in the skin. Melanin is a brown-black pigment present in the skin, which protects the body from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. Due to the dark color of the pigment, lower amounts of melanin result in lighter skin color while higher amounts result in darker skin color. Melanin is formed by the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine to dihydroxyphenalanine in melanocytes via a process termed

melanogenesis. Within melanocytes, melanin is bound to a protein matrix to form melanosomes, where tyrosinase converts tyrosine to eumelanin (black pigment) or pheomelanin (yellowish and reddish pigment). Melanin biosynthesis involves a chain of oxidative reactions catalyzed by series of enzymes. In addition to tyrosinase, DOPAchrome tautomerase (TRP-2) and DHICA oxidase (TRP-1 ) are responsible for converting DOPAchrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxy acid, which leads to the formation of eumelanin.

[0004] In some cases, it is desirable to reduce or inhibit melanogenesis, for example, to cause skin whitening or lightening, to eliminate "age spots", lentigenes, or to reduce hyperactive melanocytes. Thus, in recent years, cosmetic compositions have been developed to reduce the amount of melanin in the skin and therefore, whiten the skin. These development efforts have focused on whitening agents that inhibit the function or activity of tyrosinase or block the chain reaction at various points in the melanogenesis pathway. Thus, compositions including these agents may achieve a skin whitening or lightening effect by blocking tyrosinase activity, reducing tyrosinase synthesis, inhibiting TRP-1 and/or TRP-2, blocking melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, and/or accelerating the desquamation of the keratinocytes. Accordingly, whitening compositions have been developed that include hydroquinone, phenylthiourea, vitamin C and its derivatives, kojic acid, arbutin, various polyphenols, including flavonoids, such as flavones, flavonols, flavanoids, flavanols, isoflavonoids, chalcones, and catechin; linoleic acid, a-linolenic acid, glutathione, cysteine, endothelin antagonists, keratinocyte receptor inhibitors, placenta extract, and mulberry extract among others.

[0005] Despite the efficacy of the above compounds in producing whiter skin, alternatives that are effective and possess desirable attributes are continually being sought. Botanical source materials, including seeds, are known to carry or store a rich variety of nutritionally or medicinally beneficial bioactive agents, including antioxidants, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals. In many cases, these bioactive agents include known whitening agents present in seed oil preparations. For example, conventional chia (Salvia hispanica) seed oil

preparations are known to contain high levels of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, two fatty acids known to suppress melanin production (Ando et al., Arch. Dermatol. Res., 290:375-381 , 1998). Fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid may be extracted from plant seed materials as oils produced by a number of different methods. These include expeller pressing methods employing mechanical pressure and friction, or may involve the use of chemical solvents, such as hexane or alcohol, in conjunction with various temperature, pressure, or distillation steps. A given extraction process may cause physical and chemical changes to the bioactive agents resulting in different biochemical profiles, however.

[0006] The inventors of the present application have unexpectedly found that an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract according to the present invention provides a dramatically increased efficacy in reducing total melanin content compared to compositions containing otherwise identical amounts of linoleic acid and/or α-linolenic acid alone. SUMMARY

[0007] It is an object of the present invention to provide a topical composition that includes a glycol carrier and an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract in an amount effective for inhibiting melanin content in an individual. The seed extract may be prepared by extracting Salvia hispanica seeds in a C1-C4 ethanol and resuspending the resultant dried extract in a glycol carrier, such as pentylene glycol. The composition may further include a permeation enhancer, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In addition, the composition may further include a Punica granatum (Pomegranate) extract. The composition may be provided in a form that is suitable for spreading on the skin of a subject such as by hand application.

[0008] The present invention further provides a method for making the above topical compositions for use in a method for whitening skin in an individual.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting an exemplary alcoholic extraction process.

[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates the results of a melanin inhibition assay evaluating treatment of melan-a cells with an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica (chia) seed extract.

[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates the results of a melanin inhibition assay evaluating treatment of melan-a cells with linoleic acid or a-linolenic acid at 100 g/ml.

[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates the results of a melanin inhibition assay evaluating treatment of melan-a cells with an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract in combination with a Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the

specification and claims, the following definitions are provided.

