CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Application No. 15/994,977, filed May 31, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/596,035, filed December 7, 2017. The entirety of each of the above referenced applications is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to electrochemical cells and electrodes used in electrochemical cells. In particular, the present disclosure relates to electrodes and electrochemical cells for use in batteries, including methods of forming electrodes and electrochemical cells.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] A lithium ion battery typically includes a separator and/or electrolyte between an anode and a cathode. In one class of batteries, the separator, cathode and anode materials are individually formed into sheets or films. Sheets of the cathode, separator and anode are subsequently stacked or rolled with the separator separating the cathode and anode (e.g., electrodes) to form the battery. For the cathode, separator and anode to be rolled, each sheet must be sufficiently deformable or flexible to be rolled without failures, such as cracks, brakes, mechanical failures, etc. Typical electrodes include electro-chemically active material layers on electrically conductive metals (e.g., aluminum and copper). For example, electrochemicaily active material can be deposited onto a current collector along with an inactive binder material. Electrodes can be rolled or cut into pieces which are then layered into stacks. The stacks are of alternating electro-chemically active materials with the separator between them. SUMMARY

[QQQ4] Example methods of forming electrodes are provided. The method can include providing a current collector, providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance on a side of the current collector, and providing eieetrochemically active material adjacent the substantially solid layer of the electrode attachment substance. The eieetrochemically active material can be provided in powder form. The method can also include adhering the eieetrochemically active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance.

[0005] In various methods, providing the eieetrochemically active material adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise sandwiching the layer of electrode attachment substance between the eieetrochemically active material and the current collector. Some such methods can further comprise providing a second layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the eieetrochemically active material such that the eieetrochemically active material is sandwiched between the two layers of electrode attachment substance. In some methods, providing the eieetrochemically active material adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise sandwiching the eieetrochemically active material between the layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector.

[0006] In some methods, the layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a thermoplastic film. The layer of electrode attachment substance can be insoluble in solvent at a temperature below' about 200°C. The layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polyether ether ketone film, a polyether so if one film, a polysulfone film, or a polyethylene terephtbalate film.

[0007] The eieetrochemically active material can comprise a silicon carbon composite material. In some examples, the eieetrochemically active material can include at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon. For instance, the eieetrochemically active material can include the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight, at about 70% to about 100% by weight, or at about 80% to about 100% by weight.

[0008] In some methods, adhering can comprise applying pressure to the electrode attachment substance and/or the eieetrochemically active material to adhere the eieetrochemically active material to the current collector. In some methods, adhering can compnse applying heat to the electrode attachment substance and/or the electrochemically active material to adhere the electrochemically active material to the current collector. In some methods, adhering can include an extrusion process. The current collector can be provided in roll form. The layer of electrode attachment substance can be provided m roll form. The method can comprise a roll to roil process.

[0009] Various methods can further include providing a second layer of electrode attachment substance on second side of the current collector, providing a second electrochemically active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance, and adhering the second electrochemically active material to the second side of the current collector via the second layer of electrode attachment substance. In some methods, providing the second electrochemically active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise sandwiching the second layer of electrode attachment substance between the second electrochemically active material and the current collector. The methods can further include providing a third layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the second electrochemically active material such that the second electrochemically active material is sandwiched between the two layers of electrode attachment substance. In some methods, providing the second electrochemically active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise sandwiching the second electrochemically active material between the second layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector.

[9910] In some methods, the second layer of electrode attachment substance can be provided in a substantially solid state. The second layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a thermoplastic film. The second layer of electrode attachment substance can be insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C. The second layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a polyphenylene sulfide film, a poly ether ether ketone film, a polyether sulfone film, a polysulfone film, or a polyethylene terephthalate film.

[9911] In some instances, the second layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a different material than the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance. The second electrochemically active material can be provided in powder form. The second electrochemically active material can comprise a silicon carbon composite material. In some examples, the second electrochemically active material can include at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon. For instance, the second eiectrochemically active material can include the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight, at about 70% to about 100% by w ^r eight, or at about 80% to about 100% by weight.

[0012] In some methods, adhering the eiectrochemically active material and adhering the second eiectrochemically active material can occur simultaneously. The electrode can be a negative electrode.

