Eriksson, Ola (Lantmannagatan 3 Höganäs, S-263 36, SE)
Arvidsson, Johan (Dalénvägen 19 Nyhamnsläge, S-261 41, SE)
Eriksson, Ola (Lantmannagatan 3 Höganäs, S-263 36, SE)
| 1. | A wateratomised, annealed ironbased powder com prising, by weight Cr 2.53.5 Mo 0.30.7 Mn 0.090.3 Cu < 0.10 Ni < 0.15 P < 0.02 N < 0.01 V < 0.10 Si < 0. 10 W < 0.10 0 < 0.25 C < 0.01 the balance being iron and, an amount of not more than 0.5, inevitable impurities. |
| 2. | 2 The wateratomised, annealed ironbased powder according to claim 1 comprising, by weight Cr 2.73.3 Mo 0.40.6 Mn 0.090.25 0 < 0.15 C < 0.007 the balance being iron and, an amount of not more that 0.2, inevitable impurities. |
| 3. | Method of preparing a sintered product having a tensile strength of at least 750 Mpa without subsequent heat treatment comprising the steps of wateratomising an ironbased powder comprising the alloying elements Cr, Mo and Mn in the amounts according to any one of the above claims; annealing the wateratomised powder; adding graphite and optionally at least one alloying ele ment selected from the group Cu, P, B, Nb, V, Ni and W in an amount, which is determined by the final use of the sintered product; compacting the annealed powder at a pressure of at least 600 Mpa; and subjecting the compacte body to sintering. |
| 4. | Method according to claim 3 wherein the reduction is performed at atmospheric pressure in a reducing atmos phere in the presence of H2 and controlled amounts of H2O. |
| 5. | Method according to claim 3 wherein the reduction is performed at low pressure in an essentially inert atmosphere and CO evacuation. |
| 6. | The method according to anyone of the claims 35, wherein the wateratomised powder before annealing has a weight ratio O: C between 1 and 4, preferably between 1.5 and 3.5 and most preferably between 2 and 3, and a carbon content between 0.1 and 0.9 °s by weight. |
| 7. | The method according to any one of the claims 3 6 wherein graphite in an amount of 0.25 to 0.65, preferably 0.3 to 0.5 o by weight, is added to the powder before the compacting step. |
| 8. | The method according to any one of the claims 37 wherein for powders having a Cr content of 33.5 the amount of graphite is 0.25 to 0.5 s by weight. |
| 9. | The method according to claim 3 wherein the sin tering temperature is at most 1220°C, preferably less than 1200°C and most preferably less than 1150°C. |
| 10. | The method according to claim 3 wherein the sin tering times are less than 60 minutes, preferably less than 50 minutes and most preferably less than 40 minutes. |
| 11. | A sintered product prepared according to any one of the claims 58 having a combine carbon content of at least 0.25 0, preferably at least 0.3. |
| 12. | The powder according to any one of the claims 12, wherein the ironbased, annealed powder is prepared according to the method described in PCT/SE97/01292. |
Background of the invention There have recently been developed various tech- niques for strengthening materials for sintered machine parts produced from various alloy steel powders through powder metallurgy. The use of the alloying elements chro- mium, molybdenum and manganese in low oxygen, low carbon iron powders has been suggested in e. g. the US patent 4 266 974 and EP 0 653 262. The base material for the powder in both publications is a water atomise and re- duction-annealed powder. The US publication discloses that the most important step in order to obtain a powder having low oxygen and carbon contents is the annealing step, which preferably should be performed under reduced pressure, specifically by vacuum induction heating. The US patent also discloses that other methods of reduction annealing involve drawbacks limiting their commercial scale installation. Nothing is disclosed in the EP appli- cation about the reduction annealing. The effective amounts of the alloying elements according to the US patent are between 0.2 and 5.0% by weight of chromium, 0.1 and 7.0% by weight of molybdenum and 0.35 and 1.50% by weight of manganese. The EP publication discloses that the effective amounts should be between 0.5 and 3% by weight of chromium, 0.1 and 2% by weight of molybdenum and at most 0.08% by weight of manganese. The purpose of
the invention according to the US patent is to provide a powder satisfying the demands of high compressibility and moldability of the powder and good heat-treatment proper- ties, such as carburising, hardenability, in the sintered body. A serious drawback when using the invention dis- closed in the EP application is that cheap scrap cannot be used as this scrap normally inclues more than 0.08% by weight of manganese. In this context the EP applica- tion teaches that a specific treatment has to be used in order to reduce the Mn content to a level not larger than 0.08 % by weight. Another problem is that nothing is taught about the reduction annealing and the possibility to obtain the low oxygen and carbon content in water- atomise iron powders including elements sensitive to oxidation, such as chromium, manganese. The only informa- tion given in this respect seems to be in example 1, which discloses that a final reduction has to be per- formed.
Summary of the invention In brief the present invention concerns a chromium- based low oxygen, low carbon iron powder including 2.5 to 3.5% by weight of chromium, 0.3 to 0.7% by weight of molybdenum and 0.09 to 0.3% by weight of manganese. This composition permits the production of sintered components having excellent mechanical properties from an inexpen- sive water-atomised and reduction annealed raw material.
Unexpectedly it has been found that sintered pro- ducts prepared from the powder according to the invention are distinguished by a combination of high tensile strength, high toughness and high dimensional accuracy.
Even more surprising is the fact that these properties can be obtained without thermal treatments of the sin- tered products. It has thus been found that sintered products combining a tensile strength of at least 800 MPa
and an impact strength of at least 19 J can be obtained in cost effective sintering equipment, such as high out- put belt furnaces, operating at about 1120°C with sinter- ing times of about 30 minutes.
Preferably the amount of Cr varies between 2.7 and 3.3% by weight, the amount of Mo varies between 0.4 and 0.6% by weight and the amount of Mn varies between 0.09 and 0.3% by weight.
The alloy steel powder of the invention can be readily produced by subjecting ingot steel prepared to have the above-defined composition of alloying elements to any known water-atomising method. It is preferred that the water-atomised powder is prepared in such a way that, before annealing, the water-atomised powder has a weight ratio O: C between 1 and 4, preferably between 1.5 and 3.5 and most, preferably between 2 and 3, and a carbon con- tent between 0.1 and 0.9 % by weight. For the further processing according to the present invention this water- atomise powder could be annealed according to methods described in PCT/SE97/01292 (which is hereby incorporated by reference) and which more specifically concerns a pro- cess including the following steps a) preparing a water atomise powder essentially consist- ing of iron and optionally at least one alloying element selected from the group consisting of chromium, manga- nese, copper, nickel, vanadium, niobium, boron, silicon, molybdenum and tungsten. b) annealing the powder in an atmosphere containing at least H2 and H20 gases; c) measuring the concentration of at least one of the carbon oxides formed during the decarburisation process; or
d) measuring the oxygen potential essentially simul- taneously in at least 2 points located at a predetermined distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the furnace; or e) measuring the concentration according to c) in combination with measuring the oxygen potential in at least one point in the furnace f) adjusting the content of the H20 gas in the de- carburising atmosphere with the aid of the measurement.
Another process which can be used for the prepara- tion of low oxygen, low carbon iron-based powders includ- ing low amounts of easily oxidised alloying elements is disclosed in the co-pending Swedish application 9800153- 0. This process inclues the steps of -charging a gas tight furnace with the water-atomised powder in an essentially inert gas atmosphere and closing the furnace; -increasing the furnace temperature, preferably by direct electrical or gas heating to a temperature of 800-1350°C; -monitoring the increase of the formation of CO gas and evacuating gas from the furnace when a significant in- crease of the CO formation is observe; and -cooling the powder when the increase of the formation of CO gas diminishes.
The annealed low oxygen, low carbon powder is then mixed with graphite powder and optionally at least one alloying element selected from the group Cu, P, B, Nb, V, Ni and W in an amount, which is determined by the final use of the sintered product. The amount of graphite added usually varies between 0.15 and 0.65. % by weight of the iron-based powder, and a lubricant, such as zinc stearate or H-wax, in an amount up to 1 % by weight of the iron- based powder. This mixture is then compacte at conven-
tional compacting pressures, i. e. at pressures from 400- 800 MPa, and sintered at temperatures between 1100 and 1300°C. Preferably and most unexpectedly, however, products prepared from the powder according to the invention exhibit excellent mechanical properties also when the powders are sintered at low temperatures, i. e. temperatures below about 1220°C, preferably below 1200°C or even below about 1150°C, and comparatively short sintering times, i. e. sintering times below 1 h, such as 45. Usually the sintering time is about 30 minutes.
The reasons why the respective components in the alloy steel powder and sintered body of the invention are limited within certain ranges are as follows.
The reason why C in the alloy steel powder is not larger than 0.01% is that C is an element which serves to harden the ferrite matrix through formation of a solid solution as penetrated in the steel. If the C content ex- ceeds 0.01% by weight, the powder is hardened consider- ably, which results in a too poor compressibility for a powder intended for commercial use.
The amount of C in the sintered product is deter- mined by the amount of graphite powder mixed with the alloy steel powder of the invention. Typically the amount of graphite added to the powders is between 0.15 and 0.65 % by weight. For powders having Cr contents between 3 and 3.5% the amount of graphite added is somewhat lower and preferably between 0.15 and 0.5%. The amount of C in the sintered product is essentially the same as the amount of graphite added to the powder.
The limited amounts of the following components are common to both the alloy steel powder and the sintered body.
The component Mn improves the strength of steel by improving hardenability and through solution hardening.
However, if the amount of Mn exceeds 0.3%, the ferrite hardness will increase through solid solution hardening, and this, in turn, results in powders having poor com- pressibility. If the amount of Mn is less than 0.08 it is not possible to use cheap scrap that normally has an Mn content above 0.08 %, unless a specific treatment for the reduction of Mn during the course of the steel manufac- turing is carried out (cf EP 653 262 p. 4, lines 42-44).
Thus, the preferred amount of Mn according to the present invention is 0.09-0.3%. In combination with C contents below 0.007% this Mn interval gives the most interesting results.
The component Cr is a suitable alloying element in steel powders, since it provides sintered products having an improved hardenability but not significantly increased ferrite hardness. To obtain a sufficient strength after sintering a Cr content of 2.5% or higher is preferred. Cr contents above 3.5 % result in problems with oxide and/or carbide formation. Additionally the hardenability of be- comes too high for practical applications of the sintered products if the Cr content exceeds 3.5 % by weight. The criticality of selecting the narrow range of 2.5-3.5 % of Cr for achieving a combination of high tensile and im- pact strength is furthermore disclosed on the enclose figure 1.
The component Mo serves to improve the strength of steel through the improvement of hardenability and also through solution and precipitation hardening. A Mo con- tent below 0.3% has only negligible effect on the proper- ties. Furthermore, it is preferred that the Mo amount
should not exceed 0.7% due to the costs of this alloying element.
In general low amonts, i. e. amounts below 0.01, of S and P are required in order to obtain high strength sintered bodies and powders having high compressibility and the amounts of S and P in the powders used according to the present invention are below 0.01% by weight.
The component 0 has a large influence on the me- chanical strength of the sintered body and generally it is preferred that the amount of 0 should be kept as low as possible. 0 forms stable oxides with Cr and this brings about that a proper sintering mechanism is pre- vented. The amount of 0 should therefor preferably not exceed 0.2%. If the amount exceeds 0.25%, large amounts of the oxides are generated.
The sintering of the compacte body is preferably carried out at a temperature lower than 1220°C, more preferably at temperatures below 1200°C and most refera- bly at temperatures below 1150°C. As disclosed in the following examples unexpectedly good tensile strength without any subsequent heat treatment is obtained when sintering at temperatures as low as 1120°C for periods of only 30 minutes. At high temperatures, i. e. temperatures above 1220°C sintering costs undesirably increase which makes the powders and method according to the present in- vention very attractive from an industrial point of view.
A cooling rate below 0. 5°C/s results in the forma- tion of ferrite and cooling rates exceeding 2°C/s result in martensite formation. Depending on i. a. the composi- tion of the iron powder and the amount of graphite added cooling rates typical for belt furnaces, i. e. 0. 5-2°C/s lead to fully bainitic structures which is desirable for
a good combination of strength and toughness. In this context it should also be mentioned that the sintering process according to the present invention is preferably carried out in belt furnaces.
The invention is further illustrated by the follow- ing examples.
Example 1 Steel powders having Cr contents between 2 and 3 % by weight, an Mo content of 0.5 % by weight and an Mn content of 0.11 % by weight were water-atomised and annealed as described in the patent application PCT/SE 97/01292. Graphite (C-UF4) in amounts varying from 0.3 to 0.7% by weight was added as well as 0.8% by weight of a lubricant, H-wax. The powders were compacte at 700 MPa and then sintered in an atmosphere of 90% N2/10H2 for 30 minutes at 1120°C. The following tables 1,2 and 3 disclose the green density (GD), the dimensional change (dl/L), the hardness (HvlO), the tensile strength (TS), the yield strength (YS) and the impact energy (Charpy) for the products prepared.
Table 1 Powder: 2Cr 0.5Mo O. llMn Graphite GD dl/L HvlO TS YS Charpy added % g/cc MPa MPa J 0.3 7.14-0.072 200 669 521 23.5 0.4 7.11-0.085 210 720 538 20.8 0.5 7.12-0.072 221 761 576 21.2 0.6 7.10-0.056 237 808 612 18.6 0.7 7.12-0.025 261 861 698 16.8 Table 2 Powder: 2.5Cr 0.5Mo O. llMn Graphite GD dl/L HvlO TS YS Charpy added % g/cc Mpa MPa J 0.3 7.13-0.089 218 731 534 25.8 0.4 7. 12-0.077 227 762 561 22.1 0.5 7.11-0.065 251 814 595 20.4 0.6 7.11-0.044 268 877 679 18.5 -0.019361100773216.10.77.07
Table 3 Powder: 3Cr 0.5Mo O. llMn Graphite GD dl/L HvlO TS YS Charpy added % g/cc MPa MPa J 0.3 7.10-0.106 234 754 526 24.0 0.4 7,10-0.076 247 804 563 20.7 0.5 7.10-0.034 257 856 623 18.0 0.6 7.09-0.001 315 969 704 16.4 50868515.60.77.04
Example 2 A too high Mn content has a negative influence on compressibility due to increase of the ferrite hardness through solid solution hardening. This is illustrated in table 2, which discloses the compressibility of Fe-3Cr- 0.5Mo powder with lubricated die at 600ma.
Table 4 Powder O[%]Mn[%]GD[g/cc][%] A 0.003 0.12 0.09 7.00 B 0.004 0.14 0.12 6.98 0.130.186.90C0.004 0.130.286.81D0.004