SPREAD-SPECTRUM CLOCKING

BACKGROUND Spread-spectrum clocking is a technique used to reduce the radiated emissions

(also known as EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) or RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)) from clocked systems such as microprocessors or I/O links. The concept is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. F _c i _k , the nominal clock frequency, is the average rate at which data can be processed or transmitted. The EMI spectrum from a system employing a fixed-rate clock is roughly approximated by the sharp peaks centered at multiples of F _c i _k in Fig. 2. When the clock frequency is varied over time as shown in Fig. 1, the peaks in Fig. 2 tend to spread out. Although the total energy in each harmonic is unchanged, the peaks are reduced because the energy is spread out over a wider range of frequencies. Fig. 1 shows frequency vs. time for the common choice of triangle- wave modulation.

Fig. 3 shows an example of a prior art spread-spectrum clock generation circuit 300. As shown, the circuit 300 employs a phase frequency detector (PFD) 302, a charge pump 304, a loop filter 306, an adder 308, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 310, and a feedback divider 312. Without the adder 308, the circuit 300 corresponds to a conventional charge-pump phase-locked loop (PLL). The feedback divider 312 forces the output clock frequency to an integer multiple of the reference clock frequency. The PFD 302 compares the phases of the reference clock and the output of the feedback divider, and outputs a signal proportional to the difference. If the phase of the output of the feedback divider 312 lags the phase of the reference clock, voltage pulses indicative of the phase difference are output from the PFD 302 on a first output 314a. Conversely, if the phase of the output of the feedback divider 312 leads the phase of the reference clock signal, voltage pulses indicative of the phase difference are output from the PFD 302 on a second output 314b. The first and second outputs 314 are coupled to the charge pump 304, which converts the voltage pulses from the PFD 302 into current pulses. The current pulses generated by the charge pump 304 are, in turn, integrated by the loop filter 306. A modulating signal 316 added at the input of the VCO 310 causes the output clock frequency to vary over time with the same period as the modulating signal.

The amplitude and shape of the output clock frequency profile approximately follows the modulating signal, but is subject to several non-idealities. First, the constant of proportionality between the modulating (voltage) signal and the output clock frequency is determined by the VCO gain K _VC o, which is subject to process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation. Second, the feedback loop attenuates frequency components of the modulating signal within the PLL loop bandwidth. VCO noise suppression or settling time requirements often make it impractical to limit the PLL bandwidth enough to avoid significant distortion of the modulating signal. Pre-emphasis of the modulating signal can reduce this effect, but is difficult to implement and can never provide perfect cancellation due to PVT variation and device mismatch.

PLL-based spread-spectrum clock generation also suffers from other limitations. For example, it is difficult to program modulation parameters or change the basic modulation shape of an analog waveform. Automated testing of a spread- spectrum clock generated by such a system is also difficult because it requires detection and processing of a large number of closely-spaced clock edges.

One technique for digital clock synthesis is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,909,311 ("the '311 patent"), issued June 21, 2005 and entitled "Method and apparatus for synthesizing a clock signal," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One of the digital clock synthesis circuits disclosed in the '311 patent is shown in Fig. 4 herein. As shown, the circuit 400 comprises a clock generating circuit 402, a multiplexing circuit 404, and a clock synthesizing circuit 406. The clock generating circuit 402 comprises a delay-locked loop (DLL) that generates sixty-four delayed versions of a reference clock, the multiplexing circuit 404 comprises two 64-to-l multiplexers 405a, 405b, and the clock synthesizing circuit 406 comprises a 2-to-l multiplexer 408 and a flip-flop 410.

Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating clock phases output from the DLL of Fig. 4. As shown, the delayed clocks output by the DLL may be evenly spaced in time, so that the difference in delay between DLLp] and DLL[i+l] is one sixty-fourth of the reference clock period.

