ETHERS THAT EXHIBIT GOOD SOOT HANDLING PERFORMANCE

TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] This disclosure relates to lubricating oil compositions. More specifically, this disclosure describes lubricating oil additive compositions and methods for using the compositions thereof.

BACKGROUND

[002] Dispersants can be added to lubricating oils to keep vital engine parts clean, prolong life, maintain proper emissions, and achieve good fuel economy.

[003] Perhaps the most widely used dispersants are succinimides. A succinimide dispersant typically has a polar head and a long hydrocarbon tail. The polar head can attach to the insoluble material such as soot, sludge, and other impurities while the long hydrocarbon tail keeps the dispersant suspended in oil. Once several dispersant polar heads have attached themselves to a solid particle, it can no longer combine with other impurities to form large particles that can deposit onto engine surfaces but is rather removed from the engine when the oil is changed.

[004] Conversely, failure to have adequate dispersancy can result in sludge flocculation, precipitation of the insoluble materials, soot particle agglomeration, deposit formation, filter plugging, oil thickening, wear, and the like.

[005] There are many ongoing efforts in the lubricant industry aimed to improve dispersancy.

SUMMARY

[006] In one aspect, there is provided a lubricating oil composition comprising: a base oil; a first succinimide dispersant composition comprising a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl succinimide and an aromatic glycidyl ether having a structure: wherein R ₁ is an aryl or alkaryl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and R ₂ and R ₃ are independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group; and a second succinimide dispersant.

[007] In another aspect, there is provided a method of reducing soot-induced viscosity increase in an engine, the method comprising: introducing a dispersant composition to the engine, wherein the dispersant composition comprises: a first succinimide dispersant comprising a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl succinimide and an aromatic glycidyl ether having a structure: wherein R ₁ is an aryl or alkaryl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and R ₂ and R ₃ are independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group; and operating the engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

[008] The following terms used with the description are defined as such:

[009] The term "succinimide" is understood in the art to include many of the amide, imide, and amidine species which may be formed by the reaction of a succinic anhydride with an amine. The predominant product, however, is a succinimide and this term has been generally accepted as meaning the product of a reaction of an a!kenyl- or alkyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride with an amine. Alkenyl or alkyl succinimides are disclosed in numerous references and are well known in the art. Certain fundamental types of succinimides and related materials encompassed by the term of art "succinimide" are taught in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,992,708; 3,018,291; 3,024,237; 3,100,673; 3,219,666; 3,172,892; and 3,272,746.

[010] The term "post-treating agent" refers to reagents capable of functionalizing succinimides.

[011] The term "hydrocarby!" refers to a chemical group or moiety derived from hydrocarbons including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Examples of hydrocarby! groups include alkenyl, alkyl, polyalkenyl, polyalkyl, phenyl, and the like.

[012] The term "PIBSA" is an abbreviation for polyisobutenyl or polyisobutyl succinic anhydride.

[013] The terms 'oil-soluble' or 'oil-dispersible' as used herein do not necessarily indicate that the compounds or additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible or capable of being suspended in the oil in all proportions. These do mean, however, that they are, for instance, soluble or stably dispersible in oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed. Moreover, the additional incorporation of other additives may also permit incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive, if desired.

[014] It is understood that when combinations, subsets, groups, etc. of elements are disclosed (e.g., combinations of components in a composition, or combinations of steps in a method), that while specific reference of each of the various individual and collective combinations and permutations of these elements may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein.

[015] The present invention describes a lubricating oil composition containing novel dispersant additive compositions. According to one or more embodiments, the present invention provides lubricating oil compositions containing at least two different succinimide dispersants. The first dispersant (or primary dispersant) is a succinimide that has been post-treated by an aromatic glycidyl ether shown in Structure I below. The second dispersant (or secondary dispersant) is a succinimide with or without post-treatment. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition includes a third dispersant, wherein the third dispersant is a Mannich dispersant.

