This invention relates to a structural member and a process for forming same.

Non hollow or solid structural members such as I- bea s, rolled steel joists (RSJ's) purlins and girts which are all used for structural purposes in buildings such as factories, houses and office buildings have been found to be normally satisfactory in use and have a basic cross sectional shape or profile which is very efficient in resisting bending movement. These conventional structural members or beams are normally formed from hot rolling processes.

However, such conventional solid structural members or universal beams which are generally formed from hot rolling processes generally comprise two parallel flanges and a single flat or planar web wherein the flanges are substantially thicker than the web. Such conventional solid structural members have certain disadvantages and these include the following:-

(i) exposed surface area to mass and strength ratios are high which lead to increased costs for both corrosion protection and fire proofing;

(ii) flange widths to thickness ratios are generally limited to avoid reductions in load bearing section capacity due to local buckling considerations;

(iii) web widths to thickness ratios are generally limited to avoid reductions in section load bearing capacity due to local buckling considerations;

(iv) the hot rolling method of manufacture leads to production of substantial mill scale and rust as well as

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providing a limited minimum thickness; and

(v) prime painting during manufacture is not a practical proposition.

There also have been used cold rolled structural members which include purlins and rectangular hollow sections and these are subject to certain disadvantages as described below.

In particular purlin sections which are generally of C or Z shape have flange widths to thickness ratios and web width to thickness ratios which are severely limited by local buckling considerations.

Rectangular hollow sections (RHS) have also been proposed as structural members wherein each wall of the rectangle was of substantially the same thickness. However, these conventional structural members were inefficient in regard to bending movement considerations and wall widths to thickness ratios were generally limited to avoid reductions in load bearing capacity due to local buckling considerations. Structural members have also been proposed including a pair of hollow end sections which are separated by an intermediate web. Thus, for example, in U.S. Patent 3,342,007 to Merson, a structural member was proposed which was manufactured from a single piece of steel sheet by cold roll forming wherein there was provided triangular hollow end sections separated by a planar web. Each triangular hollow end section included a horizontal side or flange and a pair of sloping sides or flanges and the free ends of the single

piece of steel sheet were comprised of ends of each of the sloping flanges which abutted the other adjacent sloping flange.

In addition the structural members described in both the abovedescribed Merson and Lanternier specifications had markedly reduced load bearing capacities for concentrated loads.

U.S. Patent 3,517,474 to Lanternier also described a flanged structural assembly including a pair of hollow end sections which were rectangular or trapezoidal and an intermediate planar web. The hollow end section and the web were all separate components and the web was welded to the hollow end sections. Each end section included a pair of free ends or edges which* were bent or folded and which converged to the middle part of a top flange or wall of the hollow end sections.

U.S. Patent 426,558 to Ditheridge also described a structural member having a pair of hollow end sections and an intermediate planar web which was of an integral construction. Although no method of manufacture is described it would seem that Ditheridge refers to wrought steel or iron beams or sills which are formed in a mould.

However, in regard to the structural members described in the abovementioned U.S. Patents it was considered that these ^' structural members would have markedly reduced load capacities due to local buckling considerations. This would seem to be the case especially of U.S. Patent 3,342,007 to Merson wherein the free ends of the single piece

of steel sheet comprising one end of each sloping flange abutted the other sloping flange. This would also have applied to Lanternier.

The flanges structural assembly of Lanternier in not being formed from a single piece of metal strip would also have been relatively expensive to produce because it was formed from three components. Also the manufacturing step of folding the free edges of each rectangular or hollow end section as described above would seem to complicate manufacture and increase the cost thereof.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a structural member and a method of manufacture of same that alleviates the abovementioned disadvantages associated with the prior art. The structural member of the invention comprises a pair of hollow end sections and an intermediate web characterized in that each hollow end section is welded to the intermediate web so as to form two weld lines or joins extending along the structural member. Preferably the intermediate web it predominantly planar and it is also preferred that the structural member be formed from a unitary sheet of metal having opposed edges whereby a respective edge is located adjacent said intermediate web and is welded thereto to form the weld lines or joins.

The hollow end sections may be of any suitable

shape and thus may be circular, rectangular, triangular or polygonal. It is also not necessary that each hollow end section have a similar shape so that it is within the scope of the invention to have differently shaped hollow end sections such as one being rectangular and the other being circular.

While it is preferred that each hollow end section be substantially of the same size this is not strictly essential and thus it is possible, having regard to the scope of the invention, that the hollow end sections be different in size as well as shape.

Reference may also be made to a process for forming the abovementioned structural member which may include the following steps:- (i) passing substantially planar metal strip through a plurality of forming stations to successively deform opposed free edges of the metal strip so as to provide a pair of substantially hollow end sections wherein a respective free edge is located adjacent to an intermediate web interposed between each substantially hollow end section; and

(ii) welding the respective free edge to the intermediate web to form the weld lines or joins extending along the structural member.

In the process of the invention it is possible to initially subject the substantially planar metal strip to preforming operations wherein ancillary or additional

structural features or embellishments may be imparted to the metal strip. These ancillary features include perforations, grooves, dimples, corrugations, protrusions and the like which may be considered appropriate having regard to the end use of the structural member or to increase load bearing capacity of the structural member.

The ancillary structural features made at the preforming stage may be either essentially unchanged or slightly or substantially modified by any subsequent forming

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operations. Thus if desired further ancillary structura features or embellishments may be imparted to the structura member of the invention after or during the formin operations. In step ⁽ i ⁾ of the process of the invention th substantially planar metal strip may be successively deforme through a number of roll forming stations. Preferably eac free edge portion may be successively or sequentiall deformed so that the cross sectional profile of the metal strip is substantially W shaped after it passes through the forming stations. This is shown in detail in the drawings hereinafter. However, it will also be appreciated that other roll forming cross sectional profiles may be utilized such as for example the free edge portions of the metal strip being bent inwardly through a number of different passes so as to form a substantially triangular hollow end section. This is also shown in the drawings hereinafter.

^* It is also possible in regard to the forming step that the desired end profile of the structural member be formed directly after passage of the metal strip through the final forming station. However, it is also within the ambit of the invention that a basic shape e.g. two separate circles separated by a single web be formed after passage through the final forming station which is then subsequently subjected to further shaping procedures to produce a number of different cross sectional profiles. Another possible alternative is to produce the basic shape of two separate circles separated by a single web using different roll passes and then sub _j ecting

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the basic shape to further shaping operations to produce a variety of cross sectional profiles.

In regard to the forming step (i) it is preferred to pass the metal strip through a plurality of cold roll forming stations. However, it is also possible to produce the structural member of the invention by other forming methods such as press braking or extrusion processes.

After the forming step the strip or workpiece may be passed to a welding station. Any number of welding methods may be used in the process of the invention and these include the following:

(i) high frequency induction and/or electrical resistance welding;

(ii) metal inert gas; (iϋ) tungsten inert gas;

(iv) carbon dioxide shielded arc;

(v) atomic hydrogen gas arc;

(vi) spot welding;

(vii) electron beam welding; (viii) laser welding; or

(ix) gas welding

Of the above it is preferred, having regard to the process of the invention to use high frequency induction welding. In this type of welding a high frequency alternative current is used to induce currents in the areas requiring welding so that opposing weld join areas (e.g. a free edge of the strip abutting the intermediate web or being

j SUBSTITUTE SUEZ

located closely adjacent thereto) at two separate locations are heated to a point where the weld rolls are able to forge weld the strip to form the desired cross sectional profile.

At the welding station it is also within the scope of the process of the invention to apply one or more scarfing operations to the workpiece whereby weld projections or excess weld bead may be removed. As an alternative to scarfing to remove excess weld bead there also may be used weld bead flattening. Finally and if desired the workpiece or metal strip may be passed to a straightening and/or shaping station wherein shaping rolls mounted in a number of cold forming roll stands are used to produce the desired cross sectional profile. The shaping rolls may successively deform the welded section. However, it is possible to avoid the use of shaping rolls by direct forming the workpiece so that after passing through the welding station it is already in the desired final shape. In this case however straightening may be an integral part of the direct forming process. Reference may now be made to a preferred embodiment of the invention as shown in the attached drawings wherein: -

FIG 1 is a schematic view of apparatus used in the process of the invention including a forming section, edge preparation and welding section and a shaping and straightening section;

FIG 2 is a side elevation of the forming section;

SUBSTlTU t E SHEET

10

FIG 3 is an end view of rolls S1-S2 shown in FIG 2 ^;

FIG ₄ is an end view of rolls F3-F4 shown in FIG 2 ^;

FIG 5 is an end view of rolls F1-F2 shown in FIG 2 ^;

FIG 6 illustrates a typical set of rolls Fl,

FIG 7 illustrates a typical set of rolls SI

FIG 8 illustrates a typical set of rolls F4.

FIG 8A illustrates another typical set of rolls Fl

or F2;

FIG 8B illustrates another typical set of rolls F3

or F4;

FIG 8C illustrates another typical set of rolls SI

or S2;

FIG 9 illustrates a side view of the edge preparation and welding section; FIG 10 illustrates an end view of rolls WP1;

FIG 11 illustrates an end view of rolls WP2; FIG 12 illustrates an end view of rolls EP1; FIG 13 illustrates a typical set of rolls WP1. FIG 14 illustrates a typical set of rolls EP2 ^, FIG 15 illustrates a typical set of rolls EP1.

FIGS 16, 17 and 18 illustrate alternative views of the welding section showing welding apparatus (FIG 16 ⁾ , welding rolls (FIG 17), and scarfing apparatus ⁽ FIG 18 ^{) ;}

FIG 19 illustrates a side view of the shaping and straightening section;

FIG 20 illustrates a typical set of rolls

BSTIT T _

designated as SH3;

FIG 21 illustrates a typical set of rolls designated as SHI;

FIG 22 illustrates an end view of rolls SHI

FIG 23 illustrates an end view of rolls SH2,

FIG 24 illustrates an end view of rolls SH3,

FIG 25 illustrates an end view of rolls SH4 _;

FIG 26 illustrates an end view of rolls SH5,

FIGS 27, 28 & 28A illustrate alternative flower sections that may be obtained in the forming step; and

FIGS 29-35 illustrate alternative cross sectional profiles that may be obtained in accordance with the invention.

In FIG 1 there is shown flat metal strip 10 being passed through a forming section 11 having forming rolls Fl , F2, F3 and F4 as well as side rolls SI and S2. There is also shown edge preparation and welding section 12 having rolls EP1, EP2 and P1. Also shown is welder 13. Finally there is shown shaping and straightening section 14 having shaping rolls SHI, SH2, SH3 and SH4 and straightening rolls ST1. Also shown is structural member 15" having the desired cross sectional profile in accordance with the invention.

In FIGS 2-5 the shaping rolls F1-F2 as best shown in FIG 5 include adjusting screws or screw jacks 16, drive shafts 17 and drive unit 18. Also shown are upper rolls 19 and lower roll 20- Upper rolls 19 are each vertically adjustable by movement along adjusting screws 16. Also shown are bearing housings 21. Support stands 23 and 24 are also shown. Movement of rolls 19 along screw jacks 16 are caused by manual actuation of adjustment mechanisms 17A.

The forming rolls F3-F4 as best shown in FIG 4 include adjusting screws or screw jacks 25 for top rolls 26. Shafts 27-28 are connected to a drive unit such as drive unit 18 shown in FIG 5. There is also shown side rolls 26A and lower roll 26B. Horizontal adjustment of side rolls 26A relative to workpiece 10 are caused by adjusters 29. There is also indicated direct coupling 30 and connection shafts 31 which engage with gearboxes 32 to move the top roll 26 along

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screw jacks 25 in unison.

Actuation of vertical movement of rolls 26 is caused by manual adjustment wherein actuating spindle 32A is rotated by appropriate means. The side rolls S1-S2 as best shown in FIG 3 include roll stands 33, bearing housings 34, vertical oriented rolls 35, lower roll 36 and roll shafts 37.

FIG 6-8 show sequentially the formation of strip 10 and the development of the desired W cross sectional profile. The side edges of strip 10 are gradually bent inwardly as shown by the action of rolls 19 and 20 in FIG 6, rolls 35 and

36 in FIG 7 and rolls 26A, 26B and 26 in FIG 8.

In FIGS 8A, 8B and 8C there is shown a modified sequence of shapes that are applicable to rolls Fl and F2, F3 and F4 and SI and S2 respectively. Similar reference numerals are used as in FIGS 3, 4 and 5 with the* exception that rolls 19A and 20 in FIG 8A, rolls 26V and 26W in FIG 8B and rolls 35A and 36A have a different profile to the corresponding rolls 19 and 20 in FIG 5, 26 and 26B in FIG 4 and 35 and 36 in FIG 3.

FIGS 9-12 show the edge preparation and welding section wherein strip 10 passes sequentially through rolls EP1, EP2 and WP1.

FIGS 10-12 show rolls WP1, EP2 and EP1 which are all very similar in structure to rolls F3-F4 described in FIG

4 and hence similar reference numerals are shown. However

SUBSTITUTE S-X-T

the top rolls of FIGS 10, 11 and 12 are designated 26K, 26H and 26E respectively, the side rolls 26L, 261 and 26F and the bottom rolls are designated 26M, 26J and 26G. Each of rolls WP1, EP2 and EP1 are supported on roll stands 22. FIGS 13-15 also show sequentially the development of the cross sectional profile of strip 10 after passing through rolls EP1, EP2 and WP1. The formation of the desired circular hollow end sections are shown from the W profile shown in FIG 13. In FIGS 16-18 are shown welding apparatus used in

the invention and this includes a high frequency welder 13 having welding contacts Aa, Ab, Ba and Bb which contact each free edge 38 of strip 10 and web part 39 as shown.

In relation to use of high frequency welder 13 the parts 38 and 39 of strip 10 are forced into abutment.

However, it is emphasized that in the case of use of other welding means such as TIG or MIG parts 38 and 39 do not have to necessarily abut but be located closely adjacent thereto.

FIG 17 shows the operation of the rolls of roll assembly WP1 in producing the desired abutment of parts 38 and 39.

FIG 18 shows the operation of scarfing means 40 to remove excess weld bead as discussed above.

FIGS 19-21 show the operation of shaping rolls SHI, SH2, SH3, SH4 and SH5 and straightening rolls STl.

The operation of a typical shaping roll is best shown in FIG 20 and this is very similar to the operation of forming rolls F3 , F4 as described above, hence similar reference numerals have been utilized. The top roll has bene designated however 41, side rolls 42 and bottom rolls 43. All the rolls are supported on roll stands 44.

The operation of the straightening roll assembly STl is best shown in FIG 21 and this includes roll housing

45. There are provided a pair of top and bottom rolls 46-47 and a pair of side rolls 48. The entire assembly 49 of rolls

46, 47 and 48 may be pivoted about a centre axis designated by X in the plane of the drawing by actuation of handle 50 which engages in gearbox 51. There are also provided

adjusters 52 and 53 for vertical adjustment movement of rolls

46 and 47 in supporting slides 54 relative to workpiece 10.

There is also provided adjusters 55 and 56 for horizontal adjustment movement of side rolls 48 relative to workpiece 10 in supporting slides 57.

The sequential series of events which now take place in regard to the workpiece 10 are now shown in FIGS 22-

26 which demonstrate that a workpiece 10 having a cross sectional profile as best shown in FIG 22 may be converted into a number of other shapes as shown in FIGS 23, 24, 25 or 26 to finally produce triangular hollow end sections. These were converted from circular end sections shown in FIG 22.

Typical flower sections that may be obtained in accordance with the process of the invention which are different to the preferred W profile as described previously are shown in FIGS 27, 28 and 28A after passage of strip 10 through a series of rolls as described above. FIG 27 illustrates a profile obtained wherein the web remains primarily planar during the forming process. On the other hand FIGS 28 and 28A show that this is not essential and that other shapes may be obtained such as sequential bending of the free edges of the strip inwardly or back upon themselves to produce triangular hollow end sections.

FIGS 29-35 show various possible cross sectional profiles of structural members that may be obtained in accordance with the invention. FIG 29 shows a preferred structural member having hollow triangular end sections 58 and web 59. Two weld joins 60 between end sections 58 and

web 59 are also shown. For the sake of convenience similar reference numerals have been utilized in regard to the remainder of the structural members shown in FIGS 30-35. Differently sized hollow end sections 58A and 58B may be obtained in accordance with the invention as shown in FIG 32.

There also may be provided grooves 61 as shown in FIG 35 is desired.

From the foregoing it therefore can be appreciated that structural members produced in accordance with the invention have a number of advantages when compared to the prior art*. In this regard the structural member of the present invention combines the traditional advantages of cold formed hollow sections with a basic shape which is ^* relatively efficient in resisting bending moment. Therefore advantages attributable to the present invention when compared to conventional non hollow or solid structural members include the following: -

(i) minimum thickness of sections not limited by a hot rolling process in being preferably formed by cold rolling; (ii) cold-rolling of strip during forming enhances yield; (iii) removal of mill scale and rust during forming may be carried out; and

(iv) prime-painting during manufacture may also be carried out.

The basic shape of the structural members of the invention also will be relatively efficient for the following reasons : -

(a) the section consists of two hollow flanges or end sections connected by a single web;

(b) the structural members of the invention are thus similar to traditional universal beams which have two parallel flanges and single flat web with flanges substantially thicker than the web;

(c) a single web is much more efficient that two webs as in traditional cold- formed hollow sections;

(d) because the flanges are hollow the flanges are effectively much thicker than the web. This is much more efficient than having equal flange and web thicknesses;

(e) flange widths to thickness ratios are also less limited by local buckling and web buckling considerations than is the case with traditional universal beams; (f) web widths to thickness ratios are effectively reduced by the width of the hollow section flanges which in turn reduces the effect of web buckling considerations on load beam capacity; (g) because of these benefits in local buckling and web buckling considerations , higher yield strength steels can be used to provide significant economic advantages; and (h) low exposed surface area to mass and strength ratios are obtained which assists in reducing costs for both corrosion protection and fire-proofing. It should be noted that these advantages are inherently related to the ability to produce a welded hollow section with two weld joins. An open section of similar shape, i.e. a section where the ends of the strip were not

su5STiτυτε ^H£E l

welded to the web to form two closed hollow sections, would have markedly reduced load capacities due to local buckling considerations. This is clearly applicable to the prior art referred to previously, i.e. U.S. Patent 3,342,007 and U.S. Patent 3,517,474.

The main advantage of the structural members of the invention from a manufacturing viewpoint is that the structural members can be produced in an electric resistance welding tube mill. That brings all the advantages that cold- forming offers over hot-rolling, including a much lower investment in plant and greatly reduced energy requirements.

Structural members of the invention also have other advantages which are not offered by either universal beam sections or traditional cold-formed hollow sections. It is possible to utilize the space inside the hollow flanges for location of building services. In the case of water reticulation, the use of non-destructive procedures to test weld quality can be relatively easily extended to test water- tightness of the hollow sections. It is also possible to provide pre-tensioning cables inside the hollow end sections to provide greater load capacity and control of in situ beam deflection.

As discussed previously it is clear that the advantage that the structural member of the invention has over the prior art is that the structural member of the invention has two closed hollow flange sections connected by a single web.

An open section of similar shape, i.e. a section

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where the ends of the strip were not welded to the web to form two closed hollow sections, would have markedly reduced load capacities due to local buckling considerations.

It is important to note in U.S. Patent 3,342,007 that this relates to an open section, in that the free edges of the strip merely abut the web section of the member.

Because this product is an open section it would have markedly lower load capacities than achieved by the present invention. In the Merson specification that portion of the flange which is bent to abut the web of the member would form substantial local buckles at relatively low loads. This is illustrated hereinafter in FIG 36. This is due to this segment of the section acting primarily as an unstiffened compression element, when the member is subject to either bending or compressive loading. Due to the local buckling of this portion of the section, the member as a whole would suffer dramatically reduced load carrying capacity.

This can be demonstrated relatively easily by modern theoretical analysis techniques for cold- formed steel sections. Alternatively it could be demonstrated by experimental testing of the product described in the Merson specification.

The local buckling problems associated with the Merson product are overcome in the structural members of the invention by the welding of the free edge of the flange section to the web at two separate locations, thereby creating two closed hollow sections connected by a single

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web.

The closed hollow end sections of the invention have a much greater resistance to local buckling than that afforded by the open section proposed by Merson. These web sections alεo have improved local buckling performance due to both reduced depth of web and the restraint offered to the web by the hollow flange sections .

It should also be noted that the assertions made in the Merson specification relating to resistance to concentrated loads would seem to be extremely dubious. It is claimed that load applied to the top flanges of the member will be transmitted equally by the sloping segments of the member to the web of the member. One sloping segment of the member is said to abut to the other sloping segment so that load "will- be equally borne by the sloped extents and transmitted through these sloped extents to the web, without setting up members which might tend to cause the structural member to sway to either side".

These claims however would seem to be unjustified. The concentrated load will tend to follow the stiffest load path. That sloping section which is continuous with the web will carry a far greater proportion of the concentrated loads. The degree of support offered by the abutting join is very doubtful. In fact at ultimate loads it is unlikely that the sloping member with abutting join will provide any support to concentrated loads. Further the comment on setting up moments and sway seems largely irrelevant. This would be clearly evident from appropriate experimental

BSTITUTE Si&ET

testing .

It should be noted that the above problems associated with the Merson specification could have been overcome by continuous welding of the free edge of the strip to the web of the section, instead of simply abutting the free edges. However such a welding operation would be difficult for the Merson section, because the two abutting joins are located on one* side of the member. Welding of the section would induce substantial distortion into the finished section, which would have to be removed by some further straightening process.

It is important to emphasize that the preferred section is formed from a single unitary piece which is welded at two separate locations to form a basic shape of two separate circles connected by a single web. This basic shape consisting of two separate circles connected by a single web can then be shaped into a myriad of final section shapes.

The preferred section thus consists of two hollow section flanges of any shape connected by a single web. The triangular shape which is similar to Merson (though as previously noted, Merson is an open section and not a closed hollow section) is only one shape amongst a wide range of shapes which are included within the scope of the current invention. Two preferred shapes of the present invention are the symmetrical triangular shape which equates to the current range of universal beams and a further symmetrical triangular shape which equates to the current range of hot-

rolled channels.

As previously discussed it would also be possible to utilize the space inside the hollow end sections to provide for pre-stressing of the structural members by the installation of pre-tensioning members within the hollow end sections.

It is possible to improve substantially the load carrying capacity and utility of the structural members of the invention by the use of pre-tensioning techniques. The following advantages are attributable to the use of pre- tensioning members within the hollow end sections : -

(i) Pre-stressing provides an economical method of inducing positive camber into sections of the invention acting as beams. Camber is typically used in floor beams in multi-storey steel framed buildings to counteract the affect of deflection in the floor beams due to the loading of wet concrete applied during the construction stage;

(ii) Universal beams are normally cambered by a method known as heating and shrinking whereby a section of the beam on one side is heated then cooled rapidly to induce a bend in the beam;

(iii) In addition the resistance of the section of the invention to deflection is improved by the pre-stressing of the

C. ;-*r-— •-- ^■ ---_ - -

24 section. The action of the pre tensioning member provides a reductio in deflection for the pre- tensione section, when compared with a section without pre-tensioning; ⁽ iv ⁾ Pre-tensioning also improves the performance of composite sections consisting of sections of the invention acting in con ^j unction with concrete. The ultimate load capacity of such composite sections is improved by the pre-stressing of the section of the invention; and (v) Further advantages can be provided by filling the hollow end section with grout so that the pre-tensioning member is protected from the effects of fire. The pre-tensioning member can then be used to improve the load capacity of such composite sections in fire loading situations. From the foregoing it will also be appreciated that the above advantages oan be achieved b*, introduction of pre- tensioning me bers into conventional hollow sections such as rectangular hollow sections. _Th us from the foregoing it "ill be appreciated that the invention includes within its scope structural a bers of the invention pre-stressed by appropriate reinforcement means as win be discussed in detail hereinafter as well as pre-stressed hollow sections _.

Preferred reinforcement means may use high tensile metal bars which are located within the hollow interior of both conventional hollow sections as well as structural members of the present invention wherein the reinforcement means or pre-stressing members are located within one of the hollow end sections.

The pre-stressing members extend the full length of a structural beam of the invention within that hollow end section. Because the pre-stressing members are located in only one of the hollow end sections any applied pre-stressing load will act eccentric to the centreline of the section.

In the case of square, rectangular or other appropriately shaped hollow sections (e.g. circular, triangular or polygonal) , the pre-stressing members are installed within the hollow core of the section. The pre- stressing members are located at a point eccentric to the centroid of the section.

By applying a tensile load to the pre-stressing members and subsequently anchoring the pre-stressing members to both ends of the beam, a corresponding compressive load is induced into the beam section. Since the pre-stressing load acts eccentric to the centreline of the section it produces a bending action in the beam about the major axis of the section. The actual bending induced into the beam by pre- stressing is controlled by the location of the pre-stressing members, the level of pre-stressing load applied, and the properties of the beam section. The amount of bending can

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26 thus be c ontro l le d to crea te κ _{l a} „ ^ crea ^t e the cambe r required counteract the effect of deflection in floor beams due to t loading of wet concrete applied during the construction sta or to improve ultimate load capacity of the section.

The high tensile metal bars may be manufacture with high capacity threads on both ends and are suitabl Provided with high strength nuts , purpose built bearin Plates and spherical washers. The bars are subseguently _P re tensioned to a pre-determined. loa ^« d w ^» i_tuhι s suuiitta-_ _h bl _l _e_ m „eans suc as a hydraulic jacking system. Both the load measured at th ά acking unit and the measured elongation in the pre tensioning bar are used to contro! the amount of load actually applied. However, it will be appreciated by the man billed in the art that other suitable pre-stres sing member (s) attachment means may be used.

Once the desired load is achieved the nut i s engaged to maintain the load and .the jack released. Bearing Plates are reguired to ensure that the high concentrated loads created by pre-tensioning do not cause local failure in the hollow end section. Spherical washers are preferably -ed to ensure that the pre-tensioning member is only subject to concentric load.

allowing pre-tensioning it is possible to fill the hollow end section with grout. _Pi ι _ing „ _{ith grout in} ^ -stance can be used to improve the resistance to load under f i e and he l p pre e n t- ₊ -*.._

P pre vent the pre - tens ioning members from corrosion. Grout filling _. _{not a a} ^ _s _^ _y ^^^ _{o f}

the pre ferred pre - tens ioning me thod for the sections and

both grout filled and unfilled cores are suitable.

It should be noted that high tensile cables could be used in lieu of high tensile metal bars and either single or multiple pre-stressing members could be used within the hollow steel section. In the case of square or rectangular hollow sections, the high tensile metal cables may be installed anywhere within the hollow core of the section.

The invention also includes within its scope structural members having a pair of hollow end sections and an intermediate web which do not have to be fabricated ^• from a single unitary strip. In one example, there may be provided a pair of hollow end sections suitably manufactured by any suitable means such as a hot rolling process which may then be welded to a plate strip by any suitable means such as that described previously. Preferably the hollow end sections are welded to the intermediate plate or strip simultaneously so as to greatly accelerate production time of such a structural member.

In another possible arrangement the structural members of the invention may be formed from a single unitary strip and provided with an overlapping bead or flange that overlaps the web of the structural member and may be welded thereto by appropriate welding means that is not necessarily continuous such as intermittent spot welding. Illustrations of the additional embodiments are discussed hereinafter in the following drawings wherein: -

FIG 36 illustrates a beam in accordance with the aforementioned Merson specification which is subject to local

I c ' - '- - ^' - ^' - ^~ P <~ ^' -,7- Υ

buckling;

FIGS 37, 38 and 39 illustrate a structural member of the invention prestressed by appropriate means, wherein FIG 38 is a section along line B-B of FIG 37. FIGS 40, 41 and 42 illustrate a conventional hollow section that has been pre-stressed in accordance with the invention to thereby provide a pre-stressed structural member that falls within the scope of the invention, wherein FIG 42 is a section along line A-A of FIG 40; FIGS 43-44 illustrate a structural member of the invention manufactured from separate components .comprising a pair of hollow end sections and an intermediate strip; and

FIGS 45 illustrates a structural member of the invention having hollow end sections and an intermediate web using overlapping flanges as described above.

In the drawings the Merson section is shown wherein web 61 has end sections 62 that have one flange 63 abutting or adjoining junctions 64 between end sections 62 and web 61. A local buckle is indicated in phantom. In FIGS 37-39 the structural member 64 of the invention has hollowed sections 65 and intermediate web 66. Pre-stressing member 67 is shown attached to structural member 64 by bearing end plates 68 and spherical nut 69.

In FIGS 40-42 the hollow section. 70 is pre-stressed in similar fashion as described in FIGS 37-39, wherein pre- stressing member 67 is located in hollow interior or bore 70A of member 70.

In FIGS 43-44 structural member 71 of the invention

is formed from triangular strip or components 72 which are in the form of hollow end sections and an intermediate strip or plate 73 welded to components 72 at 74 by appropriate means. In FIG 45 the structural member 75 of the invention is formed from a single unitary strip having hollow end sections 76 and intermediate web 77. ^' There is also provided overlapping flanges 78 to facilitate intermittent spot welding of flanges 78 to web 77. However, it will also be appreciated that other suitable welding techniques could be employed.

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