Assuming the synthesized clock is initially low, the 2-to-l multiplexer 408 selects the output of the "R" multiplexer 405a. A rising edge of the clock selected by the "R" multiplexer 405a causes the flip-flop 410 to toggle and the 2-to-l multiplexer 408 now selects the output of the "F" multiplexer 405b. A rising edge on the clock

selected by the "F" multiplexer 405b causes the flip-flop 410 to toggle again, returning to the initial state. This method allows the synthesis of a clock with arbitrary (within one sixty-fourth of the reference clock period) placement of the rising and falling edge, as determined by the selected taps of the multiplexers 405a-b. Fig. 6 shows the circuit of Fig. 4 along with resulting waveforms at particular nodes when the rising edge location is set to tap "8" and the falling edge location is set to tap "28."

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the present invention, a method comprises steps of receiving a plurality of clock signals; providing selected ones of the plurality of clock signals to a clock synthesizing circuit; using the clock synthesizing circuit to generate a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals; and controlling selection of the ones of the plurality of clock signals that are provided to the clock synthesizing circuit so that the clock synthesizing circuit generates a spread-spectrum clock signal.

According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus comprises a clock generating circuit, a multiplexing circuit, a clock synthesizing circuit, and a state machine circuit. The clock generating circuit is configured to generate a plurality of clock signals. The multiplexing circuit comprises a plurality of clock inputs coupled to the clock generating circuit to receive the plurality of clock signals therefrom, at

' least one control input, and at least one output, and is configured to select particular ones of the plurality of clock signals to be provided at the at least one output based upon a state of at least one control signal received at the at least one control input. The clock synthesizing circuit is coupled to the at least one output of the multiplexing circuit to receive the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals therefrom, and is configured to output a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals. The state machine circuit is coupled to the multiplexing circuit to provide the at least one control signal thereto, and is configured to alter the state of the at least one control signal so as to cause the multiplexing circuit to select the particular ones of the plurality of clock signals that are provided at the at least one output so that the clock synthesizing circuit generates the synthesized clock signal as a spread-spectrum clock signal.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method comprises steps of receiving a plurality of clock signals, each oscillating at a nominal frequency that is less than a particular value; providing selected ones of the plurality of clock signals to a clock synthesizing circuit; using the clock synthesizing circuit to generate a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals; and controlling selection of the ones of the plurality of clock signals that are provided to the clock synthesizing circuit so that the clock synthesizing circuit generates a synthesized clock signal that oscillates at a nominal frequency that is greater than the particular value. According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus comprises a clock generating circuit, a multiplexing circuit, a clock synthesizing circuit, and a state machine circuit. The clock generating circuit is configured to generate a plurality of clock signals, each oscillating at a nominal frequency that is less than a particular value. The multiplexing circuit comprises a plurality of clock inputs coupled to the clock generating circuit to receive the plurality of clock signals therefrom, at least one control input, and at least one output, and is configured to select particular ones of the plurality of clock signals to be provided at the at least one output based upon a state of at least one control signal received at the at least one control input. The clock synthesizing circuit is coupled to the at least one output of the multiplexing circuit to receive the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals therefrom, and is configured to output a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the plurality of clock signals. The state machine circuit is coupled to the multiplexing circuit to provide the at least one control signal thereto, and is configured to alter the state of the at least one control signal so as to cause the multiplexing circuit to select the particular ones of the plurality of clock signals that are provided at the at least one output so that the clock synthesizing circuit causes the synthesized clock signal to oscillate at a nominal frequency that is greater than the particular value.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method comprises steps of receiving at least three clock signals; selecting respective ones of the at least three clock signals to be provided to a clock synthesizing circuit based on a state of at least one control signal; using the clock synthesizing circuit to generate a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the at least three clock signals; and repeatedly cycling through at least three different states of the

at least one control signal, in response to at least one clock signal, so as to cause at least three different ones of the at least three clock signals to be provided to the clock synthesizing circuit during each cycle of the at least three states.