[0014] The terms "skin whitening", "whitening skin", or "skin lightening" refer to one or more effect(s) of suppressing melanin production or melanin content in an individual, including prevention or inhibition of pigmentation, lightening of dark skin, lightening or removal of hyperpigmentations, especially local hyperpigmentations and defective pigmentations; prevention and/or improvement of skin dullness, skin darkening by sunburn, spots, and freckles.

[0015] The term "glycol" as used herein refers to an organic compound having two hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to different carbon atoms.

[0016] The term "carrier" refers to a composition maintaining one or more plant and/or seed extract(s) in a soluble and homogenous state in a material form suitable for topical delivery, which is nontoxic and which does not interact with other components in the carrier in a deleterious manner.

[0017] The term "permeation enhancer" refers to a compound useful for increasing the permeability of a cosmetically active agent through skin, i.e., so as to increase the rate at which the active agent permeates through the skin.

[0018] Unless indicated otherwise, all proportions and percentages cited in this disclosure are by weight. Further, the contents of all references, patents, and published applications cited throughout this patent are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0019] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a topical composition including a glycol carrier and an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica (chia) seed extract in an amount effective for inhibiting melanin content in an individual. The compositions (or formulations) of the present invention are particularly suited for topical application as skin whitening (or skin lightening) agents.

[0020] Salvia hispanica seed oil preparations are known to contain a-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, two fatty acids with known melanin-suppressing activities. Initial attempts to evaluate the efficacy of a Salvia hispanica seed oil extract in a melanin inhibition assay were unsuccessful due to poor solubility and poor cell permeation of the seed oil components with or without surfactants or cell permeation enhancers, such as DMSO. Specifically, there was no observed effect on melanin content in a murine melanocyte cell line (i.e., melan-a) treated with Salvia hispanica seed oil samples alone or in the presence of DMSO. [0021] As a follow-up to these experiments, an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract was prepared and incorporated in a pentylene glycol: DMSO carrier (see FIG. 1 , for example). When tested for efficacy in a melanin inhibition assay, a topical composition containing this alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract was found to exhibit a dramatically increased efficacy in reducing total melanin content in melan-a cells compared to a conventional Salvia hispanica seed oil preparation and compared to the levels of linoleic acid and/or a-linolenic acid present in the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract (see FIGs. 2 and 3). It is believed that an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract according to the present invention contains other melanin-reducing substances apart from linoleic acid and/or a-linolenic acid which are primarily responsible for the dramatically increased efficacy in reducing total melanin content.

[0022] Applicants have surprisingly discovered that treatment of melan-a cells with an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract at 25 pg/ml in combination with a pomegranate extract at 25 pg/ml reduced total melanin content to a

significantly higher degree (i.e., 68% reduction) than using an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract alone at 50 pg/ml (i.e., 16% reduction; see FIG. 4).

[0023] In accordance with the present invention, Salvia hispanica seeds may be prepared for extraction by grinding or pressing the seeds into a powdered material in a known manner as by mechanical disruption in a blender, coffee grinder or other similar means. The powdered material may be exposed to one or more solvents, including at least one alcohol, for a sufficient time to facilitate extraction of Salvia hispanica components. In one embodiment, the extract is obtained by exposing a Salvia hispanica seed extract to a single alcoholic solvent.

[0024] Exemplary alcoholic solvents include but are not limited to C1-C4 alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, and butanol; hydro-alcohols or mixtures of alcohol and water, including hydroethanol; polyhydric alcohols such as propylene glycol and butylene glycol; and fatty alcohols. Any of these alcoholic solvents may be used in the form of a mixture. In one embodiment, the seed extract is extracted using 95% ethanol. [0025] The powdered seed extract may be exposed to a single alcoholic solvent or it may be sequentially exposed to a plurality of solvents, including at least one alcohol. When using a plurality of solvents, the alcohol-extracted extract may be prepared by exposing the powdered seed material to a first solvent, removing the residue, and exposing the residue to a second solvent. This process may be repeated a number of times using any number of different solvents varying in solvent strength. The number of extraction steps included may depend on various factors, including the melanin inhibiting ability of the various fractions obtained at each step. Any recovered residue may be dried and suspended in a suitable carrier and used separately or may be combined with one or more of the other fractions, based on the melanin inhibiting ability of the recovered fractions.

[0026] Particulate residue may be separated from the extracted components in the solvent by filtration or other separation means known to those of skill in the art. The extracted components may be sonicated prior to filtration to further enhance the extraction of the component substances.

[0027] A filtered liquid containing the extracted seed component substances may be distilled using a rotary evaporator or other similar means to remove most of the solvent. A vacuum desiccator or other other similar means may be utilized to remove any further traces of the solvent to form a dried extract. The dried extract may be resuspended in a cosmetically acceptable carrier. A suitable carrier will maintain the extract in a soluble and homogenous state in a material form suitable for topical delivery, which is nontoxic and which does not interact with other components in the carrier in a deleterious manner. In one form, the carrier is suitable for spreading on the skin of a subject such as by hand application. The dried extract may be suspended in the carrier at a concentration between about 0.1 mg/ml and about 500 mg/ml, between about 1 mg/ml and about 250 mg/ml, or between about 20 mg/ml and about 150 mg/ml.

[0028] The alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract may be suspended in a glycol carrier. Exemplary glycols include but are not limited to aliphatic diols, such as 1 ,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol), 1 ,2-propandiol (propylene glycol), 2-methyl-1 ,3- propanediol, 1 ,3-butanediol (butylene glycol), 2,3-butanediol (2,3-butylene glycol), 1 ,3-pentanediol (pentylene glycol), 1 ,2-hexanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl-2,4- pentanediol (hexylene glycol), 1 ,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol), and 1 ,2-decanediol (decylene glycol). In some embodiments, more than one glycol may be present. In other embodiments, other solvents (or "co-solvents"), particularly non-volatile solvents, may be present in the composition, including but not limited to esters and other polyols such as glycerin, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and mixtures thereof. The glycol carrier may be present in a composition containing the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract at a final concentration between about 0.01 % and about 2%, or between about 0.05% and about 0.5%.

[0029] In an embodiment, the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract is suspended in pentylene glycol. Pentylene glycol is both water and oil-soluble and is a humectant and moisturizing agent with antimicrobial activity, including an ability to synergistically increase the antimicrobial activity of parabens.

[0030] More broadly, Salvia hispanica seed extracts, plant extracts, and/or other active agents may be included, either individually or collectively, in a variety of alternative cosmetically acceptable carriers. A suitable carrier will maintain the extract in a soluble and homogenous state in a material form suitable for topical delivery, which is nontoxic and which does not interact with other components in the carrier in a deleterious manner. Examples of cosmetically acceptable carriers suitable for the embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, water, glycols, polyols, C1-C4 alcohols, fatty alcohols, fatty ethers, fatty esters, glycerin, vegetable oils, mineral oils, lecithin, hydrogenated lecithin, liposomes, laminar lipid materials, phospholipids, polyglycols, or combinations thereof.

[0031] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a topical composition including an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract in a glycol carrier along with a Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract in combined amounts effective for inhibiting melanin content in an individual. Applicants have surprisingly discovered an enhanced efficacy in reducing total melanin content when applying a composition containing an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract in combination with a pomegranate extract as further described below.

[0032] The pomegranate extract may be derived from pomegranate fruit, husk, arils, seed, bark, leaves, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, a

pomegranate fruit extract and/or husk extract in powdered form is employed in the topical compositions of the present invention. The pomegranate extract may be obtained commercially or it may be obtained using any of the extraction techniques discussed herein or known to those skilled in the art. Suitable commercial sources for pomegranate extract include Nature's Way (Springville, Utah), Nature's Herbs

(American Fork, Utah), Swansen's Health Products (Fargo, North Dakota) and Doctor's Trust Vitamins (Orlando, Florida).

[0033] Pomegranate extracts are an abundant source of antioxidants, particularly polyphenols, especially ellagitannins. Ellagitannins consist of polymers of glucose and ellagic acid, gallic acid and/or hexahydroxydiphenic acids. Punicalagins are the most abundant ellagitannins in pomegranate extracts. Other ellagitannins include the punicalagin isomer, 2,3-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-gallagylglucose, punicalin (4,6-gallagylglucose), gallagic acid, ellagic acid, and various glycosides thereof (ellagic acid hexoside, pentoside, rhamnoside etc.). The pomegranate extract may contain a punicalagin content of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or higher; or between about 5% and about 40% or between about 10% and about 30%.

[0034] A topical composition according to the present invention may also include additional skin whitening or skin lightening agents known to reduce total melanin content in skin. Exemplary skin whitening or skin lightening agents include but are not limited to, bearberry extract and its derivatives; acerola cherry fermentate and its derivatives ; black cohosh extract and its derivatives; asparagus extract and its derivatives; polyphenols; including flavonoids; such as flavones; flavonols, flavanoids, flavanols, isoflavonoids, chalcones, and catechin; orange extract and its derivatives; rosemary extract and its derivatives; lemon extract and its derivatives; cucumber extract and its derivatives; mulberrry extract and its derivatives; placenta extract and its derivatives; licorice extract and its derivatives; gingko extract, carob extract, rose fruit extract, geranium herb extract, clove extract, alfalfa extract, cinnamon extract, and sweet marjoram extract; extracts from Arnica, Perilla, cola ed Caballo, Piri-Piri, Pinon Negro, Pinon Blanco, Concha blanca, Baliospermum montanum, Melia azadirachta, Convolvulus arvensis, Gaiyo, Sansonin, Syuroyo, Seimkko, Soukyo, Taiso, Hakusempi, Woodfordia fructosa, Lagerstroemia speciosa, passiflorine, tepezcohite, amoule, Hobiyu, Baffalo Uri, Achote, Guayule, Adhatoda, Cymbopogon nardus, Desmodium gangeticum, Murraya koenigii, Smilax zeylanica, Gastrodia elata, Karukeija, Biota orientalis, Kichiascoporia, Arecatachu,

Phyllostachys nigra leaves, Atractylodes japonica, Koidzumi, Tila, Camotede azafran, Jamaica, Poleo verde, Navo negro, Cyperus, Kanzo, Broussonetia,

Karojitsu, Trichosanthis radix, Dioscorea phizoma, and Aquilliaria; kojic acid and its derivatives; arbutin and its derivatives; teprenone, dihydroxy-isoquinoline, indomethacin, 3-hydroxymanule, vitamin C and its precursors and derivatives, including ascorbic acid, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, ascorbyl palmitate; hydroquinone and its derivatives; linoleic acid, a-linolenic acid, glutathione, cysteine and its derivatives vitamin K and its precursors and derivatives, (including vitamin K1-K7), thiazolidinone derivatives, kynurenine and its derivatives and salts; endothelin antagonists, keratinocyte receptor inhibitors, including mixtures or combinations of any of the whitening agents described herein.

[0035] Additional cosmetically useful plant extracts or ingredients include Avena sativa (oat) kernel extract, evening primrose seed extract, L-ergothioneine, hydrolyzed soy protein, yeast extract, Lentinus enodes extract, Nymphaea alba flower extract, and Perilla frutescens leaf extract; as well as plant extracts or ingredients from Centella, Echinacea, Alpinia, and Rosmarinus officinalis.

[0036] The amount of extract present in a skin whitening composition will depend upon several factors, including the desired level of melanin inhibition, the melanin inhibiting level in a particular extract or composition, and other factors. The extract may comprise between about 0.01 and about 20% (wt/wt) of the total composition. The extract may comprise between about 0.05 and about 10% (wt/wt) of the total composition. The extract may comprise between about 0.1 and 5% (wt/wt) of the total composition.

[0037] Additional extracts or ingredients for use in the topical composition of the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,006 to Dornoff et al. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,980,904, 6,994,874, 7,060,304, 7,247,321 , and 7,364,759 to Leverett et al., the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

[0038] A topical composition according to the present invention may also include one or more permeation enhancer(s) for increasing the permeability of skin to one or more cosmetically active agents so as to increase the rate at which the active agent(s) permeate through the skin. Exemplary permeation enhancers include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N- dimethylacetamide (DMA), decylmethylsulfoxide (C ₁₀ MSO), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (PEGML), glycerol monolaurate, lecithin, -substituted azacycloheptan- 2-ones, particularly 1-n-dodecylcyclazacycloheptan-2-one (available under the trademark Azone® from Nelson Research & Development Co., Irvine, Calif.), alcohols, and the like. Additional permeation enhancers include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,426 to Chiang et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,130 to Sharma et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The permeation enhancer may be present in a topical composition of the present invention at a concentration between about 0.005% to about 0.5%, or between about 0.1 and about 0.02%. In addition, the ratio between the glycol carrier and the permeation enhancer may range between about 10:1 to about 1 :1 , or between about 5:1 to about 2:1.

