A SPRING ASSEMBLY WITH ADHERED END CAPS

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a spring assembly including a coil spring with adhered end caps. The present disclosure also relates to a damper including coil springs with adhered end caps, and to a method of fabricating a spring assembly including a coil spring with adhered end caps.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Known coil springs with press-fit end caps include dead coil turns at the longitudinal ends of the coil spring, which do not contribute to the spring rate of coil spring. Further, press-fitting of end caps is not suitable for nitrided coil springs.

SUMMARY

[0003] According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a coil spring assembly, including: a coil spring with a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end; a first end cap fixedly connected to the first longitudinal end with a first adhesive; and a second end cap fixedly connected to the second longitudinal end with a second adhesive.

[0004] According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a vibration damper, including: an input arranged to receive rotational torque; an output arranged to transmit the rotational torque; and a plurality of coil spring assemblies arranged to transmit the torque from the input to the output. Each coil spring assembly includes: a respective coil spring including a respective first longitudinal end and a respective second longitudinal end; a respective first end cap; a respective second end cap; a first adhesive fixedly connecting the respective first end cap to the respective first longitudinal end; and a second adhesive fixedly connecting the respective second end cap to the respective second longitudinal end.

[0005] According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a method of fabricating a coil spring assembly, including: fixedly connecting, with a first adhesive, a first end cap to a first longitudinal end of a coil spring; and fixedly connecting, with a second adhesive, a second end cap to a second longitudinal end of the coil spring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Various embodiments are disclosed, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, in which:

Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested arc coil springs and adhered end caps;

Figure 2A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 1;

Figure 2B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested arc coil springs and adhered end caps including centering protrusions;

Figure 4A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 3;

Figure 4B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 3;

Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested straight coil springs and adhered end caps;

Figure 6A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 5;

Figure 6B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 5;

Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested straight coil springs and adhered end caps including centering protrusions;

Figure 8A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 7;

Figure 8B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 7; Figure 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of an example torque converter including a vibration damper with spring assemblies as shown in Figure 1;

Figure 10 is a front view of the damper shown in Figure 9;

Figure 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of an example torque converter including a vibration damper with spring assemblies as shown in Figure 5;

Figure 12 is a front view of the damper shown in Figure 11; and,

Figure 13 is a perspective view of a cylindrical coordinate system demonstrating spatial terminology used in the present application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0007] At the outset, it should be appreciated that like drawing numbers on different drawing views identify identical, or functionally similar, structural elements of the disclosure. It is to be understood that the disclosure as claimed is not limited to the disclosed aspects.

[0008] Furthermore, it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular methodology, materials and modifications described and as such may, of course, vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[009] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It should be understood that any methods, devices or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the disclosure.

[0010] Figure 13 is a perspective view of cylindrical coordinate system 10 demonstrating spatial terminology used in the present application. The present application is at least partially described within the context of a cylindrical coordinate system. System 10 includes axis of rotation, or helical axis, 11, used as the reference for the directional and spatial terms that follow. Opposite axial directions ADI and AD2 are parallel to axis 11. Radial direction RD1 is orthogonal to axis 11 and away from axis 11. Radial direction RD2 is orthogonal to axis 11 and toward axis 11. Opposite circumferential directions CD1 and CD2 are defined by an endpoint of a particular radius R (orthogonal to axis 11) rotated about axis 11, for example clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively. [0011] To clarify the spatial terminology, objects 12, 13, and 14 are used. As an example, an axial surface, such as surface 15A of object 12, is formed by a plane co-planar with axis 11. However, any planar surface parallel to axis 11 is an axial surface. For example, surface 15B, parallel to axis 11 also is an axial surface. An axial edge is formed by an edge, such as edge 15C, parallel to axis 11. A radial surface, such as surface 16A of object 13, is formed by a plane orthogonal to axis 11 and co-planar with a radius, for example, radius 17A. A radial edge is co- linear with a radius of axis 11. For example, edge 16B is co-linear with radius 17B. Surface 18 of object 14 forms a circumferential, or cylindrical, surface. For example, circumference 19, defined by radius 20, passes through surface 18.