According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus comprises a clock ^■ generating circuit, a multiplexing circuit, a clock synthesizing circuit, and a state machine circuit. The clock generating circuit is configured to generate at least three clock signals. The multiplexing circuit comprises at least three clock inputs coupled to the clock generating circuit to receive the at least three clock signals therefrom, at least one control input, and at least one output, and is configured to select particular ones of the at least three clock signals to be provided at the at least one output based upon at least one control signal received at the at least one control input. The clock synthesizing circuit is coupled to the at least one output of the multiplexing circuit to receive the selected ones of the at least three clock signals therefrom, and is configured to output a synthesized clock signal having transitions determined by transitions of the selected ones of the at least three clock signals. The state machine circuit is coupled to the multiplexing circuit to provide the at least one control signal thereto, and is configured to repeatedly cycle through at least three different states of the at least one control signal, in response to at least one clock signal, so as to cause the multiplexing circuit to provide at least three different ones of the plurality of clock signals to the at least one output during each cycle of the state machine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a graph illustrating how clock frequency can be varied as a function of time in connection with a prior art spread-spectrum clocking technique; Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating how the use of spread-spectrum clocking, rather than fixed-rate clocking, can substantially reduce the EMI spectrum of a system;

Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a prior art phase-locked loop-based spread- spectrum clock generation circuit;

Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a prior art digital clock synthesis circuit; Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating clock phases output from the delay-locked loop shown in Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is a block diagram and corresponding waveform diagram illustrating an example configuration, and resulting waveforms at particular nodes, of the prior art circuit shown in Fig. 4;

Fig. 7 is a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a delay-locked loop-based clock multiplier that embodies various aspects of the present invention;

Fig. 9 is a waveform diagram illustrating waveforms at particular nodes of the circuit of Fig. 8 when a particular value of the "STEP" parameter is employed in that circuit;

Fig. 10 comprises graphs illustrating how phase is the integral of frequency;

Fig. 11 is a graph illustrating how a phase waveform can be approximated by a discretized waveform in which phase changes only by integer multiples of some unit delay;

Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a spread-spectrum clock generator that embodies various aspects of the present invention;

Fig. 13 is a block diagram and corresponding waveform diagram illustrating an example configuration, and resulting waveforms at particular nodes, of the state machine engine shown in Fig. 12; and

Fig. 14 is a waveform diagram illustrating waveforms at particular nodes of the spread spectrum clock generator of Fig. 12 when a particular value of the "STEP" parameter is employed in that circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The digital clock synthesis techniques disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,909,311, incorporated by reference above, can be extended, for example, to produce a spread- spectrum clock and/or an output clock with a frequency higher than the reference clock. A block diagram of a circuit 700 capable of achieving such objectives is shown in Fig. 7. As shown, like the circuit of Fig. 4 (discussed above) and the other similar circuits disclosed in the '311 patent, the circuit 700 comprises a clock generating circuit 702, a multiplexing circuit 704, and a clock synthesizing circuit 706. Unlike such circuits, however, the circuit 700 advantageously employs a state machine circuit 708 that dynamically controls the selection of the clock signals that are output by the multiplexing circuit 704. It should be appreciated that any of the various circuits and/or techniques disclosed in the '311 patent for implementing the functionality of the clock generating circuit 702, the multiplexing circuit 704, and/or the clock synthesizing circuit 706 can be employed in various embodiments of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the state machine circuit 708 can be configured so that the circuit 700 generates a synthesized clock with a frequency higher than the reference clock. Such an implementation may be useful, for example, in systems requiring both precise timing control and reference clock multiplication. An example of a circuit 800 in which the state machine circuit 708 is configured to accomplish this result is shown in Fig. 8. As shown, the state machine circuit 708 may comprise two portions 708a, 708b, each providing a dynamically-changing, six-bit control signal to a respective one of the multiplexers 705a, 705b. In the example shown, the portion 708a of the state machine circuit 708 comprises a flip-flop 802a and an adder 804a, which together dynamically generate a six-bit control signal TAP R for the multiplexer 705a, and the portion 708b of the state machine circuit 708 comprises a flip-flop 802b and an adder 804b, which together dynamically generate a six-bit control signal TAP_F for the multiplexer 705b. As shown, the flip-flops 802a and 802b may be clocked by the same clock signals that are selected by the multiplexers 705a and 705b, respectively, and provided to the clock synthesizing circuit 706.

Thus, each such clock signal may cause the values of the control signals TAP_R and TAP_F to be incremented by the value to which the "STEP" parameter has been set. In some embodiments, the "STEP" parameter is programmable and thus can be adjusted for different applications or during different periods of use by the same application. The state machine circuit 708 of Fig. 8 can thus be used to dynamically generate rising and falling edge taps, so the synthesized clock can have multiple rising and falling edges in a single period of the reference clock.