[0039] Other cosmetic ingredients may be incorporated in a given topical composition. Other cosmetic ingredients may include additional plant extracts, vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants, collagen stimulating agents, skin conditioning agent(s), such as humectants and emollients; alcohols, fats and oils, surfactants, fatty acids, silicone oils, thickeners, viscosity modifiers, emulsifiers, stabilizers, surfactants, coloring agents, anesthetics, anti-allergenics, anti-irritants, anti-fungals, anti-microbials, anti-inflammatory agents, antiseptics, chelating agents, film formers, fragrances, insect repellents, lubricants, pharmaceutical agents, photostabilizing agents, preservatives, skin protectants, sunscreens, or any combinations thereof.

[0040] Cosmetically useful vitamins, minerals and/or anti-oxidants for topical application may include vitamin A and its precursors or derivatives (e.g., beta-carotene, retinyl palmitate); vitamin B3 and its precursors or derivatives (e.g., niacinamide);

vitamin B5 and its precursors or derivatives (e.g. panthenol and its precursors, derivatives, or equivalents as described in CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association. Inc., pp. 272-273, 1992 ); vitamin C and its precursors or derivatives (e.g., tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, ascorbyl palmitate);

vitamin E and its precursors or derivatives (e.g., d-alpha-tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate); vitamin K and its precursors or derivatives; selenium and its derivatives (e.g., L-selenomethionine); and alpha lipoic acid.

[0041] Humectants include polyhydric alcohols for moisturizing, reducing scaling and stimulating removal of built-up scale from the skin. Typical polyhydric alcohols include polyalkylene glycols, alkylene polyols and their derivatives. Illustrative are propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, 1 ,3-butylene glycol, 1 ,2,6- hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerin, propoxylated glycerin and mixtures thereof.

[0042] When the conditioning agent is an emollient it may be selected from hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and esters. Exemplary hydrocarbon type emollients include petrolatum, mineral oil, polyolefins such as polydecene, and paraffins such as isohexadecane (e.g. Permethyl 99® and Permethyl 101®).

Exemplary non-limiting skin conditioning agents, humectants, emollients,

emulsifiers, viscosity modifiers, and preservatives include those listed in Table 1 below.

[0043] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated in any convenient form suitable for topical application to the skin. Such product forms include, but are not limited to, aerosol spray, cream, dispersion, emulsion, foam, gel, liquid, lotion, mousse, ointment, pomade, powder, pump spray, solid, solution, stick, and towelette. A suitable formulation will provide the composition in a form such that it can be applied to the skin of a subject and spread on the skin such as be the hand of the subject. For example, an amount of the composition sufficient to cover from about 1 mm to about 20 mm, or from about 5 mm to about 10 mm will be suitable to be spread by hand in the area of interest. Of course it will be appreciated that the application can encompass multiple locations.

[0044] In some embodiments, plant extracts, including the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract and the pomegranate extract may be encapsulated in liposomes or configured as a liposomal formulation. Liposomes may be used as delivery agents to facilitate transfer of any of the above described plant extracts or other cosmetically active agents into the dermis of skin. For example, a liposome or liposomal formulation may contain lecithin and water. The liposomes may include conventional phospholipids, oleic acid and/or cholesterol hemisuccinate from vegetable-derived sources, e.g., soybean or they may be produced from other suitable sources conventionally known to those skilled in the art. Exemplary liposome formulations are described in pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/245,528, filed October 3, 2008, entitled "Composition and Method for Preparing Stable Unilamellar Liposomal Suspension", the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein. Other delivery agents may be used for dermal delivery in place of the liposomes, including, but not limited to skin delivery vehicles known to those skilled in the art, including emulsions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, microspheres, ethosomes, transfersomes, and niosomes.

[0045] In another embodiment, the carrier may be in the form of a homogeneous phase formulation or in the form of an emulsion or microemulsion including, but not limited to, oil-in-water, water-in-oil and multiple including triple, phase emulsions. These emulsions can cover a broad range of consistencies including thin lotions (which can also be suitable for spray or aerosol delivery), creamy lotions, light creams and heavy creams. Other suitable topical carriers include anhydrous liquid solvents such as oil and alcohol; aqueous-based single phase liquid solvent (e.g., hydro-alcoholic solvent system); anhydrous solid and semisolid (such as gel and stick); and aqueous based gel and mousse system. [0046] The present invention also provides a method for preparing an alcohol- extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract, including the following steps: (a) providing a source of Salvia hispanica seeds; (b) milling or grinding the seeds into a powdered seed form; (c) adding an alcoholic solvent to the powdered seed form to form an alcoholic mixture; (d) sonicating the mixture; filtering away the alcoholic solvent from residue remaining in the mixture, resulting in a liquid extract; (e) vacuum drying the liquid extract to form a dried extract; and (f) suspending the dried extract in a glycol to form an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica extract in an amount effective for inhibiting melanin content in an individual. This method may be modified so as to conform the resulting topical composition to any of those described herein.

[0047] The present invention also provides a method of whitening skin (or inhibiting melanin content in skin), whereby an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract is topically applied to the skin of an individual. This method may employ any of the topical compositions described herein. In one embodiment, the composition is applied by spreading onto the skin of a subject by hand application. The frequency of topical applications may depend on several factors, including the desired level of melanin inhibition. A composition of the present invention can desirably be applied to the skin once daily or twice daily, such as once in the morning and once in the evening. The amount of the composition used in each application will also depend on several factors, including the desired level of melanin inhibition and the content of the extract melanin-inhibiting substances in the composition.

EXAMPLES

[0048] Example 1 - Alcohol extraction of chia seeds

[0049] FIG. 1 depicts a flow chart of an exemplary alcoholic extraction process. Briefly, fresh Salvia hispanica (chia) seeds were milled using a coffee grinder to form a powdered seed extract. The powdered seed extract was soaked in alcohol overnight with stirring using a magnetic stir plate in a glass flask. The seed to alcohol ratio was approximately 1 part powdered seeds to 10 parts alcohol. After 12 hours, the mixture was sonicated for 60 minutes and then filtered using Whatman filter paper ( 820-125). The remaining residue was discarded and the filtrate was distilled using a rotary evaporator to remove the alcohol. The resulting liquid extract was vacuum dried in a vacuum desiccator to remove all traces of alcohol so as to form a dried alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica extract. The dried extract was resuspended in a pentylene glycol/DMSO mix for further evaluation in the melanin inhibition assay described below.

[0050] Example 2 - Melanin inhibition assay

[0051] Melan-a murine melanocytes (Wellcome Trust Functional Genomics Cell Bank, St. George Hospital, London, UK) were plated one day prior to treatment in 24 well plates at a density of 5 x 10 ⁴ cells per well in 1 ml of melan-a cell medium (RPMI-1640, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1 % Penicillin/Streptomycin, 100 μΜ β- mercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-Glutamine and 200 nM Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) in a 10% C0 ₂ incubator maintained at 37°C. After seeding the cells for 24 hours in triplicate, cells were treated as indicated below. After two days of treatment, the culture media was changed and fresh samples were added and incubated overnight. The cells were initially tested for cell viability and cytoxicity using the WST-1 assay (Roche Applied Science). Following the WST-1 assay, the cells were washed in 1X PBS and harvested in extraction buffer for melanin isolation and quantification.

[0052] Cells from each well of the 24 well plate were harvested in cell lysis buffer (1 % Triton X 100, 50mM Tris, 2mM EDTA, 150mM NaCI, pH 7.5 supplemented with a complete protease inhibitor cocktail). Cell lysates were centrifuged at 20,000g for 10 min at 4°C. Protein levels in the supernatant were quantified using a Pierce BCA Protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific Corp). Melanin-containing precipitates were washed in 100 μΙ of ethanol:ether (1 :1 ) for 10 min at room temperature. The ethanokether solution was discarded and the melanin-pellets were dissolved in 200 μΙ of 2N NaOH in 20% DMSO solution and incubated at 70°C for 60 min. The resulting melanin extract was analyzed by measuring absorbance at 490 nm. The melanin content in each sample was evaluated by normalizing each sample to the total amount of protein.

[0053] Example 3 - Efficacy of alcohol-extracted chia seed extracts

[0054] Initial attempts to evaluate the efficacy of a Salvia hispanica seed oil extract in a melanin inhibition assay were unsuccessful, due to poor solubility and poor cell permeation of the seed oil components with or without surfactants or cell permeation enhancers, such as DMSO (not shown). As a follow-up to these experiments, an alcohol-extracted chia seed extract was prepared in a pentylene glycol: DMSO carrier and tested for efficacy using the melanin inhibition assay described above. Briefly, a dried alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica (chia) seed extract (CSE) was dissolved in a 91 % pentylene glycol,/0.91% DMSO mix to form a solution containing 106 mg/ml CSE. Melan-a cells were treated as described above with 1 ml culture medium containing CSE at a final concentration of 100 pg/ml or 400 pg/ml in 0.36% pentylene glycol: 0.036% DMSO. Positive control cells were treated with phenylthiourea (PTU) at a final concentration of 60 g/ml in 1 ml culture medium containing 0.36% pentylene glycol: 0.036% DMSO. Negative control cells were treated with 0.36% pentylene glycol: 0.036% DMSO alone. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 2.

[0055] In contrast to the chia seed oil extracts, the alcohol-extracted chia seed extracts were found to significantly reduce melanin content in melan-a cells in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, melanin content was reduced by about 54% at a 100 pg/ml CSE concentration and by about 66% at a 400 pg/ml concentration (FIG. 2). No inhibitory effects were observed in the negative control samples. WST- 1 assays showed that the alcohol extracted chia seed extracts were not cytotoxic to melan-a cells at the concentrations tested.

[0056] Example 4 - Efficacy of linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid

[0057] The relative efficacy of linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid at concentrations in excess of those present in the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extracts was evaluated in a melanin inhibition assay as described above. Briefly, melan-a cells were separately treated with linoleic acid or a-linolenic acid in 1 ml culture medium at a final concentration of 100 pg/ml in 0.36% pentylene glycol: 0.036% DMSO. The 100 g/ml linoleic acid concentration was about 22-fold higher than the linoleic acid concentration found to be present in the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract at 100 pg/ml when treating melan-a cells as described in FIG. 2. Further, the 100 pg/ml a-linolenic acid concentration was about 9-fold higher than the α-linolenic acid concentration found to be present in the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract at 100 pg/ml in FIG. 2. WST-1 assays showed that linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were not cytotoxic to melan-a cells at the

concentrations tested.

[0058] As shown in FIG. 3, the higher linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid

concentrations achieved comparatively minor reductions in melanin content, whereby the inhibitory activities were not commensurate with those observed in the chia seed alcohol extracts as shown in FIG. 2. These unexpected results suggest that the efficacy of the alcohol extracted chia seed extract in inhibiting melanin content is largely due to undetermined chemical substances distinct from linoleic acid and/or α-linolenic acid.

[0059] Example 5 - Treatment with chia seed and pomegranate fruit extracts

[0060] In another melanin inhibition experiment, melan-a cells were treated with an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica (chia) extract alone at a concentration of 50 pg/ml or as a combination of two extracts, an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica (chia) extract and a Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit extract having a 20% Punicalagin content, each at 25 pg/ml for a combined extract concentration of 50 pg/ml. As shown in FIG. 4, an alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract in combination with a Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract at a 1 :1 ratio in a combined extract concentration of 50 g/ml showed a significantly enhanced efficacy in reducing total melanin content compared to the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract at a concentration of 50 pg/ml. Specifically, the combination of these two extracts reduced melanin content by about 68% compared to about 17% reduction by the alcohol-extracted Salvia hispanica seed extract alone. This level of melanin inhibition was nearly equivalent to the 70% reduction in the presence of the phenylthiourea positive control.

[0061] Example 6 - Exemplary composition

[0062] The following is an example of a formulation according to the present invention.

TABLE 1

Ingredients Amount

(percent)

Isopropyl palmitate 2.0 - 8.0

Glycerin 1.0 - 5.0

Behenyl alcohol 1.0 - 5.0

PEG-100 Stearate 1.0 - 5.0

Butylene glycol 2.5 - 10.0

Chia seed extract 0.1 - 2.0

Pomegranate extract 0.1 - 2.0

Sorbitan stearate 0.2 - 2.5

Cetyl alcohol 0.1 - 2.0

Dimethicone 0.1 - 2.0

Fragrance 0.05 - 1.0

Xanthan gum 0.05 - 1.0

Methylparaben 0.05 - 1.0

Chlorphenesin 0.05 - 1.0

Water q.s. to 100.0

[0063] While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is to be understood that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.