[0012] Axial movement is in axial direction ADI or AD2. Radial movement is in radial direction RD1 or RD2. Circumferential, or rotational, movement is in circumferential direction CD1 or CD2. The adverbs "axially," "radially," and "circumferentially" refer to movement or orientation parallel to axis 11, orthogonal to axis 11, and about axis 11, respectively. For example, an axially disposed surface or edge extends in direction ADI, a radially disposed surface or edge extends in direction RD1, and a circumferentially disposed surface or edge extends in direction CD1.

[0013] Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested arc coil springs and adhered end caps.

[0014] Figure 2A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 1.

[0015] Figure 2B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 1. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 2B. In the example of Figures 1 through 2B, coil spring assembly 100 includes: arc coil spring 102; end cap 104; and end cap 106. Coil spring 102 includes: helical axis HA (also known as a longitudinal axis or a coil axis); longitudinal end 108; and longitudinal end 110. End cap 104 is fixed to longitudinal end 108 with adhesive 112. End cap 106 is fixed to longitudinal end 110 with adhesive 114. The thickness of adhesives 112 and 114 in Figures 2A and 2B is exaggerated for purposes of presentation. Adhesive 112 and adhesive 114 can be any adhesive known in the art. Coil spring 102 includes full coil turns 115; dead coil turns 116 at ends 108 and 110; and radially inner surface 117 formed by turns 115. In general, a full coil turn, for example coil turn 115, is a 360-degree portion of spring 102 about axis HA. By "helical axis," we mean an axis extending from end 108 to end 110, surrounded by turns 115 and 116 and surface 117, and centered with respect to turns 115 and 116 and surface 117. Thus, surface 117 faces axis HA.

[0016] In the example of Figure 1: assembly 100 includes inner arc coil spring 118; and end caps 104 and 106 are not fixed to spring 118 with adhesive. In an example embodiment (not shown), end caps 104 and 106 are adhered to spring 102 and spring 118. In an example embodiment (not shown), end caps 104 and 106 are adhered to spring 118 and are not adhered to spring 102. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap 104 is adhered to one of spring 102 or 118; and end cap 106 is adhered to the other of spring 102 or 118. In an example embodiment, adhesive 112 and 114 are the same adhesive. In an example embodiment, adhesive 112 and adhesive 114 are not the same adhesive. Adhesive 112 and adhesive 114 are further described below.

[0017] In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117; or no portion of end cap 106 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117; and no portion of end cap 106 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117. In an example embodiment, end cap 104 and end cap 106 have a uniform thickness 119.

[0018] In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is in contact with radially inner surface 117; or no portion of end cap 106 is in contact with radially inner surface 117. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is in contact with radially inner surface 117; and no portion of end cap 106 is in contact with radially inner surface 117.

[0019] Longitudinal end 108 includes planar surface 120. End cap 104 includes planar surface 122. Adhesive 112 fixedly connects surface 122 to surface 120. In an example embodiment, plane PI is co-planar with surface 120 and no portion of end cap 104 extends past plane PI in direction D1 parallel to axis HA. In an example embodiment, surface 120 and surface 122 are orthogonal to axis HA. [0020] End 110 includes planar surface 124. End cap 106 includes planar surface 126.

Adhesive 114 fixedly connects surface 126 to surface 124. In an example embodiment, plane P2 is co-planar with surface 124 and no portion of end cap 106 extends past plane P2 in direction D2, opposite direction Dl. In an example embodiment, surface 124 and surface 126 are orthogonal to axis HA.

[0021] In an example embodiment, no line, orthogonal to the helical axis, intersects: spring 102 and end cap 104; or spring 102 and end cap 106. For example: line LI, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects dead coil 116 without intersecting cap 104 or cap 106; line L2, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects cap 104 without intersecting spring 102; and line L3, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects cap 106 without intersecting spring 102.

[0022] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested arc coil springs and adhered end caps including centering protrusions.

[0023] Figure 4A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 3.

[0024] Figure 4B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 3. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 4B. In the example of Figures 3 through 4B, in assembly 100, end caps 128 and 130 replace end caps 104 and 106, respectively. End caps 128 and 130 include centering protrusion 131. End cap 128 is fixed to longitudinal end 108 with adhesive 112. End cap 130 is fixed to longitudinal end 110 with adhesive 114. The thickness of adhesives 112 and 114 in Figures 4A and 4B is exaggerated for purposes of presentation. In the example of Figure 3: assembly 100 includes inner arc coil spring 118; and end caps 128 and 130 are not fixed to spring 118 with adhesive.

[0025] In an example embodiment (not shown), end caps 128 and 130 are adhered to spring 102 and spring 118. In an example embodiment (not shown), end caps 128 and 130 are adhered to spring 118 and are not adhered to spring 102. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap 128 is adhered to one of spring 102 or 118; and end cap 130 is adhered to the other of spring 102 or 118. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 128 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117; or no portion of end cap 130 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 128 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117; and no portion of end cap 130 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 117.

[0026] End cap 128 includes planar surface 132. Adhesive 112 fixedly connects surface

132 to surface 120. In an example embodiment, surface 120 and surface 132 are orthogonal to axis HA. End cap 130 includes planar surface 133. Adhesive 114 fixedly connects surface 133 to surface 124. In an example embodiment, surface 124 and surface 133 are orthogonal to axis HA.

[0027] On cap 128, protrusions 131 extend past surface 120 in direction D1 and contact surface 117 to center cap 128 with respect to surface 117. On cap 130, protrusions 131 extend past surface 124 in direction D2 and contact surface 117 to center cap 130 with respect to surface 117.

[0028] Protrusions 131 contact surface 117; however, protrusions 131 are not compressively engaged with surface 117 or adhered to surface 117, and do not prevent movement of coil turns 115 in contact with protrusions 131. Stated otherwise, protrusions 131 are not fixedly connected to surface 117 and do not produce dead coil turns in spring 102. Protrusions 131 are not limited to a particular number, size, shape or configuration.

[0029] The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 4B. The only dead coil turns in assembly 100 are dead coil turns 116 at ends 108 and 110. The reduction in the number of dead coils is described in a variety of ways. Structurally, as noted above, caps 104, 106, 128 and 130 are not fixed to inner surface 117; therefore, coil turns 115 are free to expand and contract without interference from end caps 104 and 106 or end caps 128 and 130.

[0030] The reduction of dead coils also is describable in terms of spaces 134 between adjacent coil turns 115 and 116 or between adjacent coil turns 115. By "adjacent," we mean adjacent with respect to axis HA and direction D1 or D2. End cap 104 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 106 and along axis HA and end cap 106 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 104 and along axis HA. Since end caps 104 and 106 are not fixed to surface 117, such displacement increases or decreases spaces 134 in spring 102. For example, displacing end cap 104 toward end cap 106 and along axis HA compresses spring 102 and decreases spaces 134. In an example embodiment, every space 134 increases or decreases with displacement between caps 104 and

106. Thus, there are fewer dead coil turns in example spring assembly 100 shown in Figure 1. [0031] End cap 128 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 130 and along axis HA and end cap 130 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 128 and along axis HA. Since end caps 128 and 130 are not fixed to surface 117, such displacement increases or decreases spaces 134 in spring 102. For example, displacing end cap 128 toward end cap 130 and along axis HA compresses spring 102 and decreases spaces 134. In an example embodiment, every space 134 increases or decreases with displacement between caps 104 and 106. Thus, there are fewer dead coil turns in example spring assembly 100 shown in Figure 3.

[0032] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested straight coil springs and adhered end caps.

[0033] Figure 6A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 5.

[0034] Figure 6B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 5. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 5 through 6B. In the example of Figure 5, coil spring assembly 100 includes: outer straight coil spring 150; inner straight coil spring 152; inner straight coil spring 154; end cap 104; end cap 106; and helical axis HA. Spring 150 includes longitudinal ends 156 and 158. End cap 104 is fixed to longitudinal end 156 with adhesive 112. End cap 106 is fixed to longitudinal end 158 with adhesive 114. The thickness of adhesives 112 and 114 in Figures 6A and 6B is exaggerated for purposes of presentation. Coil spring 150 includes: full coil turns 160; dead coil turns 161 at ends 156 and 158; and radially inner surface 162 formed by turns 160 and 161. Surface 162 faces axis HA.

[0035] In the example of Figure 5: end caps 104 and 106 are not fixed to springs 152 and

154, respectively, with adhesive. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 104 is adhered to springs 150 and 152; and end cap 106 is adhered to springs 150 and 154. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 104 is adhered to spring 152; end cap 106 is adhered to spring 154 and neither cap 104 nor cap 106 is adhered to spring 150. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 104 is adhered to springs 150 and 152; and end cap 106 is adhered to spring 154 and is not adhered to spring 150. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 106 is adhered to springs 150 and 154; and end cap 104 is adhered to spring 152 and is not adhered to spring 150.

[0036] In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162; or no portion of end cap 106 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162; and no portion of end cap 106 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162.

[0037] In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is in contact with radially inner surface 162; or no portion of end cap 106 is in contact with radially inner surface 162. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 104 is in contact with radially inner surface 162; and no portion of end cap 106 is in contact with radially inner surface 162.

[0038] Longitudinal end 156 includes planar surface 164. End cap 104 includes planar surface 122. Adhesive 112 fixedly connects surface 122 to surface 164. In an example embodiment, plane P3 is co-planar with surface 164 and no portion of end cap 104 extends past plane P3 in direction Dl. In an example embodiment, surface 164 and surface 122 are orthogonal to axis HA.

[0039] Longitudinal end 158 includes planar surface 166. End cap 106 includes planar surface 126. Adhesive 114 fixedly connects surface 126 to surface 166. In an example embodiment, plane P4 is co-planar with surface 166 and no portion of end cap 106 extends past plane P4 in direction D2. In an example embodiment, surface 166 and surface 126 are orthogonal to axis HA.

[0040] In an example embodiment, no line, orthogonal to the helical axis, intersects: spring 150 and end cap 104; or spring 150 and end cap 106. For example: line L4, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects deal coil 161 without intersecting cap 104; line L5, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects cap 104 without intersecting spring 150; and line L6, orthogonal to axis HA, intersects cap 106 without intersecting spring 150.

[0041] Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a spring assembly with nested straight coil springs and adhered end caps including centering protrusions. [0042] Figure 8A is an exploded view of one longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 7.

[0043] Figure 8B is an exploded view of the other longitudinal end of the spring assembly shown in Figure 7. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 7 through 8B. In the example of Figures 7 through 8B, end caps 128 and 130 replace end caps 104 and 106, respectively, in Figures 5 through 6B. End caps 128 and 130 include centering protrusion 131. End cap 128 is fixed to longitudinal end 156 with adhesive 112. End cap 130 is fixed to longitudinal end 158 with adhesive 114. The thickness of adhesives 112 and 114 in Figures 8A and 8B is exaggerated for purposes of presentation.

[0044] In the example of Figure 7: end caps 128 and 130 are not fixed to springs 152 and

154, respectively, with adhesive. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 128 is adhered to springs 150 and 152; and end cap 130 is adhered to springs 150 and 154. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 128 is adhered to spring 152; end cap 130 is adhered to spring 154 and neither cap 128 nor cap 130 is adhered to spring 150. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 128 is adhered to springs 150 and 152; and end cap 130 is adhered to spring 154 and is not adhered to spring 150. In an example embodiment (not shown): end cap is 130 is adhered to springs 150 and 154; and end cap 128 is adhered to spring 152 and is not adhered to spring 150.

[0045] In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 128 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162; or no portion of end cap 130 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162. In an example embodiment: no portion of end cap 128 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162; and no portion of end cap 130 is fixedly connected to radially inner surface 162.

[0046] End cap 128 includes planar surface 132. Adhesive 112 fixedly connects surface

132 to surface 164. In an example embodiment, surface 164 and surface 132 are orthogonal to axis HA. End cap 130 includes planar surface 133. Adhesive 114 fixedly connects surface 133 to surface 166. In an example embodiment, surface 166 and surface 133 are orthogonal to axis HA.

[0047] On cap 128, protrusions 131 extend past surface 164 in direction D1 and contact surface 162 to center cap 128 with respect to surface 162. On cap 130, protrusions 131 extend past surface 166 in direction D2 and contact surface 162 to center cap 130 with respect to surface

162.

[0048] Protrusions 131 contact surfaces 162; however, protrusions 131 are not compressively engaged with surfaces 162 and do not prevent movement of coil turns 160 in contact with protrusions 131. Stated otherwise, protrusions 131 are not fixedly connected to surface 162 and do not produce dead coil turns in spring 150.

[0049] The following should be viewed in light of Figures 5 through 8B. The only dead coil turns in assembly 100 are dead coil turns 161 at ends 156 and 158. The reduction in the number of dead coils is described in a variety of ways. Structurally, as noted above, caps 104, 106, 128 and 130 are not fixed to inner surface 162; therefore, coil turns 160 are free to expand and contract without interference from end caps 104 and 106 or end caps 128 and 130.

[0050] The reduction of dead coils also is describable in terms of spaces 134 between adjacent coil turns 160 and 161 or between adjacent coil turns 160. End cap 104 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 106 and along axis HA and end cap 106 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 104 and along axis HA. Since end caps 104 and 106 are not fixed to surface 162, such displacement increases or decreases spaces 134 in spring 150. For example, displacing end cap 104 toward end cap 106 and along axis HA compresses spring 150 and decreases spaces 134. In an example embodiment, every space 134 increases or decreases with displacement between caps 104 and 106. Thus, there are fewer dead coil turns in example spring assembly 100 shown in Figure 5.

[0051] End cap 128 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 130 and along axis HA and end cap 130 is displaceable, with respect to end cap 128 and along axis HA. Since end caps 128 and 130 are not fixed to surface 162, such displacement increases or decreases spaces 134 in spring 150. For example, displacing end cap 128 toward end cap 130 and along axis HA compresses spring 150 and decreases spaces 134. In an example embodiment, every space 134 increases or decreases with displacement between caps 128 and 130. Thus, there are fewer dead coil turns in example spring assembly 100 shown in Figure 7. [0052] In an example embodiment (not shown), assembly 100 includes outer spring 102 and does not include inner spring 118. In an example embodiment (not shown), assembly 100 includes outer spring 150 and does not include inner spring 152 or inner spring 154.

[0053] Figure 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of an example torque converter including a vibration damper with spring assemblies as shown in Figures 1 through 2B. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 2B and 9. Torque converter 200 includes: axis of rotation AR; cover 202; impeller 204; turbine 206; lock-up turbine clutch 208; stator 210; and vibration damper 212. Cover 202 is arranged to receive the rotational torque. Impeller 204 includes: impeller shell 214 non-rotatably connected to cover 202; and at least one impeller blade 216 non-rotatably connected to shell 214. Turbine 206 is in fluid communication with impeller 204 and includes: turbine shell 218; and at least one turbine blade 220 non-rotatably connected to shell 218. By "non-rotatably connected" components, we mean that: the components are connected so that whenever one of the components rotates, all the components rotate; and relative rotation between the components is not possible. Radial and/or axial movement of non- rotatably connected components with respect to each other is possible, but not required.

[0054] Figure 10 is a front view of the damper shown in Figure 9. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 2B, 9 and 10. Damper 212 includes: input 222 non-rotatably connected to shell 218; output 224 non-rotatably connected to output hub 226, which is arranged to non-rotatably connect to a transmission input shaft (not shown); and coil spring assemblies 100, with arc springs 102 and end caps 104 and 106. Assemblies 100 are engaged with input 222 and output 224 and are arranged to transmit torque between input 222 and output 224. In an example embodiment, assemblies 100 are in contact with input 222 and output 224.

[0055] Clutch 208 includes outer portion 228 of shell 214, outer portion 230 of shell 218, and friction material F, axially disposed between portions 228 and 230. Shell 218 is axially displaceable to open and close clutch 208. As is known in the art, for a lock-up mode for torque converter 200, shell 218 is displaced in axial ADI, for example by fluid in torque converter 200, to close clutch 208 and non-rotatably connect cover 202 and shell 218.

[0056] In the example of Figures 9 and 10: input 222 includes three drive protrusions 232; output 224 includes three drive protrusions 234; damper 212 includes three assemblies 100 disposed between and engaged with respective protrusions 232 and 234. In an example embodiment, assemblies 100 are in contact with respective protrusions 232 and 234. Each end cap 104 is engaged with a respective protrusion 232 and each end cap 106 is engaged with a respective protrusion 234. For example: end cap 104A of assembly 100A is in contact with drive protrusion 232A; and end cap 106A of assembly 100A is in contact with drive protrusion 234A. Note that assembly 100A has been cross-sectioned to more clearly show spring 118.

[0057] In an example embodiment (not shown), damper 212 includes spring assemblies

100 with springs 102 and 118 and end caps 128 and 130.

[0058] Figure 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of an example torque converter including a vibration damper with spring assemblies as shown in Figure 5. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 5 through 8B and 11. Torque converter 300 includes: axis of rotation AR; cover 302; impeller 304; turbine 306; lock-up clutch 308; stator 310; and vibration damper 312. Cover 302 is arranged to receive the rotational torque. Impeller 304 includes: impeller shell 314 non-rotatably connected to cover 302; and at least one impeller blade 316 non-rotatably connected to shell 314. Turbine 306 is in fluid communication with impeller 304 and includes: turbine shell 318; and at least one turbine blade 320 non-rotatably connected to shell 318.

[0059] Damper 312 includes: input 322; output 324; and multiple coil spring assemblies

100, with straight springs 150, 152 and 154, and end caps 104 and 106. Input 322 is non-rotatably connected to turbine shell 318 and includes non-rotatably connected cover plates 326 and 328. Output 324 is non-rotatably connected to output hub 330, which is arranged to non-rotatably connect to a transmission input shaft (not shown). Assemblies 100 are engaged with input 322 and output 324 and are arranged to transmit torque between input 322 and output 324. In an example embodiment, assemblies 100 are in contact with input 322 and output 324.

[0060] Cover plates 326 and 328 include openings 332 and 334, respectively. Output 324 includes openings 336. Each assembly 100 is disposed in an opening 332, an opening 334, and an opening 336.

[0061] Clutch 308 includes piston plate 338 and clutch plate 340 non-rotatably connected to input 322. As is known in the art, for a lock-up mode for torque converter 300, piston plate 338 is displaced in axial AD2, for example by fluid in torque converter 300, to close clutch 308 and non-rotatably connect cover 302, clutch plate 340, piston plate 338, and input 322.

[0062] Figure 12 is a front view of the damper shown in Figure 11. The following should be viewed in light of Figures 5 through 8B, 11 and 12. In Figure 12, cover plate 326 has been partially cut-away to show the engagement of assembly 100B with output 324. In the example of Figures 11 and 12: cover plates 326 and 328 includes four openings 332 and 334, respectively; output 324 includes four openings 336; and damper 312 includes four assemblies 100 with straight springs 150, 152 and 154, and end caps 104 and 106. Each opening 332 includes end surfaces 342 and 344 engaged with a respective assembly 100. Each opening 336 includes end surfaces 346 and 348 engaged with a respective assembly 100. In an example embodiment: each opening 332 includes end surfaces 342 and 344 in contact with a respective assembly 100; and each opening 336 includes end surfaces 346 and 348 in contact with a respective assembly 100.

[0063] For example: end caps 104B and 106B of assembly 100B are in contact with end surfaces 346 and 348, respectively. For example, assembly 100C is in contact with end surfaces 342A and 344A of opening 332A. Note that assembly 100B has been cross-sectioned to more clearly show springs 152 and 154.

[0064] In an example embodiment (not shown), damper 312 includes spring assemblies

100 with springs 150, 152 and 154, and end caps 128 and 130.

[0065] Any suitable adhesive known in the art can be used for adhesives 112 and 114. For example, for use of spring assembly 100 in a torque converter, adhesive 112 and 114 are compatible with automatic transmission fluid. Suitable options for adhesives 112 and 114 include, but are not limited to: an adhesive film, which is tacked onto, for example surfaces 122 and 126, on a heated press; two-step epoxy adhesive combined with pressure; and contact adhesive combined with pressure. End caps 104, 106, 128, and 130 can be made of any material known in the art, including, but not limited to, metal and plastic.

[0066] The following should be viewed in light of Figures 1 through 8B. The following describes a method assembling a coil spring assembly. Although the method is presented as a sequence of steps for clarity, no order should be inferred from the sequence unless explicitly stated. A first step fixedly connects, with a first adhesive, a first end cap to a first longitudinal end of a coil spring. A second step fixedly connects, with a second adhesive, a second end cap to a second longitudinal end of the coil spring.

[0067] In an example embodiment, a third step: avoids contacting a radially inner surface of the coil spring with the first end cap; or, avoids contacting a radially inner surface of the coil spring with the second end cap. In an example embodiment, a fourth step: centers, with at least one protrusion of the first end cap, the first end cap with respect to a radially inner surface of the coil spring; or centers, with at least one protrusion of the second end cap, the second end cap with respect to a radially inner surface of the coil spring. In an example embodiment, a fifth step avoids a fixed connection between any two adjacent coil turns of the coil spring.

[0068] The performance of spring assemblies 100 is improved by: reducing the mass (and associated hysteresis) of assemblies 100; and reducing the number of dead coil turns 116 and 161. In particular: reducing the mass of end caps 104, 106, 128 and 130 reduces the mass of respective assemblies 100; and reducing the number of dead coil turns improves the spring rate for respective assemblies 100. In addition, since the stresses associated with press-fitting end caps are not imparted during the assembly assemblies 100, higher grade materials, such as nitrided steel, can be used for the coil springs in the various embodiments of assembly 100 described above. The use of the higher grade material increases the spring rate of the coil springs, and hence the performance of assemblies 100.

[0069] The respective masses of end caps 104, 106, 128, and 130 are reduced, in comparison to known press-fit or snap fit end caps, at least because end caps 104, 106, 128, and 130 do not include the relatively massive shank of a press-fit or snap-fit end cap. Centering protrusions 131 for caps 128 and 130 can be made relatively small with nominal mass; therefore, maintaining the relative smaller mass of caps 128 and 130 in comparison to known end caps.

[0070] It should be understood that spring assembly 100 is not limited to use in a particular configuration of vibration damper and can be used in any vibration damper configuration known in the art using spring assemblies. It should also be understood that a vibration damper including spring assemblies 100 is not limited to use in a particular configuration of torque converter and can be used in any torque convert configuration known in the art using spring assemblies. [0071] It should be understood that spring assembly 100 is not limited to use in a vibration damper and can be used in any device using spring assemblies, including, but not limited to: a dual mass flywheel; a manual disk; a clutch pack; various components of a transmission; and an engine valve.

[0072] It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

List of Reference Characters:

10 cylindrical system

11 axis of rotation

ADI axial direction

AD2 axial direction

RD1 radial direction

RD2 radial direction

CD1 circumferential direction CD2 circumferential direction R radius

12 object

13 object

14 object

15A surface

15B surface

15C edge

16A surface

16B edge

17A radius

17B radius

18 surface

19 circumference

20 radius

AR axis of rotation

D1 direction

D2 direction

F friction material

HA helical axis LI line

L2 line

L3 line

L4 line

L5 line

L6 line

PI plane

P2 plane

P3 plane

P4 plane

100 coil spring assembly

100A coil spring assembly

100B coil spring assembly

100C coil spring assembly

102 arc coil spring

104 end cap

104A end cap

104B end cap

106 end cap

106A end cap

106B end cap

108 longitudinal end

110 longitudinal end

112 adhesive

114 adhesive

115 full coil turn, outer arc spring

116 dead coil turn, outer arc spring

117 radially inner surface

118 inner arc coil spring 119 thickness, end cap

120 planar surface

122 planar surface, cap 104

124 planar surface

126 planar surface, cap 106

128 end cap

130 end cap

131 centering protrusion

132 planar surface, cap 128

133 planar surface, cap 130

134 space

150 outer straight coil spring

152 inner straight coil spring

154 inner straight coil spring

156 longitudinal end, outer straight coil spring

158 longitudinal end, outer straight coil spring

160 full coil turn, outer straight coil spring

161 dead coil turn, outer straight coil spring

162 radially inner surface, outer straight coil spring

164 planar surface

166 planar surface

200 torque converter

202 cover

204 impeller

206 turbine

208 lock-up turbine clutch

210 stator

212 vibration damper

214 impeller shell 216 impeller blade

218 turbine shell

220 turbine blade

222 input

224 output

226 output hub

228 outer portion, shell 214

230 outer portion, shell 228

232 drive protrusion, input

232A drive protrusion, input

234 drive protrusion, output

234A drive protrusion, output

300 torque converter

302 cover

304 impeller

306 turbine

308 lock-up clutch

310 stator

312 vibration damper

314 impeller shell

316 impeller blade

318 turbine shell

320 turbine blade

322 input

324 output

326 cover plate

328 cover plate

330 output hub

332 opening, cover plate 326 332A opening, cover plate 326

334 opening, cover plate 328

336 opening, output

338 piston plate

340 clutch plate

342 end surface, opening 332

344 end surface, opening 332

346 end surface, opening 338

348 end surface, opening 338

400 prior art spring assembly

402 outer coil spring

403 inner coil spring

404 end cap

406 shank, end cap

408 dead coil turn

410 dead coil turn

412 space

500 prior art coil spring assembly

502 straight coil spring

504 straight coil spring

506 straight coil spring

508 press-fit end cap

510 shank

512 dead coil spring

514 dead coil spring

516 space