The present invention relates to a sports practice simulator for simulating aspects of a game in a practice condition and particularly but not exclusively to a football practice simulator or training apparatus and more particularly to a football goalkeeping training simulator or training apparatus.

In the area of sports training and practice there are various ways in which a game environment can to some extent be simulated in order that players can practice in training or practice conditions the environment of a game. Most training equipment provides a simple rebound wall whereby a player kicks a ball against a wall and it rebounds at an acute angle. Other equipment provides an inclined rebound surface at an acute angle.

The present invention aims to improve the simulation of a game environment in training or practice conditions.

The present invention provides a sports practice simulator for simulating deflections to a natural ball path from a serving player to a receiving player for use in sports practice or training, the simulator comprising a multi-faceted deflector for placement on the ground at a selected ground surface position of a sports pitch or training ground, the deflector comprising a multiplicity of deflecting facets that are angled one facet relative to an adjacent facet for causing a multiplicity of different deflections to a natural ball path, wherein the periphery of the deflector comprises deflector facets that are in contact with, or closely adjacent, the ground surface and which extend upwardly at an angle in a height dimension (Z dimension).

For example there may be multiple angled facets extending upwardly from the ground which generate different deflections depending on which of the facets a ball makes contact with. The facets are in contact with the ground or closely adjacent to reduce or eliminate the possibility of a rebound from the deflector towards a serving player. If placed on a grass surface, the deflector periphery may rest slightly below the grass and slightly above the soil, whilst still minimizing a rebound from a leading peripheral edge.

In one arrangement, the deflector has a first horizontal axis in a Y dimension and a second horizontal axis in an X dimension perpendicular to the Y dimension, and the deflector comprises a plurality of deflector facets one angled relative to an adjacent deflector facet in both the Y dimension and the X dimension so that a plurality of different deflections are generated to a natural ball path generally in the Y dimension or the X dimension. For example, a serving player can position themselves along a Y dimension or an X dimension for serving a ball along a natural ball path for possible deflection by the deflector along any one of a plurality of different deflected ball paths.

The deflector may comprise surface facets for deflecting a natural ball path at any selected angle relative to the deflector.

For example, a serving player may position a ball for serving or the deflector may be orientated relative to a serving player, at any selected angle (through 360 degrees), relative to the ball server and deflector. In this regard, there may be a target such as a goal mouth, in addition to the serving player, deflector and receiving player, and the deflector can be orientated as desired to generate a range of possible deflections from any of a number of serving positions, and in relation to the target.

The deflector may comprise first and second portions along the Y dimension, and the first portion comprises deflector surfaces that are angled in the Z dimension at a steeper angle than the angle of the deflector surfaces of the second portion so that the deflector surfaces of the first portion generate a larger deflection than the deflector surfaces of the second portion.

For example, the deflector may be orientated with respect to a serving player to generate a shallow deflection in the height dimension. Alternatively, the deflector can be rotated through 180 degrees with respect to a serving player to generate a steeper deflection in the height dimension.

The deflector surfaces comprise generally planar or curvilinear surfaces that are connected to adjacent deflector surfaces by an inter-connecting lines or curves.

In the case of a football, which is approximately 22 cm in diameter and about 68 to 70 cm in circumference, there may be some spacing between deflector facets, whilst still generating an acceptable deflection depending on the deflecting surface or surfaces that are contacted by a ball along a natural ball path.

In examples, peripheral deflector facets extend upwardly at an angle from a supporting surface, such as the ground surface, but other deflector facets may not be in contact with or closely adjacent the ground surface and may be orientated at any selected angle in X, Y and Z dimensions and at any selected angle one deflector facet relative to an adjacent deflector facet.

The deflector may be supported on a stand, which itself rests on a ground surface. The stand may have an arrangement for tilting the deflector in one or more dimensions and at one or more angles relative to a ground surface. There may be at least one attachment deflector for selective attachment to the deflector, each attachment deflector comprising at least one deflector facet for deflecting a ball along a natural ball path and a fastening arrangement for attaching the attachment deflector to the deflector. Each attachment deflector may comprise a plurality of deflector facets for generating different deflections one from another.

For example, the attachment deflector or deflectors can be attached as required to generate a different series of deflections. A different series of deflections may be required for instance in order to concentrate training on particular type of deflection, such as a more elevated deflection.

At least one of the attachment deflectors may comprise a curved deflector facet (such a hemisphere or elongated hemisphere), or a polygonal deflector.

There may be a sensor arrangement for sensing a natural ball path and a deflected ball path generated by deflections from the deflector or attachment deflector.

For example, a training session may be performed and then subsequently data relating to the training can be analysed and presented to a coach or player for determining areas of strength and weakness.

The sensor arrangement may be arranged to sense a response by a receiving player to a natural ball path or deflected ball path.

For example, if it were to be identified from sensed player data that a player were to have difficulty with a more elevated deflected ball path, further practice could concentrate on such a weakness.

The sensor arrangement comprises a processor and a memory for storing instructions for the processor for causing a sensor to carry out the instructions. Alternatively, the sensor could be driven by a computer connected by wired or wireless connection during training.

A goal keeper training apparatus for generating deflections to a natural ball path from a serving player to a receiving player, the simulator comprising a multi-faceted deflector for placement on the ground at a selected ground surface position of a sports pitch or training ground, the deflector comprising a multiplicity of deflecting facets that are angled one facet relative to an adjacent facet for causing a multiplicity of different deflections to a natural ball path, wherein the periphery of the deflector comprises deflector facets that are in contact with, or closely adjacent, the ground surface and which extend upwardly at an angle in a height dimension. A sports practice simulator may comprise an elevating base for elevating at least a portion of the deflector from a ground surface.

The elevating base may comprise a multiplicity of deflecting facets that are angled one facet relative to an adjacent facet for causing a multiplicity of different deflections to a natural ball path.

A periphery of the elevating base may comprise deflector facets that are in contact with, or closely adjacent, corresponding deflector facets of the deflector. For example an upper periphery of the base is in contact with or closely adjacent a lower periphery of the deflector.

The deflector facets of the elevating base may be generally co-planar with corresponding deflector facets of the deflector. For example, the facets of the deflector and the base are aligned to form respective deflecting surfaces that comprise upper and lower facets. In other arrangements, the deflecting facets of the deflector and base may not be co-planar and instead be orientated at different angles to provide deflections at different angles dependent on the height of the natural ball path above a ground surface or the peripheries may not be closely adjacent to provide a step between facets of the base and facets of the deflector.

A sports practice simulator may comprise a body deflector which is a three-dimensional life size model of at least part of a person for simulating deflections to a ball from a player in a game condition.

For example, the body deflector may include any combination of one or more of leg body portions, torso body portions, shoulder body portions or a head body portion. As illustrated, there may be feet, lower leg, upper leg, lower torso, upper torso, shoulder and head body portions, which constitute substantially all of a player's body excluding the arms. In other illustrations, only those portions below the waist may be provided, or only those portions above the waist.

The body deflector may be supported in a generally upright or standing orientation by a base. The base may comprise a multi-faceted ground deflector as described above, and in this case the body deflector is an attachment deflector. In other cases the base is not multi-faceted for generating deflections and instead functions primarily to support the body deflector.

The body deflector is sized and shaped to approximate to the size and shape of a person (adult) and comprises body portions of similar size and shape to corresponding body portions of a person, and extends generally upwardly in the Z dimension (in a standing upright posture). Many of the deflecting surfaces of the body deflector are spaced away from a ground surface by more than about 30 cm. Only feet and lower leg portions may be within 30 cm of a ground surface. The body deflector may be multi-faceted having a plurality of external surface facets.

Accordingly, the body deflector may generate deflections to more elevated natural ball paths compared to a ground deflector which generates deflections to a natural ball path that is proximate the ground surface. An articulated body deflector may comprise one or more adjustable joints which join together adjacent body portions of the deflector to allow adjustment to relative positioning or orientation of a body portion relative to an adjacent body portion. The adjustment may be in a single plane or in two planes.

A securing mechanism, or arrangement, may secure an angle of a joint when adjusted. When a body deflector is adjusted from a neutral or aligned condition the mass of the body portions above the adjusted joint cause a turning moment about the joint and the securing mechanism may be configured to balance this turning moment.

The securing mechanism may comprise one or more elastic members that deform elastically when the joint is adjusted from the aligned condition so that when a joint is adjusted a restoring force of the elastic member or members balance a turning moment caused by off centre mass of the body deflector above the joint.

A joint may comprise first and second parts comprising a detent arrangement whereby one part comprises a recess and the other part comprises a protrusion for engaging with the recess for securing the angle of the joint. A reinforcing frame may be located internal to a surface layer of one or more body portions for reinforcing the supporting layer to resist deformation caused by contact with a ball.

One or more body portions may have a multi-layered configuration. A supporting structure may have an external layer which approximates to a corresponding body portion of a person.

A surface layer may be covered by a resiliently deformable layer configured to deform from a non-deformed shape when struck by a ball and having shape memory for restoring elastically to the non-deformed shape.

A protective layer may cover the resiliently deformable layer for protecting the resiliently deformable layer from damage caused for example by ball strikes, rain, snow, dirt. Different body portions may comprise different thicknesses of the resiliently deformable layer (or deformable padding), or a single body portion may comprise regions with different thicknesses one from another.

In order that the present invention may be well understood, embodiments thereof, which are given by way of example only, will now be described in more detail, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows a sports simulator in elevation from one side;

Figure 2 shows a sports simulator in elevation from another side;

Figure 3 shows a sports simulator in perspective;

Figure 4 shows a sports simulator, ball and a first series of ball paths;

Figure 5 shows a sports simulator, ball and a second series of ball paths;

Figure 6 shows a sports simulator, ball and a third series of ball paths;

Figure 7 shows a sports simulator in elevation with dimensions;

Figure 8 shows a sports simulator from a leading edge in elevation;

Figure 9 shows a sports simulator from a trailing edge in elevation;

Figures 10 to 13 show further examples of a sports simulator;

Figure 14 shows a further example of a sports simulator in perspective;

Figure 15 shows examples attachment deflectors for attachment to a sports simulator as shown in the preceding Figures;

Figures 16 to 23 show the attachments of Figure 15 attached to a sports simulator;

Figure 24 shows an example of an attachment deflector attached to a sports simulator with an example of a fastening mechanism;

Figures 25 to 27 show a sports simulator in use in a plan view;

Figures 28 to 30 show a sports simulator in use in an elevation view;

Figures 31 to 33 shows a sports simulator comprising a sensor arrangement for sensing natural and deflected ball paths. Figures 34 to 36 show an elevating base and ground deflector, in plan, front elevation and side elevation;

Figures 37 and 38 show front and side views of a body deflector;

Figures 39 and 40 shows front and side views of another body deflector;

Figures 41 to 44 are sketches showing some examples of body deflector adjustment;

Figures 45 to 47 show in more detail a layered configuration of a body deflector, showing a lower leg body portion and a head body portion;

Figures 48 and 49 show two further body deflectors;

Figures 50A and 50B show an example of a faceted torso body portion from the front and side;

Figures 51A and 51B show an example of a faceted head body portion from the front and side;

Figures 52 to 55 show cross-sections through examples of various body portions;

Figures 56 and 57 show two example joints for joining body portions; and

Figure 58 shows a modification of an elevated base.

In team sports, such as football, a first player projects or plays a ball to generate a natural ball path, whether towards another player or towards a target. The natural ball path is generated by such factors as the speed of contact with a ball, direction, elevation and spin. Subsequently a receiving player, whether or not on the same team, reacts to the natural ball path in order to play the ball. For example, a goalkeeper may react to the generated natural ball path to play a ball by saving it from entering a goal.

With time and ability a player becomes better at reacting to a natural ball path in order to play a ball. The natural ball path becomes more predictable to a player. Difficulties arise when there is a deflection at a point along the natural ball path, which causes the ball to follow a less predictable path. A deflection in this context may be caused for example by a ground divot or by another player making contact with a ball more passively and with less control. A deflected ball path is therefore more randomly generated, follows a less predictable ball path and results in a deflected ball that is more difficult for a receiving player to play. In practice conditions players attempt to reproduce a game environment by causing passive deflections along a natural ball path in order to generate a deflection. One difficulty with this approach is that a serving player may strike a ball with considerable force, as they would in a game, and players attempting a passive deflection may be injured by attempting to generate a deflection with parts of their body. This problem is exacerbated when it is considered that for example in a goalkeeping practice a goalkeeper may be required to perform 200 to 300 saves per day in practice.

Referring to Figures 1 to 3, there is shown a sports [football/soccer] practice simulator for simulating deflections to a natural ball path for use in sports practice or training. The simulator comprises a multi-faceted deflector 10 for placement on the ground 12 at a desired position of a sports pitch or training ground. The deflector comprises a plurality of surface facets which extend upwardly relative to the ground in the Z dimension at a plurality of respective different angles in X and Y dimensions. X, Y and Z dimensions are shown in Figures 1 to 3.

The surface facets are referenced 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32. The surface facets are angled one relative to another and depending on which of the surface facets a ball contacts along a natural ball path the facets produce different deflected ball paths. The facets are generally planar (but may be curved) and are connected to one another by interconnecting lines, as shown. The facets may be spaced apart. The deflector in this example is generally symmetrical about a centre line extending in the Y dimension, but in other examples the deflector may be asymmetrical or irregular.

The structure of the deflector is explained more easily by explaining how it is used, with reference to the subsequent Figures.

Referring to Figure 4, there is shown a deflector 10 and ball 40. The ball is projected or served by a player along an expected or desired natural ball path towards the deflector. Depending on the skill of the player there are one or more resultant or actual natural ball paths 42, 44, 46, including a natural ball path which misses the deflector (not shown). Along the natural ball paths 42, 44, 46 the ball contacts respective different surface facets 26, 22, 18, which generates deflected ball paths 48, 50, 52 that are angled relative to the natural balls paths by a deflection angle dependent on the angle of the surface facets. The deflection angles have components in one or both of the X and Z dimensions.

In the example the surface facets 18, 22, 26 have a shallow angle with respect to the Z dimension in order to generate a small deflection in the Z dimension. Surface facet 22 is not angled in the X dimension, surface facet 26 is angled in the X dimension to generate a deflection to the left and surface facet 18 is angled in the X dimension to generate a deflection to the right.

Similarly to Figure 4 there is shown in Figure 5 a ball and deflector, but in this view the ball 40 is projected from a position around 180 degrees displaced from the position in Figure 4. When a ball is projected from the opposite side of the deflector 10 the deflector can generate a series of different possible deflections. In this view, there are one or more resultant or actual natural ball paths 52, 54, 56. Along the natural ball paths 52, 54, 56 the ball contacts respective different surface facets 20, 24 28, which generates deflected ball paths 58, 60, 62 that are angled relative to the natural balls paths by a deflection angle dependent on the angle of the surface facets. The deflection angles have components in one or both of the X and Z dimensions.

In this example the surface facets 20, 24 28 have a different angle with respect to the Z dimension compared to Figure 4 which in this case is a steeper angle in order to generate a larger deflection in the Z dimension. Surface facet 24 is not angled in the X dimension, surface facet 20 is angled in the X dimension to generate a deflection to the left and surface facet 28 is angled in the X dimension to generate a deflection to the right.

Similarly to Figures 4 and 5 there is shown in Figure 6 a ball and deflector, but in this view the ball 40 is projected from a position around 90 degrees displaced from the position in Figures 4 and 5. When a ball is projected from the side of the deflector 10 the deflector can generate a series of different possible deflections. In this view, there are one or more resultant or actual natural ball paths 64, 66. Along the natural ball paths 64, 66 the ball contacts respective different surface facets 14, 16, which generate deflected ball paths 68, 70 that are angled relative to the natural balls paths by a deflection angle dependent on the angle of the surface facets. The deflection angles have components in one or both of the Y and Z dimensions.

In this example the surface facets 14, 16 may have a different angle in the Z dimension from one or both of the surface facets used in Figures 4 and 5. In this case, the surface facets have a steeper angle with respect to the Z dimension in order to generate a larger deflection in the Z dimension. Surface facet 14 is angled shallowly in the y dimension, whereas surface facet 16 is angled in the Y dimension to generate a large deflection to the right, as shown.

There are multiple different positions in which a ball can be positioned in relation to the illustrated deflector and these positions may extend through 360 degrees, including the ball positions of 0 degrees, 180 degrees and 90 (or 270) degrees, as shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6, and depending on the position of a ball in relation to the deflector multiple different surface facets can be used and the angle of deflection changes accordingly.

For example, the deflector may be positioned at any selected angle with respect to a ball serving position and a ball receiving position in order that dependent on the position and selected angle different surface facets cause deflections. A ball may be served generally along a Y dimension or generally along an X dimension. For further example there may be more than one ball position to allow multiple players to train a goalkeeper for protecting a goal against multiple threats sequentially, such as a shot and a rebound, particularly as the rebound may be quite random.

Referring to Figures 7 to 9, along the Y dimension the deflector 10 has one or more surface facets 18, 22, 26 in a first portion 21 arranged generally at an angle 'a' with respect to a ground surface and one or more surface facets 20, 24, 28 in a second portion 23 arranged generally at an angle 'b'. Along the X dimension the deflector has one or more surface facets 14, 16 in a third portion 25 arranged generally at an angle 'c' with respect to a ground surface and one or more surface facets 30, 32 in a fourth portion 27 arranged generally at an angle 'd'.

In examples, angles a ¹ b ¹ c ¹ d if the deflector is irregular, or a ¹ b, but c = d if the deflector is symmetrical about a longitudinal dimension (Y dimension), or a ¹ b and c ¹ d if the deflector is generally inclined to one side. There are other possible arrangements.

As shown in the Figures, a ¹ b so that the deflector is able to produce a steeper deflection or a shallower deflection dependent on the orientation of the deflector for a deflection caused by surface facets generally at an angle 'b' or surface facets generally at an angle 'a'.

In the example shown, angle 'a' is preferably in the range 5 to 20 degrees and angle 'b' is preferably in the range of 10 to 45 degrees. The angles are not limited to these ranges.

As shown, c = d so that deflections generated generally in an X dimension are approximately equal whichever side of the deflector is used. If c ¹ d, then different deflections can be generated depending on the side of the deflector that a ball is served.

The principle dimensions are shown in Figures 7 to 9, which are Y1 in the Y dimension, XI in the X dimension and Z1 in the Z dimension. In currently preferred examples, Y1 is in the range 50 to 150 cm and more preferably in the range 75 to 125 cm, XI is in the range 25 to 100 cm and more preferably in the range 40 to 80 cm, and Z1 is in the range 5 to 50 cm and more preferably in the range 10 to 20 cm. The size of each deflector facet is such that it is arranged to cause a selected deflection for example 10 degrees in a Z dimension and 5 degrees in an X dimension, or 20 degrees in a Z dimension and 45 degrees in a Y dimension. The size of the facet is dependent on the size of a playing ball and so for example with a football a facet may have a size of at least 5 cm, and preferably at least 10 cm.

When in use the deflector simulates on a training ground conditions encountered in a game. As previously described the deflector causes unpredictable deflections, which are useful for training a player to be prepared for a deflection. In a game, the experience of a player and the game situation determines to what extent a player allocates their concentration on receiving a ball along a natural ball path whilst simultaneously preparing for a deflection. Some players may allocate for example about 80% concentration to a natural ball path and 20% concentration to a deflection. It varies from player to player and dependent on the game situation. For example, with regard to the latter, a goalkeeper may require 100% concentration to save a ball along a difficult ball path, but in other circumstances, less than 100% concentration need be allocated to a natural path, allowing preparation for a deflection. A goalkeeper can position themselves so as to maximise their chances of saving a ball along a natural ball path, whilst preparing for a deflection, perhaps 50% to 50%. The deflector is designed to simulate on a training ground these circumstances.

In this regard the size of the deflector determines whether a serving player causes a ball to make contact with the deflector and cause a deflection, or to miss the deflector and continue along a natural ball path. The size of the deflector can be determined to simulate an 80:20 ratio of natural ball path to deflected ball path, or 50:50, or any other desired ratio. If for example the deflector has a height in the Z dimension of 5 cm it may produce a ratio of 95:5, whereas if the deflector has a height in the Z dimension of 30 cm it may produce a ratio of 60:40. These ratios are of course dependent on the skill of the ball serving player. In further examples below, there is described a deflector in which the ratio can be changed as required and also to provide further possible deflections.

The deflector as described herein is therefore to be contrasted with devices that are configured to cause a deflection without substantial probability of allowing continuation of a natural ball path. For example, Soccerwave (TM) is configured to produce a rebound for the purposes of returning a ball to a player. A cricket cradle is configured to produce a deflection for simulating wicket keeping or slip practice, but does not produce or allow a natural ball path at anything similar to the ratio of natural ball path to deflection as encountered in a game. In this latter regard, a cradle is downwardly projecting and can be used only longitudinally along a main axis, as opposed to the present deflector which is upwardly projecting and can be used at any angle in the X, Y dimensions. Figures 25 to 27 show part of a football pitch 91 in practice conditions and a football training apparatus or more particularly in this example a goalkeeping training apparatus having a deflector 10 in position in proximity to a target, or goal 92. The apparatus is applicable to other sports that comprise a goal as a target and a goal keeper, such as hockey. A ball 40 is shown for serving by a player during practice. If the ball makes contact with the deflector then a deflection is generated which deflects the ball to the left or the right along deflected ball paths 93, 94 as shown in Figures 25 and 26 and if the ball misses the deflector it continues along a natural ball path 95 as shown in Figure 27.

Figures 28 to 30 show part of a football pitch 91 in elevation and in practice conditions. A deflector 10 is placed in proximity to a target 92. A ball 40 is shown for serving by a player. If the ball makes contact with the deflector then a deflection is generated which deflects the ball upwards at different angles along deflected ball paths 96, 97 as shown in Figures 29 and 30 and if the ball misses the deflector it continues along a natural ball path 98 as shown in Figure 28.

In other examples of use, an outfield player can be trained using the deflector for practicing receiving a difficult ball. For instance, a player in an attacking region of a football pitch may need to receive a ball under sufficient control that they can attack a target with the ball. The present sports simulators allow a natural ball path to be interrupted to train an outfield player to cope with deflections.

Particular as shown in Figures 28 to 30 the natural ball path is 1) not deflected; 2) deflected by a small angle; and 3) deflected by a larger angle. The deflected angles are obtuse, which for the avoidance of doubt means that they are between 90 and 180 degrees. Additionally, the outer periphery of the simulator is sufficiently proximate the supporting ground surface that a ball does not rebound from the periphery. If the periphery were to be spaced further away from the ground surface there is a possibility it would make contact with the ball and cause a rebound returning the ball to the serving player. It is the case with the known prior art that either a practice simulator is deliberately configured to cause a rebound at an acute angle to return the ball to the serving player or in some cases that the periphery is spaced sufficiently away from the ground surface that contact with the ball causes a rebound at an acute angle.

It is preferred in the present examples that the obtuse angle of deflection is between about 5 and 25 degrees, but this range is not limiting. In the opposing direction the angle of deflection is preferred to be between about 10 and 45 degrees, but this range is not limiting. The point is that the angle is selected so that a ball arrives at the receiving player and tests their reactions. Figures 10 to 13 show deflectors with different configurations to the deflector described above, but otherwise with similar properties to deflector 10. Figure 10 shows a deflector 70 in which there are fewer facets on an upper surface and forward surface. In this regard, facets 18, 22, 26 (and facets 20, 24, 28) are planar and not angled one relative to another. In Figure 11, the deflector 72 is similar to Figure 10 except providing additional deflector facets that are not closely adjacent the ground surface and are angled as required to produce a selected deflection. In Figure 12, there is shown a deflector 74 having at least one facet that is curvilinear, having a curved surface for producing multiple different deflections. Figure 13 shows a deflector 76 which is asymmetrical about a central longitudinal axis in the Y dimension.

The deflector 10 (and deflectors 70, 72, 74, 76) as shown particularly in Figures 1 to 3 comprise deflector edges which are arranged for contact with the ground 12, or closely adjacent thereto. The purpose of this arrangement is that a ball that makes contact with the deflector does not rebound if it were to strike edges which were more elevated from the ground. Instead the deflector edges are generally flush with the ground surface. The deflector edges form a periphery of the deflector and in the example of Figures 1 to 3 comprise edges 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, which form the periphery of the deflector so that whichever angle in the X, Y dimension a ball is served it does not result in a rebound. In other example, one or more (but not all edges) are in contact, or closely adjacent, the ground surface.

The peripheral deflector facets extend upwardly at various angles from the peripheral edges for generating deflections from any selected serving angle. The serving angles preferably extend through 180 degrees so that a ball can be served from behind, or either side, (or angles between) and more preferably though 360 degrees so that a ball can be served additionally from the front (or angles between).

The deflector may comprise a stand, which itself rests on a ground surface. The stand may have an arrangement for tilting the deflector facets in one or more dimensions and at one or more angles relative to a ground surface. For example, the deflector may have a plurality of extendible feet (such as feet rotatable on screws), which can be extended one independent from another to elevate portions of the deflector.

A further example of a deflector is shown in Figure 14. For the sake of brevity those aspects of this further deflector which are similar to deflector 10 will not be described again and the description will focus on modified aspects of the deflector. Referring to Figure 14, there is shown a deflector 100 having multiple facets for deflecting a ball from a natural ball path. In this example the deflector comprises a fastening arrangement 102 for fastening one or more attachments to the deflector for providing additional surfaces or facets for deflecting a ball from a natural ball path, in the same way as described above. The fastening arrangement in this example comprises one or more bores in a surface of the deflector for receiving one or more fastening members for fastening attachment(s) to the deflector, such as bolts, screws dowels or lugs. Other fastening arrangements can be used depending on requirements.

Figure 15 shows a plurality of different attachment deflectors 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 for attachment to the deflector 100. The attachment deflectors comprise one or more deflecting surfaces for providing additional deflections, and dependent on the simulation required a selected attachment deflector can be attached to the deflector.

Figures 16 to 23 show the deflector 100 with attachments 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 fastened to the deflector.

Figure 16 shows to attachment deflectors 104. The attachment deflectors provide a further inclination in the Z dimension to produce a higher deflection. The attachments are spaced apart in the X dimension to provide a natural ball path without deflection.

Figure 17 shows an attachment deflector 106. The attachment deflector provides a further inclination in the Z dimension and similarly to attachments 104 provides side and front facets for generating other deflections depending on the angle at which a ball is served.

Figure 18 shows an attachment deflector 108 similar to deflector 106, but in this example the attachment is angled relative to the central longitudinal axis along the Y dimension.

Figure 19 shows an attachment deflector 110, which is curvilinear along one side, on the opposing side as viewed in figure 19.

Figure 20 shows a hemispherical attachment deflector 112 which provides a curved surface for generating deflections. The symmetrical nature of the attachment is such that the deflections are uniformly generated regardless of the angle at which the ball is served.

Figure 21 shows an elongated hemispherical attachment deflector 114 which provides an extended curved surface for generating deflections. For example, when the ball is served generally in the Y dimension contact with the deflector 114 deflects a ball to the left or to the right, whereas when all is served generally in the X dimension, a ball is the selected upwardly as if it were to make contact with a player's leg in a game. Figure 22 shows an attachment deflector 116 which is similar to the deflector 100 but smaller. The deflections generated by attachment deflector 116 are similar to those generated by deflector 100 but less pronounced.

Figure 23 shows an attachment deflector 118 which is polygonal and in this example hexagonal. This attachment is configured to generate more significant deflections at greater angles particularly in the X dimension.

The attachment deflectors as shown by example in Figures 15 to 23 may be simple ramps, multi-faceted or curvilinear. The purpose of the attachments is that when attached to the deflector different attachment generate different deflections so that over the course of time a receiving player does not become accustomed to a deflection, but that it stimulates that portion of a players concentration that prepares for a deflection.

Figure 24 shows a fastening mechanism for fastening or securing an attachment deflector to a deflector. In the figure, attachment 116 for example is shown attached to deflector 100 by fastening mechanism 120. Fastening mechanism 120 comprises bolts which pass through bores in attachment 116 and deflector 100 and are secured by nuts.

The sports simulator or training apparatus may be manufactured from any suitable material and using any suitable manufacturing process. For example, the deflector may be formed from wood or processed wood. It is currently preferred that the material is plastics, such as

polypropylene or polyethylene (such as high density polyethylene). An advantage of plastics is that the deflector can be molded in one or more steps and therefore more easily mass produced.

The deflector may be partially hollow on its underside to reduce the amount of material used in manufacture. In this regard, whilst the deflector is required to have some mass so that it remains generally in the same position after multiple ball contacts, it will be appreciate that ball contacts cause a significant force in the downwards (or Z dimension) so that the deflector is driven into the ground to a greater extent than it is moved along the ground. This allows the mass of the deflector to be reduced and therefore also to reduce the amount of material used its manufacture.

Figure 31 shows a further apparatus in which a deflector 140 comprises a sensor arrangement 150 for sensing a natural ball path and a deflected ball path. The sensing arrangement may comprise one or more optical sensors, cameras or electro-magnetic transceivers (e.g. radar), for example. The sensor arrangement may sense ball speed, elevation, angle and preferably also spin. The sensor arrangement may also sense which deflector facet makes contact with a ball. In the case of a goal keeping trainer the sensor arrangement may sense if a goal keeper is successful in saving a goal, or in other arrangements if an outfield player successfully receives a ball.

The deflector may comprise the sensor arrangement as shown in Figure 31 and/or the sensor arrangement 152 may be transportable and comprise its own support (e.g. tripod 154) for positioning away from the deflector 140, as shown in Figure 32. The sensor arrangement may comprises more than one sensor spaced apart one from another in order to sense a ball at different locations as it travels along a ball path. In other arrangements there may be provided a dedicated training environment, similar to those adopted in indoor golf, having fixed sensors for sensing a ball path.

Referring to Figure 31, the sensor arrangement comprises at least one sensor which sits proud of a deflector surface sufficient to sense a ball path. There may be more than one sensor located in different deflector facets in order to provide a plurality of sensing perspectives relative to a ball path. The sensor or sensors may be attached and detached from the deflector, similarly to the deflector attachments described above. Preferably, the sensor arrangement is constructed sufficiently robustly to resist breakage if struck by a ball. In other arrangements the sensor arrangement is counter-sunk or otherwise protected by a surface facet. The sensor arrangement may comprise one or more contact sensors for sensing which, if any, deflector facets are contacted by a ball, such as an accelerometer for determining contact and force.

Referring to Figure 33, the sensor arrangement comprises one or more sensors 156 which are driven or operated by a processor 158 and memory 160 for storing instructions for the processor for causing a sensor to carry out the instructions. The memory may store appropriate firmware for use by the processor for operating the sensor(s). The memory may be arranged to store data relating to sensed ball paths and receiving players responses for output to a computer 162 for analysis when subsequently connected by wire (as shown) or wirelessly. Alternatively, a computer may be connected to the sensor arrangement during use for storing sensed data for subsequent analysis. In this case, the computer may comprise a processor for driving one or more sensors and a memory for storing sensed data.

Particularly, but not exclusively, in the case of goal keeper training and practice, previous methods of generating a deflection have involved an outfield player attempting passive contact with a ball along a natural ball path. This approach generates very random deflections that are difficult to analyse usefully for feed-back to a goal keeper, for example, for correcting areas of weakness. The present simulator comprises deflector surfaces that cause a multiplicity of known deflections, that can be more easily analysed to identify strengths and weaknesses, in order that a goal keeper can concentrate on areas of interest. Particularly by using selected deflector attachments those areas that require practice can be made the subject of more concentrated training. Although such training can be carried out without the use of a sensor arrangement and subsequent diagnostics, the sensor arrangement allows a more analytical approach for performance evaluation and for continued training on particular types of deflection that cause difficulty for a player.

Figures 34 to 36 show another embodiment of a sports practice simulator. In this embodiment, there is shown a sports practice simulator comprising a deflector 10 for example as described above with reference to any one or more of Figures 1 to 33 and an elevating base 200 for elevating the deflector 10. The elevating base increases the height of least one portion of the deflector above the ground (i.e. in the Z dimension). The entire deflector may be raised from the ground by the same distance, or as shown one portion of the deflector may be raised more than another portion of the deflector, thereby changing the angle of the deflector facets with respect to a datum. The datum may be the generally horizontal surface of the ground in the X and Y dimensions. Particularly in the Figures, the forward portion of the deflector is raised by more than a rearward portion of the deflector for increasing the angle of the deflector facets. An increased angle produces a more pronounced ball deflection in the Z dimension for example in the case of goalkeeper training to generate a deflection towards an upper part of a goalmouth. Additionally, in the example of the elevating base shown in the Figures the rearward portion of the deflector 10 is maintained in close proximity to the ground surface to minimise the risk of a ball striking the rearward edge and rebounding towards a serving player. In the example shown the elevating base is symmetrical about a central longitudinal axis C extending in the Y dimension, but in other examples the elevating base may be asymmetrical or irregular in shape, for example it may be inclined in the X dimension to generate deflections biased towards the left or right.

In the illustrated example, the elevating base serves two functions: 1) for elevating the deflector 10; and 2) for generating deflections. With regard to function 2, elevating base 200 comprises a multiplicity of surface facets that are angled one facet relative to an adjacent facet for causing a multiplicity of different deflections to a natural ball path. As shown, a periphery 219 of the elevating base comprises deflector facets that are in contact with, or closely adjacent, a periphery and corresponding deflector facets of the deflector. For example the lower periphery of the deflector and upper periphery of the base are shown in the Figures by contact lines 219. The deflector facets of the elevating base are generally co-planar with corresponding deflector facets of the deflector. In this regard, the deflecting facets generally continue and are aligned with the corresponding deflecting surface facets of the deflector 10 and are spaced closely thereto (e.g. within in a distance that the two facets function as a single facet). In other arrangements the upper periphery of the base may not be in contact with or closely adjacent the lower periphery of the deflector thereby providing a step between upper and lower facets (e.g. a step in the X and/or Y dimension). Alternatively the upper and lower facets may be orientated at different angles one from another so for example facet 218 of the deflector may be at an angle which is different from the angle of the facet 208 of the base (in any of the X, Y and Z dinmensions).

In other examples the elevating base is not configured to produce or generate a deflection and may be dissimilar in shape to the deflector.

In this example, deflecting facets 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 extend and are generally aligned with respective deflector facets 212, 214, 216, 218, 220. As shown the interconnecting line between facets of the base are aligned with respective interconnecting lines between the facets of the deflector. Similarly, the lowermost edge or edges of the deflector 10 are proximate or closely adjacent with the uppermost edges of the elevating base 200 to provide a generally smooth and continuous facet. In the illustration and example of an lowermost and uppermost edge is referenced

221.

The deflector 10 is attached to the elevating base 200 by any suitable attachment arrangement. In the illustrated example shown in Figure 36, the deflector and the base comprise closed bores for receiving dowels 222 for attaching one to the other. Attachment by dowels or similar force fit attachments is useful because the base and deflector can easily be detached from one another. An additional attachment arrangement may be provided as shown which in this case is one or more screw and nut fasteners 224.

As indicated above the elevating base 200 has utility providing additional or extended deflecting surface facets when attached to the deflector 10. In one example, the elevating base has utility as a deflector in its own right when used on its own (i.e. without deflector 10). As shown in Figure 36 the upper surface of the elevating base has an angle B to the horizontal and when the deflector is located on the ground without the elevating base the upper surface of the deflector has an angle A to the horizontal. A may equal B, or A may not equal B. When A ¹ B, an upper surface used for deflecting the ball and generating a deflected ball path may be angled at any one of three different angles. The deflector 10 used on its own produces an angle A. The elevating base 200 when used on its own produces an angle B. The deflector and elevating base used together produces an angle A + B. Commensurate angles are produced for the side or forward facets of the deflector, the elevated base or the combination. If the elevating base is configured to be used as a deflector on its own it may be arranged to receive an attachment as described above in relation to Figures 14 to 24 and as shown in Figure 34 may comprise bores similar to bores 226 for securing an attachment deflector to the elevating base. Equally, the elevating base may be arranged to receive a sensor 150 has described in relation to Figures 31 to 33.

Figures 37 to 55 show further embodiments of a sports practice simulator comprising a body deflector. A body deflector is a three-dimensional life size model (or representation) of part or substantially all of a person or player for simulating deflections to a ball from a person or player. Substantially all of a player's body includes most body portions but excludes arms for those sports where contact with an arm is a foul. A body deflector is sized and shaped to approximate to the size and shape of an average person and comprises body portions of similar size and shape to corresponding body portions of a person, and extends generally upwardly in the Z dimension. The purpose of the body deflectors is to simulate deflections generated in a game condition and therefore the body deflectors artificially create a schematic and simplified reproduction of a person that has a multiplicity of deflecting external surfaces. In some arrangements the external surfaces of the body deflector may be faceted similar to the faceted ground deflectors described above.

A further embodiment of a sports practice simulator is described with reference to Figures 37 and 38. In this embodiment a body deflector 300 reproduces or simulates one or more portions of a person's body for providing a deflecting surface for generating a deflected ball path. These portions may include one or more of the feet 302, lower leg 304, upper leg 306, lower torso 308, upper torso 310, shoulders 312 and head 314. The arms are not included for a football simulator because a ball that contacts the arms constitutes a foul. A full body (excluding arms) is shown in Figures 37 and 38. The body deflector as illustrated is supported by a base 316 for positioning on the ground at a selected location and for supporting the body deflector in a generally upright orientation. The base may be a ground deflector as described above with reference to Figures 1 to 36. As such the body deflector may be considered to be an attachment deflector as described above in relation to Figures 14 to 24. Alternatively a base is not itself configured to generate deflections, and instead merely supports the body deflector. The base may be configured to have a small height in the Z dimension (e.g. less than five centimetres and preferably less than two centimetres) for minimising deflections caused by the base. The width and length of the base may be relatively large for supporting the body deflector without toppling and may for example have a width and length of between about 50 and 100 cm. In a further example the lowest portions of a body deflector may comprise spikes or other sharped protrusions for fixing in the ground. An attachment mechanism is provided for attaching a body deflector to a base in order to support the body deflector in a generally upright orientation. In the illustrated example the attachment mechanism comprises dowels 318 for engaging in bores of the base and feet of the body deflector and nuts and bolts 320 for securing the body deflector and base. Other suitable attachment mechanism may be used as required.

In the example shown in the body deflector 300 is shaped similarly to a person's body. In this case the body portions each have generally curvilinear surfaces for causing a deflection to a natural ball path. The curvilinear surfaces represent the shape of the corresponding portions of a person's body, which themselves have curvilinear surfaces. The cross-section of such body portions may be nonuniform corresponding to the nonuniform cross-section of portions of a person. In other examples the body portions of the deflector may comprise planar deflecting surfaces, such that in cross-section the body portions are polygonal (e.g. triangular, rhomboid, pentagonal, hexagonal, irregular). These cross sections may be uniform for each body portion tapered, stepped or a irregular. The body deflector may be symmetrical (like a person) about a central axis which extends in the YZ plane or alternatively may be asymmetrical in overall shape or irregular, or may be manipulated to take up an asymmetrical or irregular overall shape, as explained in more detail below. Also the body deflector may not asymmetrical about the XZ plane as illustrated or may be symmetrical.

The body deflector 300 functions in a generally similar way to the ground deflector as described in the examples above and therefore for the sake of brevity will not be described in detail again. Briefly, in this regard, a serving player serves a ball along a natural ball path towards a target or another player. The body deflector is positioned along the natural ball path. If the ball misses the body deflector it continues along the natural ball path for a receiving player to play. If the ball hits the body deflector a deflection is caused to the ball and the ball continues along a deflected ball path for the receiving player to play. Depending on the skill of the serving player there may be a greater or lesser probability of a ball making contact with the body deflector and therefore the receiving player must use their judgement to apportion their concentration to playing a ball travelling on either a natural ball path or a deflected ball path.

The body deflector differs from the previous ground connector in two ways. First, the deflecting surfaces of the body deflector are spaced away from a ground surface by any height up to about 2 metres, unlike a ground deflector where the deflecting surfaces are typically within 30 cm of a ground surface. Second, a deflection is caused generally in the X dimension (i.e. to the left or right) in the illustrated example when the body deflector is upright as illustrated and to a somewhat lesser extent in the Z dimension (i.e upwardly or downwardly). Take for example a case where a ball is served from a position in front of the body deflector as shown in Figure 37 and contacts at any of the contact points labelled CPI. Deflected ball paths are generated which have a significant element to the left or the right. Alternatively, a ball may contact at any of contact points CP2 and in these cases the deflections have a significant upwards element in the deflected ball paths. Contact points CPI are more numerous than CP2.

The body portion in use therefore provides a realistic simulation of how a ball is deflected by a player for simulating during training the conditions of a game. The deflecting surfaces may be spaced some distance from a ground surface for simulating deflections from a player's legs, body or head. It is particularly useful to combine a ground deflector as described in relation to figures 1 to 36 with a body deflector as shown in figures 37 and 38 and in the following figures in order to provide a range of possible deflections to a natural ball path that is travelling close to a ground surface and one that has a more elevated path.

In the illustrated example, the body deflector 300 is made from a relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastics, carbon fibre or glass fibre. The body portions of the body deflector or the whole deflector may be covered with a protection layer such as a plastics material. The relative positioning and orientations between the different body portions of the body deflector cannot be adjusted. This arrangement constitutes a simple construction.

In another example of a body deflector 350, shown in Figures 39 and 40, the relative positions and orientations of the body portions of the body deflector are adjustable. The body deflector 350 comprises feet 352, lower leg 354, upper leg 356, lower torso 358, upper torso 360, shoulders 362 and head 364, wherein two or more adjacent body portions are articulated. The deflector is supported by fixing to a base 366 in a generally upright orientation. The base may be a ground deflector as described above in relation to figures 1 to 36 or a simple supporting base without deflector surface facets.

The articulated body deflector 350 comprises adjustable joints which join together adjacent body portions of the deflector to allow relative positioning or orientation of a body portion relative to an adjacent body portion to be adjusted. Adjustable joints 368, 370, 372, 374, 376 and 378 join together respectively feet and lower leg, lower leg and upper leg, upper leg and lower torso, lower torso and upper torso, upper torso and shoulders, and upper torso and head. As shown all of the body portions of the deflector are adjustably joined to one or more adjacent body portions, but in other examples not all of the body portions are adjustably joined to an adjacent portion such that one, two or more body portions are joined. The adjustable body portions enable the body deflector to be positioned in a way to simulate the positions that may be adopted by a player in a game condition, or to be positioned to generate desired deflections.

The adjustable joints allow relative movement between adjacent body portions in at least one plane, for example in the XZ plane or YZ plane. In this regard the joint may be a hinged joint or a joint with similar function. The joint may allow relative movement in both the XZ plane and YZ planes. In this regard the joint may be a spherical (or ball) joint or joint with similar function. Each joint may comprise a first joint portion fixed to one body portion, a second joint portion fixed to an adjacent body portion to allow relative movement. One or both joint portions may comprise a retainer for retaining a pin or ball for example for movement. The joints may have a stiffness K selected such that when adjacent body portions are moved relative to one another to her required orientation the stiffness of the joint maintains the adjacent body portions in position without further support. The joint may have a securing mechanism to secure an angle of the joint when adjusted as desired.

Figures 56 and 57 show schematic drawings of two examples of a joint for joining together two adjacent body portions.

The joint 380 in Figure 56 comprises first and second parts 384, 386. The first part comprises a ball which is received in a cup of the second part to allow freedom of movement forwards and backwards FB and sideways S of one body portion relative to adjacent body portion. The first part in this example is connected to the upper leg portion 356 and the second part is connected to the lower leg portion 352. In an aligned condition of the joint central axes of the adjacent body portions are aligned, as shown in Figures 39 and 40. The joint comprises one or more elastic members 388 that deform elastically when the joint is adjusted from the aligned condition. When a joint is adjusted the elastic member or members support the off centre mass of the body deflector above the joint, which causes a turning moment about the joint. The greater the adjustment the greater restoring force that is required. The restoring force increases generally proportional to the amount of adjustment (or strain). The elastic modulus of the elastic member or members selected so that the restoring force generally equals that required to balance the turning moment without causing the joint to move from an adjusted position to an aligned condition. In the present illustration, the elastic member comprises an elastic sleeve connected to adjacent body portions which is either placed in tension or compression during adjustment for securing the orientation of the body portions. The joint 382 shown in Figure 57 is similar to the joint 380, except that the elastic member or members are replaced with a mechanical arrangement for securing the adjustment of the joint and balancing a turning moment. In this example first and second parts 390, 392 of the joint comprise a detent arrangement whereby one part comprises a recess and the other part comprises a protrusion for engaging with the recess for securing the orientation of the joint. As illustrated, the first part comprises recesses 394 and the second part comprises one or more protrusions 396. The plurality of recesses are located at selected locations over the outer surface of the spherical portion so that the joint can be locked at any other plurality of orientations after forward and backwards FB and/or sideways S movement. In other arrangements the first and second parts may comprised a complimentary toothed arrangement or in other examples a releasable ratchet arrangement may be provided.

In another arrangement elastically extensible wires or elongate members to adjacent body portions and are extended when the relative orientation of adjacent body portions is adjusted in order to balance a turning moment about a connecting joint. In a still further arrangement a similar wire or elongate member extends through more than two body portions and may extend through all body portions for providing additional elastic resilience to the entire body deflector. The wire is extended when the joints are rotated (angular adjustment) in order to maintain a body deflector in a desired position.

In Figures 41 to 44, there is shown four simple exemplary sketches of a body deflector 350 that has been adjusted to adopt different body positions. Figure 41 shows an example where the head is inclined to produce greater deflections upwardly and downwardly if contacted by a ball. Figure 42 shows an example where a right leg is bent and the torso portions are inclined to the right. Figure 43 is a side view with body and head inclined forwardly and figure 44 shows a partial squatting position. Many other body positions can be arranged as required.

When a body deflector as described herein is configured as an attachment to a ground deflector as described above the mechanism for attaching a body deflector to the ground deflector may be such that the feet (or lower extremity of the body portion) can be attached at any one of a plurality of different locations on the ground deflector. For example there may be a plurality of attachment locations 102 or 226 as shown in Figures 14 and 34 respectively for attaching the feet to the ground deflector. Only one foot may be attached to a base or ground deflector, the other foot having free movement. Another body deflector 400 is shown in Figure 45. Figure 46 shows a more detailed view in section of a lower leg body portion as shown by the circle with broken lines LL. Figure 47 shows a more detailed view in section of a head body portion as shown by the circle with broken lines H. The body deflector 400 is similar in its general arrangement to body deflector 350 and therefore those aspects which are different are described in relation to Figures 45 to 47.

The body deflector 400 is different in that it comprises an outer layer or layers (a multilayer structure) which at least partially cover a supporting body frame. Referring to Figure 46, a supporting body frame comprises a surface layer 402 which is shaped to simulate a shape of a players body. The surface layer may be made of a metallic material, such as aluminium, wood, plastics, glass fibre, reinforced plastics or reinforced glass fibre. Depending on the material selected it may have sufficient strength to be resilient to deformation during use when struck by a ball travelling at relatively high velocity. Alternatively, as shown, a reinforcing frame 404 is located internal to the surface layer for reinforcing the supporting body. The reinforcing frame may comprise reinforcing struts which resist deformation of the surface layer.

In this illustration the surface layer 402 is covered by a resiliently deformable layer 406. This layer is configured to deform when struck by a ball and has shape memory so subsequently restores elastically to its non-deformed shape. In this way, the deformable layer simulates the flesh of a player's body and consequently generates deflections more accurately approximating to a game condition. The deformable layer may be made from a foam material or padding, such as a polymeric cellular material (e.g. ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane). The thickness of the deformable layer may be in the region of 1 to 5 cm.

A protective layer 408 covers the resiliently deformable layer 406. The protective layer protects the elastically deformable layer from damage caused for example by ball strikes, rain, snow, dirt. The protective layer may be made from a plastics material which is impermeable to liquids (e.g. polyvinyl chloride, polyester) or a treated natural fibre material.

Figure 47 shows in more detail a head body portion FI of the body deflector 400. Similarly to the lower leg body portion described above the head portion comprises a surface layer 410 which may be supported by a reinforcing frame 412. The head portion in this example does not comprise a resiliently deformable layer. The reason for its absence is that a head is not a fleshy part of a player's body. Instead, a scalp covers the skull and is therefore relatively hard compared to other portions of the player's body. The body deflector 450 simulates a difference in surface hardness between different portions of a person's body. A protective layer 414 covers the surface layer 410 similarly to the leg portion LL described above.

In addition to different body portions comprising different thicknesses of deformable padding, a single body portion may comprise regions with different padding one from another. For example, a lower leg portion may comprise relatively little padding at a forward region to simulate a shin of a player and relatively more padding at a rearward region for simulating a fleshy calf of a player.

The supporting frames 404, 412 structure of the leg portion LL and head portion H, respectively, may be included in one or more of the remaining body portions of the body deflector 400. Likewise, a supporting frame, such as shown in Figures may be included in one or more of the body portions of the body deflectors 303 and 350. Additionally, the layered structure shown in figures 46 and 47 may cover one or more of the body portions of the body deflector 300.

The layered configuration comprising a resiliently deformable layer and/or a protective layer may be included in any of the body portions shown in figure 45 or in any of the body portions of a body deflector described herein.

Further sports practice simulators are shown in Figures 48 and 49. The body deflectors 410 and 420 in these examples comprise only a partial body for simulating a corresponding partial body of a player. The partial body may include any one or more of the body portions (e.g. lower leg, upper leg, lower torso, upper torso, shoulders and head). Figure 48 shows a body deflector 450 in which a partial body comprises upper body portions, which in this example comprise lower torso 452, upper torso 454, shoulders 456 and head portions 458. The partial body is supported on a base or ground deflector 460 by a supporting member 462 which in this example is an elongate strut fixed at either end to the base or ground deflector and the partial body. In this example the deflections created by the body deflector focus on those deflections caused by an upper part of a body deflector.

Figure 49 shows a body deflector 500 in which a partial body comprises lower body portions, which in this example comprise feet 502, lower leg 504 and upper leg 506 portions. The partial body is supported on a base or ground deflector 508. In this example the deflections created by the body deflector focus on those deflections caused by a lower part of a body deflector. In other examples lower body portions and upper body portions may be connected by a supporting member or strut, for example a partial body may include lower leg portions and a head portion.

The partial body shown in Figures 48 and 49 is a rigid structure similar to body deflector 300 described above. However, a partial body may be used with an articulated arrangement as described in relation to body deflector 350 or as a layered structure as described in relation to Figures 45 to 47 or a body deflector as elsewhere described herein.

The body deflector is described hereto comprise body portions which are shaped generally to correspond with the shape of a players body portions. Exact correspondence is not required to reproduce similar deflections encountered in a game condition. In other examples of a body deflector the shape of the deflector body portions may depart further from the anatomic shape of a player but generally approximate in overall dimensions to a corresponding part of a person. For example, one or more body portions of a body deflector may comprise a plurality of planar or curvilinear surface facets for generating deflections.

Examples of faceted body portions of a body deflector are shown in Figures 50 to 55. Figure 50 shows an upper torso 550 comprising a plurality of generally trapezoidal surface facets 552 for generating deflections. Figure 50A shows a side view and Figure 50B shows a front view of an upper torso portion which is generally symmetrical about a YZ axis and asymmetrical about a capital XZ axis. This shape approximates to the shape of a person's upper torso. Each surface facet generates deflection at a selected angle when contacted by a ball. In the particular arrangement shown the trapezoidal facets are angled to a point 554 at the front of the torso and in this way the probability of a rebound from a 'chest' of a body deflector towards a serving player is usefully reduced. The configuration works similarly when a serving player's position to a side of the body deflector.

Figure 51 shows a head portion 560 comprising a plurality of generally triangular surface facets 562 at a front portion and a plurality of trapezoidal facets 564 at a rear portion. Figure 50 1A shows a side view and Figure 50 B shows a front view of a head portion. The head portion is generally symmetrical about the YZ axis and asymmetrical about a capital XY axis. The front portion tapers to a point 566 for reducing rebounds.

Figures 52 to 55 show examples of different cross-sections taken through either an upper or lower leg portion. The cross sections may be uniform along their length or nonuniform. The cross- section may be polygonal for presenting a plurality of surface facets for causing a deflection and Figure 52 shows a hexagonal cross-section and Figure 53 shows a rhomboid or diamond-shaped cross-section. Advantageously, these cross sections taper to a point at a forward portion for reducing rebounds and increasing the probability of a deflection being caused. Figure 54 shows an oval cross-section wherein the sides of the oval present a large surface area for causing a deflection, whereas the forward and rearward portions of the cross-section are small for reducing rebounds. Figure 55 shows to leg portions side by side for left and right leg. The cross-section of each leg defines half of an oval. The outer half is curved for generating a deflection whereas the inner linear part is a straight line as may not be required for generating a deflection when the legs are together.

The illustrated body portion shapes and cross-section shapes are for example only. There are numerous possible multi-faceted shapes with many different possible shaped facets for generating desired deflections.

As indicated in the description of the illustrated body deflectors, together with the modifications described, a body deflector may be used as an attachment deflector which is attached to a ground deflector. In this case, the ground deflector generates a first array of possible deflections and the attachment body deflector generates a second, different, array of deflections. The first array of deflections simulate those deflections occurring at approximate a ground surface for example by contact with a foot of a player or a divot in the ground. The second array of deflections simulate those deflections occurring away from a ground surface up to a head height of around 1.75 to 2 m. When used in combination the ground deflector and body deflector provide full arrays of possible deflections that may be encountered in a game condition. When a body deflector is used separately from a ground deflector less emphasis is placed on generating deflections at approximate to a ground surface. For example, a coach may wish to train a goalkeeper particularly for playing a ball that has been deflected from an upper body of a player or head. Whether used in combination with the ground deflector or on its own, the body deflector simulates deflections without any requirement for a person to risk injuring themselves by causing deflections to a ball during a practice session.

Figure 58 shows a modification of an elevating base 200 as shown for example in Figure 36.

In Figure 58 the elevating base is marked 600. In the earlier example 200 the elevating base has surfaces which are co-planar or aligned with the surfaces of the deflector. Base 600 on the other hand has surfaces 602, 604, 606 which are angled to the deflector surfaces and in this case vertical or perpendicular to the ground or supporting surface. The purpose of the base when attached to the deflector is to produce rebounds to a natural ball path from one approach vector and deflections to a natural ball path from another approach vector. The purpose of this arrangement is to simulate for example a goal keeper kicking a ball to a defender and receiving a returned ball. The goalkeeper may then kick a ball over the device, which then perhaps is intercepted by an attacking player who then kicks the ball towards a goal. The deflector is then used as previously described to produce a deflection which the goal keeper must react to. It should be noted that the what might be called the rear of the device including surfaces 602, 216 have height in the Z dimension to produce a rebound, but the front of the device 608 is closely adjacent the ground surface to reduce the possibility of a rebound. In other words the structure, both the deflector 10 and base 600, taper downwardly from the rear to the front.

In use of any of the embodiments or modifications described herein (deflector/elevating base/attachment) may be used as a single item on the training ground. Alternatively a plurality of such embodiments may be used in cooperation. For example two embodiments are placed side by side and orientated in the same direction one to the other to provide a wider deflecting surface for deflecting a ball from a natural ball path. In another example two embodiments are placed side by side and orientated in opposing directions one to the other so that one embodiment presents shallow deflecting surfaces for deflecting a natural ball path and the other present steeper deflecting surfaces for deflecting a natural ball path. This latter arrangement provides greater possible variations for testing a goal keeper.

In other practice regimes, particularly with more junior players, it is desirable to produce multiple balls sequentially at the same height. This can be difficult to achieve even by an experienced coach. An advantage of the embodiments is that they provide a surface with a constant angle so that the deflection produces a ball to be received at the same height one after another.

This allows a goal keeper to practice receiving balls at that height. An elevating base can also be used to change the angle and therefore alter the height of the repetitious balls received.