Fig. 9 is a waveform diagram illustrating waveforms at the referenced nodes of the circuit of Fig. 8 when the "STEP" parameter is equal to "16." In the example circuit of Fig. 8 (in which the DLL 702 generates sixty-four evenly-spaced clock signals for each period of the reference clock), the output clock frequency is "64/STEP" times the reference clock frequency. Thus, the frequency of the synthesized clock in the example of Fig. 9 is four times that of the reference clock.

In addition to or in lieu of causing the generation of a synthesized clock with a frequency higher than the reference clock, the state machine circuit 708 of Fig. 7 can be configured so that the circuit 700 generates a digitally-controlled spread-spectrum clock signal. As shown in Fig. 10, frequency modulation is equivalent to phase modulation because phase (delay) is simply the integral of frequency. Fig. 11 shows

how the ideal phase waveform can be approximated by a discretized waveform in which phase changes only by integer multiples of some unit delay.

An example of a circuit capable of implementing such a discretized phase delay, in addition to generating a synthesized clock with a frequency higher than the reference clock, is shown in Fig. 12. As shown, the embodiment of Fig. 12 is identical to that shown in Fig. 8, except for the presence of three additional components in the state machine circuit 708. In particular, the portions 708a and 708b of the state machine circuit 708 include additional 3-to-l multiplexers 1202a and 1202b, respectively, and a state machine engine 708c is provided that generates and outputs control signals to the multiplexers 1202a, 1202b.

The state machine engine 708c may be clocked on each edge of the synthesized clock and may select the amount by which the multiplexer control signals TAP_R and TAP_F are incremented between adjacent rising/falling edges. The multiplexers 1202a, 1202b may, for example, be switched between "STEP" and "STEP + 1 " to increase delay, and between "STEP" and "STEP - 1 " to decrease delay. Because frequency modulation may be determined entirely by the pattern of delay increments and decrements, which may in turn be determined by the state machine engine 708c, the modulation parameters and shape can be digitally programmed. The state machine engine 708c can also be easily tested in production by standard digital test techniques such as scan chain. Stability over PVT is excellent since the only analog component is the delay line itself, and its overall delay is stabilized using feedback.

Fig. 13 is a block diagram showing one possible implementation of the state machine engine 708c that can be used for triangle-wave modulation, along with a waveform diagram showing resulting waveforms that may appear at various nodes referenced in the diagram. As shown, a counter 1302 may generate an output of "+1" for "N/2" cycles, followed by an output of "-1" for "N/2" cycles, where "N" determines the modulation period. The counter output may then be integrated by a first accumulator 1304 to generate a triangle wave, and then by a second accumulator 1306 to generate the delay waveform. The delay waveform may then be quantized by "Q," where "Q" determines the frequency spread. In the final step (not shown), the state machine engine 708c may output a control signal to the multiplexers 1202a, 1202b to select "STEP," "STEP + 1," or "STEP - 1" when the quantized delay

waveform has no change, a positive change, or a negative change, respectively, between adjacent clock cycles.

Fig. 14 is a waveform diagram illustrating how waveforms at the referenced nodes of the circuit of Fig. 12 may appear when the "STEP" parameter is set at "16." In some embodiments, the quantized delay waveform can be generated so that the clock frequency waveform approximates those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,488,627, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Although the use of two separate multiplexers 705a, 705b in the multiplexing circuit 704 provides certain advantages in terms of the synthesized clock speeds that can be achieved, a single multiplexer could alternatively be used in alternative embodiments. In such embodiments, the state machine circuit 708 could, for example, be programmed to select respective ones of the clock signals from the DLL 702 at appropriate times (e.g., one that will determine the rise time of the synthesized signal, a next one that will determine the fall time of the synthesized clock signal, and so on), and a single toggle-type flip-flop could be used in lieu of a clock synthesizing circuit that responds to two separately-selected clock inputs like those disclosed in the '311 patent.

Having described several embodiments of the invention in detail, various modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended as limiting. The invention is limited only as defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereto.

What is claimed is: