The invention relates to a switchable window element comprising a switchable layer. Further aspects of the invention relate to the use of such a switchable window element as a window for a building or a vehicle.

Smart windows which comprise switchable window elements allow the control of transmission of light through the window by means of a control signal. Such smart windows are known in the art.

The review article by R. Baetens et al.“Properties, requirements and pos sibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 94 (2010) pages 87-105 describes tintable smart windows. Smart windows can make use of several technologies for modulating the transmittance of light such as devices based on electrochromism, liquid crystal devices and electrophoretic or suspended-particle devices. Liquid crystal-based devic es employ a change in the orientation of liquid crystal molecules between two conductive electrodes by applying an electric field which results in a change of their transmittance.

When a window element is used as a window in a building or a vehicle, it is desirable that the transmission of light is uniform and not dependent on the viewing angle.

The article of Seung-Hoon Ji and Gi-Dong Lee (2008),“An optical configu ration for vertical alignment liquid crystal cell with wide viewing angle”, Journal of Information Display, 9:2, 22-27,

DOI:10.1080/15980316.2008.9652054 discloses an optical configuration for a vertical alignment liquid crystal cell for use in displays comprising a combination of retardation plates. Retardation plates are arranged in the optical path before and after a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer. The retardation plates compensate for phase dispersion so that light leakage is reduced and a wide viewing angle is obtained. EP 3 260 913 A1 discloses an optical switching device comprising a polar ization layer and a switching layer. The switching layer comprises a liquid- crystalline material and a dichroic dye compound. The switching layer comprises a bright state and a dark state.

It is an object of the invention to provide a window element, wherein the transmission of light through the window element has a reduced depend ency on the viewing angle. A switchable window element having a layer structure is proposed. The layer structure comprises a switchable layer, two polarizers and two optical retarders, wherein a first polarizer and a first optical retarder are arranged in an optical path prior to the switchable layer and a second polarizer and a second optical retarder are arranged in the optical path after the switch- able layer. Further, the switchable layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer comprising a liquid crystalline medium, wherein the product of the thickness d of the switchable layer and the optical anisotropy An of the liq uid crystalline medium is in the range of from 0.05 pm to 3.0 pm and the liquid crystalline medium has a clearing point of at least 70°C.

The switchable window element preferably comprises a dark state in which light is absorbed by the switchable window element and a bright state in which light may be transmitted through the switchable window element. Switching between the states is achieved by applying an electric field to the switchable layer.

In some embodiments the bright state may optionally be configured as a mode in which the liquid crystalline medium is twisted in a range from 0° to 360°, in particular in the presence of an applied electric field. The liquid crystalline medium may optionally comprise one or more chiral com pounds, in particular one or more chiral dopants.

Preferably, the overall transmission T _V of visible light through the switcha ble window element is switchable in a range of from 0% to 47% and more preferred in a range of from 2% to 37%. In the bright state, the transmis sion T _v of visible light through the switchable window element is preferably better than 20% and more preferably better than 25%. In the dark state, the transmission of visible light through the switchable window element is preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 2% and especially pre ferred less than 1 %. Visible light has a wavelength of from 380 to 780 nm. The transmission T _V of visible light is measured in accordance with EN 410:201 1 -04.

Advantageously the switchable window element has a reduced dependen cy on the viewing angle, which in particular can minimize or even prevent undesirable light leakage in the dark state or unwanted colour shifts.

The switchable layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystalline layer. The molecules of the liquid crystalline medium are aligned perpendicular to the substrate surface and are switched parallel to the plane of the layer struc- ture by the application of an electric field that is perpendicular to the plane. The liquid crystalline medium has a negative dielectric anisotropy that is aligned perpendicular to the electric field.

Examples for suitable liquid crystalline media having a negative dielectric anisotropy are given in EP 1 378 558 A1. The liquid crystalline medium may include additives. In particular, the liquid crystalline medium prefera bly includes an antioxidant in a concentration of at least 5 ppm.

The liquid-crystalline medium furthermore preferably has an optical anisot- ropy (An) of 0.03 to 0.3 for light having a wavelength of 589.3 nm, particu larly preferably 0.04 to 0.27. The liquid-crystalline material likewise prefer ably has a dielectric anisotropy Ae of -0.5 to -20, preferably of -1.5 to -10.

The product of the thickness d of the switchable layer and the optical ani- sotropy An of the liquid crystalline medium is in the range of from 0.05 pm to 3.0 pm, preferably in the range of from 0.2 pm to 0.4 pm. For example the product is 0.3 pm.

All physical properties and physicochemical or electro-optical parameters are determined by generally known methods, in particular according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status Nov. 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany and are given for a temperature of 20 °C, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

Above and below, Dh denotes the optical anisotropy, wherein Dh = n _e - n ₀ , and De denotes the dielectric anisotropy, wherein De = e -e _±. The dielec tric anisotropy De is determined at 20°C and 1 kHz. The optical anisotropy Dh is determined at 20°C and a wavelength of 589.3 nm.

The liquid-crystalline medium of the switching layer preferably has a ne- matic phase at the operating temperature of the switchable window ele ment. It is particularly preferably nematically liquid-crystalline in a range of +-20°C, very particularly preferably in a range of +-30° C above and be low the operating temperature of the switchable window. The operating temperature of the switchable window element is preferably from -20°C to 70°C.

The liquid-crystalline medium furthermore preferably has a clearing point in the range of from 70°C to 170°C, preferably above 80° C, more prefera bly above 100° C, particularly preferably above 105° C, very particularly preferably above 110° C, and most preferably above 115° C. Higher clear ing points are even more preferred, in particular a clearing point of above 120° C and more preferred 130 °C. The clearing point marks the tempera ture at which a phase transition from a nematically liquid-crystalline state to an isotropic state occurs.

The clearing point, in particular the phase transition temperature between the nematic phase and the isotropic phase, can be measured and deter mined by commonly known methods, e.g. using a Mettler oven or a hot- stage under a polarizing microscope, and herein preferably is determined using a Mettler oven.

The first and second polarizers are preferably configured as linear polariz ers which transmit light of a first linear polarization and absorb and/or re flect light of the respective orthogonal second linear polarization. Suitable polarizers are, for example, available from Polatechno Co., Ltd. In a first configuration of the switchable window element, the first and sec ond polarizers have the same orientation with respect to each other such that they both transmit light of the same linear polarization. In a second configuration of the switchable window element, the first and second polar- izers are configured in a crossed configuration with respect to each other such that the linear polarization which is transmitted by the first polarizer is absorbed and/or reflected by the second polarizer and vice versa.

When no voltage and thus no electrical field is applied, the homeotropic orientation of the liquid crystalline medium does not affect the polarization plane of the transmitted light such that a bright state is produced for the first configuration of the switchable window element (normally bright) and a dark state is produced for the second configuration of the switchable win dow element (normally dark).

Preferably, the first configuration is selected if a bright state of the window element is desired as a failsafe state and the second configuration is pref erably selected if a dark state of the window element is desired as a fail safe state. The switchable window element is in the failsafe state when no voltage and thus no electrical field is applied.

Optical retarders are arranged in the optical path before and after the ver tically aligned liquid crystal layer. The optical retarders compensate for phase dispersion so that light leakage, especially in the dark state, is re- duced and a low dependency of the transmission on the viewing angle is obtained. The optical retarders in principle have a slow axis and linear po larized light having a polarization parallel to the slow axis is retarded rela tive to light of the orthogonal linear polarization. Preferably, the first optical retarder and/or the second optical retarder is configured as a first/second retardation element having a layer structure comprising an optically isotropic substrate and a retardation layer. Addi tionally, the first and/or second retardation element may include a first / second polarizing layer, respectively, so that a combined polarizing and retardation element is formed. The optically isotropic substrate is preferably selected from a glass or a transparent polymer. Examples for a suitable glass include, for example, alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass, chemically toughened glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and soda lime glass. Examples for suitable transparent polymers include polycarbonate (PC), cyclo-olefin polymer (COP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide and polyeth ylene naphthalate (PEN).

Alternatively, the first optical retarder and/or the second optical retarder is configured as a first/second retardation element having a layer structure which preferably comprises an optically anisotropic substrate and a retar dation layer.

In an alternative variant, the first optical retarder and/or the second optical retarder preferably consists of an optically anisotropic substrate.

The use of an optically anisotropic substrate is advantageous, as the sub strate can be used both for providing mechanical stability and compensa tion of phase dispersion in a single element.

Examples for suitable optically anisotropic substrates include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), cellulose triacetate (TAC) and polycarbonate (PC). Anisotropic optical properties of polymers may, for example, be obtained by mechanical biaxial stretching which causes a preferential orientation of the macromolecular chains in the polymers.

In a further embodiment, it is also possible to use anisotropic substrates which have an extremely large birefringence such that they exhibit quasi isotropic optical behaviour.

In embodiments, wherein the first and/or second retardation element com prises or consists of an optically isotropic or anisotropic substrate, the re spective substrate of the retardation element preferably also serves as substrate for the liquid crystal cell and the optically (an)isotropic substrate faces towards the cell gap. Any order of retardation layer and substrate layer in a retardation element being a layer structure is possible. Further, different embodiments of retardation elements may be combined in a switchable window element, wherein, for example, the first retardation el ement comprises an optically isotropic substrate and the second retarda tion element comprises an optically anisotropic substrate.

If no substrate is provided as part of a retardation element or another func tional element of the switchable window element, it is preferred to provide two optically isotropic substrates which form the liquid crystal cell. Preferably, the first retardation element and/or the second retardation el ement has an absolute value of an out of plane retardation Rth of from 1 nm to 1000 nm, preferably of from 50 nm to 500 nm. Additionally or alter natively, the retardation element has an absolute value of an in plane re tardation Re of from 1 to 300 nm, preferably of from 5 nm to 70 nm.

The exact out of plane and/or in plane retardation is preferably selected within these ranges such that phase dispersion of light passing through one or more layers and/or elements of the layer structure is compensated. In particular, it is preferred to set the out of plane retardation and the in plane retardation of the first and second optical retarder such that for the switchable layer set to the bright state, light having passed through the first polarizer layer, the first optical retarder, the switchable layer and the second optical retarder is linear polarized, wherein the polarization is par allel to the orientation of the second polarizer. In case the switchable layer is set to the dark state, light having passed through the first polarizer layer, the first optical retarder, the switchable layer and the second optical re tarder is linear polarized, wherein the polarization is orthogonal to the ori entation of the second polarizer. The Re and Rth values of a retardation element or retardation layer can, for example, be determined by using an automatic birefringent analyzer. Such an automated analyzer is, for example available under the trade name KOBRA-21 ADH by Oji Scientific Instruments. The analysis of the re tardation is preferably performed at a wavelength of 590 nm. The required retardation may be determined by measuring the phase dis persion of the respective layers / elements of the layer structure. Addition ally or alternatively, a model of the layer structure may be used to calcu late the required Re and Rth values for compensating the phase disper- sion.

Several functional layers of the layer structure may be provided as a com bined element. For example, a polarizer and an optical retarder may be provided in the form of a combined element which provides the functionali- ty of a polarizer and an optical retarder.

Further, the substrate layers, especially optically isotropic substrate lay ers, may be provided separate from the polarizers and/or optical retarders. In particular, it is possible to provide a polarizer and an optical retarder as a combined element which is then applied to an optically isotropic sub strate of a liquid crystal cell.

In a preferred embodiment in the switchable window element one or more antireflective coatings may be applied to one or more of the provided lay- ers and/or substrates in order to reduce and minimize unwanted reflection of light.

In order to form a liquid crystal cell, the switchable layer is sandwiched be tween two substrate layers defining a cell gap. The substrates are prefer- ably optically transparent and may be rigid or flexible. Preferably, one of the functional layers or elements of the layer structure serves as a sub strate layer. For example, an optical retarder and/or a polarizer may serve as substrate. The two substrates are arranged such that a cell gap is formed between the two substrates. The cell gap is preferably between 1 pm and 35 pm wide and more preferably between 2 pm and 30 pm. The switchable layer is located inside the cell gap. Accordingly, the switchable layer preferably has a thickness d between 1 pm and 35 pm.

To maintain a proper thickness d of the switchable layer, spacers may be included within the cell gap of the switchable layer. Typically, the spacers have a spherical shape with a diameter in the range of the cell gap. For example, non-conductive spacers having a spherical shape with a prede termined diameter made of polymer or glass may be used. In some em bodiments it may be useful to provide sticky spacers, i.e. spacers which have some intrinsic adhesive characteristic to better adhere to the surface. It may also be useful to use black spacers, e.g. to avoid or minimize unde sired light leakage. In some embodiments it can be especially beneficial to use spacers which are black and sticky. Alternatively, the cell thickness may be set or maintained by other suitable means, e.g. by using column spacers. The column spacers may also be formed to give compartments, thus optionally allowing for free-cuttable structures. In some embodiments the switchable layer may thus comprise segregated compartments which each contain the liquid crystalline medium, e.g. using rectangular or hon eycomb structures. In combination with flexible substrates, thinner switchable layers are pre ferred as the application of thinner switchable layers results in more stable devices, in particular undesired movement of the spacers relative to the substrate layers occurs less easily. In order to apply an electric field to the switchable layer, two electrodes are preferably provided. An electric field is generated between the two electrodes by applying a voltage to the electrodes, for example by means of a driving signal. Preferably, the electrodes are transparent electrode layers, wherein the switchable layer is arranged between two transparent electrode layers. A power supply apparatus which may include a driving signal generator and cables may be used to supply the voltage to the elec trodes.

The transparent electrode is, for example, based on a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). The electrodes are preferably applied to the two substrates and are arranged such that the transparent electrodes face each other.

Preferably, the layer structure of the switchable window element comprises in this order a first polarizer layer, a first retardation element, a first elec- trode layer, a first alignment layer, the switchable layer, a second align- - I Q -

ment layer, a second electrode layer, a second retardation element, and a second polarizer layer.

Preferably, the first alignment layer and/or second alignment layer is a homeotropic alignment layer. The homeotropic alignment layer is prefera bly a polyimide-based layer.

In a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal molecules are orientated such that the director is perpendicular, or essentially perpen- dicular, to the plane of the layer structure. Preferably, a small pretilt angle, e.g. 1 ° to 2°, for the alignment of the liquid crystal layer is set such that the homeotropic alignment slightly deviates from 90°, e.g. by obtaining orien tation angles of 88° to 89°. The pretilt angle may be influenced by means of the alignment layer. A pretilt angle of about 90° may be achieved, for example, by incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles in the polyimide alignment layer. This and further methods for controlling the pretilt angle are, for example, described in the publica tion“Controlling the Alignment of Polyimide for Liquid Crystal Devices”, Shie-Chang Jeng and Shug-June Hwang, December 19, 2012, DOI 10.5772/53457.

In a preferred embodiment polymer-stabilized vertical alignment (PS-VA) is used. In alternative embodiments of the switchable window element, a self- aligned vertical alignment (SA-VA) liquid crystal layer is used. In such an embodiment, no alignment layers are required and the layer structure preferably comprises in this order the first polarizer layer, the first retarda tion element, the first electrode layer, the switchable layer, the second electrode layer, the second retardation element, and the second polarizer layer.

In SA-VA liquid crystalline media, small amounts of additives are doped to provide the vertical alignment function by the liquid crystalline media itself without the need of alignment layers such as polyimide layers on the sub strate surfaces. The SA-VA additive material comprises two main parts - anchoring group and the core structure. The anchoring part binds to the substrate surface vertically so that no further alignment layer is required.

The switchable window element may be a planar window element.

Alternatively, the switchable window element may be curved in space. For example, the switchable window element may be bent along a single direc tion so that the window element has a single radius of curvature. In anoth er example, the switchable window element is curved along two directions, wherein the radii of curvature may be identical or different for each of the two directions.

In order to provide further mechanical strength, the switchable window el ement preferably comprises at least one further substrate and at least one interlayer, wherein the at least one further substrate is connected to the first polarizer layer and/or second polarizer layer by means of the at least one interlayer.

The further substrate is preferably optically transparent and may be se- lected from a polymer or a glass.

Suitable glass materials for the further substrate include, for example, float glass or downdraw glass. The glass may also have been subjected to a pre-processing step like tempering, toughening and/or coating or sputter- ing. The glass can be, for example, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

For lamination, a lamination sheet (interlayer) is arranged between the at least one sheet and the switchable window element. In a subsequent treatment, which usually involves application of heat and/or elevated pres sure, the at least one sheet, the interlayer and the switchable window ele ment are bonded.

Suitable lamination sheets include, for example, an ionoplast, ethylene vi- nyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A suitable ionoplast is available under the trade name SentryGlas.

Alternatively, the at least one sheet and the at least one switchable win- dow element may be bonded by applying an adhesive at the interface be tween the second side of the sheet and the first substrate layer.

The switchable window element is preferably combined with further com ponents, such as a window frame, to form a switchable window.

Preferably, the switchable window element is used as a sunroof or a back window of a vehicle, wherein the switchable window element is configured to be normally dark. By configuring the window element to be in the dark state when no electric field is applied, the switchable window element may protect from bright sunlight in case no driving signal may be applied, for example due to a power failure.

Further, the switchable window element is preferably used as a windshield or window of a vehicle or a window of a building, wherein the switchable window element is configured to be normally bright. By configuring the window element to be in the bright state when no electric field is applied, the switchable window element allows an unblocked view out of the win dow in case no driving signal may be applied, for example due to a power failure.

Owing to the excellent dark state the device can e.g. serve as a switchable blind or screen or respectively as a sun shield in architectural or automo tive applications. By optionally providing segmentation of the window ele ment spatially selective or partial dimming may be obtained.

Brief description of the drawings The drawings show: Figure 1 a first embodiment of a switchable window element,

Figure 2 a second embodiment of the switchable window element, Figure 3 a third embodiment of the switchable window element,

Figures 4a the angle dependence of the dark state for a state of the art window element,

Figures 4b the angle dependence of the dark state for an inventive win dow element,

Figures 5a the angle dependence of the bright state for a state of the art window element, and

Figures 5b the angle dependence of the bright state for an inventive window element.

Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of a switchable window element 10.

The switchable window element 10 has a layer structure which comprises in this order a first polarizer layer 12, a first retardation element 14, a first electrode layer 16, a first alignment layer 18, a switchable layer 20, a sec ond alignment layer 22, a second electrode layer 24, a second retardation element 26 and a second polarizer layer 28. The first and second elec trode layers 16, 24 are, for example, based on a thin layer of indium tin ox ide (ITO). Depending on the configuration of the switchable window element 10, the first and second polarizer layers 12, 28 may be arranged in parallel or in crossed configuration. In crossed configuration, the window element 10 is normally dark. In parallel configuration, the window element 10 is normally bright.

In the embodiment of figure 1 , the first retardation element 14 and the second retardation element 26 serve as substrates for a liquid crystal cell. The first retardation element 14 carries the first electrode layer 16 and the first alignment layer 18 and the second retardation element 26 carries the second electrode layer 24 and the second alignment layer 22. The retar dation elements 14, 26 of the first embodiment are configured as optically anisotropic substrates which provide both mechanical stability and com pensation for phase dispersion in a single element.

The two substrates are arranged such that a liquid crystal cell having a cell gap is formed. The switchable layer 20 is sandwiched between the two substrates, wherein the two alignment layers 18 and 22 are facing towards the switchable layer 20. A seal 30 closes the cell.

The switchable layer 20 is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer which comprises a liquid crystalline medium having a negative dielectric anisot ropy Ae. For achieving the vertical alignment with a pretilt angle of about 90°, the alignment layers 18 and 22 are configured as homeotropic polyi- mide based alignment layers. Light, which passes through the switchable window element 10 along an optical path 40 is first linear polarized by the first polarizer layer 12. The light then passes through the first retardation element 14. Depending on the state of the switchable layer 20, the linear polarization plane of the light is unaffected or rotated by about 90°. After the switchable layer 20, the light passes through the second retardation element 26 and then through the second polarizing layer 28.

The out of plane and/or in plane retardation of the two retardation ele ments 14, 26 is selected such that phase dispersion of light passing through the layers 12, 16,18, 20, 22, 24 and elements 14, 26 of the layer structure is compensated. In particular, the out of plane retardation and the in plane retardation of the first and second retardation element 14, 26 are set such that for the switchable layer 20 set to the bright state, light having passed through the first polarizer layer 12, the first retardation ele- ment 14, the switchable layer 20 and the second retardation element 26 is linear polarized, wherein the polarization is parallel to the orientation of the second polarizer layer 28. In case the switchable layer 20 is set to the dark state, light having passed through the first polarizer layer 12, the first retardation element 14, the switchable layer 20 and the second retardation element 26 is linear polarized, wherein the polarization is orthogonal to the orientation of the second polarizer layer 28.

Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of the switchable window element 10. The switchable window element 10 of figure 2 has the same layer structure as the switchable window element 10 of the first embodiment which was described with respect to figure 1. The switchable window ele- ment 10 of the second embodiment has a layer structure which comprises in this order the first polarizer layer 12, the first retardation element 14, the first electrode layer 16, the first alignment layer 18, the switchable layer 20, the second alignment layer 22, the second electrode layer 24, the sec- ond retardation element 26 and the second polarizer layer 28.

In the second embodiment shown in figure 2, the first retardation element 14 is a layer structure comprising a first retardation layer 32 and a first substrate layer 34. Likewise, the second retardation element 26 is a layer structure comprising a second retardation layer 38 and a second substrate layer 36. In the second embodiment, the substrate layers 34, 36 of the re tardation elements 14, 26 face towards the switchable layer 20.

The configuration of the retardation elements 14, 26 as a layer structure allows the use of both optically isotropic and anisotropic substrates. The substrate may be chosen primarily for providing the required mechanical properties as the substrate layers 34, 36 may only provide no or only a part of the required total retardation. The remaining amount of retardation is provided by the first and second retardation layers 32, 38 which must not fulfill mechanical stability requirements by their own and can therefore be chosen only in dependence on the required retardation.

Figure 3 shows a third embodiment of the switchable window element 10. The switchable window element 10 of figure 3 has essentially the same layer structure as the switchable window element 10 of the second embod iment which was described with respect to figure 2. However, the first po larizer element 12 and the first retardation layer 32 are provided in form of a first combined polarizer-retarder element 50 and the second polarizer element 28 and the second retardation element 38 are provided in form of a second combined polarizer-retarder element 52.

This structure allows the use of optically isotropic substrates 34 and 36 which, in combination with the first and second electrode layers 16, 24, the first and second alignment layers 18, 22 and the switchable layer 20 form a liquid crystal cell. This liquid crystal cell may be prepared in a first step and the combined polarizer-retarder elements 50, 52 may be applied at a later step.

In addition, the switchable window element 10 of the third embodiment comprises a further substrate 44 and an interlayer 42.

The further substrate 44 is included in order to provide further mechanical strength. In the embodiment shown in figure 3, the further substrate 44 is connected to the second polarizer layer 28 by means of the interlayer 42. Alternatively or additionally, a further substrate 44 may be connected to the first polarizer layer 12. The further substrate 44 is preferably optically transparent and may be selected from a polymer or a glass.

Example:

An inventive vertically aligned liquid crystal cell is prepared wherein the product of the thickness d of the switchable layer and the optical anisotro py An of the liquid crystalline medium was set to 0.3 pm. The cell gap d was set to 3.45 pm. Two polarizer foils which additionally comprise retar dation elements provided by Polatechno Co., Ltd. were used as first and second polarizing layer and first and second retardation elements. The combined polarizer and retarder foils were applied to optically isotropic substrates forming the liquid crystal cell.

A liquid crystal cell having a Heilmeier configuration was used as compar ative example. In a Heilmeier cell, a guest-host system is used as switcha ble layer which comprises at least one liquid crystal as host and a dichroic dye as guest. When the LC molecules change their orientation due to an applied electric field, the orientation of the dichroic dye is changed as well. The dichroic dye absorbs, or respectively preferentially absorbs, light in one orientation so that light transmission may be modulated by changing the orientation of the dichroic dye. In the comparative example, a configu ration using one polarizer and one liquid crystal cell was used. The angle dependent transmission of the inventive cell and the Heilmeier cell was determined for the dark state and the bright state. The transmis sion in the dark state is shown in figures 4a and 4b. Figure 4a shows the dark state transmission of the Heilmeier cell and figure 4b shows the dark state transmission of the inventive switchable window element having a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer. The inventive switchable window el ement provides an improved dark state having less transmission and less angle dependence than the Heilmeier cell. The transmission in the bright state is shown in figures 5a and 5b. Figure 5a shows the bright state transmission of the Heilmeier cell and figure 5b shows the bright state transmission of the inventive switchable window el ement having a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer. The bright state of the inventive switchable window element is slightly less even than the bright state of the Heilmeier cell. However, the angle having the brightest transmission is large for the inventive switchable window element wherein the angle for the brightest transmission is narrow for the Heilmeier cell.

List of reference numerals

10 switchable window element

12 first polarizer layer

14 first retardation element

16 first electrode layer

18 first alignment layer

20 switchable layer

22 second alignment layer

24 second electrode layer

26 second retardation element

28 second polarizer layer

30 seal

32 first retardation layer

34 first substrate layer

36 second substrate layer

38 second retardation layer

40 optical path

42 interlayer

44 further substrate

50 first combined polarizer-retarder element

52 second combined polarizer-retarder element