[0013] Additional example methods of forming electrodes are provided. The method can include providing a current collector, providing a layer comprising eiectrochemically active material on a side of the current collector, and providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the layer comprising eiectrochemically active material such that the eiectrochemically active material is between the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector. The method can also include adhering the eiectrochemically active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance.

[0014] Various methods can further comprise providing a second substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance between the layer comprising eiectrochemically active material and the current collector such that the eiectrochemically active material is sandwiched between both of the provided layers of electrode attachment substance. The eiectrochemically active material can be provided in powder form. The eiectrochemically active material can be provided as a film. The film can comprise a silicon carbon composite film. In some examples, the eiectrochemically active material can comprise at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon. For instance, the eiectrochemically active material can include the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight, at about 70% to about 100% by weight, or at about 80% to about 100% by weight.

[0015] In some methods, the layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a thermoplastic film. The layer of electrode attachment substance can be insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C. The layer of electrode attachment substance can comprise a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polyether ether ketone film, a polyether so if one film, a poiysuifone film, or a polyethylene terephthalate film.

[0016] In some methods, adhering can comprise applying pressure to the electrode attachment substance and/or the eiectrochemically active material to adhere the electrochernically active material to the current collector. In some methods, adhering can comprise applying heat to the electrode attachment substance and/or the electrochernically active material to adhere the electrochernically active material to the current collector. In some methods, adhering can include an extrusion process. The current collector can be provided in roll form. The layer of electrode attachment substance can he provided in roll form. The layer of electrochernically active material can be provided in roll form. The method can comprise a roll to roll process.

[0017] Various methods can further include providing a layer comprising a second electrochernically active material on a second side of the current collector, providing a substantially solid layer of a second electrode attachment substance adjacent the layer comprising the second electrochernically active material such that the second electrochernically active material is between the second electrode attachment substance and the current collector, and adhering the second electrochernically active material to the second side of the current collector via the second electrode attachment substance. The methods can further include providing a substantially solid layer of a third electrode attachment substance between the layer comprising the second electrochernically active material and the current collector such that the second electrochernically active material is sandwiched between the second and third electrode attachment substance

[0018] In some methods, the second electrochernically active material can be provided in powder form. The second electrochernically active material can be provided as a film. In some instances, the second electrochernically active material can comprise a silicon carbon composite film. In some examples, the second electrochernically active material can include at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon. For instance, the second electrochernically active material can include the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight, at about 70% to about 100% by weight, or at about 80% to about 100% by weight.

[0019] In some methods, the second electrode attachment substance can comprise a thermoplastic film. The second electrode attachment substance can comprise a different material than the electrode attachment substance

[0020] In some methods, adhering the electrochernically active material and adhering the second electrochernically active material can occur simultaneously. The electrode can be a negative electrode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1A schematically illustrates an example electrode in accordance with certain embodiments described herein

[0022] Figures IB, 1C, and ID schematically illustrate examples of various configurations to prepare layers of current collector, electrode attachment substance, and electrode active material to form an electrode.

[0023] Figure 2 show's an example method of forming an electrode in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[QQ24] Figure 3 show's another example method of forming an electrode in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0025] Figure 4 is a plot of the discharge capacity versus the number of cycles for electrodes made using a binder in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution compared to example electrodes made in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Commercial lithium-ion bater}' electrodes are commonly fabricated by casting a slurry onto a metallic current collector. The slurry typically includes active material, conductive additive (e.g., carbon), and binder in a solvent (e.g., N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP)). In general, the slurry after being uniformly mixed is cast onto the current collector and the solvent is dried off. The drying process time can be consuming and costly, with the added cost of the sacrificial solvent which in most cases can come with risks of pollution and/or safety hazards. In addition, the use of a cast slurry as electrode material can limit the number of binders that can be used to fabricate such electrode. For example, generally, the binder must be chemically inert to the electrolyte within the battery, but at the same time, it needs to be fairly easily dissolvable in the solvent used for the slurry mix.

[0027] Certain implementations described herein utilize one or more substantially solid layers of electrode attachment substance to adhere the electrochemically active material to the current collector. For example, a single solid film or multiple solid films (e.g., one or more thermoplastic films) can be used as the binder/adhesive of the electrode active material by binding together active material powders or other active material (e.g., an active material film) to the current collector. In various instances, using a solid film as adhesive, binder material for active material can allow fabrication of battery electrodes in a roll to roll process. In some embodiments, using a solid film as adhesive/hinder material can also allow for fabrication without any solvent for slurry mixes and/or without coating of slurry mixes. By adhering active material to a current collector without the use of a slurry mix, there is no need to dissolve the binder materials in a solvent in order to make the slurry mix. Some such embodiments can be solvent free, e.g., solvent free roll to roll fabrication of battery electrodes, which can reduce production tune and lower production cost (e.g., due to no solvent for slurry mixes, no coating of slurry mixes, and/or no drying of slurry mixes). Some such processes can be based on pressure and/or temperature to allow adhesion/binding.

[0028] Figure 1A schematically illustrates an example electrode in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. The electrode 100 can be used as a negative electrode (e.g., an anode), a positive electrode (e.g., a cathode), or both. Various embodiments of the electrode 100 can be used m an electrochemical ceil. The electrode 100 can be used in either secondar batteries (e.g., rechargeable) or primary batteries (e.g., non- rechargeable). The electrochemical cell can include a lithium ion battery'.

[0029] With continued reference to Figure 1A, the example electrode 100 can include a current collector 110, a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance 120, and a layer comprising electrochemically active material 130. The current collector 1 10 can include any current collector material known in the art or yet to be developed. For example, the current collector 110 can include a metal. Example metals include, but are not limited to, copper, nickel, iron, titanium, molybdenum, stainless steel, chromium, aluminum, or a combination thereof. In some instances, copper and/or nickel can be used for an anode, and aluminum can be used for a cathode. In some embodiments, the current collector 110 can include non-metaliic materials. An example non-metallic conductive material includes carbon.

[QQ30] The electrode attachment substance 120 (e.g., adhesive) can be used to couple or adhere the electrochemically active material 130 to the current collector 1 10 (e.g., to prevent delamination between them). In various embodiments, the attachment substance 120 is in a substantially solid state. For example, the attachment substance 120 can be a thermoplastic film/foil. Since certain embodiments do not coat a slurry mix on a current collector, the attachment substance 120 is not limited to binders which are soluble in solvents. For example, the attachment substance 120 can include a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) film, which typically is insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C/ 392°F. Some other examples of attachment substance 120 can include films/foils of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether sulfone (PES), po!ysulfone (PSU), or polyethylene ter ephtha late (PET).

[0031] With continued reference to Figure 1A, the layer comprising electrochemicaily active material 130 can include any electrochemically active material in any form (e.g , powder or film form). In some examples, the electrochemically active material can include silicon, germanium, tin, oxide, carbon, graphite, or a combination thereof. Various embodiments can include a silicon-carbon (or carbon-silicon) composite material. U.S. Patent Application No. 13/008,800, filed January 18, 201 1 , and published on July 21, 2011 as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 201 1/0177393, entitled“Composite Materials for Electrochemical Storage;” U.S. Patent Application No. 13/601,976, filed August 31, 2012, and published on June 19, 2014 as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0170498, entitled “Silicon Particles for Battery Electrodes;” and U.S. Patent Application No. 13/799,405, filed March 13, 2013, and published on June 19, 2014 as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0166939, entitled“Silicon Particles for Battery Electrodes,” each of which is incorporated by reference herein, describe certain embodiments of carbon-silicon composite materials using carbonized polymer and silicon material. In various embodiments, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include a film, e.g., a silicon-carbon composite film.

[0032] The layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include electrode active material with or without additives. For example, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include from greater than 0 % to about 100 % by weight of electrochemically active material. For example, the amount of electrochemically active material by weight of the layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include any weight percent within this range (e.g., about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, about 70 %, about 75 %, about 80 %, about 85 %, about 90 %, about 95 %, about 96 %, about 97 %, about 98 %, about 99%, about 100%, etc.), or any range within this range such as any range formed by the example values (e.g , greater than about 0 % to about 25 % by weight, greater than about 0 % to about 35 % by weight, greater than about 0 % to about 50 % by weight, greater than about 0 % to about 70 % by weight, greater than about 0 % to about 90 % by weight, greater than about 0 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 10 % to about 35 % by weight, from about 10 % to about 50 % by weight, from about 10 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 10 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 10 % to about 100 % by weight, from about 30 % to about 85 % by weight, from about 30 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 30 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 30 % to about 100 % by weight, from about 50 % to about 85 % by weight, from about 50 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 50 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 50 % to about 100 % by weight, from about 60 % to about 85 % by weight, from about 60 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 60 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 60 % to about 100 % by weight, from about 70 % to about 85 % by weight, from about 70 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 70 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 70 % to about 100 % by weight, from about 80 % to about 90 % by weight, from about 80 % to about 95 % by weight, from about 80 % to about 100 % by weight, etc.).

[0033] As an example, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include at least about 50 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 60 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 70 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 80 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon. In some examples, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 can include 100 % silicon.

[0034] Figures I B, 1 C, and I D schematically illustrate various example configurations to prepare the layers of current collector 110, electrode attachment substance 120 (e.g., binder/adhesive), and electrode active material 130 to form an electrode. In Figure IB, a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance 120 is sandwiched between a layer of electrochemically active material 130 and the current collector 110 In Figure 1 C, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 is sandwiched between two layers electrode attachment substance 120, 125. In Figure ID, the layer of electrochemically active material 130 is sandwiched between the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 and the current collector 110. In some instances, the layers in Figures I B, 1 C, and ID can be extruded, heat laminated, roll pressed, flat pressed, etc. to form the example electrode illustrated in Figure 1 A. The attachment substance 120 can bind to the active material 130 and current collector 110.

[0035] Figure 2 illustrates an example method of forming an electrode (e.g., the electrode 100 schematically illustrated in Figure 1 A). The method 200 of forming can include providing a current collector, as shown in block 210, and providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance on a side of the current collector, as shown in block 220. The method 200 can also include providing electrochemiealiy active material adjacent the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance, as shown in block 230. Further, the method 200 can include adhering the electrochemiealiy active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance, as shown in block 240.

[0036] With reference to block 210, the current collector (e.g., current collector 110 in Figures 1A-1D) can be provided as a sheet (e.g., foil, film, etc.). In some instances, the current collector can be provided in roll form. With reference to block 220, the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance (e.g., attachment substance 120 in Figures 1A-1D) can be provided in roll form as well to allow a roll to roll process. With reference to block 230, the electrochemiealiy active material can be provided in powder (e.g., particles, fibers, etc.) or film (e.g., sheet, foil, etc.) form.

[0037] When provided in powder form, the electrochemiealiy active material can be dispersed on the solid layer of electrode attachment substance (e.g., as in Figures IB and 1C) or on the current collector (e.g., as in Figure ID). When provided in film form, the active materials can be pre-processed and available in sheets or in roll form (e.g., allowing for roll to roll processing). The film can be placed on the solid layer of electrode attachment substance (e.g., as in Figures IB and 1C) or on the current collector (e.g., as in Figure ID).

[0038] As shown in Figure I B, the electrochemiealiy active material 130 can be provided adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 such that the layer of electrode attachment substance 130 is between the electrochemiealiy active material 130 and the current collector 1 10 (e.g., the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 sandwiched between the layer of electrochemiealiy active material 130 and the current collector). In some instances, as shown in Figure 1C, a second layer of electrode attachment substance 125 can be provided adjacent the electrochemiealiy active material 130 such that the electrochemically active material 130 can be sandwiched between the two layers of electrode attachment substance 120, 125. In some embodiments, as shown in Figure ID, the electrochemieaily active material 130 can be provided adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 such that the electrochemieaily active material 130 can be sandwiched between the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 and the current collector 1 10.

[0039] With reference to block 240, the electrochemieaily active material can be adhered to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance (e.g., to form Figure 1 A). In some embodiments, the layers can undergo an extrusion process to adhere the layers together. In some instances, the layers can be adhered mechanically by applying pressure and/or adhered thermally by applying heat to one or more of the layers. For example, a pressure from about 10 MPa to about 45 MPa (e.g., any pressure within this range such as about 10 MPa, about 15 MPa, about 20 MPa, about 25 MPa, about 30 MPa, etc.), or any range within this range (e.g., any range formed by the example values such as about 10 MPa to about 40 MPa, about 10 MPa to about 35 MPa, about 15 MPa to about 45 MPa, about 15 MPa to about 40 MPa, about 20 MPa to about 45 MPa, about 20 MPa to about 40 MPa, about 20 MPa to about 35 MPa, about 25 MPa to about 35 MPa, etc.) can be applied. As another example, a temperature from about 150 °C to about 350 °C (e.g., any temperature within this range such as about 150 °C, about 175 °C, about 200 °C, about 225 °C, about 250 °C, about 275 °C, about 300 °C, about 325 °C, about 350 °C, etc.) or any range within this range (e.g., any range formed by the example values such as about 150 °C to about 325 °C, about 150 °C to about 300 °C, about 200 °C to about 350 °C, about 200 °C to about 325 °C, about 200 °C to about 300 °C, etc.) can be applied. As another example, the layers can be adhered with a two-step process, such as applying a first lower temperature (e.g., from about 150 °C to about 250 °C, from about 160 °C to about 250 °C, from about 170 °C to about 250 °C, from about 180 °C to about 230 °C, from about 180 °C to about 240 °C, from about 180 °C to about 250 °C, etc.) followed by a higher temperature (e.g., from about 260 °C to about 300 °C, from about 260 °C to about 310 °C, from about 260 °C to about 325 °C, from about 260 °C to about 350 °C, etc.). In some instances, the attachment substance 120 can be adhered to the current collector 1 10 at a lower temperature, and the el ectrocherni cal ly active material 130 can be adhered to the current collector 110 at a higher temperature. Other examples are possible.

[0040] Although Figures 1A-1D illustrate active material on one side of the current collector, eleetrochemicaliy active material can also be placed on the other side of the current collector, e.g., using one or more similar processes. For example, a layer of electrode attachment substance can be provided on the other side of the current collector, and eleetrochemicaliy active material can be provided adjacent that layer of electrode attachment substance. The eleetrochemicaliy active material can be adhered to that side of the current collector via the layer of electrode attachment substance. In some instances, the layer of electrode attachment substance can be sandwiched between the eleetrochemicaliy active material and the current collector. In some instances, the eleetrochemicaliy active material can be sandwiched between two layers of electrode attachment substance. In some instances, the eleetrochemicaliy active material can be sandwiched between the layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector.

[0041] The electrode attachment substance can be the same as or different from the electrode attachment substance on the other side of the current collector. The electrode attachment substance can include any of the attachment substances described herein. For example, the electrode attachment substance can be provided in a substantially solid state. The attachment substance can be a thermoplastic film. In some instances, the attachment substance can be polyphenylene sulfide or any other polymer that is insoluble in a solvent e.g., at a temperature below about 200°C. Some other examples of attachment substance 120 can include films/foils of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether su!fone (FES), polysulfone (PSU), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

[0042] The eleetrochemicaliy active material can be the same as or different from the eleetrochemicaliy active material on the other side of the current collector. The eleetrochemicaliy active material can include any of the eleetrochemicaliy active material described herein. For example, the eleetrochemicaliy active material can be m powder or film form. The active material can include a silicon carbon composite material. In some examples, the active material can include at least about 50 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 60 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 70 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 80 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, or 100 % by weight of silicon.

[0043] The electrochemically active material can be adhered to the current collector as described herein (e.g., by applying pressure and/or heat). In some instances, adhering the electrochemically active material on both sides of the current collector can occur simultaneously. In some instances, the electrochemically active material can be adhered sequentially on one side of the current collector and then on the other side of the current collector.

[0044] Figure 3 illustrates another example method of forming an electrode (e.g., the electrode 100 schematically illustrated in Figure 1 A). The method 300 of forming can include providing a current collector, as shown in block 310, and providing a layer comprising electrochemically active material on a side of the current collector, as shown in block 320. The method 300 can also include providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the layer comprising electrochemically active material such that the electiOchernically active material is between the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector, as shown in block 330. Further, the method 300 can include adhering the electrochemically active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance, as shown in block 340.

[0045] With reference to block 310, in some instances, the current collector (e.g., current collector 110 m Figures 1C and ID) can be provided as a sheet (e.g., foil, film, etc.). In some instances, the current collector can be provided in roll form. With reference to block 320, the electiOchernically active material can be provided in powder or film form. When provided in film form, the active material can also be available in sheets or in roll form (e.g., allowing for roll to roll processing). As in Figures 1C and I D, in some embodiments, when provided in powder or film form, the electrochemically active material 130 can be placed directly or indirectly on the current collector 1 10. With reference to block 330, the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance (e.g., attachment substance 120 in Figures 1C and ID) can also be provided in roll form to allow a roll to roll process. As in Figure ID, the layer of electrode attachment substance 120 can be provided on the electrochemically active material 130. As in Figure 1C, the electrochemically active material 130 can be sandwiched between two layers of electrode attachment substance 120, 125. With reference to block 340, the electrochemically active material can be adhered to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance (e.g., to form Figure 1A). Similar to method 200 in Figure 2, the layers can undergo an extrusion process in some embodiments to adhere the layers together, the layers can be adhered by- applying pressure and/or heat to one or more of the layers, and electrochemically active material can be placed on both sides of the current collector (e.g., using one or more similar processes as described herein). For example, a layer comprising electrochemically active material can be provided on the other side of the current collector, and a layer of electrode attachment substance can be provided adjacent that layer comprising electrochemically active material. The electrochemically active material can be adhered to that side of the current collector via the layer of electrode attachment substance. In some instances, the layer of electrode attachment substance can be placed between the electrochemically active material and the current collector. In some instances, the electrochemically active material can be placed (e.g., sandwiched in some instances) between the electrode attachment substance and the current collector. In some instances, the electrochemically active material can be sandwiched between two layers of electrode attachment substance.

[0047] The electrode attachment substance can be the same as or different from the electrode attachment substance on the other side of the current collector. The electrode attachment substance can include any of the attachment substances described herein. For example, the electrode attachment substance can be provided in a substantially solid state. The attachment substance can be a thermoplastic film. In some instances, the attachment substance can be polyphenylene sulfide or any other polymer that is insoluble in a solvent e.g., at a temperature below about 200°C. Some other examples of attachment substance 120 can include films/foils of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether sulfone (FES), polysuifone (PSU) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

[0048] The electrochemically active material can be the same as or different from the electrochemically active material on the other side of the current collector. The electrochemically active material can include any of the electrochemically active material described herein. For example, the electrochemically active material can be in powder or film form. The active material can include a silicon carbon composite material. In some examples, the active material can include at least about 50 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 60 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 70 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, at least about 80 % to about 100 % by weight of silicon, or 100 % by weight of silicon.

[QQ49] The electrochemically active material can be adhered to the current collector as described herein (e.g., by applying pressure and/or heat). In some instances, adhering the electrochemically active material on both sides of the current collector can occur simultaneously. In some instances, the electrochemically active material can be adhered sequentially on one side of the current collector and then on the other side of the current collector.

[0050] In various embodiments, after the electrode is formed, the electrode can be punched and processed. In certain embodiments, an electrode can be attached to a separator using an attachment substance similar to the electrode attachment substance described herein. For example, a separator and an electrode can be provided. A substantially solid layer of attachment substance can also be provided on the separator and/or the electrode. The separator and electrode can be adhered together via the attachment substance (e.g., by- applying pressure and/or heat).

[0051] The following examples are provided to demonstrate the benefits of some embodiments of electrodes, electrochemical cells, and methods of forming the same. These examples are discussed for illustrative purposes and should not he construed to limit the scope of the disclosed embodiments.

[0052] Sample electrodes (e.g., anodes) were made in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. For example, two samples of silicon dominant electrochemically active material (i.e., carbon-silicon composite films made using pyrolyzed polymer and silicon material) were attached to copper foil using thermoplastic film (Torelina® 4pm Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) film) with a solvent free, high temperature and pressure method. The samples were pressed at about 28 MPa (e.g., about 4000 psi). The PPS film was adhered to the copper foil at about 220 °C, and the silicon dominant electrochemically active material was adhered thereon at about 300 °C. Electrodes were also made using binder in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution. For example, two samples of the same silicon dominant electrochemically active material were attached to copper foil b - coating it m a slurry- of binder in NMP solution. Figure 4 is a plot of the discharge capacity versus the number of cycles for the electrodes. The performance of the electrodes made using thermoplastic film is shown in black solid lines, while the performance of the electrodes made using binder in NMP solution is shown in gray dashed lines. The cycling data shows that certain embodiments described herein have results that at least match that of using solvent based binder, with potential improvement of battery performance.

[0053] As described herein, new binders/adhesives (e.g., insoluble in solvents) can be tested and used to prepare battery electrodes. Certain embodiments described herein can attach electrochemically active material to a current collector using a roll to roll process and in some instances, be solvent free. Various embodiments can reduce manufacturing time and costs by not requiring a solvent in a slurry mix, coating of a slurry mix, and/or drying of a slurry mix.

[0054] Various embodiments have been described above. Although the invention has been described with reference to these specific embodiments, the descriptions are intended to be illustrative and are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and applications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Various examples include, but are not limited to:

1. A method of forming an electrode, the method comprising:

providing a current collector;

providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance on a side of the current collector;

providing electrochemically active material adjacent the substantially solid layer of the electrode attachment substance, wherein the electrochemically active material is provided in powder form; and

adhering the electrochemically active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance.

2. The method of Example l , wherein providing the electrochemically active material adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises sandwiching the layer of electrode attachment substance between the electrochemically active material and the current collector.

3. The method of Example 2, further comprising providing a second layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the electrochemically active material such that the electrochemically active material is sandwiched between the two layers of electrode attachment substance.

4. The method of Example l , wherein providing the electrochemically active material adjacent the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises sandwiching the electrochemically active material between the layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector.

5. The method of Example 1, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a thermoplastic film.

6. The method of Example 1 , wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance is insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C.

7. The method of Example 1, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polyether ether ketone film, a polyether sulfone film, a polysulfone film, or a polyethylene terephthalate film.

8. The method of Example 1, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises a silicon carbon composite material.

9. The method of Example 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material comprises at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon.

10. The method of Example 9, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight.

11. The method of Example 10, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 70% to about 100% by weight.

12. The method of Example 11 , wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 80% to about 100% by weight.

13. The method of Example 1 , wherein adhering comprises applying pressure to the electrode attachment substance and/or the electrochemically active material to adhere the electrochemically active material to the current collector. 14. The method of Example 1 , wherein adhering comprises applying heat to the electrode attachment substance and/or the e!ectrochemically active material to adhere the electrochemieaily active material to the current collector.

1 5. The method of Example 1, wherein adhering comprises an extrusion process.

16. The method of Example 1, wherein the current collector is provided in roll form.

17. The method of Example 1, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance is provided in roil form.

1 8. The method of Example l, wherein the method comprises a roll to roll process.

19. The method of Example 1 , further comprising:

providing a second layer of electrode attachment substance on second side of the current collector;

providing a second electrochemieaily active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance; and

adhering the second electrochemieaily active material to the second side of the current collector via the second layer of electrode attachment substance.

20. The method of Example 19, wherein providing the second electrochemieaily active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance comprises sandwiching the second layer of electrode attachment substance between the second electrochemieaily active material and the current collector.

21. The method of Example 20, further comprising providing a third layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the second electrochemieaily active material such that the second electrochemieaily active material is sandwiched between the two layers of electrode attachment substance.

22. The method of Example 19, wherein providing the second electrochemieaily active material adjacent the second layer of electrode attachment substance comprises sandwiching the second electrochemieaily active material between the second layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector.

23. The method of Example 19, wherein the second layer of electrode attachment substance is provided in a substantially solid state. 24. The method of Example 19, wherein the second layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a thermoplastic film.

25. The method of Example 19, wherein the second layer of electrode attachment substance is insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C.

26. The method of Example 19, wherein the second layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polyether ether ketone film, a polyether sulfone film, a polysulfone film, or a polyethylene terephthalate film.

27. The method of Example 19, wherein the second layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a different material than the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance.

28. The method of Example 19, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material is provided in powder form.

29. The method of Example 19, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material comprises a silicon carbon composite material.

30. The method of Example 19, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material comprises at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon.

31. The method of Example 30, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material comprises the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight.

32. The method of Example 31, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material comprises the silicon at about 70% to about 100% by weight.

33. The method of Example 32, wherein the second eleetrochemieally active material comprises the silicon at about 80% to about 100% by w ^r eight.

34. The method of Example 19, wherein adhering the eleetrochemieally active material and adhering the second eleetrochemieally active material occur simultaneously.

35. The method of Example 1 , wherein the electrode is a negative electrode.

36. A method of forming an electrode, the method comprising:

providing a current collector;

providing a layer comprising eleetrochemieally active material on a side of the current collector; providing a substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance adjacent the layer comprising electrochemically active material such that the electrochemically active material is between the substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance and the current collector; and

adhering the electrochemically active material to the side of the current collector via the electrode attachment substance

37. The method of Example 36, further comprising providing a second substantially solid layer of electrode attachment substance between the layer comprising electrochemically active material and the current collector such that the electrochemically active material is sandwiched between both of the provided layers of electrode attachment substance

38. The method of Example 36, wherein the electrochemically active material is provided in powder form.

39. The method of Example 36, wherein the electrochemically active material is provided as a film.

40. The method of Example 39, wherein the film comprises a silicon carbon composite film.

41. The method of Example 36, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of silicon.

42. The method of Example 41 , wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight.

43. The method of Example 42, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 70% to about 100% by weight.

44. The method of Example 43, wherein the electrochemically active material comprises the silicon at about 80% to about 100% by weight

45. The method of Example 36, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a thermoplastic film.

46. The method of Example 36, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance is insoluble in solvent at a temperature below about 200°C. 47. The method of Example 36, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance comprises a polyphenylene sulfide film, a polyether ether ketone film, a polyether sulfone film, a polysulfone film, or a polyethylene terephtiialate film.

48. The method of Example 36, wherein adhering comprises applying pressure to the electrode attachment substance and/or the electrochemically active material to adhere the electrochemical!} active material to the current collector.

49. The method of Example 36, wherein adhering comprises applying heat to the electrode attachment substance and/or the electrochemically active material to adhere the electrochemically active material to the current collector

50. The method of Example 36, wherein adhering comprises an extrusion process.

51. The method of Example 36, wherein the current collector is provided in roll form.

52. The method of Example 36, wherein the layer of electrode attachment substance is provided m roll form.

53. The method of Example 36, wherein the layer comprising electrochemically active material is provided in roll form.

54. The method of Example 36, wherein the method comprises a roll to roll process.

55. The method of Example 36, further comprising:

providing a layer comprising a second electrochemically active material on a second side of the current collector;

providing a substantially solid layer of a second electrode attachment substance adjacent the layer comprising the second electrochemically active material such that the second electrochemically active material is between the second electrode attachment substance and the current collector; and

adhering the second electrochemically active material to the second side of the current collector via the second electrode attachment substance.

56. The method of Example 55, further comprising providing a substantially solid layer of a third electrode attachment substance between the layer comprising the second electrochemically active material and the current collector such that the second electrochernically active material is sandwiched between the second and third electrode attachment substance.

57. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrochernically active material is provided in powder form.

58. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrochernically active material is provided as a film.

59. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrochernically active material comprises a silicon carbon composite film.

60. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrochernically active material comprises at least about 50% to about 100% by weight of si licon.

61. The method of Example 60, wherein the second electrochernically active material comprises the silicon at about 60% to about 100% by weight.

62. The method of Example 61, wherein the second electrochernically active material composes the silicon at about 70% to about 100% by weight.

63. The method of Example 62, wherein the second eiectroehemicaily active material comprises the silicon at about 80% to about 100% by weight

64. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrode attachment substance comprises a thermoplastic film.

65. The method of Example 55, wherein the second electrode attachment substance comprises a different material than the electrode attachment substance.

66. The method of Example 55, wherein adhering the electrochernically active material and adhering the second electrochernically active material occur simultaneously.

67. The method of Example 55, wherein the electrode is a negative electrode.