SUPPRESSORS OF SITE IQ ELECTRON LEAK AND USES THEREOF CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/413,479, filed October 5, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT [0002] This invention was made with government support under grant nos. R01 AG033542, GM084432, R01 GM100196, and R01 HL127891 awarded by The National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND [0003] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is a global problem (1,2). Metabolic syndrome is a collection of symptoms that can include high blood pressure, weight gain, high blood glucose concentration, and an increase in blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Collectively or in combination, these symptoms are linked to the incidence of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke (3). This linkage is particularly important given that cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality globally (4), and account for one in every four deaths in the U.S.A. (5). Over-consumption of high-calorie food and drink, and a sedentary way of life compounded with an aging population exacerbate the problem (2,6,7). Although diet and exercise have been shown to prevent and reverse symptoms of metabolic syndrome, lifestyle changes are difficult to implement, and pharmaceutical intervention would be helpful. Disclosed herein, inter alia, are solutions to these and other problems in the art. BRIEF SUMMARY [0004] In an aspect is provided a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the formula: [0005] [0006] The symbol n is an integer from 0 to 2. [0007] R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX ¹ ₃ , -CHX ¹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ¹ , -OCX ¹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ 2, -CN, -SOn1R ^1D , -SOv1NR ^1A R ^1B , ^NR ^1C NR ^1A R ^1B , ^ONR ^1A R ^1B , -NR ^1C C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(O)m1, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -OC(O)R ^1C , -OC(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OC(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -SR ^1D , -NR ^1A SO2R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(O)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1C , -NR ^1A OR ^1C , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0008] R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , and R ^1D are independently hydrogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0009] Each X ¹ is independently –Cl, -Br, -I, or –F. The symbol n1 is an integer from 0 to 4. The synmbols m1 and v1 are independently 1 or 2. [0010] The symbol z1 is an integer from 0 to 5. [0011] X is O or NR ² . [0012] R ² is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. [0013] R ³ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or a prodrug moiety. [0014] R ² and R ³ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. [0015] R ⁴ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or a prodrug moiety. [0016] R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently hydrogen, -OH, unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. [0017] R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. [0018] R ⁷ and R ⁸ are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH ₂ Br, -OCH ₂ F, -OCH ₂ I, -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0019] R ⁹ is independently halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH ₂ F, -OCH ₂ I, -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0020] The symbol z9 is an integer from 0 to 2. [0021] In embodiments, the compound is not: , . [0022] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0023] In an aspect is provided a method of treating or preventing an age-related disorder in a subject, the method including administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] FIGS.1A-1C. Structure of S1QEL1.719 and potency in vitro. FIG.1A: Chemical structure. FIG.1B: Suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q in mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle based on S1QEL1.719 concentration in the supernatant (measured by mass spectrometry) after correction for binding to BSA (fraction unbound, fu = 0.856, determined by equilibrium dialysis). The fully corrected unbound IC50 value was 52 ± 17 nM (mean ^ SEM of n = 6 independent biological replicates). FIG.1C: Suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q by S1QEL1.719 and inhibition of state 3 respiration on glutamate plus malate under exactly matched conditions. S1QEL1.719 concentrations in panel C are nominal values and uncorrected for binding to BSA. The nominal IC ₅₀ for suppression of site I _Q was 67 ± 10 nM; the nominal IC ₅₀ for inhibition of respiration was 30 ± 5 µM (censoring the high point at 1 µM S1QEL1.719 made little difference to this estimate). Data are means ^ SEM (n = 6 independent biological replicates). Values of IC50 (concentrations causing 50% inhibition or suppression) in FIGS. 1B-1C were determined by curve-fitting using Prism 7 ([Inhibitor] vs. normalized response- Variable slope). Most of the error bars in FIGS.1B-1C are smaller than the points they are associated with. [0025] FIGS.2A-2F. Effect of two weeks on a high fat diet with and without prophylactic S1QEL1.719 treatment on chow consumption, body weight, and body composition of mice. Mice were placed for two weeks on a low-fat diet (control, ctrl) or a high-fat diet (HF) and prophylactically gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with vehicle or S1QEL1.719 (HF+719, 30 mg/kg per day, p.o.). FIG.2A: Timeline. Diets and S1QEL treatment were introduced at age 15 weeks and continued for two weeks. FIG.2B: Food consumption during the two weeks was measured crudely by weighing chow. FIG.2C: Body weight was measured on treatment days 1, 8 and 15. FIG.2D: The change in body weight for individual animals was calculated as the difference in weight between day 15 and day 1. FIG.2E: Change in fat mass was measured by EchoMRI and is shown as the difference between day 15 and day 1. FIG.2F: Lean mass was measured on day 14 using EchoMRI. Dotted lines on graphs represent the mean values for animals fed low-fat chow and high-fat chow. For FIG.2B, data are means ± SEM of n = 8 cages. For FIGS.2C-2D, data are means ± SEM of n = 28 animals. For FIGS.2E-2F, data are means ± SEM of n = 16 animals. **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ns = not significant. [0026] FIGS.3A-3E. Prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 improves glucose tolerance. Mice were placed for two weeks on a low-fat diet (control, ctrl) or a high-fat diet (HF) and prophylactically gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with vehicle or S1QEL1.719 (HF+719, 30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) (FIG.2A). On treatment days 8 (FIGS.3A-3B) and 15 (FIGS.3C-3D), a glucose tolerance test was conducted by intraperitoneal injection of a 2 g/kg bolus of glucose. FIG.3A, FIG.3C: Concentration of blood glucose, monitored over time. FIG.3B, FIG.3D: Area under the curve (AUC), calculated from the raw traces in FIG. 3A and FIG.3C for each individual mouse. FIG.3E: AUCs from (B) and (D) plotted longitudinally. Dotted lines represent the mean values for control and high-fat chow fed animals. Data are means ± SEM of n = 28 animals per group. **P<0.002, ****P<0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. [0027] FIGS.4A-4F. Prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 does not affect fasting glucose level but protects against elevated fasting insulin level. Mice were placed for two weeks on a low-fat diet (control, ctrl) or a high-fat diet (HF) and prophylactically gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with vehicle or S1QEL1.719 (HF+719, 30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) (FIG.2A). On treatment days 8 (FIG.4A, FIG.4D) and 15 (FIG.4B, FIG.4E), blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured following 7-10 h of food withdrawal. FIG. 4C: Fasting glucose from (FIG.4A) and (FIG.4B) plotted longitudinally. FIG.4F: Fasting insulin from (FIG.4D) and (FIG.4E) plotted longitudinally. Data are means ± SEM of n = 28 animals per group. *P<0.03, **P<0.007, ***P<0.0002 by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ns = not significant. [0028] FIGS.5A-5G. Therapeutic dosing of S1QEL1.719 starting after six weeks on high- fat diet improves glucose tolerance and decreases plasma insulin concentration. Control twelve-week old mice were maintained on standard chow for the entirety of experiment. Six- week high-fat-fed twelve-week old mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HF) and therapeutically gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with vehicle or S1QEL1.719 (HF+719, 30 mg/kg per day, p.o.). FIG.5A: Timeline. FIG.5B: Food consumption from treatment day 1- 15 was measured crudely by weighing chow. FIG.5C: The change in body weight for individual animals was calculated as the difference in weight between day 15 and day 1. FIG.5D: Change in fat mass was measured by EchoMRI and is shown as the difference in fat mass between day 14 and day 1. FIG.5E: On treatment day 15 a glucose tolerance test was conducted by intraperitoneal injection of a 2 g/kg bolus of glucose and plasma glucose concentration was measured over 120 min. FIG.5F: On treatment day 15 fasting plasma insulin levels were measured following 7-10 h of food withdrawal. FIG.5G: Plasma insulin levels were measured following intraperitoneal injection of a 2 g/kg bolus of glucose when conducting the glucose tolerance test. For FIG.5B, data are means ± SEM of n = 6 cages. For FIGS.5C-5G, data are means ± SEM of n = 12 animals. **P<0.01, ***P<0.0001 by one- way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ns = not significant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions [0029] The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts. [0030] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -CH2O- is equivalent to -OCH ₂ -. [0031] The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include mono-, di-, and multivalent radicals. The alkyl may include a designated number of carbons (e.g., C ₁ -C ₁₀ means one to ten carbons). In embodiments, the alkyl is fully saturated. In embodiments, the alkyl is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the alkyl is polyunsaturated. Alkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2- isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (-O-). An alkyl moiety may be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. An alkenyl includes one or more double bonds. An alkynyl includes one or more triple bonds. [0032] The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred herein. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term “alkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene. The term “alkynylene” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyne. In embodiments, the alkylene is fully saturated. In embodiments, the alkylene is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the alkylene is polyunsaturated. An alkenylene includes one or more double bonds. An alkynylene includes one or more triple bonds. [0033] The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, P, Si, and S), and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) (e.g., N, S, Si, or P) may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Heteroalkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples include, but are not limited to: -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -NH-CH ₃ , -CH2-CH2-N(CH3)-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -S-CH2-CH2, -S(O)-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S(O)2-CH3, -CH=CH-O-CH3, -Si(CH3)3, -CH2-CH=N-OCH3, -CH=CH-N(CH3)-CH3, -O-CH3, -O-CH ₂ -CH ₃ , and -CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH ₂ -NH-OCH ₃ and -CH ₂ -O-Si(CH ₃ ) ₃ . A heteroalkyl moiety may include one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include two optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include three optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include four optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include five optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include up to 8 optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). The term “heteroalkenyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including at least one double bond. A heteroalkenyl may optionally include more than one double bond and/or one or more triple bonds in additional to the one or more double bonds. The term “heteroalkynyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including at least one triple bond. A heteroalkynyl may optionally include more than one triple bond and/or one or more double bonds in additional to the one or more triple bonds. In embodiments, the heteroalkyl is fully saturated. In embodiments, the heteroalkyl is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the heteroalkyl is polyunsaturated. [0034] Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -S-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and -CH ₂ -S-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -NH-CH ₂ -. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula -C(O)2R'- represents both -C(O)2R'- and -R'C(O)2-. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as -C(O)R', -C(O)NR', -NR'R'', -OR', -SR', and/or -SO ₂ R'. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R'' or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR'R'' are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R'' or the like. The term “heteroalkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from a heteroalkene. The term “heteroalkynylene” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from a heteroalkyne. In embodiments, the heteroalkylene is fully saturated. In embodiments, the heteroalkylene is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the heteroalkylene is polyunsaturated. A heteroalkenylene includes one or more double bonds. A heteroalkynylene includes one or more triple bonds. [0035] The terms cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively. Cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are not aromatic. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1- (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3- morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A “cycloalkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, respectively. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is fully saturated. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the cycloalkyl is polyunsaturated. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is fully saturated. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is monounsaturated. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is polyunsaturated. [0036] In embodiments, the term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic, or a multicyclic cycloalkyl ring system. In embodiments, monocyclic ring systems are cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, where such groups can be saturated or unsaturated, but not aromatic. In embodiments, cycloalkyl groups are fully saturated. A bicyclic or multicyclic cycloalkyl ring system refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a cycloalkyl ring and wherein the multiple rings are attached to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom contained within a cycloalkyl ring of the multiple rings. [0037] In embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a cycloalkenyl. The term “cycloalkenyl” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning. In embodiments, a cycloalkenyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, or a multicyclic cycloalkenyl ring system. A bicyclic or multicyclic cycloalkenyl ring system refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a cycloalkenyl ring and wherein the multiple rings are attached to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom contained within a cycloalkenyl ring of the multiple rings. [0038] In embodiments, the term “heterocycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic, or a multicyclic heterocycloalkyl ring system. In embodiments, heterocycloalkyl groups are fully saturated. A bicyclic or multicyclic heterocycloalkyl ring system refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heterocycloalkyl ring and wherein the multiple rings are attached to the parent molecular moiety through any atom contained within a heterocycloalkyl ring of the multiple rings. [0039] The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C1-C4)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like. [0040] The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, -C(O)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0041] The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring and wherein the multiple rings are attached to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom contained within an aryl ring of the multiple rings. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring and wherein the multiple rings are attached to the parent molecular moiety through any atom contained within a heteroaromatic ring of the multiple rings). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazoyl benzimidazolyl, benzofuran, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2- pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4- oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2- thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. A heteroaryl group substituent may be -O- bonded to a ring heteroatom nitrogen. [0042] Spirocyclic rings are two or more rings wherein adjacent rings are attached through a single atom. The individual rings within spirocyclic rings may be identical or different. Individual rings in spirocyclic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted and may have different substituents from other individual rings within a set of spirocyclic rings. Possible substituents for individual rings within spirocyclic rings are the possible substituents for the same ring when not part of spirocyclic rings (e.g., substituents for cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings). Spirocylic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene and individual rings within a spirocyclic ring group may be any of the immediately previous list, including having all rings of one type (e.g., all rings being substituted heterocycloalkylene wherein each ring may be the same or different substituted heterocycloalkylene). When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, heterocyclic spirocyclic rings means a spirocyclic rings wherein at least one ring is a heterocyclic ring and wherein each ring may be a different ring. When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, substituted spirocyclic rings means that at least one ring is substituted and each substituent may optionally be different. [0043] The symbol denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula. [0044] The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom. [0045] The term “alkylarylene” as an arylene moiety covalently bonded to an alkylene moiety (also referred to herein as an alkylene linker). In embodiments, the alkylarylene group has the formula: . [0046] An alkylarylene moiety may be substituted (e.g., with a substituent group) on the alkylene moiety or the arylene linker (e.g., at carbons 2, 3, 4, or 6) with halogen, oxo, -N ₃ , -CF3, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CI3, -CN, -CHO, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO2CH3, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl). In embodiments, the alkylarylene is unsubstituted. [0047] Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “cycloalkyl,” “heterocycloalkyl,” “aryl,” and “heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below. [0048] Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, -OR', =O, =NR', =N-OR', -NR'R'', -SR', halogen, -SiR'R''R''', -OC(O)R', -C(O)R', -CO ₂ R', -CONR'R'', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR'C(O)NR''R''', -NR''C(O) ₂ R', -NRC(NR'R''R''')=NR'''', -NRC(NR'R'')=NR''', -S(O)R', -S(O)2R', -S(O)2NR'R'', -NRSO2R', -NR'NR''R''', -ONR'R'', -NR'C(O)NR''NR'''R'''', -CN, -NO2, -NR'SO2R'', -NR'C(O)R'', -NR'C(O)OR'', -NR'OR'', in a number ranging from zero to (2m'+1), where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R, R', R'', R''', and R'''' each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R'', R''', and R'''' group when more than one of these groups is present. When R' and R'' are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7- membered ring. For example, -NR'R'' includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4- morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., -CF ₃ and -CH ₂ CF ₃ ) and acyl (e.g., -C(O)CH3, -C(O)CF3, -C(O)CH2OCH3, and the like). [0049] Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: -OR', -NR'R'', -SR', halogen, -SiR'R''R''', -OC(O)R', -C(O)R', -CO2R', -CONR'R'', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR'C(O)NR''R''', -NR''C(O)2R', -NR-C(NR'R''R''')=NR'''', -NR-C(NR'R'')=NR''', -S(O)R', -S(O) ₂ R', -S(O) ₂ NR'R'', -NRSO ₂ R', -NR'NR''R''', -ONR'R'', -NR'C(O)NR''NR'''R'''', -CN, -NO ₂ , -R', -N ₃ , -CH(Ph) ₂ , fluoro(C ₁ -C ₄ )alkoxy, and fluoro(C ₁ -C ₄ )alkyl, -NR'SO ₂ R'', -NR'C(O)R'', -NR'C(O)OR'', -NR'OR'', in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R', R'', R''', and R'''' are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R'', R''', and R'''' groups when more than one of these groups is present. [0050] Substituents for rings (e.g., cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene) may be depicted as substituents on the ring rather than on a specific atom of a ring (commonly referred to as a floating substituent). In such a case, the substituent may be attached to any of the ring atoms (obeying the rules of chemical valency) and in the case of fused rings or spirocyclic rings, a substituent depicted as associated with one member of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on a single ring), may be a substituent on any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on multiple rings). When a substituent is attached to a ring, but not a specific atom (a floating substituent), and a subscript for the substituent is an integer greater than one, the multiple substituents may be on the same atom, same ring, different atoms, different fused rings, different spirocyclic rings, and each substituent may optionally be different. Where a point of attachment of a ring to the remainder of a molecule is not limited to a single atom (a floating substituent), the attachment point may be any atom of the ring and in the case of a fused ring or spirocyclic ring, any atom of any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings while obeying the rules of chemical valency. Where a ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings contain one or more ring heteroatoms and the ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings are shown with one more floating substituents (including, but not limited to, points of attachment to the remainder of the molecule), the floating substituents may be bonded to the heteroatoms. Where the ring heteroatoms are shown bound to one or more hydrogens (e.g., a ring nitrogen with two bonds to ring atoms and a third bond to a hydrogen) in the structure or formula with the floating substituent, when the heteroatom is bonded to the floating substituent, the substituent will be understood to replace the hydrogen, while obeying the rules of chemical valency. [0051] Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring- forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure. [0052] Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)-(CRR')q-U-, wherein T and U are independently -NR-, -O-, -CRR'-, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH2)r-B-, wherein A and B are independently -CRR'-, -O-, -NR-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -S(O)2NR'-, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -(CRR')s-X'- (C''R''R''')d-, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X' is -O-, -NR'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, or -S(O)2NR'-. The substituents R, R', R'', and R''' are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0053] As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), selenium (Se), and silicon (Si). In embodiments, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si). [0054] A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties: (A) oxo, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -OCCl ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, –OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, -SF5, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₀ aryl, C ₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (B) alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (i) oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -OCCl ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH ₂ Br, -OCH ₂ I, -OCH ₂ F, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, –OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, -SF5, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ - C ₁₀ aryl, C ₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (ii) alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl), heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), aryl (e.g., C ₆ - C ₁₀ aryl, C ₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (a) oxo, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, –OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , –NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N ₃ , -SF ₅ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C ₅ -C ₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (b) alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C ₅ -C ₆ cycloalkyl), heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), aryl (e.g., C6- C ₁₀ aryl, C ₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), substituted with at least one substituent selected from: oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CHCl2, -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -OCCl ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH ₂ Br, -OCH ₂ I, -OCH2F, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, –OSO3H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , –NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, -SF5, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C ₅ -C ₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0055] A “size-limited substituent” or “ size-limited substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. [0056] A “lower substituent” or “ lower substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0057] In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0058] In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C6- C ₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene. [0059] In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -C ₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₈ alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in the Examples section, figures, or tables below. [0060] In embodiments, a substituted or unsubstituted moiety (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and/or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene) is unsubstituted (e.g., is an unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted alkylene, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, unsubstituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, and/or unsubstituted heteroarylene, respectively). In embodiments, a substituted or unsubstituted moiety (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and/or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene) is substituted (e.g., is a substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene, respectively). [0061] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group is different. [0062] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group is different. [0063] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one lower substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group is different. [0064] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group is different. [0065] In a recited claim or chemical formula description herein, each R substituent or L linker that is described as being “substituted” without reference as to the identity of any chemical moiety that composes the “substituted” group (also referred to herein as an “open substitution” on an R substituent or L linker or an “openly substituted” R substituent or L linker), the recited R substituent or L linker may, in embodiments, be substituted with one or more first substituent groups as defined below. [0066] The first substituent group is denoted with a corresponding first decimal point numbering system such that, for example, R ¹ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1 , R ² may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^2.1 , R ³ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^3.1 , R ⁴ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^4.1 , R ⁵ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^5.1 , and the like up to or exceeding an R ¹⁰⁰ that may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^100.1 . As a further example, R ^1A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.1 , R ^2A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^2A.1 , R ^3A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^3A.1 , R ^4A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^4A.1 , R ^5A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^5A.1 and the like up to or exceeding an R ^100A may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^100A.1 . As a further example, L ¹ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L1.1 , L ² may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L2.1 , L ³ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L3.1 , L ⁴ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L4.1 , L ⁵ may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L5.1 and the like up to or exceeding an L ¹⁰⁰ which may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^L100.1 . Thus, each numbered R group or L group (alternatively referred to herein as R ^WW or L ^WW wherein “WW” represents the stated superscript number of the subject R group or L group) described herein may be substituted with one or more first substituent groups referred to herein generally as R ^WW.1 or R ^LWW.1 , respectively. In turn, each first substituent group (e.g., R ^1.1 , R ^2.1 , R ^3.1 , R ^4.1 , R ^5.1 … R ^100.1 ; R ^1A.1 , R ^2A.1 , R ^3A.1 , R ^4A.1 , R ^5A.1 … R ^100A.1 ; R ^L1.1 , R ^L2.1 , R ^L3.1 , R ^L4.1 , R ^L5.1 … R ^L100.1 ) may be further substituted with one or more second substituent groups (e.g., R ^1.2 , R ^2.2 , R ^3.2 , R ^4.2 , R ^5.2 … R ^100.2 ; R ^1A.2 , R ^2A.2 , R ^3A.2 , R ^4A.2 , R ^5A.2 … R ^100A.2 ; R ^L1.2 , R ^L2.2 , R ^L3.2 , R ^L4.2 , R ^L5.2 … R ^L100.2 , respectively). Thus, each first substituent group, which may alternatively be represented herein as R ^WW.1 as described above, may be further substituted with one or more second substituent groups, which may alternatively be represented herein as R ^WW.2 . [0067] Finally, each second substituent group (e.g., R ^1.2 , R ^2.2 , R ^3.2 , R ^4.2 , R ^5.2 … R ^100.2 ; R ^1A.2 , R ^2A.2 , R ^3A.2 , R ^4A.2 , R ^5A.2 … R ^100A.2 ; R ^L1.2 , R ^L2.2 , R ^L3.2 , R ^L4.2 , R ^L5.2 … R ^L100.2 ) may be further substituted with one or more third substituent groups (e.g., R ^1.3 , R ^2.3 , R ^3.3 , R ^4.3 , R ^5.3 … R ^100.3 ; R ^1A.3 , R ^2A.3 , R ^3A.3 , R ^4A.3 , R ^5A.3 … R ^100A.3 ; R ^L1.3 , R ^L2.3 , R ^L3.3 , R ^L4.3 , R ^L5.3 … R ^L100.3 ; respectively). Thus, each second substituent group, which may alternatively be represented herein as R ^WW.2 as described above, may be further substituted with one or more third substituent groups, which may alternatively be represented herein as R ^WW.3 . Each of the first substituent groups may be optionally different. Each of the second substituent groups may be optionally different. Each of the third substituent groups may be optionally different. [0068] Thus, as used herein, R ^WW represents a substituent recited in a claim or chemical formula description herein which is openly substituted. “WW” represents the stated superscript number of the subject R group (1, 2, 3, 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B, 3B, etc.). Likewise, L ^WW is a linker recited in a claim or chemical formula description herein which is openly substituted. Again, “WW” represents the stated superscript number of the subject L group (1, 2, 3, 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B, 3B, etc.). As stated above, in embodiments, each R ^WW may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more first substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.1 ; each first substituent group, R ^WW.1 , may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more second substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.2 ; and each second substituent group may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more third substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.3 . Similarly, each L ^WW linker may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more first substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^LWW.1 ; each first substituent group, R ^LWW.1 , may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more second substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^LWW.2 ; and each second substituent group may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more third substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^LWW.3 . Each first substituent group is optionally different. Each second substituent group is optionally different. Each third substituent group is optionally different. For example, if R ^WW is phenyl, the said phenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more R ^WW.1 groups as defined herein below, e.g., when R ^WW.1 is R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, examples of groups so formed include but are not limited to itself optionally substituted by 1 or more R ^WW.2 , which R ^WW.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R ^WW.3 . By way of example when the R ^WW group is phenyl substituted by R ^WW.1 , which is methyl, the methyl group may be further substituted to form groups including but not limited to:

. [0069] R ^WW.1 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW.1 ₃ , -CHX ^WW.1 ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^WW.1 , -OCX ^WW.1 3, -OCH2X ^WW.1 , -OCHX ^WW.1 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C ₅ -C ₆ ), R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or R ^WW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^WW.1 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW.1 ₃ , , -CH2X ^WW.1 , -OCX ^WW.1 3, -OCH2X ^WW.1 , -OCHX ^WW.1 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^WW.1 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0070] R ^WW.2 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW.2 ₃ , -CHX ^WW.2 ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^WW.2 , -OCX ^WW.2 3, -OCH2X ^WW.2 , -OCHX ^WW.2 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^WW.2 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW.2 ₃ , -CHX ^WW.2 ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^WW.2 , -OCX ^WW.2 ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^WW.2 , -OCHX ^WW.2 ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^WW.2 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0071] R ^WW.3 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW.3 3, -CHX ^WW.3 2, -CH2X ^WW.3 , -OCX ^WW.3 ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^WW.3 , -OCHX ^WW.3 ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , –NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N ₃ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^WW.3 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0072] Where two different R ^WW substituents are joined together to form an openly substituted ring (e.g., substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl), in embodiments the openly substituted ring may be independently substituted with one or more first substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.1 ; each first substituent group, R ^WW.1 , may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more second substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.2 ; and each second substituent group, R ^WW.2 , may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more third substituent groups, referred to herein as R ^WW.3 ; and each third substituent group, R ^WW.3 , is unsubstituted. Each first substituent group is optionally different. Each second substituent group is optionally different. Each third substituent group is optionally different. In the context of two different R ^WW substituents joined together to form an openly substituted ring, the “WW” symbol in the R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 and R ^WW.3 refers to the designated number of one of the two different R ^WW substituents. For example, in embodiments where R ^100A and R ^100B are optionally joined together to form an openly substituted ring, R ^WW.1 is R ^100A.1 , R ^WW.2 is R ^100A.2 , and R ^WW.3 is R ^100A.3 . Alternatively, in embodiments where R ^100A and R ^100B are optionally joined together to form an openly substituted ring, R ^WW.1 is R ^100B.1 , R ^WW.2 is paragraph are as defined in the preceding paragraphs. [0073] R ^LWW.1 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^LWW.1 3, -CHX ^LWW.1 2, -CH2X ^LWW.1 , -OCX ^LWW.1 ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^LWW.1 , -OCHX ^LWW.1 ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C6), R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -C ₁₀ , or phenyl), or R ^LWW.2 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^LWW.1 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^LWW.1 3, -CHX ^LWW.1 2, -CH2X ^LWW.1 , -OCX ^LWW.1 3, -OCH2X ^LWW.1 , -OCHX ^LWW.1 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , –NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N ₃ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -C ₁₀ , or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^LWW.1 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0074] R ^LWW.2 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^LWW.2 ₃ , -CHX ^LWW.2 ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^LWW.2 , -OCX ^LWW.2 3, -OCH2X ^LWW.2 , -OCHX ^LWW.2 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, R ^LWW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), R ^LWW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^WW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^LWW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^LWW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or R ^LWW.3 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^LWW.2 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^LWW.2 ₃ , -CHX ^LWW.2 ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^LWW.2 , -OCX ^LWW.2 ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^LWW.2 , -OCHX ^LWW.2 ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^LWW.2 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0075] R ^LWW.3 is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^LWW.3 3, -CHX ^LWW.3 2, -CH2X ^LWW.3 , -OCX ^LWW.3 3, -OCH2X ^LWW.3 , -OCHX ^LWW.3 2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , –NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N ₃ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^LWW.3 is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. [0076] In the event that any R group recited in a claim or chemical formula description set forth herein (R ^WW substituent) is not specifically defined in this disclosure, then that R group (R ^WW group) is hereby defined as independently oxo, halogen, -CX ^WW ₃ , -CHX ^WW ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^WW , -OCX ^WW ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^WW , -OCHX ^WW ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, –NHC(NH)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -N3, R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or R ^WW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^WW is independently –F, -Cl, -Br, or –I. Again, “WW” represents the stated superscript number of the subject R group (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B, 3B, etc.). R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 are as defined above. [0077] In the event that any L linker group recited in a claim or chemical formula description set forth herein (i.e., an L ^WW substituent) is not explicitly defined, then that L group (L ^WW group) is herein defined as independently a bond, –O-, -NH-, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, –NHC(NH)NH-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -S-, -SO2-, -SO2NH-, R ^LWW.1 - substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), R ^LWW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^LWW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), R ^LWW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^LWW.1 -substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C6-C12, C6-C10, or phenyl), or R ^LWW.1 - substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). Again, “WW” represents the stated superscript number of the subject L group (1, 2, 3, 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B, 3B, etc.). R ^LWW.1 , as well as R ^LWW.2 and R ^LWW.3 are as defined above. [0078] Certain compounds of the present disclosure possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)-or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. The compounds of the present disclosure do not include those that are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present disclosure is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. [0079] As used herein, the term “isomers” refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms. [0080] The term “tautomer,” as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another. [0081] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this disclosure may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the disclosure. [0082] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the disclosure. [0083] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³ C- or ¹⁴ C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this disclosure. [0084] The compounds of the present disclosure may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( ³ H), iodine-125 ( ¹²⁵ I), or carbon-14 ( ¹⁴ C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present disclosure, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. [0085] It should be noted that throughout the application that alternatives are written in Markush groups, for example, each amino acid position that contains more than one possible amino acid. It is specifically contemplated that each member of the Markush group should be considered separately, thereby comprising another embodiment, and the Markush group is not to be read as a single unit. [0086] As used herein, the terms “bioconjugate” and “bioconjugate linker” refer to the resulting association between atoms or molecules of bioconjugate reactive groups or bioconjugate reactive moieties. The association can be direct or indirect. For example, a conjugate between a first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., –NH2, –COOH, –N- hydroxysuccinimide, or –maleimide) and a second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., sulfhydryl, sulfur-containing amino acid, amine, amine sidechain containing amino acid, or carboxylate) provided herein can be direct, e.g., by covalent bond or linker (e.g., a first linker of second linker), or indirect, e.g., by non-covalent bond (e.g., electrostatic interactions (e.g., ionic bond, hydrogen bond, halogen bond), van der Waals interactions (e.g., dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, London dispersion), ring stacking (pi effects), hydrophobic interactions and the like). In embodiments, bioconjugates or bioconjugate linkers are formed using bioconjugate chemistry (i.e., the association of two bioconjugate reactive groups) including, but are not limited to nucleophilic substitutions (e.g., reactions of amines and alcohols with acyl halides, active esters), electrophilic substitutions (e.g., enamine reactions) and additions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds (e.g., Michael reaction, Diels-Alder addition). These and other useful reactions are discussed in, for example, March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985; Hermanson, BIOCONJUGATE TECHNIQUES, Academic Press, San Diego, 1996; and Feeney et al., MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS; Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol.198, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1982. In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., maleimide moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., a sulfhydryl). In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., haloacetyl moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., a sulfhydryl). In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., pyridyl moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., a sulfhydryl). In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., –N- hydroxysuccinimide moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., an amine). In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., maleimide moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., a sulfhydryl). In embodiments, the first bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., –sulfo–N-hydroxysuccinimide moiety) is covalently attached to the second bioconjugate reactive group (e.g., an amine). [0087] Useful bioconjugate reactive moieties used for bioconjugate chemistries herein include, for example: (a) carboxyl groups and various derivatives thereof including, but not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, N-hydroxybenztriazole esters, acid halides, acyl imidazoles, thioesters, p-nitrophenyl esters, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aromatic esters; (b) hydroxyl groups which can be converted to esters, ethers, aldehydes, etc.; (c) haloalkyl groups wherein the halide can be later displaced with a nucleophilic group such as, for example, an amine, a carboxylate anion, thiol anion, carbanion, or an alkoxide ion, thereby resulting in the covalent attachment of a new group at the site of the halogen atom; (d) dienophile groups which are capable of participating in Diels-Alder reactions such as, for example, maleimido or maleimide groups; (e) aldehyde or ketone groups such that subsequent derivatization is possible via formation of carbonyl derivatives such as, for example, imines, hydrazones, semicarbazones or oximes, or via such mechanisms as Grignard addition or alkyllithium addition; (f) sulfonyl halide groups for subsequent reaction with amines, for example, to form sulfonamides; (g) thiol groups, which can be converted to disulfides, reacted with acyl halides, or bonded to metals such as gold, or react with maleimides; (h) amine or sulfhydryl groups (e.g., present in cysteine), which can be, for example, acylated, alkylated or oxidized; (i) alkenes, which can undergo, for example, cycloadditions, acylation, Michael addition, etc.; (j) epoxides, which can react with, for example, amines and hydroxyl compounds; (k) phosphoramidites and other standard functional groups useful in nucleic acid synthesis; (l) metal silicon oxide bonding; (m) metal bonding to reactive phosphorus groups (e.g., phosphines) to form, for example, phosphate diester bonds; (n) azides coupled to alkynes using copper catalyzed cycloaddition click chemistry; and (o) biotin conjugate can react with avidin or streptavidin to form an avidin- biotin complex or streptavidin-biotin complex. [0088] The bioconjugate reactive groups can be chosen such that they do not participate in, or interfere with, the chemical stability of the conjugate described herein. Alternatively, a reactive functional group can be protected from participating in the crosslinking reaction by the presence of a protecting group. In embodiments, the bioconjugate comprises a molecular entity derived from the reaction of an unsaturated bond, such as a maleimide, and a sulfhydryl group. [0089] “Analog,” “analogue,” or “derivative” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning within Chemistry and Biology and refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another compound (i.e., a so-called “reference” compound) but differs in composition, e.g., in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element, or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group, or the absolute stereochemistry of one or more chiral centers of the reference compound. Accordingly, an analog is a compound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance but not in structure or origin to a reference compound. [0090] The terms “a” or “an”, as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase “substituted with a[n]”, as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is “substituted with an unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl”, the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls. [0091] Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted.” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different. Where a particular R group is present in the description of a chemical genus (such as Formula (I)), a Roman alphabetic symbol may be used to distinguish each appearance of that particular R group. For example, where multiple R ¹³ substituents are present, each R ¹³ substituent may be distinguished as R ^13.A , R ^13.B , R ^13.C , R ^13.D , etc., wherein each of R ^13.A , R ^13.B , R ^13.C , R ^13.D , etc. is defined within the scope of the definition of R ¹³ and optionally differently. Where an R moiety, group, or substituent as disclosed herein is attached through the representation of a single bond and the R moiety, group, or substituent is oxo, a person having ordinary skill in the art will immediately recognize that the oxo is attached through a double bond in accordance with the normal rules of chemical valency. [0092] Descriptions of compounds of the present disclosure are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds. [0093] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present disclosure contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present disclosure contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p- tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the present disclosure contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts. [0094] Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present disclosure includes such salts. Non-limiting examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, proprionates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (-)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like). These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. [0095] The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound may differ from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents. [0096] In addition to salt forms, the present disclosure provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present disclosure. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein may be converted in vivo after administration. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present disclosure by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment, such as, for example, when contacted with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent. [0097] Certain compounds of the present disclosure can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. Certain compounds of the present disclosure may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present disclosure and are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. [0098] A polypeptide, or a cell is “recombinant” when it is artificial or engineered, or derived from or contains an artificial or engineered protein or nucleic acid (e.g., non-natural or not wild type). For example, a polynucleotide that is inserted into a vector or any other heterologous location, e.g., in a genome of a recombinant organism, such that it is not associated with nucleotide sequences that normally flank the polynucleotide as it is found in nature is a recombinant polynucleotide. A protein expressed in vitro or in vivo from a recombinant polynucleotide is an example of a recombinant polypeptide. Likewise, a polynucleotide sequence that does not appear in nature, for example a variant of a naturally occurring gene, is recombinant. [0099] “Co-administer” is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies. The compounds of the invention can be administered alone or can be co-administered to the patient. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g., to reduce metabolic degradation). [0100] A “cell” as used herein, refers to a cell carrying out metabolic or other function sufficient to preserve or replicate its genomic DNA. A cell can be identified by well-known methods in the art including, for example, presence of an intact membrane, staining by a particular dye, ability to produce progeny or, in the case of a gamete, ability to combine with a second gamete to produce a viable offspring. Cells may include prokaryotic and eukaroytic cells. Prokaryotic cells include but are not limited to bacteria. Eukaryotic cells include but are not limited to yeast cells and cells derived from plants and animals, for example mammalian, insect (e.g., spodoptera) and human cells. Cells may be useful when they are naturally nonadherent or have been treated not to adhere to surfaces, for example by trypsinization. [0101] The terms “treating” or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving a patient’s physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. For example, the certain methods presented herein successfully treat cancer by decreasing the incidence of cancer and or causing remission of cancer. In some embodiments of the compositions or methods described herein, treating cancer includes slowing the rate of growth or spread of cancer cells, reducing metastasis, or reducing the growth of metastatic tumors. The term “treating” and conjugations thereof, include prevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease. In embodiments, treating is preventing. In embodiments, treating does not include preventing. In embodiments, the treating or treatment is no prophylactic treatment. [0102] An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient for a compound to accomplish a stated purpose relative to the absence of the compound (e.g., achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduce signaling pathway, reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition. An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effective amount” when referred to in this context. A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). A “prophylactically effective amount” of a drug is an amount of a drug that, when administered to a subject, will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The full prophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a prophylactically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. An “activity decreasing amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount of antagonist required to decrease the activity of an enzyme relative to the absence of the antagonist. A “function disrupting amount,” as used herein, refers to the amount of antagonist required to disrupt the function of an enzyme or protein relative to the absence of the antagonist. An “activity increasing amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount of agonist required to increase the activity of an enzyme relative to the absence of the agonist. A “function increasing amount,” as used herein, refers to the amount of agonist required to increase the function of an enzyme or protein relative to the absence of the agonist. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols.1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins). [0103] “Control” or “control experiment” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experiment in which the subjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in a parallel experiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, or variable of the experiment. In some instances, the control is used as a standard of comparison in evaluating experimental effects. In some embodiments, a control is the measurement of the activity (e.g., signaling pathway) of a protein in the absence of a compound as described herein (including embodiments, examples, figures, or Tables). [0104] “Contacting” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g., chemical compounds including biomolecules, or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated; however, the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents which can be produced in the reaction mixture. [0105] The term “contacting” may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a cellular component (e.g., protein, ion, lipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, protein, particle, organelle, cellular compartment, microorganism, virus, lipid droplet, vesicle, small molecule, protein complex, protein aggregate, or macromolecule). In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a cellular component (e.g., protein, ion, lipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, protein, particle, virus, lipid droplet, organelle, cellular compartment, microorganism, vesicle, small molecule, protein complex, protein aggregate, or macromolecule) that is involved in a signaling pathway. [0106] As defined herein, the term “activation,” “activate,” “activating” and the like in reference to a protein refers to conversion of a protein into a biologically active derivative from an initial inactive or deactivated state. The terms reference activation, or activating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein decreased in a disease. [0107] The terms “agonist,” “activator,” “upregulator,” etc. refer to a substance capable of detectably increasing the expression or activity of a given gene or protein. The agonist can increase expression or activity by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% in comparison to a control in the absence of the agonist. In certain instances, expression or activity is 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold or higher than the expression or activity in the absence of the agonist. [0108] As defined herein, the term “inhibition,” “inhibit,” “inhibiting” and the like in reference to a cellular component-inhibitor interaction means negatively affecting (e.g., decreasing) the activity or function of the cellular component (e.g., decreasing the signaling pathway stimulated by a cellular component (e.g., protein, ion, lipid, virus, lipid droplet, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, protein, particle, organelle, cellular compartment, microorganism, vesicle, small molecule, protein complex, protein aggregate, or macromolecule)), relative to the activity or function of the cellular component in the absence of the inhibitor. In embodiments, inhibition means negatively affecting (e.g., decreasing) the concentration or levels of the cellular component relative to the concentration or level of the cellular component in the absence of the inhibitor. In some embodiments, inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms of disease. In some embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction in the activity of a signal transduction pathway or signaling pathway (e.g., reduction of a pathway involving the cellular component). Thus, inhibition includes, at least in part, partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating the signaling pathway or enzymatic activity or the amount of a cellular component. [0109] The terms “inhibitor,” “repressor,” “antagonist,” or “downregulator” interchangeably refer to a substance capable of detectably decreasing the expression or activity of a given gene or protein. The antagonist can decrease expression or activity by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% in comparison to a control in the absence of the antagonist. In certain instances, expression or activity is 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold or lower than the expression or activity in the absence of the antagonist. [0110] The term modulator refers to a composition that increases or decreases the level of a target molecule or the function of a target molecule or the physical state of the target of the molecule (e.g., a target may be a cellular component (e.g., protein, ion, lipid, virus, lipid droplet, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, protein, particle, organelle, cellular compartment, microorganism, vesicle, small molecule, protein complex, protein aggregate, or macromolecule)) relative to the absence of the composition. [0111] The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. Expression can be detected using conventional techniques for detecting protein (e.g., ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, etc.). [0112] The term “modulate” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the act of changing or varying one or more properties. “Modulation” refers to the process of changing or varying one or more properties. For example, as applied to the effects of a modulator on a target protein, to modulate means to change by increasing or decreasing a property or function of the target molecule or the amount of the target molecule. [0113] “Patient”, “patient in need thereof”, “subject”, or “subject in need thereof” refers to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein. Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In embodiments, a patient is human. In embodiments, a patient in need thereof is human. In embodiments, a subject is human. In embodiments, a subject in need thereof is human. [0114] “Disease” or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with the compounds or methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the disease is a disease related to (e.g., caused by) a cellular component (e.g., protein, ion, lipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, protein, particle, organelle, cellular compartment, microorganism, vesicle, small molecule, protein complex, protein aggregate, or macromolecule). In embodiments, the disease is an age-related disorder (e.g., ischemia reperfusion injury, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute kidney injury, acute myocardial infarction, organ transplantation, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), noise-induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cardiac hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, Type 2 diabetes, cancer growth, incidence, and metastasis, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis). [0115] The term “metabolic disorder” refers to a disorder characterized by one or more abnormal metabolic processes in a subject. In embodiments, a metabolic disorder may be associated with, related to, or may be diabetes (e.g., type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes), insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, high serum triglycerides, and/or high blood pressure. In embodiments, a metabolic disorder may be associated with, related to, or may be a diabetes associated disease selected from nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, or inflammation. In embodiments, a metabolic disorder may be associated with, related to, or may be nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, or inflammation. [0116] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to all types of cancer, neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals (e.g., humans), including leukemia, lymphoma, carcinomas and sarcomas. Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include cancer of the thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head and neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus, medulloblastoma, colorectal cancer, or pancreatic cancer. Additional examples include, Hodgkin’s Disease, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, or prostate cancer. [0117] The term “leukemia” refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases of the blood- forming organs and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified on the basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute or chronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid (lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase in the number abnormal cells in the blood- leukemic or aleukemic (subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross’ leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling’s leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia. [0118] As used herein, the term “lymphoma” refers to a group of cancers affecting hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. It begins in lymphocytes, the blood cells that are found primarily in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Two main types of lymphoma are non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease. Hodgkin’s disease represents approximately 15% of all diagnosed lymphomas. This is a cancer associated with Reed- Sternberg malignant B lymphocytes. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) can be classified based on the rate at which cancer grows and the type of cells involved. There are aggressive (high grade) and indolent (low grade) types of NHL. Based on the type of cells involved, there are B-cell and T-cell NHLs. Exemplary B-cell lymphomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, but are not limited to, small lymphocytic lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, extranodal (MALT) lymphoma, nodal (monocytoid B-cell) lymphoma, splenic lymphoma, diffuse large cell B-lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, or precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Exemplary T- cell lymphomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, but are not limited to, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. [0119] The term “sarcoma” generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms’ tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen’s sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma. [0120] The term “melanoma” is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Melanomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman’s melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma. [0121] The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, medullary thyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniforni carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher’s carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma villosum. [0122] As used herein, the terms "metastasis," "metastatic," and "metastatic cancer" can be used interchangeably and refer to the spread of a proliferative disease or disorder, e.g., cancer, from one organ or another non-adjacent organ or body part. “Metastatic cancer” is also called “Stage IV cancer.” Cancer occurs at an originating site, e.g., breast, which site is referred to as a primary tumor, e.g., primary breast cancer. Some cancer cells in the primary tumor or originating site acquire the ability to penetrate and infiltrate surrounding normal tissue in the local area and/or the ability to penetrate the walls of the lymphatic system or vascular system circulating through the system to other sites and tissues in the body. A second clinically detectable tumor formed from cancer cells of a primary tumor is referred to as a metastatic or secondary tumor. When cancer cells metastasize, the metastatic tumor and its cells are presumed to be similar to those of the original tumor. Thus, if lung cancer metastasizes to the breast, the secondary tumor at the site of the breast consists of abnormal lung cells and not abnormal breast cells. The secondary tumor in the breast is referred to a metastatic lung cancer. Thus, the phrase metastatic cancer refers to a disease in which a subject has or had a primary tumor and has one or more secondary tumors. The phrases non- metastatic cancer or subjects with cancer that is not metastatic refers to diseases in which subjects have a primary tumor but not one or more secondary tumors. For example, metastatic lung cancer refers to a disease in a subject with or with a history of a primary lung tumor and with one or more secondary tumors at a second location or multiple locations, e.g., in the breast. [0123] The terms “cutaneous metastasis” and “skin metastasis” refer to secondary malignant cell growths in the skin, wherein the malignant cells originate from a primary cancer site (e.g., breast). In cutaneous metastasis, cancerous cells from a primary cancer site may migrate to the skin where they divide and cause lesions. Cutaneous metastasis may result from the migration of cancer cells from breast cancer tumors to the skin. [0124] The term “visceral metastasis” refers to secondary malignant cell growths in the interal organs (e.g., heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines) or body cavities (e.g., pleura, peritoneum), wherein the malignant cells originate from a primary cancer site (e.g., head and neck, liver, breast). In visceral metastasis, cancerous cells from a primary cancer site may migrate to the internal organs where they divide and cause lesions. Visceral metastasis may result from the migration of cancer cells from liver cancer tumors or head and neck tumors to internal organs. [0125] The term “drug” is used in accordance with its common meaning and refers to a substance which has a physiological effect (e.g., beneficial effect, is useful for treating a subject) when introduced into or to a subject (e.g., in or on the body of a subject or patient). A drug moiety is a radical of a drug. [0126] A “detectable agent,” “detectable compound,” “detectable label,” or “detectable moiety” is a substance (e.g., element), molecule, or composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, magnetic resonance imaging, or other physical means. For example, detectable agents include ¹⁸ F, ³² P, ³³ P, ⁴⁵ Ti, ⁴⁷ Sc, ⁵² Fe, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁴ Cu, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁷⁷ As, ⁸⁶ Y, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁸⁹ Sr, ⁸⁹ Zr, ⁹⁴ Tc, ⁹⁴ Tc, ^99m Tc, ⁹⁹ Mo, ¹⁰⁵ Pd, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹¹¹ Ag, ¹¹¹ In, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ I, ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁴³ Pr, ¹⁴⁹ Pm, ¹⁵³ Sm, ^154-158 Gd, ¹⁶¹ Tb, ¹⁶⁶ Dy, ¹⁶⁶ Ho, ¹⁶⁹ Er, ¹⁷⁵ Lu, ¹⁷⁷ Lu, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸ Re, ¹⁸⁹ Re, ¹⁹⁴ Ir, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹ Au, ²¹¹ At, ²¹¹ Pb, ²¹² Bi, ²¹² Pb, ²¹³ Bi, ²²³ Ra, ²²⁵ Ac, Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, ³² P, fluorophore (e.g., fluorescent dyes), modified oligonucleotides (e.g., moieties described in PCT/US2015/022063, which is incorporated herein by reference), electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin, paramagnetic molecules, paramagnetic nanoparticles, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide ("USPIO") nanoparticles, USPIO nanoparticle aggregates, superparamagnetic iron oxide ("SPIO") nanoparticles, SPIO nanoparticle aggregates, monochrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles, monochrystalline iron oxide, nanoparticle contrast agents, liposomes or other delivery vehicles containing Gadolinium chelate ("Gd-chelate") molecules, Gadolinium, radioisotopes, radionuclides (e.g., carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, rubidium- 82), fluorodeoxyglucose (e.g., fluorine-18 labeled), any gamma ray emitting radionuclides, positron-emitting radionuclide, radiolabeled glucose, radiolabeled water, radiolabeled ammonia, biocolloids, microbubbles (e.g., including microbubble shells including albumin, galactose, lipid, and/or polymers; microbubble gas core including air, heavy gas(es), perfluorcarbon, nitrogen, octafluoropropane, perflexane lipid microsphere, perflutren, etc.), iodinated contrast agents (e.g., iohexol, iodixanol, ioversol, iopamidol, ioxilan, iopromide, diatrizoate, metrizoate, ioxaglate), barium sulfate, thorium dioxide, gold, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoparticle aggregates, fluorophores, two-photon fluorophores, or haptens and proteins or other entities which can be made detectable, e.g., by incorporating a radiolabel into a peptide or antibody specifically reactive with a target peptide. [0127] Radioactive substances (e.g., radioisotopes) that may be used as imaging and/or labeling agents in accordance with the embodiments of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, ¹⁸ F, ³² P, ³³ P, ⁴⁵ Ti, ⁴⁷ Sc, ⁵² Fe, ⁵⁹ Fe, ⁶² Cu, ⁶⁴ Cu, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁷⁷ As, ⁸⁶ Y, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁸⁹ Sr, ⁸⁹ Zr, ⁹⁴ Tc, ⁹⁴ Tc, ^99m Tc, ⁹⁹ Mo, ¹⁰⁵ Pd, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹¹¹ Ag, ¹¹¹ In, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ I, ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁴³ Pr, ¹⁴⁹ Pm, ¹⁵³ Sm, ^154-158 Gd, ¹⁶¹ Tb, ¹⁶⁶ Dy, ¹⁶⁶ Ho, ¹⁶⁹ Er, ¹⁷⁵ Lu, ¹⁷⁷ Lu, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸ Re, ¹⁸⁹ Re, ¹⁹⁴ Ir, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹ Au, ²¹¹ At, ²¹¹ Pb, ²¹² Bi, ²¹² Pb, ²¹³ Bi, ²²³ Ra and ²²⁵ Ac. Paramagnetic ions that may be used as additional imaging agents in accordance with the embodiments of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, ions of transition and lanthanide metals (e.g., metals having atomic numbers of 21-29, 42, 43, 44, or 57-71). These metals include ions of Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. [0128] “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of an active agent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in the compositions of the present invention without causing a significant adverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normal saline solutions, lactated Ringer’s, normal sucrose, normal glucose, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer’s solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, and the like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are useful in the present invention. [0129] The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. [0130] As used herein, the term “about” means a range of values including the specified value, which a person of ordinary skill in the art would consider reasonably similar to the specified value. In embodiments, about means within a standard deviation using measurements generally acceptable in the art. In embodiments, about means a range extending to +/- 10% of the specified value. In embodiments, about includes the specified value. [0131] As used herein, the term “administering” is used in accordance with its plain and ordinary meaning and includes oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini- osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra- arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies, for example cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. The compounds of the invention can be administered alone or can be co-administered to the patient. Co- administration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g., to reduce metabolic degradation). The compositions of the present invention can be delivered by transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols. [0132] The compounds described herein can be used in combination with one another, with other active agents known to be useful in treating a disease associated with cells expressing a disease associated cellular component, or with adjunctive agents that may not be effective alone, but may contribute to the efficacy of the active agent. [0133] In some embodiments, co-administration includes administering one active agent within 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours of a second active agent. Co- administration includes administering two active agents simultaneously, approximately simultaneously (e.g., within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of each other), or sequentially in any order. In some embodiments, co-administration can be accomplished by co-formulation, i.e., preparing a single pharmaceutical composition including both active agents. In other embodiments, the active agents can be formulated separately. In another embodiment, the active and/or adjunctive agents may be linked or conjugated to one another. [0134] In therapeutic use for the treatment of a disease, compound utilized in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered at the initial dosage of about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg daily. A daily dose range of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, can be used. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound or drug being employed. For example, dosages can be empirically determined considering the type and stage of disease (e.g., age-related disorder) diagnosed in a particular patient. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention, should be sufficient to affect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose will also be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that accompany the administration of a compound in a particular patient. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day, if desired. [0135] The term “associated” or “associated with” in the context of a substance or substance activity or function associated with a disease (e.g., a protein associated disease, disease associated with a cellular component) means that the disease (e.g., age-related disorder) is caused by (in whole or in part), or a symptom of the disease is caused by (in whole or in part) the substance or substance activity or function or the disease or a symptom of the disease may be treated by modulating (e.g., inhibiting or activating) the substance (e.g., cellular component). As used herein, what is described as being associated with a disease, if a causative agent, could be a target for treatment of the disease. [0136] The term “aberrant” as used herein refers to different from normal. When used to describe enzymatic activity, aberrant refers to activity that is greater or less than a normal control or the average of normal non-diseased control samples. Aberrant activity may refer to an amount of activity that results in a disease, wherein returning the aberrant activity to a normal or non-disease-associated amount (e.g., by administering a compound or using a method as described herein), results in reduction of the disease or one or more disease symptoms. [0137] The term “electrophilic” as used herein refers to a chemical group that is capable of accepting electron density. An “electrophilic substituent,” “electrophilic chemical moiety,” or “electrophilic moiety” refers to an electron-poor chemical group, substituent, or moiety (monovalent chemical group), which may react with an electron-donating group, such as a nucleophile, by accepting an electron pair or electron density to form a bond. [0138] “Nucleophilic” as used herein refers to a chemical group that is capable of donating electron density. [0139] The term “isolated,” when applied to a nucleic acid or protein, denotes that the nucleic acid or protein is essentially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state. It can be, for example, in a homogeneous state and may be in either a dry or aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. A protein that is the predominant species present in a preparation is substantially purified. [0140] The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ- carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. The terms “non-naturally occurring amino acid” and “unnatural amino acid” refer to amino acid analogs, synthetic amino acids, and amino acid mimetics which are not found in nature. [0141] Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. [0142] The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, wherein the polymer may in embodiments be conjugated to a moiety that does not consist of amino acids. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. [0143] An amino acid or nucleotide base “position” is denoted by a number that sequentially identifies each amino acid (or nucleotide base) in the reference sequence based on its position relative to the N-terminus (or 5'-end). Due to deletions, insertions, truncations, fusions, and the like that must be taken into account when determining an optimal alignment, in general the amino acid residue number in a test sequence determined by simply counting from the N-terminus will not necessarily be the same as the number of its corresponding position in the reference sequence. For example, in a case where a variant has a deletion relative to an aligned reference sequence, there will be no amino acid in the variant that corresponds to a position in the reference sequence at the site of deletion. Where there is an insertion in an aligned reference sequence, that insertion will not correspond to a numbered amino acid position in the reference sequence. In the case of truncations or fusions there can be stretches of amino acids in either the reference or aligned sequence that do not correspond to any amino acid in the corresponding sequence. [0144] The terms “numbered with reference to” or “corresponding to,” when used in the context of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence, refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence. [0145] An amino acid residue in a protein “corresponds” to a given residue when it occupies the same essential structural position within the protein as the given residue. [0146] The term “protein complex” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to a protein which is associated with an additional substance (e.g., another protein, protein subunit, or a compound). Protein complexes typically have defined quaternary structure. The association between the protein and the additional substance may be a covalent bond. In embodiments, the association between the protein and the additional substance (e.g., compound) is via non-covalent interactions. In embodiments, a protein complex refers to a group of two or more polypeptide chains. Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein–protein interactions. A non-limiting example of a protein complex is the proteasome. [0147] The term “protein aggregate” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an aberrant collection or accumulation of proteins (e.g., misfolded proteins). Protein aggregates are often associated with diseases (e.g., amyloidosis). Typically, when a protein misfolds as a result of a change in the amino acid sequence or a change in the native environment which disrupts normal non-covalent interactions, and the misfolded protein is not corrected or degraded, the unfolded/misfolded protein may aggregate. There are three main types of protein aggregates that may form: amorphous aggregates, oligomers, and amyloid fibrils. In embodiments, protein aggregates are termed aggresomes. [0148] The term “mitochondrial site I _Q ” or “S1Q” refers to a site of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production associate with the mitochondrial electron transport chain. [0149] The term “selective” or “selectivity” or the like in reference to a compound or agent refers to the compound’s or agent’s ability to cause an increase or decrease in activity of a particular molecular target (e.g., protein, enzyme, etc.) preferentially over one or more different molecular targets (e.g., a compound having selectivity toward mitochondrial site 1Q would preferentially inhibit mitochondrial site 1 _Q over other mitochondrial sites). In embodiments, a “suppressor of site I _Q electron leak” or “S1QEL” refers to a compound (e.g., compound described herein) having selectivity towards mitochondrial site IQ. II. Compounds [0150] In an aspect is provided a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the formula: [0152] The symbol n is an integer from 0 to 2. [0153] R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX ¹ ₃ , -CHX ¹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ¹ , -OCX ¹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ 2, -CN, -SOn1R ^1D , -SOv1NR ^1A R ^1B , ^NR ^1C NR ^1A R ^1B , ^ONR ^1A R ^1B , -NR ^1C C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(O)m1, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -OC(O)R ^1C , -OC(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OC(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -SR ^1D , -NR ^1A SO2R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(O)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1C , -NR ^1A OR ^1C , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ - C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered); two R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₀ or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0154] R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , and R ^1D are independently hydrogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C ₁ -C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₀ or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered); R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0155] Each X ¹ is independently –Cl, -Br, -I, or –F. [0156] The symbol n1 is an integer from 0 to 4. [0157] The synmbols m1 and v1 are independently 1 or 2. [0158] The symbol z1 is an integer from 0 to 5. [0159] X is O or NR ² . [0160] R ² is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. [0161] R ³ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1- C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), or a prodrug moiety. [0162] R ² and R ³ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0163] R ⁴ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ - C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), or a prodrug moiety. [0164] R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently hydrogen, -OH, unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. [0165] R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ) or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered); or R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ) or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0166] R ⁷ and R ⁸ are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI ₃ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH ₂ Br, -OCH ₂ F, -OCH ₂ I, -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -SF ₅ , -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₀ or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0167] R ⁹ is independently halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH ₂ Br, -OCH ₂ F, -OCH ₂ I, -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6- C ₁₀ or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0168] The symbol z9 is an integer from 0 to 2. [0169] In embodiments, the compound is not: , ,

. [0170] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, n, X, R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ are as described herein, including in embodiments. R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 are independently hydrogen or any value of R ¹ as described herein, including in embodiments. [0171] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A and n are as described herein, including in embodiments. R ^1.2 is –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , -NR ^1A SO2R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1B , -OR ^1A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R ^1A , R ^1B , and R ^1C are as described herein, including in embodiments. R ^1.1 and R ^1.3 are hydrogen. R ^1.1 and R ^1.2 substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; or R ^1.2 and R ^1.3 substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. X is O and R ³ is hydrogen; or X is NR ² and R ² and R ³ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R ⁴ is hydrogen. R ⁵ is hydrogen. R ⁶ is hydrogen, -OH, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl; or R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. R ⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH ₂ I, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CN, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0172] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, n, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , R ^1.3 , R ⁵ and R ⁶ are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0173] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, n, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , R ^1.3 , R ⁵ and R ⁶ are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0174] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, n, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , R ^1.3 , R ⁵ and R ⁶ are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0175] Ring B is cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₀ or phenyl), or heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0176] R ¹⁰ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH ₂ , -NHSO ₂ H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -OCI ₃ , -OCH ₂ Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, -SF5, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ - C ₁₀ or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered); two R ¹⁰ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0177] The symbol z10 is an integer from 0 to 11. [0178] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, Ring B, n, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , R ^1.3 , R ⁵ , R ⁶ , R ¹⁰ , and z10 are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0179] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: Ring A, Ring B, n, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , R ^1.3 , R ⁵ , R ⁶ , R ¹⁰ , and z10 are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0180] In embodiments, Ring , wherein R ⁷ and R ⁸ are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, Ring , wherein R ⁸ is as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, Ring A is , wherein R ⁷ , R ⁸ , R ⁹ , and z9 are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, Ring , wherein R ⁸ , R ⁹ , and z9 are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, Ring , wherein R ⁷ , R ⁸ , R ⁹ , and z9 are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, Ring , wherein R ⁸ , R ⁹ , and z9 are as described herein, including in embodiments. [0181] In embodiments, Ring B is C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring B is 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, Ring B is phenyl. In embodiments, Ring B is 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, Ring B is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl. In embodiments, Ring B is pyrrolidinyl. In embodiments, Ring B is piperidinyl. In embodiments, Ring B is morpholinyl. [0182] In embodiments, n is 0. In embodiments, n is 1. In embodiments, n is 2. [0183] In embodiments, a substituted R ¹ (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ¹ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ¹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ¹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ¹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0184] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when two R ¹ substituents are joined (e.g., substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when two R ¹ substituents are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0185] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1.1 (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1.1 is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1.1 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.1 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.1 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0186] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1.2 (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1.2 is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1.2 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.2 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.2 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0187] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1.3 (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1.3 is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1.3 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.3 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1.3 is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0188] In embodiments, R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX ¹ ₃ , -CHX ¹ 2, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX ¹ 3, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ 2, -CN, -SOn1R ^1D , -SOv1NR ^1A R ^1B , ^NR ^1C NR ^1A R ^1B , ^ONR ^1A R ^1B , -NR ^1C C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(O)m1, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -OC(O)R ^1C , -OC(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OC(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -SR ^1D , -NR ^1A SO ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(O)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1C , -NR ^1A OR ^1C , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C ₁ -C ₈ , C ₁ -C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or C ₁ -C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ -C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6- C10 or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0189] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH ₂ F, -OCH ₂ I, -OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , -OCHI ₂ , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0190] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –Cl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –Br. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –I. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CCl3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CBr ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CF ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CI3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH ₂ I. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CHCl ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CHBr ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CHI2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –CN. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –OH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NH2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –COOH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –SH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SO3H. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OSO3H. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SO ₂ NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently ^NHNH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently ^ONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently ^NHC(O)NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NHSO ₂ H. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NHOH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCCl ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCBr3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCI3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2Cl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH ₂ Br. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHI2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted propoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted n-propoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted isopropoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted butoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted n-butoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted isobutoxy. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butoxy. [0191] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NHC(O)CH ₃ , -NCH ₃ C(O)CH ₃ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , or –NHSO2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NHC(O)CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NCH3C(O)CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –OH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently –NHSO2CH3. [0192] In embodiments, two R ¹ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0193] In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –NHC(O)CH3, -NCH3C(O)CH3, -OH, -OCH3, or –NHSO2CH3. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –NHC(O)CH3. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is -NCH3C(O)CH3. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –OH. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is -OCH3. In embodiments, R ^1.2 is –NHSO2CH3. [0194] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1A (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1A is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1A is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1A is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1A is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0195] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1B (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1B is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1B is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1B is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1B is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0196] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are joined (e.g., substituted heterocycloalkyl and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0197] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1C (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1C is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1C is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1C is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1C is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0198] In embodiments, a substituted R ^1D (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ^1D is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ^1D is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1D is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ^1D is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0199] In embodiments, R ^1A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0200] In embodiments, R ^1B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0201] In embodiments, R ^1C is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0202] In embodiments, R ^1D is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl.

. [0204] In embodiments, z1 is 0. In embodiments, z1 is 1. In embodiments, z1 is 2. In embodiments, z1 is 3. In embodiments, z1 is 4. In embodiments, z1 is 5. [0205] In embodiments, X is O. In embodiments, X is NR ² , wherein R ² is as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, X is NH. [0206] In embodiments, R ² is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted pentyl. In embodiments, R ² is unsubstituted hexyl. [0207] In embodiments, a substituted R ³ (e.g., substituted alkyl and/or substituted heteroalkyl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ³ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ³ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ³ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ³ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0208] In embodiments, R ³ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ³ is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ³ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0209] In embodiments, R ³ is a prodrug moiety. In embodiments, R ³ is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ³ is . [0210] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when R ² and R ³ substituents are joined (e.g., substituted heterocycloalkyl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size- limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when R ² and R ³ substituents are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ² and R ³ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ² and R ³ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ² and R ³ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0211] In embodiments, R ² and R ³ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. [0212] In embodiments, a substituted R ⁴ (e.g., substituted alkyl and/or substituted heteroalkyl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ⁴ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ⁴ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁴ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁴ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0213] In embodiments, R ⁴ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0214] In embodiments, R ⁴ is a prodrug moiety. In embodiments, R ⁴ is a substituted or O unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is . [0215] In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen, -OH, unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁵ is –OH. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted n- butyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted pentyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted hexyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted n-propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted isopropoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted n-butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted isobutoxy. In embodiments, R ⁵ is unsubstituted tert-butoxy. [0216] In embodiments, R ⁶ is hydrogen, -OH, unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁶ is –OH. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted n- butyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted pentyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted hexyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted n-propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted isopropoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted n-butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted isobutoxy. In embodiments, R ⁶ is unsubstituted tert-butoxy. , wherein R ⁷ and R ⁸ are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, , wherein R ⁷ and R ⁸ are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, , wherein R ⁷ and R ⁸ are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, , wherein R ⁷ and R ⁸ are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, , wherein R ⁸ is as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, , wherein R ⁸ is as described herein, including in embodiments. [0218] In embodiments, a substituted R ⁷ (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ⁷ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ⁷ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁷ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁷ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0219] In embodiments, R ⁷ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted pentyl. In embodiments, R ⁷ is unsubstituted hexyl. [0220] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined (e.g., substituted cycloalkyl and/or substituted heterocycloalkyl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0221] In embodiments, R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. [0222] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined (e.g., substituted cycloalkyl and/or substituted heterocycloalkyl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0223] In embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. [0224] In embodiments, a substituted R ⁸ (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ⁸ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ⁸ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁸ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁸ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0225] In embodiments, R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R ⁸ is –OCH2CF3. [0226] In embodiments, R ⁸ is , wherein Ring B, R ¹⁰ , and z10 are as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments, . [0227] In embodiments, a substituted R ⁹ (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ⁹ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ⁹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ⁹ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0228] In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –F. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –Cl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –Br. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –I. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CCl ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CBr3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CI3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CH ₂ Br. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CH ₂ I. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CHCl ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CHI2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –CN. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –OH. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –COOH. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –SH. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -SO ₃ H. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OSO ₃ H. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently ^NHNH2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently ^ONH2. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently ^NHC(O)NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -NHSO ₂ H. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently –NHOH. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCCl3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCBr3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCI ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCH ₂ Cl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCHCl ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCHBr ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently -OCHI ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted n-propoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted isopropoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted n-butoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted isobutoxy. In embodiments, R ⁹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butoxy. [0229] In embodiments, a substituted R ¹⁰ (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted R ¹⁰ is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when R ¹⁰ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when R ¹⁰ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when R ¹⁰ is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0230] In embodiments, a substituted ring formed when two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined (e.g., substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and/or substituted heteroaryl) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted ring formed when two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, when the substituted ring formed when two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined is substituted, it is substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0231] In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently oxo. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –F. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –Cl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –Br. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –I. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CCl3. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CBr3. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CI3. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CH ₂ I. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CHCl2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CHI ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –CN. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –OH. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –COOH. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –SH. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -SO ₃ H. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OSO ₃ H. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently ^NHNH2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently ^ONH2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently ^NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -NHSO2H. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –NHOH. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCCl3. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCBr ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCF ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCI ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCH2Cl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCHCl ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently -OCHI2. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n-propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n-butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted isobutyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted methoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted propoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n- propoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted isopropoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted butoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted n-butoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted isobutoxy. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted tert-butoxy. [0232] In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently halogen, -CF3, unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁰ is independently –F, -Cl, -CF ₃ , unsubstituted methyl, or unsubstituted methoxy. [0233] In embodiments, two R ¹⁰ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0234] In embodiments, z10 is 0. In embodiments, z10 is 1. In embodiments, z10 is 2. In embodiments, z10 is 3. In embodiments, z10 is 4. In embodiments, z10 is 5. In embodiments, z10 is 6. In embodiments, z10 is 7. In embodiments, z10 is 8. In embodiments, z10 is 9. In embodiments, z10 is 10. In embodiments, z10 is 11. [0235] In embodiments, when R ¹ is substituted, R ¹ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ¹ , R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ¹ , R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 , respectively. [0236] In embodiments, when two R ¹ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ¹ , R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ¹ , R ^1.1 , R ^1.2 , and R ^1.3 , respectively. [0237] In embodiments, when R ^1.1 is substituted, R ^1.1 is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.1.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.1.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.1.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.1.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1.1.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1.1 , R ^1.1.1 , R ^1.1.2 , and R ^1.1.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1.1 , R ^1.1.1 , R ^1.1.2 , and R ^1.1.3 , respectively. [0238] In embodiments, when R ^1.2 is substituted, R ^1.2 is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.2.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.2.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.2.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1.2.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.2.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.2.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1.2.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1.2 , R ^1.2.1 , R ^1.2.2 , and R ^1.2.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of first substituent group(s) , wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1.2 , R ^1.2.1 , R ^1.2.2 , and R ^1.2.3 , respectively. [0239] In embodiments, when R ^1.3 is substituted, R ^1.3 is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1.3.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.3.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.3.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1.3.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1.3.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1.3.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1.3.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1.3 , R ^1.3.1 , R ^1.3.2 , and R ^1.3.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1.3 , R ^1.3.1 , R ^1.3.2 , and R ^1.3.3 , respectively. [0240] In embodiments, when R ^1A is substituted, R ^1A is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1A.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1A.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1A.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1A.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1A , R ^1A.1 , R ^1A.2 , and R ^1A.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1A , R ^1A.1 , R ^1A.2 , and R ^1A.3 , respectively. [0241] In embodiments, when R ^1B is substituted, R ^1B is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1B.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1B.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1B.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1B.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1B , R ^1B.1 , R ^1B.2 , and R ^1B.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1B , R ^1B.1 , R ^1B.2 , and R ^1B.3 , respectively. [0242] In embodiments, when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted heteroaryl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1A.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1A.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1A.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1A.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1A.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1A.1 , R ^1A.2 , and R ^1A.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1A.1 , R ^1A.2 , and R ^1A.3 , respectively. [0243] In embodiments, when R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted heteroaryl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1B.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1B.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1B.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1B.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1B.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1B.1 , R ^1B.2 , and R ^1B.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of first substituent group(s) , wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1B.1 , R ^1B.2 , and R ^1B.3 , respectively. [0244] In embodiments, when R ^1C is substituted, R ^1C is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1C.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1C.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1C.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1C.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1C.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1C.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1C.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1C , R ^1C.1 , R ^1C.2 , and R ^1C.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1C , R ^1C.1 , R ^1C.2 , and R ^1C.3 , respectively. [0245] In embodiments, when R ^1D is substituted, R ^1D is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^1D.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1D.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1D.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^1D.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^1D.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^1D.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^1D.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^1D , R ^1D.1 , R ^1D.2 , and R ^1D.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^1D , R ^1D.1 , R ^1D.2 , and R ^1D.3 , respectively. [0246] In embodiments, when R ³ is substituted, R ³ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^3.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^3.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^3.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^3.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^3.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^3.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^3.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ³ , R ^3.1 , R ^3.2 , and R ^3.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ³ , R ^3.1 , R ^3.2 , and R ^3.3 , respectively. [0247] In embodiments, when R ² and R ³ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^2.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^2.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^2.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^2.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^2.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^2.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^2.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^2.1 , R ^2.2 , and R ^2.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^2.1 , R ^2.2 , and R ^2.3 , respectively. [0248] In embodiments, when R ² and R ³ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^3.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^3.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^3.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^3.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^3.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^3.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^3.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^3.1 , R ^3.2 , and R ^3.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^3.1 , R ^3.2 , and R ^3.3 , respectively. [0249] In embodiments, when R ⁴ is substituted, R ⁴ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^4.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^4.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^4.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^4.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^4.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^4.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^4.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ⁴ , R ^4.1 , R ^4.2 , and R ^4.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ⁴ , R ^4.1 , R ^4.2 , and R ^4.3 , respectively. [0250] In embodiments, when R ⁷ is substituted, R ⁷ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^7.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^7.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^7.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ⁷ , R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ⁷ , R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 , respectively. [0251] In embodiments, when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^5.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^5.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^5.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^5.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^5.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^5.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^5.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^5.1 , R ^5.2 , and R ^5.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^5.1 , R ^5.2 , and R ^5.3 , respectively. [0252] In embodiments, when R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^7.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^7.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^7.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 , respectively. [0253] In embodiments, when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^6.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^6.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^6.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^6.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^6.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^6.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^6.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^6.1 , R ^6.2 , and R ^6.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^6.1 , R ^6.2 , and R ^6.3 , respectively. [0254] In embodiments, when R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^7.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^7.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^7.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^7.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ^7.1 , R ^7.2 , and R ^7.3 , respectively. [0255] In embodiments, when R ⁸ is substituted, R ⁸ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^8.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^8.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^8.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^8.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^8.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^8.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^8.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ⁸ , R ^8.1 , R ^8.2 , and R ^8.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ⁸ , R ^8.1 , R ^8.2 , and R ^8.3 , respectively. [0256] In embodiments, when R ⁹ is substituted, R ⁹ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^9.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^9.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^9.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^9.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^9.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^9.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^9.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ⁹ , R ^9.1 , R ^9.2 , and R ^9.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ⁹ , R ^9.1 , R ^9.2 , and R ^9.3 , respectively. [0257] In embodiments, when R ¹⁰ is substituted, R ¹⁰ is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^10.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^10.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^10.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^10.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^10.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^10.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^10.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ¹⁰ , R ^10.1 , R ^10.2 , and R ^10.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ¹⁰ , R ^10.1 , R ^10.2 , and R ^10.3 , respectively. [0258] In embodiments, when two R ¹⁰ substituents are optionally joined to form a moiety that is substituted (e.g., a substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl), the moiety is substituted with one or more first substituent groups denoted by R ^10.1 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^10.1 substituent group is substituted, the R ^10.1 substituent group is substituted with one or more second substituent groups denoted by R ^10.2 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In embodiments, when an R ^10.2 substituent group is substituted, the R ^10.2 substituent group is substituted with one or more third substituent groups denoted by R ^10.3 as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”. In the above embodiments, R ¹⁰ , R ^10.1 , R ^10.2 , and R ^10.3 have values corresponding to the values of R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 , respectively, as explained in the definitions section above in the description of “first substituent group(s)”, wherein R ^WW , R ^WW.1 , R ^WW.2 , and R ^WW.3 correspond to R ¹⁰ , R ^10.1 , R ^10.2 , and R ^10.3 , respectively. [0259] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: In embodiments, the compound has the formula: In embodiments, the compound has the formula: . embodiments, the compound has the formula: embodiments, the compound has the formula: . In embodiments, the compound has the embodiments, the compound has the formula: . In embodiments, the compound has the formula: . In embodiments, the compound has the formula: . In embodiments, the compound has the formula: embodiments, the compound has the formula: . embodiments, the compound has the formula:

embodiments, the compound has the formula: embodiments, the compound has the formula: . In embodiments, the compound has the formula: . [0260] In embodiments, the compound is useful as a comparator compound. In embodiments, the comparator compound can be used to assess the activity of a test compound as set forth in an assay described herein (e.g., in the examples section, figures, or tables). [0261] In embodiments, the compound is a compound as described herein, including in embodiments. In embodiments the compound is a compound described herein (e.g., in the examples section, figures, tables, or claims). III. Pharmaceutical compositions [0262] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0263] In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes an effective amount of the compound. In embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes a therapeutically effective amount of the compound. In embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), or (VI). In embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), or (VI), including embodiments thereof. IV. Methods of use [0264] In an aspect is provided a method of treating or preventing an age-related disorder in a subject, the method including administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0265] In embodiments, the compound is [0266] In embodiments, the compound is not: , . [0267] In embodiments, the the age-related disorder is ischemia reperfusion injury, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute kidney injury, acute myocardial infarction, organ transplantation, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), noise-induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cardiac hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, Type 2 diabetes, cancer growth, cancer incidence, cancer metastasis, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis. [0268] In embodiments, the age-related disorder is ischemia reperfusion injury. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is acute coronary syndrome. In embodiments, the age- related disorder is stroke. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is acute kidney injury. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is acute myocardial infarction. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is organ transplantation. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is metabolic syndrome. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is insulin resistance. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is noise-induced hearing loss. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is age-induced hearing loss. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Alzheimer’s disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Parkinson’s disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cardiac hypertension. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is pulmonary arterial hypertension. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is right ventricle hypertension. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is left ventricle hypertension. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is diabetic cardiomyopathy. In embodiments, the age- related disorder is diabetic nephropathy. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is diabetic embryopathy. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is diabetes. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Type 2 diabetes. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is pancreatic dysfunction. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is hyperglycemia. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cancer growth. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cancer incidence. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cancer metastasis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cancer (e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is atherosclerosis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is osteoarthritis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is osteoporosis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is inflammation (e.g., macrophage activation). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is an ocular disease (e.g., retina disease). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is glaucoma. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cataract. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is drug-induced toxicity, wherein the drug is, for example, acetaminophen, anthracyclines, AZT, NRTIs, platinum anti-cancer drugs, or methamphetamine. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is alcohol-induced toxicity. In embodiments, the age- related disorder is obesity. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is inflammatory bowel disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is hyposalivation. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is dry mouth. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is xerostomia. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cognitive decline. In embodiments, the age- related disorder is cardiomyopathy. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is muscle weakness. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is muscle atrophy. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is radiation injury. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is cardiovascular disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is brain trauma. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is skin aging. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is mitochondrial disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is periodontitis. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is hyperthermia. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Friedrich’s Ataxia. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is a spinal deformity (e.g., scoliosis, kyphosis). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Chagas’ disease. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is epilepsy. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is loss of olfaction. In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). In embodiments, the age-related disorder is Huntington’s disease. . Embodiments [0269] Embodiment P1. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the formula: n is an integer from 0 to 2; R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX ¹ 3, -CHX ¹ 2, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX ¹ 3, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ 2, -CN, -SO _n1 R ^1D , -SO _v1 NR ^1A R ^1B , ^NR ^1C NR ^1A R ^1B , ^ONR ^1A R ^1B , -NR ^1C C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(O) _m1 , -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(O)R ^1C , -C(O)OR ^1C , -OC(O)R ^1C , -OC(O)OR ^1C , -C(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OC(O)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -SR ^1D , -NR ^1A SO2R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(O)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1C , -NR ^1A OR ^1C , -SF ₅ , -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , and R ^1D are independently hydrogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each X ¹ is independently –Cl, -Br, -I, or –F; n1 is an integer from 0 to 4; m1 and v1 are independently 1 or 2; z1 is an integer from 0 to 5; X is O or NR ² ; R ² is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; R ³ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or a prodrug moiety; R ² and R ³ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R ⁴ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or a prodrug moiety; R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently hydrogen, -OH, unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl; R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R ⁷ and R ⁸ are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO ₃ H, -OSO ₃ H, -SO ₂ NH ₂ , ^NHNH ₂ , ^ONH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NHNH ₂ , ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, -SF5, -N ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ⁹ is independently halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, -SF5, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and z9 is an integer from 0 to 2; wherein the compound is not: , . [0270] Embodiment P2. The compound of embodiment P1, having the formula: R ^1.2 is –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B , -NR ^1A SO2R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(O)OR ^1B , -OR ^1A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1.1 and R ^1.3 are hydrogen; R ^1.1 and R ^1.2 substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; or R ^1.2 and R ^1.3 substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; X is O and R ³ is hydrogen; or X is NR ² and R ² and R ³ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R ⁴ is hydrogen; R ⁵ is hydrogen; R ⁶ is hydrogen, -OH, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl; R ⁵ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl; or R ⁶ and R ⁷ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl; R ⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CN, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; and R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0271] Embodiment P3. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P2, wherein R ³ is a prodrug moiety. [0272] Embodiment P4. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P2, wherein R ³ is . [0273] Embodiment P5. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P4, wherein R ⁴ is a prodrug moiety. [0274] Embodiment P6. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P4, wherein R ⁴ is [0276] Embodiment P8. The compound of embodiment P2, having the formula: [0277] Embodiment P9. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P8, wherein R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0278] Embodiment P10. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P8, wherein R ⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. [0279] Embodiment P11. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P8, wherein R ⁸ is –OCH2CF3. [0280] Embodiment P12. The compound of embodiment P2, having the formula: wherein Ring B is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R ¹⁰ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CH ₂ Cl, -CH ₂ Br, -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ I, -CHCl ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHF ₂ , -CHI ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -NO ₂ , -SH, -SO3H, -OSO3H, -SO2NH2, ^NHNH2, ^ONH2, ^NHC(O)NHNH2, ^NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, -SF5, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two R ¹⁰ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and z10 is an integer from 0 to 11. [0281] Embodiment P13. The compound of one of embodiments P2 to P12, wherein R ^1.2 is –NR ^1A C(O)R ^1B . [0282] Embodiment P14. The compound of embodiment P13, wherein R ^1A and R ^1B are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. [0283] Embodiment P15. The compound of one of embodiments P2 to P12, wherein R ^1.2 is –NHC(O)CH3, -NCH3C(O)CH3, -OH, -OCH3, or –NHSO2CH3. [0284] Embodiment P16. The compound of one of embodiments P2 to P12, wherein R ^1.2 is –NHC(O)CH ₃ . [0285] Embodiment P17. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P12, wherein . [0286] Embodiment P18. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P17, wherein R ⁶ is hydrogen, -OH, or –OCH3. [0287] Embodiment P19. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P17, wherein R ⁶ is hydrogen. [0288] Embodiment P20. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P19, wherein [0289] Embodiment P21. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P19, wherein Ring . [0290] Embodiment P22. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P21, wherein R ⁷ is unsubstituted C ₁ -C ₆ alkyl. [0291] Embodiment P23. The compound of one of embodiments P1 to P21, wherein R ⁷ is unsubstituted methyl. [0292] Embodiment P24. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein Ring B is 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl or phenyl. [0293] Embodiment P25. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein Ring B is 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. [0294] Embodiment P26. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein Ring B is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl. [0295] Embodiment P27. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein R ¹⁰ is independently halogen, -CF3, unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. [0296] Embodiment P28. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein R ¹⁰ is independently –F, -Cl, -CF ₃ , unsubstituted methyl, or unsubstituted methoxy. [0297] Embodiment P29. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P23, wherein z10 is 0. [0298] Embodiment P30. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P28, wherein z10 is 1. [0299] Embodiment P31. The compound of one of embodiments P12 to P28, wherein z10 is 2. ,

. [0301] Embodiment P33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of one of embodiments P1 to P32 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0302] Embodiment P34. A method of treating or preventing an age-related disorder in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments P1 to P32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0303] Embodiment P35. The method of embodiment P34, wherein the age-related disorder is ischemia reperfusion injury, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute kidney injury, acute myocardial infarction, organ transplantation, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), noise- induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cardiac hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, Type 2 diabetes, cancer growth, cancer incidence, cancer metastasis, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis. [0304] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. EXAMPLES Example 1: Suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at mitochondrial site IQ decreases fat accumulation, improves glucose tolerance and normalizes fasting insulin concentration in mice fed a high-fat diet [0305] We developed S1QEL1.719, a novel bioavailable S1QEL (suppressor of site I _Q electron leak). S1QEL1.719 prevented superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ of mitochondrial complex I in vitro with a binding-corrected IC ₅₀ of 52 nM. At 50-fold higher concentrations it did not inhibit superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from other sites. The IC50 for inhibition of complex I electron flow was 500-fold higher than the IC50 for suppression of site IQ. S1QEL1.719 was used to test the metabolic effects of suppressing the activity of site I _Q in vivo. C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat chow for two or eight weeks had increased body fat, decreased glucose tolerance, and increased fasting insulin concentrations, classic symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Daily prophylactic or therapeutic oral treatment of high-fat-fed animals with S1QEL1.719 decreased fat accumulation, strongly protected against decreased glucose tolerance and prevented or reversed the increase in fasting insulin level. Free exposures in plasma and liver at Cmax were 2-3 fold the IC50 for suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site I _Q and substantially below levels that inhibit electron flow through complex I. These results show that the production of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide from mitochondrial site IQ in vivo is necessary for the induction and maintenance of glucose intolerance caused by a high-fat diet in mice. They raise the possibility that oral administration of S1QELs may be beneficial in metabolic syndrome. [0306] Abbreviations [0307] AUC, area under the curve; BSA, bovine serum albumin; fu, fraction unbound; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; ROS, reactive oxygen species; site I _Q , the site of superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide production in mitochondrial complex I functionally associated with the ubiquinone (Q) binding site; S1QEL, suppressor of site I _Q electron leak; site III _Qo , the site of superoxide production in mitochondrial complex III at the outer Q- binding site, S3QEL, suppressor of site IIIQo electron leak. [0308] Numerous mechanisms and pathways have been suggested to initiate metabolic syndrome and the eventual development of specific diseases. In particular, there is a wealth of literature connecting metabolic syndrome to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) (8-11). The most compelling evidence comes from genetic manipulations in mice. Expression or overexpression of enzymes that determine the superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the mitochondrial matrix (superoxide dismutase 2, SOD2; peroxiredoxin 3, PRDX3; mitochondria-targeted catalase, mCAT) are all strongly protective (8,12-14). The same outcome can be achieved pharmacologically by the use of mitochondria- targeted superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics, particularly mitoTEMPO (8,15). Further support comes from the use of less specific mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; mitoQ, mitoVitE, and the peptide SS-31 (8,16-19). These lines of evidence strongly implicate mitochondria as the source of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide, but they do not identify the specific site or sites of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production within the mitochondria that drives the development of metabolic syndrome. [0309] Eleven different sites of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production associated with the mitochondrial electron transport chain have been identified (20,21). Of these, site I _Q in complex I, site III _Qo in complex III, and site II _F in complex II have the greatest maximum capacities to generate superoxide/hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Under simulated physiological conditions these three sites plus site I _F in complex I contribute the most to mitochondrial generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (22,23). In a range of cell types, sites I _Q and IIIQo are important contributors to cytosolic hydrogen peroxide levels, and site IQ dominates the production of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix (23-25). These considerations make site I _Q a potentially important source of the mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide that drive the development of metabolic syndrome. Brand and colleagues have identified compounds that specifically suppress superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q (Suppressors of Site I _Q Electron Leak, S1QELs) (26) and site III _Qo (Suppressors of Site III _Qo Electron Leak, S3QELs) (27) without inhibiting the electron transport chain or affecting oxidative phosphorylation. S1QELs and S3QELs have profound protective effects in cell and organ models (26-28), demonstrating the biological importance of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from sites I _Q and III _Qo (28). [0310] Existing S1QELs and S3QELs are not well suited for systemic in vivo use because of their poor solubility and bioavailability, although they can be added to the diet to affect gut cell function in flies (26,29) and mice (29). We recently introduced S1QEL712, a S1QEL1 with improved properties that enable its successful intraperitoneal administration to neonatal mice, and showed that it protected against systemic pathologies caused by the elevated matrix superoxide levels resulting from SOD2 knockout (30). We describe herein, inter alia, a potent, selective and orally-bioavailable S1QEL1: S1QEL1.719 (also referred to herein as 719 or S1QEL719). We use it in acute two-week and longer-term eight-week high-fat- feeding mouse models (31,32) to determine whether suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from mitochondrial site IQ can protect against the early metabolic effects of a high fat diet. We test both prophylactic treatment from the start of two-week high-fat feeding and therapeutic treatment beginning after six weeks of high-fat feeding. [0311] Materials and Methods [0312] Reagents: Amplex UltraRed was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Oligomycin was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Other reagents were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). [0313] Synthesis, properties and in vivo exposure of S1QEL1.719: The synthesis of S1QEL1.719 is described in the supplementary materials (Scheme 1). Its properties include: MW, 499.51, calculated logD _7.4 (distribution coefficient at pH 7.4), 2.3; aqueous solubility, 1.5 µM (pH 7.4), 987 µM (pH 1); MDCK-MDR1 (Madin Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing MDR1, which encodes P-gp) apparent permeability Papp, 32 x 10 ^-6 cm/sec; scaled Cl _int , mic (mouse) (intrinsic microsomal clearance), 12 L/hr/kg. It has suitable solubility, permeability and metabolic stability for oral administration dosed as a suspension in 0.5% w/v hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Total unbound exposures in mice dosed prophylactically on the high-fat diet described below, measured by mass spectrometry 2 h after oral gavage of 30 mg S1QEL1.719/kg body weight, were 110 ^ 4 nM (SEM, n = 16 animals) in plasma and 186 ^ 31 nmol/g (SEM, n = 12 animals) in liver (plasma fraction unbound (fu) = 0.04, liver fu = 0.07; fu values determined by equilibrium dialysis). Total unbound exposures in mice dosed therapeutically on the high-fat diet described below, measured by mass spectrometry 2 h after oral gavage of 30 mg S1QEL1.719/kg body weight, were 86 ^ 5 nM (SEM, n = 12 animals) in plasma and 104 ^ 7 nmol/g (SEM, n = 12 animals) in liver. These exposure values (near C _max ) were 2-3 fold greater than the IC ₅₀ of 52 nM for suppression of superoxide/H2O2 production from site IQ and 200-300 fold less than the IC50 of 30 µM for inhibition of respiration on complex I substrates, determined below using isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria in vitro. A dose-depedent increase in blood lactate level was observed after 2 hours of oral dosing of S1QEL1.719 in C57BL/6J mice fed a standard vivarium chow. The S1QEL1.719 exposures achieved in the HF fed animals of this study overlap with exposures that caused a blood lactate increase, and therefore could affect the interpretation of the results. However, it is not known if this effect is seen in animals fed a HF diet. [0314] Mitochondrial assays: Except where noted, mitochondrial studies were carried out as detailed in Wong et al. (30). Mitochondria were prepared from skeletal muscles of female Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks fed chow ad libitum with free access to water. The animal protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Buck Institute (License/protocol No. A10233) in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (NIH Publications No.8023, revised 1978). The rates of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production were assessed by 96- well microplate-based assays. The concentrations of S1QEL1.719 giving half-maximal inhibition of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site IQ (IC50) in isolated mitochondria were established by titration (30). For most experiments, concentrations are given as the nominal amounts added. For the binding-corrected measurement of IC ₅₀ , mitochondria in exactly parallel incubations to the IC50 determinations were centrifuged and the total S1QEL1.719 in the supernatant was measured by mass spectrometry, then corrected for binding to the 0.3% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA) present in the medium (fu was measured using equilibrium dialysis). The high specificity of S1QEL1.719 for site IQ was confirmed using a panel of six selectivity assays of the rates of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from sites I _Q , III _Qo , I _F plus upstream dehydrogenases, II _F , P _F and G _Q (26,27). Measurements of mitochondrial oxygen consumption with several different substrates confirmed no inhibition of electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation at 10-fold and 50- fold the nominal IC ₅₀ for superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q . Similarly, S1QEL1.719 at concentrations up to 50-fold this IC ₅₀ had no effect on the growth of HEK293 cells, confirming no general cell toxicity. [0315] Mice: For the prophylactic study, 13-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory and acclimated in-house on standard vivarium chow for two weeks before the study. For the therapeutic study, ten-week-old male C57BL/6J mice that had been fed a high-fat diet from six weeks of age were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory and acclimated in-house on equivalent high-fat chow for two weeks before the study. During the study, animals were housed in groups of 4 per cage. A total of 24 animals per group was used for the prophylactic study, and a total of 12 animals per group was used for the therapeutic study. At 15 or 12 weeks of age respectively, mice were randomized into groups based on weight, ensuring an equal mean weight distribution between groups. From treatment day 1, mice were fed either a control semi-purified diet, D12450J, containing corn starch (10% of total kcal from fat) or a high-fat diet, D12492, otherwise the same but with corn starch replaced by lard (60% of total kcal from fat). Therapeutic study control animals were fed standard vivarium chow throughout the study because the Jackson Laboratory does not supply animals pre-fed the semi-purified diet (D12450J). Diets were from Research Diets and were gamma-irradiated. Mice were maintained on the experimental diets for two weeks and gavaged (per os; p.o.) daily from day 1 during the afternoon with 500 µl of either HPMC vehicle or 30 mg/kg S1QEL1.719 suspended in HPMC. Food consumption was measured semi-quantitatively: food provided to the cage on day 1 was weighed, and food remaining at day 8 was weighed and discarded and the amount consumed calculated by difference. The sequence was repeated for days 8-15. The food weight differences were added and divided by the number of mice in the cage to determine the total food consumption per mouse over two weeks. The animal protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Buck Institute (License/protocol No. A10233) in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. To assess exposures to S1QEL1.719, animals were gavaged 2 h prior to take-down on day 16, when cardiac puncture was performed and tissue and plasma were collected for analysis. [0316] Body weight and composition: Body weight was measured every week (treatment days 1, 8 and 15) using a table balance. Body composition was measured on day 1 and on day 14 using an EchoMRI-100™ analyzer (EchoRMI-100™ company, Texas, U.S.A.) to measure fat and lean mass (EchoMRI ACQ-SYS (acquisition system) version 2018). [0317] Glucose and insulin: Basal fasting glucose, plasma fasting insulin levels, and glucose tolerance were assessed on treatment days 8 and 15 (prophylactic study) or day 15 (therapeutic study). Mice were fasted for 7-10 h then baseline blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured.15 µL of blood was taken from each mouse by tail bleed and placed on ice. A small amount was used for measurement of blood glucose as described below. The remaining blood was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min to isolate plasma. Plasma insulin levels were quantified using an ultrasensitive mouse insulin ELISA (Crystal Chem). [0318] For the glucose tolerance test, a bolus of glucose was given by intraperitoneal injection using a 27-gauge needle and syringe. Glucose is often given disproportionately based on body weight (33,34). Each animal received the same volume and concentration of glucose (2 g glucose/kg based on the mean total body weight of the whole cohort at that timepoint). This protocol ensured that, despite differences in total body weight, each animal received the same glucose challenge per lean body weight, which was not significantly different between groups (FIG.2F). This protocol is important because glucose is taken up mostly by muscle, and very little by fat tissue. Blood glucose was measured by tail bleed at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose injection using a Contour next EZ blood glucose- monitoring meter. For insulin measurements during the glucose tolerance tests in the therapeutic study, blood samples for glucose and plasma insulin assay were taken at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose injection. [0319] Data analysis: [0320] Data are expressed as mean ^ SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with inter-group differences detected by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons post-test and deemed significant (*) when p <0.05. Values of IC ₅₀ were determined by curve-fitting using Prism 7 ([Inhibitor] vs. normalized response-Variable slope). [0321] Potency and selectivity of S1QEL1.719 in mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle. [0322] We examined the structure-activity relationships of a wide range of S1QEL1 (26) analogs to identify compounds that could be used for oral dosing in mice. A suitable compound was S1QEL1.719 (structure shown in FIG.1A). [0323] Under our standard assay conditions (30) in vitro using mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle, the nominal IC50 for suppression of site IQ by S1QEL1.719 was 86 ± 8 nM (SEM, n = 19 mitochondrial preparations). This value was based on the nominal amounts of S1QEL1.719 added to the assay, as other IC ₅₀ values have been in our previous studies (26,30). However, we found that the nominal IC50 value for S1QEL1.719 varied with the experimental conditions (data not shown). For example, it appeared to depend on the concentration of mitochondria in the assay, presumably because of non-specific binding to mitochondria, components of the medium such as BSA, and the various surfaces it was exposed to. For this reason, we withdrew supernatant samples in experiments parallel to the standard IC ₅₀ assay and measured the total supernatant concentration of S1QEL1.719 by mass spectrometry. We also used equilibrium dialysis to measure the binding of S1QEL1.719 to the 0.3% w/v BSA present in the medium and enable correction for the fraction of S1QEL1.719 that was bound to BSA (FIG.1B). Using the measured amounts of S1QEL1.719 in the mitochondrial supernatant, and correcting for its binding to BSA in the medium (fraction unbound (fu) = 0.856), the fully-corrected unbound IC50 value was 52 ± 17 nM (SEM, n = 6). These experiments show that the binding of this S1QEL to mitochondria and assay components caused the nominal IC ₅₀ to overestimate the true binding-corrected IC50. In subsequent experiments S1QEL1.719 was kept in non-dilute stocks in glass vials and made up regularly from powdered stocks in an attempt to minimize losses caused by non- specific binding. [0324] The specificity of S1QEL1.719 was tested in a standard panel of mitochondrial specificity assays using mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle (26,27). At concentrations of 10-fold and 50-fold its nominal IC ₅₀ for site I _Q , S1QEL1.719 had no significant effect on superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from sites III _Qo , I _F plus upstream dehydrogenases, IIF, PF and GQ. At these concentrations it had no effect on state 3, state 4 or uncoupled respiration on different substrates (26) (5 mM glutamate plus 5 mM malate, 5 mM succinate plus 4 μM rotenone, 27 mM glycerol 3-phosphate plus 4 μM rotenone, 15–60 μM palmitoylcarnitine plus 1 mM malate). However, S1QEL1.719 does inhibit complex I at higher concentrations. S1QEL1.719 inhibited coupled state 3 respiration of glutamate plus malate (a surrogate measure of complex I electron flow) with a mean nominal IC50 of 30 ± 5 µM (FIG.1C), 500-fold higher than the mean nominal IC50 for suppression of site IQ of 67 ± 10 nM under the matched conditions (FIG.1C). The nominal IC ₅₀ for inhibition of state 3 (phosphorylating) respiration divided by the nominal IC ₅₀ for suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production under closely-matched conditions of 5 µg mitochondrial protein in 20 µL of medium (220 mM mannitol, 70 mM sucrose, 10 mM KH ₂ PO ₄ , 5 mM MgCl ₂ , 2 mM HEPES, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2% (w/v) fatty acid free BSA), followed by mitochondrial centrifugation for 20 min at 2000 x g for plate attachment was calculated for each mitochondrial preparation and these values were averaged to give a ratio of 500 ^ 114 (SEM, n = 6). S1QEL1.719 was also selective against a standard non- mitochondrial panel of off-target receptors, channels and transporters (Table 1). These results show that S1QEL1.719 is a potent and specific suppressor of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ, but indicate that at high concentrations it can also inhibit electron transport, with potentially confounding consequences. [0325] Effects of two-week high-fat diet with and without prophylactic S1QEL1.719 treatment on food consumption, body weight and body composition. [0326] Fifteen-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were placed for two weeks on either a control diet containing 10% kcal as fat or a high-fat diet containing 60% kcal as fat (FIG. 2A). Mice on the high-fat diet were gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with either HPMC vehicle or 30 mg/kg S1QEL1.719 suspended in HPMC (FIG.2A). [0327] As expected, animals fed high-fat chow had significantly decreased food consumption compared to animals fed low-fat chow, presumably because of the difference in caloric density of the two diets. Prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 did not affect food intake on the high-fat diet (FIG.2B). Feeding the high-fat diet resulted in a longitudinal increase in average body weight over two weeks compared to the low-fat diet (FIG.2C). The individual 2-week weight changes showed that this increase was significant, and was not significantly affected by treatment with S1QEL1.719 (FIG.2D). Analysis of body composition using EchoMRI revealed that high-fat fed mice accumulated an average of nearly 4 g of fat over two weeks, significantly more than their low-fat fed counterparts, which accumulated less than 1.5 g. Prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 significantly decreased the fat gain of high-fat-fed animals, to only 2 g (FIG.2E). FIG.2F shows that there were no significant differences in lean body weight between low-fat and high-fat-fed animals, or with S1QEL1.719 treatment of high-fat-fed animals, although there were trends for the decreased fat accumulation in S1QEL1.719-treated animals (FIG.2E) to be offset by a non-significant increase in lean body weight (FIG.2F) and a non-significant decrease in change in total body weight (FIG.2D). Overall, prophylactic treatment of high-fat-fed mice with S1QEL1.719 had no effect on food intake or body weight, but attenuated the increase in fat mass. [0328] Effect of prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 on glucose tolerance. [0329] Feeding a high-fat chow to mice for as little as three days is known to increase blood glucose level substantially and decrease the ability to clear elevated blood glucose (31). We determined whether suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q could improve glucose tolerance after acute feeding of a high-fat chow. A glucose tolerance test was performed after one and two weeks of high-fat feeding. [0330] After one week of high-fat feeding, there was a significantly decreased ability of high-fat fed animals to clear a bolus of glucose compared to control low-fat fed animals (FIG. 3A). FIG.3B shows the total area under the curve (AUC) from the raw trace in FIG.3A. There was a significant increase in the AUC in high-fat animals compared to controls. Prophylactic treatment of high-fat-fed animals with S1QEL1.719 resulted in a significant improvement in the removal of the glucose bolus (FIG.3A) resulting in a significant 36% decrease in AUC compared to the untreated high-fat animals (FIG.3B). This effect was maintained after two weeks of high-fat feeding (FIG.3C), with a significant 32% decrease in AUC achieved by S1QEL1.719 treatment (FIG.3D). FIG.3E plots the AUC of the glucose tolerance test longitudinally, showing a large difference between control and high-fat fed animals and a striking ability of prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 to maintain the AUC close to control values. [0331] Prophylactic suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ protects against elevation of fasting plasma insulin level. [0332] Following 7-10 h of food withdrawal, fasting blood glucose levels were measured in mice after one and two weeks of either control or high-fat feeding. Fasting blood glucose level was not significantly different between groups after one week (FIG.4A). However, after two weeks on high-fat chow, fasting blood glucose was significantly higher than the control value (FIG.4B). Prophylactic treatment with S1QEL1.719 did not significantly affect fasting blood glucose level after one or two weeks of high-fat feeding (FIGS.4A-4B). FIG. 4C shows longitudinal fasting blood glucose levels, which were similar between untreated and treated high-fat fed animals. [0333] After one week of high-fat feeding, there was a significant 94% increase in fasting plasma insulin level compared to control (FIG.4D). Treatment with S1QEL1.719 caused a significant 77% decrease when compared to untreated high-fat-fed animals (FIG.4D). After two weeks of feeding, we observed the same effect. High-fat fed animals had a significant 89% increase in fasting insulin levels, whereas S1QEL1.719 treatment caused a significant 92% decrease in insulin level compared to untreated high-fat-diet animals (FIG.4E). Longitudinally, fasting insulin level was elevated in high-fat untreated animals over two weeks. In comparison, both control and S1QEL1.719-treated animals had consistently lower (and indistinguishable) fasting insulin levels over two weeks (FIG.4F). [0334] Therapeutic dosing of S1QEL1.719 starting after six weeks on a high-fat diet improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration. [0335] FIGS.2A-2F, FIGS.3A-3E, and FIGS.4A-4F show that prophylactic S1QEL1.719 treatment protected mice against metabolic effects when dosed daily from treatment day 1 of a high-fat diet. Next, we investigated whether S1QEL1.719 protected when dosed therapeutically, i.e. dosed only after mice were fed a high-fat diet for six weeks prior to treatment, then fed the high-fat diet for a further two weeks (FIG.5A). [0336] Male C57BL/6J mice raised on the high-fat diet containing 60% kcal as fat from six weeks of age were purchased at ten weeks of age and maintained on the high-fat diet for a further two weeks before treatment with S1QEL or vehicle. Control mice raised on standard chow were purchased at ten weeks of age and maintained on standard chow for the entirety of the study. At twelve weeks of age, mice on the high-fat diet were therapeutically gavaged daily from treatment day 1 with either HPMC vehicle or 30 mg/kg S1QEL1.719 suspended in HPMC. Two-week therapeutic treatment with S1QEL1.719 did not affect food intake on the high-fat diet (FIG.5B). Continued feeding of the high-fat diet resulted in a further increase in average body weight between days 1 and 15 compared to the low-fat diet (FIG.5C). The two- week therapeutic daily dosing of S1QEL1.719 did not significantly affect change in body weight (FIG.5C). Analysis of body composition using EchoMRI revealed that high-fat fed mice accumulated an extra ~2 g of fat over two weeks, significantly more than their low-fat fed counterparts, which accumulated less than 0.15 g. Treatment with S1QEL1.719 significantly decreased the fat gain of high-fat-fed animals, to a similar level as control animals (FIG.5D), akin to what was seen with prophylactic S1QEL1.719 dosing (FIG.2E). [0337] On day 15, after a total of eight weeks of high-fat feeding, there was a significantly decreased ability of high-fat fed animals to clear a bolus of glucose compared to control low- fat fed animals (FIG.5E). Therapeutic treatment of high-fat-fed animals with S1QEL1.719 for the final two weeks resulted in a significant improvement in the removal of the glucose bolus on treatment day 15 (FIG.5E) resulting in a significant 20% decrease in AUC compared to the untreated high-fat-diet animals (not shown). On day 15, following 7-10 h of food withdrawal, fasting plasma insulin was significantly increased in high-fat-diet animals compared to controls, and significantly decreased by 40% with S1QEL1.719 therapeutic treatment compared to untreated high-fat animals (FIG.5F). [0338] Considering that S1QEL1.719 decreased fasting plasma insulin when dosed prophylactically (FIGS.4D-4F) or therapeutically (FIG.5F), we investigated whether the improvement in glucose tolerance might be due to improved insulin sensitivity, resulting in lower insulin levels being needed to clear glucose during the test. During a glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin was measured at each time-point (0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min). After the glucose bolus, high-fat fed animals had a higher concentration of plasma insulin compared to control animals (FIG.5G), consistent with expectations that mice fed the high-fat diet were less sensitive to insulin, and required twice the plasma concentration to clear the glucose bolus. In comparison, mice treated therapeutically with S1QEL1.719 required less plasma insulin to clear the glucose bolus than did untreated animals (FIG.5G) and had improved glucose tolerance (FIG.5E), suggesting that S1QEL1.719 may act by improving insulin sensitivity. [0339] The model of acute two-week high-fat feeding of wild-type mice (31,32) enables rapid testing of compounds for efficacy against aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Here, we show that prophylactically dosing a novel bioavailable S1QEL (S1QEL1.719) decreases body fat accumulation, improves glucose tolerance, and protects against elevated fasting plasma insulin level in this model. S1QEL1.719 treatment is also protective when given therapeutically starting after six weeks of high-fat feeding. Oral dosing of 30 mg S1QEL1.719/kg body weight achieved in vivo exposures that were 2-3 fold above the in vitro IC50 for suppressing superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production specifically from site IQ in mitochondrial complex I, but two orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations needed for off-target inhibition of electron transport through complex I, for inhibition of cell growth, or for inhibition of a wide panel of off-target receptors, ion channels and transporters. This high specificity strongly suggests that superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I _Q drives high-fat feeding-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and obesity, and S1QEL1.719 works by suppressing the activity of site IQ. This is consistent with the growing realization that site I _Q is the major source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix under many conditions (23-25) and suggests that the activity or effect of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ is exacerbated under high-fat feeding. Suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production in the mitochondrial matrix from site IQ may improve glucose tolerance and fasting plasma insulin levels by improving insulin sensitivity (as suggested by the decreased insulin levels during glucose challenge) and by decreasing body fat accumulation, which is known to aid in driving insulin resistance (35,36). S1QELs may be a new therapeutic for treating metabolic syndrome. Example 2: Experimental methods [0340] Scheme 1. Synthesis of S1QEL1.719 [0341] A mixture of 5-chloropentan-2-one (100 g, 829 mmol), isoindoline-1,3-dione (1) (61.0 g, 415 mmol) and potassium carbonate (86 g, 622 mmol) in dimethyl formamide (1 L) was stirred and heated to 80 °C for 12 h. The mixture was poured into ice water (1 L), then extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 1 L). The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(4-oxopentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (2) (66.7 g, 273.8 mmol, 67% yield) as a brown solid. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ ppm 1.71 - 1.82 (m, 2 H) 2.01 - 2.07 (m, 3 H) 2.72 - 2.74 (m, 1 H) 2.88 - 2.90 (m, 1 H) 3.29 - 3.35 (m, 1 H) 3.51 - 3.58 (m, 2 H) 7.77 - 7.90 (m, 4 H); MS (ESI+) m/z 232 (M+H) ⁺ . [0342] To a solution of 2-(4-oxopentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (2) (10 g, 43.2 mmol) in tetrachloro carbon (100 mL) was added Br ₂ (2.67 mL, 51.9 mmol) at 20 °C. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 4 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with methyl tertiary butyl ether (50 mL) for 1 h, filtered, and the solid was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(3-bromo-4- oxopentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (3) (10 g, 23.22 mmol, 53.7% yield) as a pale yellow solid, which was used for the next step directly. MS (ESI+) m/z 311 (M+H) ⁺ . [0343] To a solution of 2-(3-bromo-4-oxopentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (3) (5 g, 16.12 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added thiourea (2.454 g, 32.2 mmol) at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with water (50 mL) and filtered. The cake was collected and dried by high vacuum to give 2-(2-(2-amino-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dio ne (4) (3.33 g, 9.85 mmol, 61.1% yield) as a crude white solid, which was used for the next step directly. MS (ESI+) m/z 288 (M+H) ⁺ . [0344] To a solution of 2-(2-(2-amino-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dio ne (4) (3.3 g, 11.48 mmol) copper(II) bromide (2.82 g, 12.63 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) was added tert-butyl nitrite (1.421 g, 13.78 mmol) at 0 °C under N2. Then the reaction was stirred at 20 °C for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of water (200 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine (3 x 100 mL), and dried over sodium sulfate. It was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with methyl tertiary butyl ether (50 mL) for 1 h, filtered, and the solid was collected and dried under reduced pressure to give 2-(2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dio ne (5) (1.8g, 4.87 mmol, 42.4% yield) as a crude yellow solid, which was used for the next step directly. MS (ESI+) m/z 352 (M+H) ⁺ . [0345] A solution of 2-(2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dio ne (5) (1 g, 2.85 mmol) in aqueous HBr (0.155 mL, 2.85 mmol) was stirred at 100 °C for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5- yl)ethan-1-amine hydrobromide (6) (0.6 g, 2.306 mmol, 81% yield) as a crude black solid, which was used for the next step directly. MS (ESI+) m/z 222 (M+H) ⁺ . [0346] To a solution of 2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethan-1-amine hydrobromide (6) (50 g, 166 mmol) in dimethyl formamide (500 mL) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (54.2 g, 248 mmol) and triethylamine (81 mL, 579 mmol) dropwise at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with water (1 L), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine (3 x 200 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column (petroleum ether:ethyl acetate = 20:1 to 10:1) to give tert-butyl (2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)carbamate (7) (23 g, 37.9 mmol, 22.92% yield) as a colorless oil. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 1.28 - 1.40 (m, 9 H) 2.22 - 2.26 (m, 3 H) 2.79 - 2.86 (m, 2 H) 3.04 - 3.11 (m, 2 H) 3.30 - 3.36 (m, 7 H) 6.97 (br t, J=5.32 Hz, 1 H); MS (ESI+) m/z 322 (M+H) ⁺ . [0347] A suspension of tert-butyl (2-(2-bromo-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl)carbamate (7) (2.4g, 7.32 mmol), (R)-2-(trifluoromethyl)morpholine, hydrochloric acid (1.753 g, 9.15 mmol) and cesium carbonate (7.87 g, 24.16 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 5 min and then treated with methanesulfonato(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-di- iso-propoxy-1,1'-biphenyl)(2'-amino-1,1'-biphenyl-2-yl)palla dium(II) (RuPhos Gen 4, 0.612 g, 0.732 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 85 °C for 96 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL). The brown orange slurry was filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column (eluted with 0-40% petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to give tert-butyl (R)-(2-(4-methyl- 2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)morpholino)thiazol-5-yl)ethyl)carbamat e (8) (11 g, 14.74 mmol, 44.8% yield) as a light-yellow solid. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.45 (s, 8 H) 1.40 - 1.49 (m, 1 H) 1.57 (s, 3 H) 2.18 (s, 3 H) 2.81 (br t, J=6.44 Hz, 2 H) 3.04 - 3.34 (m, 4 H) 3.65 (dd, J=12.69, 1.31 Hz, 1 H) 3.78 (td, J=11.69, 2.88 Hz, 1 H) 3.97 - 4.15 (m, 3 H) 4.62 (br s, 1 H); MS (ESI+) m/z 396 (M+H) ⁺ . [0348] To a solution of (R)-tert-butyl (2-(4-methyl-2-(2- (trifluoromethyl)morpholino)thiazol-5-yl)ethyl)carbamate (8) (2.7 g, 6.83 mmol) in dichloromethane (22.76 mL) was added hydrogen chloride in dioxane (8.53 mL, 34.1 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20 °C. It was concentrated under reduced pressure to give (R)-2-(4-methyl-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)morpholino)thiazol-5- yl)ethanamine hydrochloride (9). The material was used in the subsequent step without further purification. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ ppm 8.28 (s, 2H), 4.48 (ddd, J = 10.2, 6.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.15 - 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.79 (td, J = 9.0, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.43 - 3.27 (m, 2H), 3.05 - 2.86 (m, 4H), 2.23 (s, 3H); MS (ESI+) m/z 332 (M+H) ⁺ . [0349] To a solution of 2-((3-acetamidophenyl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid (1.969 g, 8.86 mmol) in dimethyl formamide (28.1 mL) were added 2,6-lutidine (3.93 mL, 33.8 mmol) and 2-(3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-3-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethy lisouronium hexafluorophosphate(V) (3.53 g, 9.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred then (R)-2-(4- methyl-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)morpholino)thiazol-5-yl)ethanam ine hydrochloride (9) (2.8 g, 8.44 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20 °C. Water (150 mL) was added to form a white solid. The solid was filtered and was washed with water (75 mL) three times. The wet solid was stirred with methanol/dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1:5:5) mixture then it was concentrated until 30-50 mL of solvent was left. It was triturated with heptane. The white solid was filtered and washed with dichloromethane (50 mL) to give (R)- N1-(3-acetamidophenyl)-N2-(2-(4-methyl-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl )morpholino)thiazol-5- yl)ethyl)oxalamide (S1QEL1.719) (3.5 g, 7.01 mmol, 83% yield) as white solid. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 10.55 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H), 9.02 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 - 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.43 - 4.29 (m, 1H), 4.07 - 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.95 - 3.86 (m, 1H), 3.72 (td, J = 11.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.57 - 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 3.10 (ddd, J = 12.7, 11.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J = 12.3, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); MS (ESI+) m/z 500 (M+H) ⁺ . [0350] Table 1. Activity of S1QEL1.719 against GPCRs, ion channels and transporters, performed at Eurofins Discovery – CEREP (Celle L’Evescault, France). No off-target inhibition reached 60% at 10 µM SIQEL719, 200 x the on-target IC50 for suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site I _Q . Example 3: Biological activity [0351] Table 2. Biological activity

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