[016] The present invention also describes a method of reducing soot-induced viscosity increase in an engine, wherein a lubricating oil is introduced into the engine to provide superior soot dispersing ability. The lubricating oil contains a first succinimide dispersant and optionally, a second succinimide dispersant, wherein the first and second succinimide dispersants are different. The first dispersant is a succinimide that has been post-treated by an aromatic glycidyl ether shown in Structure I below. The second dispersant is a succinimide with or without post treatment. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition includes a third dispersant, wherein the third dispersant is a Mannich dispersant.

[017] In some embodiments, the first and second dispersant may differ in that the first dispersant has been post-treated by the aromatic glycidyl ether shown in Structure I belowwhile the second dispersant has not been post-treated or post- treated by a secondary post-treating agent. In general, the secondary post-treating agent will be different from the aromatic glycidyl ether (Structure I) used to post-treat the primary succinimide dispersant. Suitable examples of secondary post-treating agent include reactive boron compound, organic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate), organic oxides (e.g., alkylene oxide), glycidol, glycidyl ether, or other post-treatment reagents known in the specialized literature.

[018] Suitable boron compounds that can be used as a source of boron include, for example, boric acid, a boric acid salt, a boric acid ester, and the like. Representative examples of a boric acid include orthoboric acid, metaboric acid, paraboric acid, and the like. Representative examples of a boric acid salt include ammonium borates, such as ammonium metaborate, ammonium tetraborate, ammonium pentaborate, ammonium octaborate, and the like. Representative examples of a boric acid ester include monomethyl borate, dimethyl borate, trimethyl borate, monoethyl borate, diethyl borate, triethyl borate, monopropyl borate, dipropyl borate, tripropyl borate, monobutyl borate, dibutyl borate, tributyl borate, and the like. [019] Suitable organic carbonates include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate); 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one(propylene carbonate); 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one(butylene carbonate); 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3- dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4- dimethyl- 1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-methyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-diethyl-1,3- dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4-dimethyl-1,3- dioxan-2-one; 5,5-dimethyl- 1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxan-2- one; 5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxan- 2-one; 5-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5- methyl-5-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,6-dimethyl- 1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4,6-trimethyl- 1,3-dioxan-2-one and spiro[1,3-oxa-2-cyclohexanone-5,5'-1 ^, ,3'-oxa-2'- cyclohexanone]. Other suitable cyclic carbonates may be prepared from saccharides such as sorbitol, glucose, fructose, galactose and the like and from vicinal diols prepared from C1 to C30 olefins by methods known in the art.

[020] Suitable organic oxides include hydrocarbyl oxides (e.g., alkylene oxides) such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene oxide, and the like. More detailed descriptions of organic oxides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,373,111 and 3,367,943, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[021] Glycidols are commercially available reagents of the formula:

[022] Also, glycidol may be prepared from glycerol- 1-monochlorohydrin by the action of potassium hydroxide in alcohol. For example, see Rider et al., JACS, 52, 1521 (1930), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[023] When formulated together in a lubricating oil, the first and second dispersants work synergistically to impart enhanced dispersancy to the lubricating oil. Primary Dispersant

[024] The primary dispersant of the present invention is a succinimide that has been post-treated by an aromatic glycidyl ether. More specifically, the primary dispersant is a reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl succinimide and (ii) an aromatic glycidyl ether having the following structure: wherein R ₁ is an aryl or alkaryl group having about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms. R ₂ and R ₃ are independently a hydrogen atom, alkyl group, or aryl group. In some embodiments, at least one of R ₂ and R ₃ is a hydrogen atom.

[025] Suitable aryl or alkaryl groups include, but are not limited to, naphthalene, toluene, indene, anthracene, biphenyl, phenanthrene or derivatives thereof.

[026] The reaction between the succinimide and the aromatic glycidyl ether may proceed under various conditions. A detailed discussion of the reaction is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,617,137, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[027] In general, the reaction between succinimide and aromatic glycidyl ether is conducted at a temperature sufficient to cause reaction of the aromatic glycidyl ether with the succinimide. According to one method, reaction temperatures can range from about 0°C to about 250°C. In some embodiments, reaction temperatures can range from about 50°C to about 200°C. In some embodiments, reaction temperatures can range from about 100°C to about 200°C.

[028] The reaction between succinimide and aromatic glycidyl ether may proceed in the presence of a catalyst such as an acidic, basic, or Lewis acid catalyst. Specific examples of catalysts include, for example, boron trifluoride, alkane sulfonic acid, alkali or alkaline carbonate.

[029] Alternatively, the reaction between succinimide and aromatic glycidyl ether may be conducted in a diluent, wherein the reactants are combined in a solvent such as toluene, xylene, base oil and the like. Once the reaction is complete, volatile components may be stripped off.

[030] In some embodiments, the primary succinimide dispersant may be further post-treated by an optional post-treating agent to add additional functionality. Examples of an optional post-treating agent include organic oxide, reactive boron compounds, organic carbonate, and the like.

Hydrocarbyl Succinimide

[031] The hydrocarbyl succinimide can be prepared by any known method such as those described in, for example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 20180034635 and U.S. Patent No. 7,091,306, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[032] Hydrocarbyl succinimide can be obtained as the product of a reaction of alkyl-substituted succinic anhydrides with a polyamine. In lubricating oil applications, the succinic anhydrides are typically substituted in alpha position by an alkyl chain such as polyisobutylene (PIBSA) or PIBSA-type moiety. However, any alkyl group compatible with the present invention may be contemplated.

[033] For lubricating oil application, polyalkylene polyamine is commonly used as the polyamine. However, any polyamine compatible with the present invention may be contemplated.

[034] The polyamine can react with the alkyl-substituted succinic anhydride to produce, according to their molar ratio, mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, tris- succinimides or mixtures of thereof.

[035] In one embodiment, a hydrocarbyl bis-succinimide can be obtained by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride of structure II

(wherein R is a hydrocaryl substituent is derived from a polyalkene group having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 3000) with a polyamine.

[036] In one embodiment, R is a hydrocarbyl substituent is derived from a polyalkene group having a number average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 2500. In one embodiment, R is a polyisobutenyl substituent derived from a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 3000. In another embodiment, R is a polyisobutenyl substituent derived from a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 2500.

[037] Suitable polyamines can have a straight- or branched-chain structure and may be cyclic, acylic, or combinations thereof.

[038] In some embodiments, polyalkylene polyamines may be used to prepare the bis-succinimide dispersants. Such polyalkylene polyamines will typically contain about 2 to about 12 nitrogen atoms and about 2 to 24 carbon atoms. Particularly suitable polyalkylene polyamines include those having the formula: H ₂ N — (R'NH)x — H wherein R' is a straight- or branched-chain alkylene group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms and x is 1 to 9. Representative examples of suitable polyalkylene polyamines include diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA), and heavier poly-alkylene-amines (HPA). [039] In some embodiments, the polyamine may contain cyclic groups. Specific examples include N, N'-bis-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine) (Bis AEP), N-[(2- aminoethyl) 2-aminoethyl]piperazine) (PEEDA), 1-(2-aminoethyl)-4-[(2- aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]- piperazine) (AEPEEDA) and 1-[2-[[2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]ethyl]- piperazine) (PEDETA).

[040] Many of the polyamines suitable for use in the present invention are commercially available and others may be prepared by methods which are well known in the art. For example, methods for preparing amines and their reactions are detailed in Sidgewick's "The Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1966; Noller's "Chemistry of Organic Compounds", Saunders, Philadelphia, 2nd Ed., 1957; and Kirk-Othmer's "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", 2nd Ed., especially Volume 2, pp. 99 116.

[041] Generally, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride is reacted with the polyamine at a temperature of about 130°C to 220°C (e.g., 140°C to 200°C, 145°C to 175°C, etc.). The reaction can be carried out under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon. Generally, a suitable molar charge of polyamine to polyalkenyl- substituted succinic anhydride is from about 0.35:1 to about 1:1 (e.g., 0.4:1 to 0.75:1). As used herein, the "molar charge of polyamine to polyalkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride" means the ratio of the number of moles of polyamine to the number of succinic groups in the succinic anhydride reactant.

[042] One class of suitable hydrocarbyl succinimides may be represented by the following structure:

wherein R and R' are as described herein above and y is 1 to 11.

Aromatic Glycidyl Ether

[043] The aromatic glycidyl ether may be prepared by any known method such as described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 7,265,232, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[044] According to one method, the aromatic glycidyl ether may be obtained by reacting an aryl or alkaryl alcohol with an epihalohydrin. The reaction may take place in multi-layer solvent system that includes both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. The reaction may also include aqueous bases such as alkali hydroxide. Furthermore, the reaction may be promoted by the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt. Reaction temperatures may range from about 0°C to about 50°C.

Secondary Dispersant

[045] The secondary dispersant of the present invention is a succinimide dispersant that is distinct from the primary dispersant of the present invention. According to an embodiment, the secondary succinimide dispersant may be a hydrocarbyl succinimide such as shown in Structure III.

[046] In some embodiments, the secondary dispersant is not post-treated. In other embodiments, the secondary dispersant is post-treated by a secondary post treating agent. In general, the secondary post-treating agent includes any post treating compatible with the present invention including one or more agents described above. However, the secondary post-treating agent is different from the glycidyl ether described in Structure I.

Mannich Dispersant

[047] The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may include a dispersant which a product of a Mannich reaction. The Mannich dispersant can be present in about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt% based on total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[048] A particularly useful Mannich dispersant is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,528,074, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This Mannich dispersant can be prepared by the condensation of polyisobutyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, wherein the polyisobutyl group is derived from polyisobutene containing at least about 70 wt % methylvinylidene isomer and has a number average molecular weight in the range of about 400 to about 2500, an aldehyde, an amino acid or ester derivative thereof, and an alkali metal base.

[049] In one embodiment, the Mannich condensation product can be represented by the structure of formula IV: wherein each R is independently — CHR' — , R' is a branched or linear alkyl having one carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl having from about 3 carbon atoms to about 10 carbon atoms, an aryl having from about 6 carbon atoms to about 10 carbon atoms, an alkaryl having from about 7 carbon atoms to about 20 carbon atoms, or aralkyl having from about 7 carbon atoms to about 20 carbon atoms, R1 is a polyisobutyl group derived from polyisobutene containing at least about 70 wt. % methylvinylidene isomer and having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 400 to about 2,500; X is hydrogen, an alkali metal ion or alkyl having one to about 6 carbon atoms; W is — [CHR"] — m wherein each R" is independently H, alkyl having one carbon atom to about 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted-alkyl having one carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms and one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of amino, amido, benzyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyphenyl, imidazolyl, imino, phenyl, sulfide, or thiol; and m is an integer from 1 to 4; Y is hydrogen, alkyl having one carbon atom to about 10 carbon atoms, — CHR'OH, wherein R' is as defined above, or wherein Y' is — CHR'OH, wherein R' is as defined above; and R, X, and W are as defined above; Z is hydroxyl, a hydroxyphenyl group of the formula: wherein R, R1, U', X, and W are as defined above, and n is an integer from 0 to 20, with the proviso that when n=0, Z must be:

wherein R, R1, U', X, and W are as defined above.

Lubricating Oil

[050] The lubricating oil composition of the present invention includes a base oil; a primary succinimide dispersant; and a secondary succinimide dispersant. In some embodiments, the lubricating oil composition includes a Mannich dispersant.

[051] The succinimide dispersants of the present disclosure may be useful as dispersant additives in lubricating oils. When employed in this manner, the additives are usually present in the lubricating oil composition in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 20 wt. % (including, but not limited to, 0.01 to 5 wt. %, 0.2 to 4 wt. %, 0.5 to 3 wt. %, 1 to 2 wt. %, and so forth), based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. If other dispersants are present in the lubricating oil composition, a lesser amount of the additive may be used.

[052] Oils used as the base oil will be selected or blended depending on the desired end use and the additives in the finished oil to give the desired grade of engine oil, e.g. a lubricating oil composition having an Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Viscosity Grade of 0W, OW-8, OW-16, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W, 5W-

20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 15W, 15W-20, 15W-30, or 15W-40.

[053] The oil of lubricating viscosity (sometimes referred to as "base stock" or "base oil") is the primary liquid constituent of a lubricant, into which additives and possibly other oils are blended, for example to produce a final lubricant (or lubricant composition). A base oil, which is useful for making concentrates as well as for making lubricating oil compositions therefrom, may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.

[054] Definitions for the base stocks and base oils in this disclosure are the same as those found in American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1509 Annex E ("API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils," December 2016). Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1. Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1. Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1. Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, II, III, or IV.

[055] Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.

[056] Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil. Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene- alphaolefin copolymers). Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil. By way of example, PAOs derived from C ₈ to C ₁₄ olefins, e.g., C ₈ , C ₁₀ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₄ olefins or mixtures thereof, may be utilized. [057] Other useful fluids for use as base oils include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance characteristics.

[058] Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.

[059] Base oils for use in the lubricating oil compositions of present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features.

[060] Typically, the base oil will have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C (ASTM D445) in a range of 2.5 to 20 mm ² /s (e.g., 3 to 12 mm ² /s, 4 to 10 mm ² /s, or 4.5 to 8 mm ² /s).

[061] The present lubricating oil compositions may also contain conventional lubricant additives for imparting auxiliary functions to give a finished lubricating oil composition in which these additives are dispersed or dissolved. For example, the lubricating oil compositions can be blended with antioxidants, ashless dispersants, anti-wear agents, detergents such as metal detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivating agents, pour point depressants, viscosity modifiers, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilizers, corrosion-inhibitors, dyes, extreme pressure agents and the like and mixtures thereof. A variety of the additives are known and commercially available. These additives, or their analogous compounds, can be employed for the preparation of the lubricating oil compositions of the invention by the usual blending procedures.

[062] Each of the foregoing additives, when used, is used at a functionally effective amount to impart the desired properties to the lubricant. Thus, for example, if an additive is an ashless dispersant, a functionally effective amount of this ashless dispersant would be an amount sufficient to impart the desired dispersancy characteristics to the lubricant. Generally, the concentration of each of these additives, when used, may range, unless otherwise specified, from about 0.001 to about 20 wt. %, such as about 0.01 to about 10 wt. %.

EXAMPLES

[063] The following examples are intended for illustrative purposes only and do not limit in any way the scope of the present disclosure.

Lubricating Oil Baseline Formulation A

[064] A first baseline lubricating oil composition was prepared by blending together the following components to obtain an SAE 10W-30 viscosity grade formulation:

(a) mixture of primary and secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate;

(b) bis-succinimide dispersant;

(c) magnesium sulfonate detergent;

(d) calcium phenate and calcium sulfonates;

(e) alkylated diphenylamine and hindered phenol antioxidant;

(f) molybdenum succinimide antioxidant;

(g) pour point depressant, viscosity index improver, and foam inhibitor; and

(h) mixture of Group II base oils. Comparative Example 1

[065] Comparative example 1 was formulated by adding 2.875 wt% of a non- post-treated succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation A.

Comparative Example 2

[066] Comparative Example 2 was formulated by adding 2.875 wt% of a glycidol post-treated succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation A. Preparation of the glycidol post-treated succinimide dispersant is described below.

[067] A 250 mL 3-neck stirred round bottom flask was charged with 122.24 g of bis-succinimide, which is a reaction product of 2300 MW thermal PIBSA and HPA (1.24 wt% nitrogen). The bis-succinimide was then heated to 35°C via heating mantel under a nitrogen purge. 2.45 g of glycidol (molecular weight = 74.08 g/mole, glycidol : HPA CMR = 2) was charged into bis-succinimide dropwise using a syringe over a 30- minute period. The temperature of the mixture was maintained at 35°C for 16.5 hours. Diluent oil content of final product was 33.8 wt%.

Comparative Example 3

[068] Comparative Example 3 was formulated by adding 2.875 wt% of a glycidol post-treated succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation A. Preparation of the glycidol post-treated succinimide is described below.

[069] A 250 mL 3-neck stirred round bottom flask was charged with 122 g of bis-succinimide, which is a reaction product of 2300 MW thermal PIBSA and HPA (1.24 wt% nitrogen). The bis-succinimide then heated to 35°C via heating mantel under a nitrogen purge. 4.88 g of glycidol (molecular weight = 74.08 g/mole, glycidol : HPA CMR = 4) was charged into bis-succinimide dropwise using an addition funnel over a 2-hours period. The temperature of the mixture was maintained at 35°C for 16.5 hours. Diluent oil content of final product was 33.1 wt%.

[070] Comparative example 3 differs from comparative example 2 in the charge mole ratio used. Example 1

[071] Inventive Example 1 was formulated by adding 2.875% of a naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation A. Preparation of the naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated succinimide dispersant is described below.

[072] A 10 gallon stirred reactor was charged with 19996.3 g of bis-succinimide based on 2300 MW thermal PIBSA and HPA (1.26 wt% nitrogen), and the reactor was heated to 90°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. 1084.5 g of naphthyl glycidyl ether was charged to the bis-succinimide (molecular weight = 200.08 g/mole, naphthyl glycidyl ether : HPA CMR = 2) over a 35-minute period. The mixture was maintained at 90°C for approximately 4 hours. The reaction temperature was then increased to 130°C and held at temperature for 2 hours. The product had the following properties: TBN = 26.7 mg KOH/g, nitrogen = 1.18 wt%, diluent oil content = 31.7 wt%.

Lubricating Oil Baseline Formulation B

[073] A second lubricating oil baseline formulation was prepared by blending together the following components to obtain an SAE 10W-30 viscosity grade formulation:

(a) secondary zinc diaklyldithiophosphate;

(b) magnesium sulfonate detergent;

(c) calcium phenate and calcium sulfonates;

(d) borated calcium sulfonate;

(e) alkylated diphenylamine and hindered phenol antioxidant;

(f) molybdenum succinimide antioxidant;

(g) pour point depressant, viscosity index improver, and foam inhibitor; and

(h) mixture of Group II base oils. Comparative Example 5

[074] Comparative example 5 was formulated by adding 5.5 wt% of an ethylene carbonate post-treated succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation B.

Comparative Example 6

[075] Comparative example 6 was formulated by adding 5.5 wt% of the naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated dispersant (Example 1) to baseline formulation B.

Example 2

[076] Inventive example 2 was formulated by adding 2.75 wt% of an ethylene carbonate post-treated succinimide dispersant and 2.75 wt% of the naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated dispersant (Example 1) to baseline formulation B.

Comparative Example 7

[077] Comparative example 7 was formulated by adding 5.5 wt% of a non- post-treated bis-succinimide dispersant to baseline formulation B.

Comparative Example 8

[078] Comparative example 8 was formulated by adding 5.5 wt% of a naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated dispersant (Example 1) to baseline formulation B.

Example 3

[079] Inventive example 3 was formulated by adding 2.75 wt% of a succinimide dispersant with no post-treatment and 2.75 wt% of a naphthyl glycidyl ether post- treated succinimide dispersant (Example 1) to baseline formulation B. Lubricating Oil Baseline Formulation C

[080] A third lubricating oil baseline formulation was prepared by blending together the following components to obtain an SAE 10W-30 viscosity grade formulation:

(a) mixture of primary and secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate;

(b) magnesium sulfonate detergent;

(c) calcium phenate and calcium sulfonates;

(d) alkylated diphenylamine and hindered phenol antioxidant;

(e) molybdenum succinimide antioxidant;

(f) pour point depressant, viscosity index improver, and foam inhibitor; and

(g) mixture of Group II base oils.

Comparative Example 9

[081] Comparative example 9 was formulated by adding 2.8 wt % of the naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated dispersant (Example 1) to the baseline formulation C.

Example 5

[082] Inventive example 5 was formulated by adding 2.8 wt % of the naphthyl glycidyl ether post-treated dispersant (Example 1) and 4 wt % of a borated succinimide dispersant to the baseline formulation C.

Soot Thickening Bench Test

[083] Inventive example 1 and comparative examples 1-4 were evaluated for their soot dispersancy. Bench test that measures the ability of the formulation to disperse and control viscosity increase resulting from the addition of carbon black, a soot surrogate, was performed. In this test, each fresh oil sample was treated with VULCAN® XC72R carbon black (Cabot Corporation) and homogenized using a mixer for 4 minutes to completely disperse the carbon black. The KV100 of each lubricating oil sample was then measured at 100°C using a Zeitfuchs Reversed Flow Cross-Arm Viscometer (Cannon Instrument Company) in a PMT TV4000 temperature bath (Tamson Instruments) according to ASTM D445. The viscosity increase relative to the reference oil sample containing no carbon black is reported. Lower viscosity increase indicates improved soot dispersion performance, whereas higher viscosity increase or gelling of the sample indicates poor dispersancy. The results of the soot thickening bench test are summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1

[084] As seen in Table 1, inventive example 1 demonstrated lower viscosity increase relative to the comparative examples, indicating that the aromatic post treating agent in example 1 lead to superior soot dispersing ability. Evaluation of Fluorocarbon Elastomer Seal Compatibility [085] Inventive example 2 and comparative examples 5 and 6 were tested for compatibility with fluorocarbon elastomer seals in a Daimler Chrylser AK-6 seal test by suspending a fluorocarbon test piece in an oil-based solution heated to 150°C for 168 hours. The variation in the percent volume change, points hardness change (PH), the percent tensile strength change (TS) and the percent elongation change (EL) of each sample was measured. The passing limits are shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2

[086] The test results for the seals compatibility test are summarized in Table

3 below.

Table 3

MTV 5040 Glassware Deposit Test

[087] Inventive example 3 and comparative examples 7 and 8 were tested for deposit reduction performance using MTV 5040 glassware deposit test. Lubricating oil samples were heated to 80°C and air is passed through the sample at 20 L/minute, causing rapid bubbling through the oil, which drives hot oil as fine droplets up into a glass tube heated to 310°C. After 180 min, the glass tube is allowed to drain for 24 hours before being weighed to measure the amount of deposits formed on the surface. Lower mass of deposits indicates better deposit reduction performance of the lubricating oil.

[088] The test results for the MTV 5040 Deposits test are summarized in Table 4 below.

Table 4

High Temperature Corrosion Bench Test (HTCBT)

[089] Crude petroleum contains various sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product can corrode various metals. This corrosivity is not necessarily related directly to the total sulfur content as the corrosion effect depends on the exact chemistry of the remaining sulfur compounds.

[090] ASTM D6594 HTCBT was used to test and observe corrosion of the copper strip sample. Copper or copper alloys are often used in cam followers and/or bearings.

[091] Copper strips were immersed in lubricating engine oil samples (comparative example 9 and example 4). The oil was brought to an elevated temperature, (170 °C) and blown with air (5 l/h) for an extended period of time (168 h). The copper strips and the resulting stressed oil were examined for corrosion and corrosion products.

[092] At the end of the heating period, the copper strip was removed and washed. The color and tarnish level was assessed against the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard (ASTM D130-04) summarized below in Table 5.

Table 5: ASTM D130-04: Copper Strip Classifications [093] The HTCBT test measured levels of copper in the oil and evaluated the sample visually. Results of the test are summarized below in Table 6. To be considered a pass for API heavy duty categories, the concentration of copper should not exceed 20 ppm.

Table 6

[094] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein, including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited thereby.

[095] Likewise, the term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including." Likewise whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase "comprising," it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," "selected from the group of consisting of," or "is" preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

[096] The terms "a" and "the" as used herein are understood to encompass the plural as well as the singular.

[097] Various terms have been defined above. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined above, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in at least one printed publication or issued patent. Furthermore, all patents, test procedures, and other documents cited in this application are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this application and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted.

[098] The foregoing description of the disclosure illustrates and describes the present disclosure. Additionally, the disclosure shows and describes only the preferred embodiments but, as mentioned above, it is to be understood that the disclosure is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings and/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.

[099] The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing it and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the disclosure in such, or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses. Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit it to the form disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments.