Field

The present disclosure relates to computing devices, and in particular, computing devices comprising application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

Background

In many contexts, electrical devices comprise power supply units (which may be referred to as power controllers or power control units) which regulate a supply of electrical power from an electrical power source to an electrical load. In such a power supply unit, which is often referred to in the art as a ‘switched mode power supply’ (SMPS), at least one switching element is disposed on a direct or indirect current path between a power source (such as, for example, a mains electrical outlet, optionally stepped up or down in voltage and I or current by a transformer module; or a battery or capacitor unit). Each of one or more switching elements in such a power supply unit is typically provided with switching control logic operable to open and close the at least one switching element to regulate a supply of electrical current between the power source and one or more electrical loads. In some power supply units of this type, switching elements are implemented as relays or solid-state switches (for example field-effect transistors), such that there is a high degree of electrical isolation (i.e. impedance) between a first circuit path comprising control logic providing control signals to modify the switch state of each switch, and a second circuit path (typically carrying signals at higher power than the first circuit path) which is switched between an open and closed circuit state by the one or more switches under control of the switching control logic.

In a typical power supply unit, the switching control logic may typically comprise a microcontroller configured to provide switch driving signals to actuates one or more switch elements to complete an electrical path between the power source and an electrical load. The control logic may be connected to one or more input terminals, configured to be connected to external circuitry which is configured to provide trigger signals to the power supply unit, and the control logic is configured to actuate the switch(es) when a certain trigger condition is met, such as the receiving of a predefined input signal from, for example, an external computing device, a sensor, and I or manual input element (e.g. a button or switch). Alternatively, or in addition, switching may be controlled by the control logic of the controller element, without external input, according to, for example, a switching scheme implemented in firmware I software running on processing hardware of the controller element.

In configuring power supply units which use switches to provide a switched mode of power delivery, it is of interest to optimise between requirements for safety and reliability on the one hand, and efficiency of operation on the other hand. Various approaches are described herein which seek to help address or mitigate at least some of the issues discussed above.

Summary

According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a switching unit for a power control unit, comprising: at least one power supply node for connection to a power supply; at least one load node for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node; and a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path; wherein each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path; and the plurality of switches are arranged into at least one configurable switch set, each configurable switch set comprising at least two of the plurality of switches, wherein the switches comprised in each configurable switch set are configured to be set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path.

According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an aerosol provision device comprising an electrical power supply, an electrical load comprising an aerosol generator, and the switching unit according to the first aspect, wherein the at least one power supply terminal is electrically connected to the electrical power supply, and the at least one load terminal is electrically connected to the electrical load.

According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of operating a switching unit for a power control unit, the switching unit comprising: at least one power supply node for connection to a power supply; at least one load node for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node; and a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path; wherein each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path; wherein the plurality of switches are arranged into at least one configurable switch set, each configurable switch set comprising at least two of the plurality of switches; wherein the method comprises: switching the switches comprised in at least one configurable switch set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path. According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided data processing apparatus comprising means for carrying out a method according to the fourth aspect.

According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the fourth aspect.

It will be appreciated that features and aspects of the invention described above in relation to the first and other aspects of the invention are equally applicable to, and may be combined with, embodiments of the invention according to other aspects of the invention as appropriate, and not just in the specific combinations described above

Brief Description of the Drawings

Embodiments of the disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an aerosol provision system in which a power supply unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a power supply unit comprising a single solid-state switch.

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a power supply unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 4 is a flowchart detailing aspects of operation of a power supply unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figures 5a and 5b are schematic diagrams of switching schemes for first and second switches connected in series along an electrical current path, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a switching scheme for first and second switches connected in series along an electrical current path, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 7 is a flowchart detailing aspects of operation of a power supply unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figures 8A to 8D are schematic diagrams showing a switching unit in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Figures 9A and 8B are schematic diagrams showing a circuit package comprising a switching unit in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figures 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams showing a circuit package comprising a switching unit, and a connector element in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 11 is a flowchart detailing aspects of operation of a power supply unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

Aspects and features of certain examples and embodiments are discussed I described herein. Some aspects and features of certain examples and embodiments may be implemented conventionally and these are not discussed I described in detail in the interests of brevity. It will thus be appreciated that aspects and features of apparatus and methods discussed herein which are not described in detail may be implemented in accordance with any conventional techniques for implementing such aspects and features.

The present disclosure relates to power control units (which may be interchangeably referred to herein as switched-mode power supplied, power controllers, and power control modules) for electrical / electronic devices. The term ‘electrical I electronic device’ herein encompasses any system or device in which it switching of power between an electrical source and a load is required, and thus may include handheld consumer electronic devices (e.g. digital cameras, digital video cameras, GPS units, telephones, watches, digital music players), household appliances (e.g. washing machines, dryers, fridges, freezers, dishwashers, smart speakers, microwaves, toasters, coffee makers, or blenders), vehicles (e.g. cars, aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, drones / UAVs, or trains), and computer peripherals and / or modules in computer systems (e.g. motherboards, hard drives, sound or graphics cards, wireless telecommunications controllers, or network switches), or any other electrical / electronic device known to the skilled person. Herein, aerosol provision systems are presented as an exemplary use context in which embodiments of power control units according to the present disclosure may be implemented, for the sake of providing a concrete example of an application. However, it will be understood that this operating context is merely exemplary, and the subject matter of the present disclosure may be applied in respect of other use cases, particularly in electrical / electronic devices in which enhanced reliability / safety of electrical switching is desirable. Thus whilst embodiments of a power control unit as described herein may be referred to as a power control unit configured for use in an electronic aerosol provision

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP system, the same embodiments may be applied for use in controlling a supply of electrical power to one or more electrical loads in the context of any other kind of electronic I electrical I electro-mechanical device or system, and the power control units described herein may be referred to as a power control units configured for use in an electrical I electronic system or device, or configured for use in a consumer electrical device.

Aerosol provision systems are an example of a type of handheld consumer electrical device in which a reusable part I power control unit (or ‘aerosol provision device’) according to the present disclosure may be implemented. Aerosol provision systems, may comprise so-called ‘e-cigarettes’ or ‘electronic cigarettes’ configured to aerosolise a supply of aerosol generating material in liquid or gel form, or may comprise so-called ‘heat-not-burn’ or ‘tobacco heating’ devices configured to aerosolise a supply of solid aerosol generating material (e.g. tobacco). Aerosol provision system may comprise a modular assembly including both a reusable part (i.e. aerosol provision device), which may be referred to herein as a control unit, and a replaceable (disposable) part which may be referred to herein as a cartridge, cartomiser, pod unit, or consumable. In such embodiments, the replaceable part will typically comprise a supply of aerosol generating material and an aerosol generator (e.g. a heater), and the reusable part will comprise a power supply (e.g. rechargeable power source) and a controller configured to provide control logic to support functions of the aerosol provision system. It will be appreciated these different parts may comprise further elements depending on the required functionality, as described further herein, and I or known to the skilled person. Replaceable parts of the aerosol provision system may be electrically and mechanically coupled to a reusable part for use, for example using a screw thread, bayonet, or magnetic coupling with appropriately arranged electrical contacts (in instances where an aerosol generator and I or other electrical components are comprised in the replaceable part). When a supply of aerosol generating material in a replaceable part is exhausted, or the user wishes to switch to a different replaceable part having a different aerosol generating material, a replaceable part may be removed from the reusable part, and a different I new replaceable part attached in its place. Devices conforming to this type of two-part modular configuration may generally be referred to as two-part devices. Alternatively, the components described above as distributed between a separable reusable part and a replaceable part may be integrated into a single housing, such that a part of the device containing aerosol generating material (e.g. in a reservoir) is not designed to be replaced by a user. Such a device, which may be referred to as a single-part or uni-part aerosol provision system or device, may be configured to allow a user to refill a reservoir or container of aerosol generating material, or may not be designed to allow refill by a user. Such a device may be referred to as a ‘disposable’ aerosol delivery device / system, and may be manufactured to comprise a battery and a supply of aerosol

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP generating material which are sized (in terms of capacity) to support a certain number of puffs before the device is no longer able to generate aerosol for a user (e.g. because the supply of electrical power and I or aerosol generating material are exhausted). When this point is reached, the device may be configured to be disposed of or recycled. Disposable aerosol provision systems, which are designed to be disposed of after a target number of puffs, may typically be designed to be relatively simple, with low per-unit production costs compared to reusable aerosol provision systems, and thus the inventor has recognised that the use of a relatively small and simple high-power-density power control unit, having integrated safety features, may be particularly advantageous in this context, particularly, though not exclusively, if the power control logic and switches of the power control unit are comprised in an ASIC package as described in embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view through an example aerosol provision system, which is provided as an exemplary and non-limiting use context for a power control unit configured in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. The aerosol provision system 1 shown in Figure 1 comprises two main components, namely a reusable part 2 and a replaceable I disposable cartridge or consumable part 4 (the words cartridge and consumable may be used interchangeably herein). In normal use the reusable part 2 and the consumable part 4 are releasably coupled together at an interface 6. When the consumable part is exhausted or the user simply wishes to switch to a different consumable part, the consumable part may be removed from the reusable part and a replacement cartridge part attached to the reusable part in its place. The interface 6 provides a structural, electrical and airflow path connection between the two parts and may be established in accordance with conventional techniques, for example based around a screw thread, magnetic or bayonet fixing with appropriately arranged electrical contacts and openings for establishing the electrical connection and airflow path between the two parts as appropriate. The specific manner by which the replaceable part 4 mechanically mounts to the reusable part 2 is not significant to the principles described herein. As known to the skilled person, in some examples, an aerosol generator may be provided in the reusable part 2 rather than in the replaceable part 4, or the transfer of electrical power from the reusable part 2 to the replaceable part 4 may be wireless (e.g. based on electromagnetic induction), so that an electrical connection between the reusable part and the replaceable part 4 is not needed.

The cartridge I consumable I replaceable part 4 may in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure be broadly conventional, designed and constructed according to approaches known to the skilled person. In Figure 1 , the cartridge part 4 comprises a cartridge housing 42 formed of a plastics material. The cartridge housing 42 supports other components of the

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP cartridge part and provides the mechanical interface 6 with the reusable part 2. Within the cartridge housing 42 is a reservoir 44 that contains aerosol generating material. Aerosol generating material is a material that is capable of generating aerosol, for example when heated, irradiated or energized in any other way. Aerosol generating material may, for example, be in the form of a solid, liquid or gel which may or may not contain an active substance and/or flavourants. In some embodiments, the aerosol-generating material may comprise plant material such as tobacco. In some embodiments, the aerosol-generating material may comprise an “amorphous solid”, which may alternatively be referred to as a “monolithic solid” (i.e. non-fibrous). In some embodiments, the amorphous solid may be a dried gel. The amorphous solid is a solid material that may retain some fluid, such as liquid, within it. In some embodiments, the aerosol generating material may for example comprise from about 50wt%, 60wt% or 70wt% of amorphous solid, to about 90wt%, 95wt% or 100wt% of amorphous solid. The aerosol generating material may comprise one or more active substances and/or flavours, one or more aerosol-former materials, and optionally one or more other functional material. An aerosol-former material may comprise one or more constituents capable of forming an aerosol, as known to the skilled person. One or more active constituents I substances comprised in the consumable part may comprise one or more physiologically and/or olfactory active constituents which are included in the aerosolisable material in order to achieve a physiological and/or olfactory response in the user. In some embodiments, the active constituent is a physiologically active constituent and may be selected from nicotine, nicotine salts (e.g. nicotine ditartrate/nicotine bitartrate), nicotine-free tobacco substitutes, other alkaloids such as caffeine, cannabinoids, or mixtures thereof.

In the example shown schematically in Figure 1 , a reservoir 44 is provided configured to store a supply of liquid aerosol generating material. In this example, the liquid reservoir 44 has an annular shape with an outer wall defined by the cartridge housing 42 and an inner wall that defines an airflow path 52 through the cartridge part 4. The reservoir 44 is closed at each end with end walls to contain the aerosol generating material. The reservoir 44 may be formed in accordance with conventional techniques, for example it may comprise a plastics material and be integrally moulded with the cartridge housing 42. This configuration is exemplary, and any aerosol generating material storage and airflow configuration known to the skilled person may alternatively be used.

The cartridge (which may also be referred to herein as a consumable part) further comprises an aerosol generator 48 located towards an end of the reservoir 44 opposite to the mouthpiece outlet 50. An aerosol generator is an apparatus configured to cause aerosol to be generated from the aerosol-generating material. In some embodiments, the aerosol generator is a heater

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP configured to subject the aerosol-generating material to heat energy, so as to release one or more volatile materials from the aerosol-generating material to form an aerosol. In some embodiments, the aerosol generator is configured to cause an aerosol to be generated from the aerosol-generating material without heating. For example, the aerosol generator may be configured to subject the aerosol-generating material to one or more of vibration, increased pressure, or electrostatic energy.

It will be appreciated that in a two-part device such as shown in Figure 1 , the aerosol generator may be in either of the reusable part 2 or the cartridge part 4. For example, in some embodiments, the aerosol generator 48 (e.g. a heater) may be comprised in the reusable part 2, and is brought into proximity with a portion of aerosol generating material in the cartridge 4 when the cartridge is engaged with the reusable part 2. In such embodiments, the cartridge may comprise a portion of aerosol generating material, and an aerosol generator 48 comprising a heater is at least partially inserted into or at least partially surrounds the portion of aerosol generating material as the cartridge 4 is engaged with the reusable part 2. In the example of Figure 1 , a wick 46 in contact with a heater 48 extends transversely across the cartridge airflow path 52 with its ends extending into the reservoir 44 of a liquid aerosol generating material through openings in the inner wall of the reservoir 44. The openings in the inner wall of the reservoir are sized to broadly match the dimensions of the wick 46 to provide a reasonable seal against leakage from the liquid reservoir into the cartridge airflow path without unduly compressing the wick, which may be detrimental to its fluid transfer performance.

In the example of Figure 1 , the wick 46 and heater 48 are arranged in the cartridge airflow path 52 such that a region of the cartridge airflow path 52 around the wick 46 and heater 48 in effect defines a vaporisation region for the cartridge part 4. Aerosol generating material in the reservoir 44 infiltrates the wick 46 through the ends of the wick extending into the reservoir 44 and is drawn along the wick by surface tension I capillary action (i.e. wicking). The heater 48 in this example comprises an electrically resistive wire coiled around the wick 46. In the example of Figure 1 , the heater 48 comprises a nickel chrome alloy (Cr20Ni80) wire and the wick 46 comprises a cotton bundle, but it will be appreciated the specific aerosol generator configuration is not significant to the principles described herein. In use electrical power may be supplied from the power source I battery 26 to the heater 48 by a controller 60, to vaporise an amount of aerosol generating material (aerosol generating material) drawn to the vicinity of the heater 48 by the wick 46. Vaporised aerosol generating material may then become entrained in air drawn along the cartridge airflow path from the vaporisation region towards the mouthpiece outlet 50 for user inhalation. Although the aerosol generator 48 illustrated in

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Figure 1 comprises a resistive wire coiled around a wick 46, this is not essential and it will be appreciate that other forms of aerosol generator may be used, such as a ceramic heater, flat plate heater, an inductive drive unit (e.g. a drive coil) providing a magnetic field to cause heating of a susceptor element in contact with aerosol generating material, etc.

The rate at which aerosol generating material is vaporised by the aerosol generator (e.g. heater) 48 will typically depend on the amount (level) of power supplied to the heater 48. Thus electrical power can be applied to the heater to selectively generate aerosol from the aerosol generating material in the cartridge part 4, and furthermore, the rate of aerosol generation can be changed by changing the amount of power supplied to the heater 48, for example through pulse width and/or frequency modulation techniques implemented using a power control unit I module 400 configured according to embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the power control unit comprises a controller comprising control logic configured to determine a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load, and to distribute the determined level of electrical power to the load by pulse width and I or pulse frequency modulation.

The reusable part 2 may comprise an outer housing 12 having with an opening that defines an air inlet 28 for the aerosol provision system. It further comprises a power source 26 (for example a battery) for providing operating power for the electronic cigarette, and control circuitry I controller 60 for controlling and monitoring operations of the electronic cigarette The reusable part 2 may optionally comprise one or more user input and mechanisms, such as a first user input button 14, a second user input button 16, and a visual feedback components such as a visual display 24.

The power source 26 in the example of Figure 1 may comprise a rechargeable battery and may be of a conventional type, for example of the kind normally used in electronic cigarettes and other applications requiring provision of relatively high currents over relatively short periods. The power source 26 may be recharged through a charging connector in the reusable part housing 12, for example a USB connector. In other instances, for example in disposable aerosol provision systems, the power source 26 may not be configured to be rechargeable by a user, and a charging connector may not be provided. The power source 26 may be supplied fully charged, and is configured to be disposed of with all or part of the aerosol provision system 1 when it has been fully discharged (i.e. when it no longer provides sufficient power to enable generation of aerosol).

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP One or more user input mechanisms (e.g. buttons 14, 16) may be provided, which in the example of Figure 1 are conventional mechanical buttons, for example comprising a spring mounted component which may be pressed by a user to establish an electrical contact. In this regard, the input buttons may be considered input devices for detecting user input and the specific manner in which the buttons are implemented is not significant. The buttons may be assigned to functions such as switching the aerosol provision system 1 on and off, and adjusting user settings such as a level of electrical power to be supplied from the power source 26 to an aerosol generator 48. A user input mechanism, where included, may directly or indirectly provide a trigger to a power control unit 400 as described herein, to indicate one or more switches of the power control unit should be closed to allow an aerosol generation current (e.g. heating current) to pass from the power source to the electrical load (e.g. aerosol generator 48). However, the inclusion of user input buttons is optional, and in some embodiments buttons may not be included, or a different form of user input mechanism may be provided.

A visual feedback mechanism ! display unit 24 may be provided to supply visual indications of various characteristics associated with the aerosol provision system 1 , for example power setting information, remaining battery power, an amount of usage (e.g. in puffs), a remaining supply of aerosol generating material, and so forth. The display unit 24 may be implemented in various ways. In the example of Figure 1 the display unit 24 may comprise a conventional pixilated LCD screen that may be driven by the controller 60 to display operating information in accordance with conventional techniques. In other implementations the display unit 24 may comprise one or more discrete indicators, for example LEDs (not shown), that are arranged to display operating information, for example through predefined colours and I or illumination patterns. In some examples, the display unit 24 may comprise a touchscreen display providing user input functionality which may alternatively or additionally be provided by one or more buttons as described further herein. More generally, the manner in which a display unit 24 is provided and information is displayed to a user using such a display unit 24 is not significant to the principles described herein. For example some aerosol provision systems may not include a display unit 24, and may optionally include other means for providing a user with information relating to operating characteristics of the aerosol provision system, for example using audio or haptic feedback elements (not shown), or may not include any means for providing a user with information relating to operating characteristics of the aerosol provision system.

A controller 60 may be suitably configured / programmed to control the operation of the aerosol provision systemto provide functionality in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure as

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP described further herein, as well as for providing conventional operating functions of the aerosol provision systemin line with the established techniques for controlling such devices. The controller (i.e. processor circuitry) 60 may be considered to logically comprise various functional units I modules associated with different aspects of the operation of the aerosol provision system 1. Each of the functional units described herein may be implemented in hardware, for example as a functional unit of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In the example of Figure 1 , the controller 60 may comprise a functional unit configured as a power supply unit 400 as described further herein, for controlling the supply of power from the power source 26 to the aerosol generator 48 in response to user input, and further comprise a functional unit which is user-programmable to establishing configuration settings (e.g. user- defined power settings) in response to user input, as well as other functional units I circuitry supporting other functionality of the aerosol provision system in accordance with principles described herein and I or conventional operating aspects of electronic cigarettes, such as user feedback functions, charging functions, and wireless and I or wired communication functions. It will be appreciated the functionality of the controller 60 can be provided in various different ways, for example using one or more suitably programmed programmable computer(s) and ! or one or more suitably configured application-specific integrated circuit(s) I circuitry I chip(s) I chipset(s) configured to provide the desired functionality. For example, the controller 60 may comprise a first ASIC package or MCU chip providing control logic supporting a first set of device functions, with electrical interconnects to a second ASIC package comprising a power control unit 400 as described herein, configured to switch on and off a supply of electrical power from the battery 26 to the aerosol generator 48; or the controller 60 may comprise an ASIC package supporting all electrical I electronic control functions of the device, and comprising a power control sub-unit 400 (e.g. a functional unit) defined on the same die I chip I wafer, the power control unit 400 being specifically configured to switch on and off a supply of electrical power from the battery 26 to the aerosol generator 48. The controller 60 may comprise an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or microcontroller, comprising hardware and I or firmware I software control logic for controlling functions of the aerosol provision system. The microcontroller or ASIC may include a CPU or micro-processor. Software I firmware associated with the operation of the controller 60 may be stored in nonvolatile memory, such as ROM, which can be integrated into the controller 60 itself, or provided as a separate component. A CPU or MCU comprised in the controller 60 may access the ROM to load and execute individual software programs as and when required.

Reusable part 2 comprises an activation element which directly or indirectly allows a user to provide input to the controller 60 and I or power control unit 400 to indicate a demand for aerosol. The activation element may comprise an airflow sensor 30 which is electrically

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP connected to the controller 60. In most embodiments, the airflow sensor 30 comprises a so- called “puff sensor”, in that the airflow sensor 30 is used to detect when a user is puffing on the device by detecting airflow (e.g. a change in pressure, airflow speed, or acoustic signals associated with a puff). In some embodiments, the airflow sensor comprises a switch in an electrical path providing electrical power from the power source 26 to the aerosol generator 48. In such embodiments, the airflow sensor 30 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to close the switch when subjected to an particular range of pressures, enabling current to flow from the power source 26 to the aerosol generator 48 once the pressure in the vicinity of the airflow sensor 30 drops below a threshold value. The threshold value can be set to a value determined by experimentation to correspond to a characteristic value or range of values associated with the initiation of a user puff. In other embodiments, the airflow sensor 30 is connected to the controller 60 and / or power control unit 400, and the controller I power control unit distributes electrical power from the power source 26 to the aerosol generator 48 in dependence of a signal received from the airflow sensor 30.

In the example shown in Figure 1 , the airflow sensor 30 is mounted to a printed circuit board 31 , but this is not essential, and as described further herein, the airflow sensor may be comprised in a power control unit 400 (e.g. implemented as an ASIC package). The airflow sensor 30 may comprise any sensor which is configured to determine a characteristic of airflow in an airflow path 51 disposed between air inlet 28 and mouthpiece opening 50, for example a pressure sensor or transducer (for example a membrane or solid-state pressure sensor, such as a MEMS pressure sensor), a combined temperature and pressure sensor, or a microphone (for example an electret-type microphone), which is sensitive to changes in air pressure, including acoustical signals. The airflow sensor may typically be situated within a sensor cavity I chamber 32, which, where present, comprises the interior space defined by one or more chamber walls 34 in which an airflow sensor 30 can be fully or partially situated. The airflow sensor 30 may be mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) 31 or comprised in an ASIC package, which comprises one of the chamber walls 34 of a sensor housing comprising the sensor chamber / cavity 32. A deformable membrane can be disposed across an opening communicating between the sensor cavity 32 containing the sensor 30, and a portion of the airflow path disposed between air inlet 28 and mouthpiece opening 50. The deformable membrane covers the opening, and is attached to one or more of the chamber walls according to approaches described further herein. It will be appreciated an airflow sensor 30, where present, may not be positioned in a dedicated sensor cavity 32, and may be situated anywhere in the airflow path, according to any suitable approach known to the skilled person. As described herein, in embodiments where the controller 60 comprises or constitutes a power control unit 400, the airflow sensor 30 may be integrated into the controller 60.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Whilst the aerosol provision system of Figure 1 has been shown as comprising a replaceable part 4 and a reusable part 2, it will be appreciated this is only exemplary, and in other instances, such an aerosol provision system may comprise a single-part device, which may be designed to be disposable after an initial supply of electrical power and I or aerosol generating material, supplied at manufacture, have been exhausted. Thus an aerosol provision system 1 as shown in Figure 1 or otherwise described herein may not comprise a connection interface 6, but rather the components comprised in the device (e.g. as shown in the example device of Figure 1) may be housed within a single housing, and the aerosol provision system may be referred to as a ‘disposable’ aerosol provision system, or ‘singlepart’ aerosol provision system.

The aerosol provision system may 1 comprise communication circuitry configured to enable a connection to be established with one or more further electronic devices (for example, a smartphone, personal computer, external server, storage I charging case, and I or a refill ! charging dock) to enable data transfer between the aerosol provision system 1 and further electronic device(s). In some embodiments, the communication circuitry is integrated into controller 60, and in other embodiments it is implemented separately (comprising, for example, separate application-specific integrated circuit(s) I circuitry I chip(s) I chipset(s)). For example, the communication circuitry may comprise a separate module to the controller 60 which, while connected to controller 60, provides dedicated data transfer functionality for the aerosol provision system. In some embodiments, the communication circuitry is configured to support communication between the aerosol provision system 1 and one or more further electronic devices over a wireless interface. The communication circuitry may be configured to support wireless communications between the aerosol provision system 1 and other electronic devices such as a case, a dock, a computing device such as a smartphone or PC, a base station supporting cellular communications, a relay node providing an onward connection to a base station, a wearable device, or any other portable or fixed device which supports wireless communications.

Wireless communications between the aerosol provision system 1 and a further electronic device may be configured according to known data transfer protocols such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, Wifi Direct, GSM, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, NFC, RFID. More generally, it will be appreciated that any wireless network protocol can in principle be used to support wireless communication between the aerosol provision system 1 and further electronic devices. In some embodiments, the communication circuitry is configured to support communication between the aerosol provision system 1 and one or more further electronic devices over a

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP wired interface. This may be instead of or in addition to the configuration for wireless communications set out above. The communication circuitry may comprise any suitable interface for wired data connection, such as USB-C, micro-USB or Thunderbolt interfaces. More generally, it will be appreciated the communication circuitry may comprise any wired communication interface which enables the transfer of data, according to, for example, a packet data transfer protocol, and may comprise pin or contact pad arrangements configured to engage cooperating pins or contact pads on a dock, case, cable, or other external device which can be connected to the aerosol provision system 1.

As set out further herein, the description of an aerosol provision system 1 in accordance with Figure 1 is only provided as an exemplary use context for an power control unit I power supply module according to embodiments of the present disclosure, in order to provide a concrete example of a context for which such unit I module may be designed and fabricated. It will be appreciated herein that nothing herein is intended to limit the utility of a power control unit according to embodiments of the present disclosure to the specific context of aerosol provision systems, such as that shown schematically in Figure 1 , and that the principles described herein for design and fabrication of a power control unit may be applied in respect of a device I system from any field of electrical devices in which a power supply unit I module (e.g. a SMPS) may be implemented.

In order to allow electrical power from a power source to a load in an electrical I electronic device or system, switching circuitry may be provided which can open and close the circuit path between the power source and the load. In an aerosol provision system context such as shown schematically in Figure 1 and described in the accompanying text, the load may comprise an aerosol generator 48 such as a resistive heating element, but it will be appreciated the load could in principle be associated with any functionality associated with the aerosol provision system (or another device in which a power control unit according to the present disclosure is comprised, as described further herein), and the specific functionality to be supported is not of particular significance to the principles of fabrication and operation of a power control unit as described herein. Aspects of the present disclosure are particularly directed to embodiments in which a power control unit comprises one or more solid-state switches, and thus embodiments of the power control units described herein may be particularly applied in contexts involving supply of power from a power supply to a load using solid-state switches (including in contexts outside of the field of aerosol provision systems). Solid-state switches (also known as ‘relays’) typically provide a gate of variable resistance between a collector I drain terminal (connected to supply voltage) and an emitter I source terminal (connected to a load), wherein the resistance of the gate varies in dependence on a

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP voltage applied to a base I gate terminal. These terminal designations may be used interchangeably herein. Typically, solid-state switches are implemented as field-effect transistors (FETs), of which there exist a range of sub-types, including the metal-oxide- semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), junction field-effect transistor (JFET), and metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET). Approaches as described herein may be applied to power control units comprising these, and I or other FET types, including new types yet to be developed. A FET is typically characterised by low on I closed resistance and high off I open resistance on the drain-to-source electrical path,, high gate-to-drain current resistance (thus isolating the control circuitry and the current path through the main gate between drain and source), and a low power-draw for switching control signals used to switch the gate state between open I off and closed I on, or vice-versa. Figure 2 shows an exemplary implementation of a power control unit comprising a power controller package 300 (‘controller package’), comprising a single solid state switch I FET 320, control logic 310 comprising a FET control module ! functional unit 311 , and an airflow sensor 340 with a port 341 for fluid connection to a region of an aerosol provision system which is part of an airflow path in which a pressure drop is induced during user draw. In this example, the control logic 310, FET 320, and airflow sensor 340, are implemented in the same package 300, however this is merely exemplary, and these components may be separately provided (e.g. as part of separate assemblies, for example on discrete silicon substrates) which are provided with suitable electrical interconnects (e.g. wires or other conductive lines). The FET 320 comprises a switchable solid-state gate disposed between the drain / collector terminal (D) and the source I emitter terminal (S); and a gate I base terminal (G), at which the control logic 310 can apply a voltage e.g. (between terminal G, and terminal S or ground), to control the conductivity of the gate between terminals D and S. The drain terminal S is connected to supply voltage _SU p _Piy (e.g. being directly or indirectly connected to the battery of a device in which the power controller package 300 is implemented), and the source terminal S is connected to an electrical load (e.g. a heater or other aerosol generator, in an aerosol provision system context). The gate terminal G is connected to FET control unit 311 of control logic 310, the FET control unit 311 being configured to provide a variable voltage to terminal G to switch the FET gate between closed I on, and open I off states. As is known to the skilled person, the state of a FET in use is partly characterised by various electrical parameters, including ID (current passing the gate), RDS (resistance across terminals D and S), and DS (voltage across terminals D and S). Typically, the operating characteristics of a solid-state switch / FET are as follows (the actual values of the various parameters being characterised, unless specified otherwise, by the particular design I model of FET and environmental factors). When the voltage applied to the gate terminal (i.e. V _G s) is below a threshold voltage (i.e. VTH), the current between D and S (i.e. I _D ) is low (i.e. at / towards the bottom end of the normal operating range),

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP and the resistance between D and S (i.e. RDS) is high (i.e. at I towards the top of the normal operating range), and the voltage across D and S (i.e. VDS) is thus high (i.e. at I towards the top of the normal operating range). This regime, where VGS < VTH, may be referred to as operation in ‘cutoff mode’. In the regime where VTH < VGS < VSAT (where VSAT is the ‘saturation voltage’), ID, DS, and VDS, will typically vary with varying VGS. Typically, in this regime, which may typically be referred to as ‘linear mode’, RDS may typically vary linearly or quasi-linearly with varying VGS, with according variation in ID and VDS. In the regime where VGS > VSAT, RDS substantially ceases to vary as VGS continues to increase above VSAT. This regime may typically be referred to as ‘saturation mode’. Thus the current flow across the gate (i.e. ID) and the power supplied to the load (e.g. a heater) tend to their maximum values in saturation mode. Thus, in an exemplary use case, the control logic 310 is operable to control the power delivered to the load from the power supply I battery by varying the voltage supplied to the gate (G), in dependence on signals received at the control logic 310 from an airflow sensor 340. It will be appreciated that in other examples, the power controller package 300 may not comprise an airflow sensor 340, and signals to indicate the desired switching state may be provided to the control logic 310 by a different activation element, such as a manual user input element (e.g. a button), or a further controller (e.g. an MCU or ASIC), which may be integrated into the power control package 300, or connected via one or more input pins (e.g. a bus) associated with the power control package 300. Four exemplary input pins P1, P2, P3, and P4, are shown in Figure 3, but it will be appreciated the number of pins may be selected by the skilled person dependent on particular requirements of a specific use case. Where an airflow sensor 340 is used, this may comprise, for example, a MEMS sensor (such as a MEMS pressure sensor), comprising a port 341 to expose a pressure-sensitive element to a pressure drop induced in an aerosol provision system when a user puffs on the device. Depending on the pressure sensor design, a further port (not shown) may expose the pressure sensitive element to a reference pressure (e.g. ambient pressure). The control logic 310 is configured to receive signals from the sensor I manual user input element, or a further controller, and output a switch control voltage (VGS) to the FET gate terminal (G) to control the gate state. Thus, in some embodiments, the airflow sensor 340 outputs to the control logic 310 a signal which is proportional to a pressure drop sensed at the port 341. The FET control unit ! functional unit 311 (which may be implemented in software, where the controller is an MCU, or may comprise a functional unit I module of an ASIC), is operable to provide a switch-control voltage to the FET gate terminal (G), the amplitude of which varies in dependence on the input signal received from the activation element. Thus when the control logic 311 determines the input signal has exceeded a trigger condition (e.g. a threshold), it may provide a continuous or pulsed (e.g. square wave) control signal VGS, of a magnitude greater than VTH. For example, a pulsed signal at peak amplitude of V _G s= VSAT or VGS > VSAT may be used, with the duty cycle

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP and I or periodicity of the pulsed signal being controlled to vary the power supplied to the load between OWand the peak power determined by the supply voltage, maximum supply current, and the losses in the circuit path. This approach may be used to implement a pulse-width and I or pulse-frequency modulation scheme for power supply to the load, using approaches known to the skilled person or as described further herein.

It will be appreciated the above examples of operation of the configuration of Figure 2 are only for context, and the principles herein are applicable to a power control unit I package 300 comprising at least one solid-state switch, regardless of the specific way the switch is controlled in normal operation to supply power to the load (e.g. whether or not an actuation element such as an airflow sensor 340 is included).

Solid-state switches (such as FET 320 shown in the exemplary power control unit of Figure 2) may degrade and fail due to a variety of mechanisms, which may be due to dynamic loading above various safe limits of current, voltage, and / or total power dissipation, or due to environmental impacts (e.g. damage due to external factors). As a non-exhaustive set of examples of dynamic-loading failure modes, and without wishing to be bound by any particular physical theory, it is thought that a maximum operating voltage of the FET may be exceeded, leading to material disintegration / dielectric breakdown via short circuit; and / or a maximum rate of voltage rise may be exceeded (e.g. due to a rapid transient spike in voltage caused by, for example, electrical noise or RF interference), causing insulation between the gate and the body of the FET package to be degraded; and / or power dissipation may exceed a threshold rate, causing degradation of materials (e.g. de-soldering and / or de-bonding of components from a die). The latter may be caused by a maximum operating current being exceeded, for example by a short-circuit condition on the load. Dynamic loading in unsafe regimes may lead to rapid (e.g. near-instantaneous) failure, or may degrade the FET more slowly (e.g. over a plurality of switching cycles) such that it continues to function with impaired operational characteristics. Even if safe loading limits are not exceeded, degradation may still occur due to aging as the number of switching cycles increases cumulatively. Environmental impacts such as overheating, water ingress, contamination, and radiation damage, may also degrade materials comprised in the FET leading to failure, or pre-failure degradation.

A solid-state switch / FET, such as FET 320 of Figure 2, may be in one of a plurality of different operating states, depending on a degree of degradation. These include a complete failure state, which may be categorised by the failure of the FET gate to respond to control signals from the control logic 310. For example, the FET may be in a complete failure state, where the gate resistance (i.e. RDS) is high (e.g. at or above its nominal ‘open / off’ rating), and cannot be reduced by applying a control voltage (e.g. a control voltage at VTH < V _G s < V _S AT, VGS =

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP VSAT, or VGS > VSAT). This operating state may be referred to as an ‘open failure’. In other circumstances, a complete ‘closed failure’ operating state may be considered to have occurred where significant current (i.e. ID) can pass the gate of the FET despite the control voltage (i.e. VGS) being below the threshold voltage (i.e. VTH). In some circumstances, the gate resistance (i.e. RDS) in an open-failure state may be low (e.g. at or below its nominal ‘open I off’ rating) even when VGS is substantially zero. A partial closed-failure state may occur where RDS remains between the nominal values in the ‘on’ and ‘off’ states despite the control signal voltage VGS being below the threshold VTH. Complete or partial closed-circuit failures may be considered particularly dangerous failure states in operating contexts where the load comprises a heater, since the FET 320 cannot be switched to an open-circuit state by the controller 310 to turn off the supply of current and thus terminate heating. This may lead to overheating, causing damage to the device, and potentially injury to a user and ! or risk of fire.

It is recognised that a FET may be in a degraded operational condition without being I prior to entering a complete failure state (e.g. open- or -closed circuit failure). A degraded operational condition may be defined as one in which physical degradation of the FET has caused the response behaviour (i.e. response to differing control voltage V _G s) to vary appreciably from the nominal behaviour of the FET in the new I virgin I pristine / as-manufactured state. This variation may be characterised as a degradation-induced drift over time in at least one operating parameter of the FET. For example, the curve representing the relationship between control voltage (i.e. V _G s) and resulting gate voltage (i.e. V _G s) for the same supply voltage at the drain terminal (D) may drift over time / use, as may the values of VTH and / or VSAT. Indeed, depending on the nature of the degradation, any of the defining operating characteristics / parameters of the FET (including scalar values, and rates of change of various orders) may drift as the FET ages, and may also be induced / accelerated by dynamic loading in regimes exceeding the rated operating limits (e.g. limits for V _G s, V _D s, and l _D ) as defined by manufacture.

The inventor has recognised that in power control units comprising solid-state switches / FETs, and particularly those where the load under control comprises a heater (such as in many aerosol provision systems), strategies to mitigate the risk of complete FET failure and / or prevent complete failure of FETs and I or monitor FET degradation state are of interest.

Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a power control unit configured for use in an electrical / electronic device (such as an aerosol provision system), the power control unit comprising: at least one power supply terminal for connection to an electrical power supply; at least one load terminal for connection to an electrical load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply terminal to the at least one load terminal; and a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP current path, wherein the power control unit comprises control logic configured to independently switch each of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state; wherein the control logic is configured to supply electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path; and wherein in some embodiments the control logic is further configured to determine if at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state, and to modify an aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path on the basis of said determination.

Figure 3 shows a power control unit 400 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As in the power control unit of Figure 2, the power control unit 400 comprises control logic 410, and an optional airflow sensor 440, as described in association with Figure 2. A plurality of solid-state switches / FETs is distributed in series between a power supply terminal (V _suppiy ), configured to be connected directly or indirectly to a power source (e.g. a battery 26 as shown in Figure 1) and a load terminal (Vioad), configured to be connected directly or indirectly to a load (e.g. an aerosol generator such as a heater 48 as shown in Figure 1). The control logic 410 comprises various functional modules I units. These are shown schematically in Figure 3 as being spatially distinct, and whilst in some instances, the functionality of each functional unit may be provided by a different circuit module (e.g. series of cells and electrical interconnects implemented as part of an ASIC), in other instances, the functionality of one or more of the functional units (or all the functional units) may be provided by the same circuitry I hardware, with each functional unit supported virtually by different firmware / software routines (e.g. where the power control unit 410 comprises a microcontroller unit (MCU) implementing one or more routines defined in firmware I software). In other words, the reference to different ‘functional units’ of the power control unit 410 is intended herein to allow different functionalities of the power control unit 410 to be described, without necessarily implying each functional unit is implemented using discrete circuitry or software elements. The gate terminals (G) of each of the switches are independently connected to a FET control unit 412, configured to provide an AC / pulsed or DC driving voltage to the gate of each each switch to toggle it between open and closed states (as described in accordance with Figure 2). The standard driving voltage parameters in normal usage can be configured according to known approaches, taking into account the characteristics of the specific switches used (i.e. as defined by the manufacturer). Two solid-state switches (e.g. FETs) 421 and 422 are shown in the example of Figure 3, but it will be appreciated that in other embodiments, any number of switches may be provided in series, with the number of measurement nodes and switch state sensors scaled accordingly, with an electrical measurement node defined between neighbouring pairs of switches, and with each switch connected to the FET control unit 412.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP In any of the embodiments described herein, the power control unit 400 may comprise an application specific integrated circuit, ASIC, package, in which at least the control logic 410 is fabricated onto a single die I chip I wafer, or distributed among different dies I chips I wafers packaged into the same casing. Optionally, the plurality of switches with associated electrical measurement nodes and I or switch state sensors defined on one or more separate discrete elements (e.g. circuit boards) connected to the control logic 410 by appropriate electrical interconnects. In some embodiments, the switches are integrated with the control logic 410 on a single semiconductor die (e.g. a silicon die), and the controller package 400 may comprise a high power density ASIC power controller I SMPS. Where the controller package 400 comprises an ASIC, the functions described in the embodiments herein may be implemented using chip design and fabrication processes known to the skilled person. For example, the control logic (e.g. in terms of how switching control signals are provided in response to inputs, and how switch degradation monitoring approaches described herein are implemented) may be translated into a hardware description language (e.g. Verilog or VHDL), in a register-transfer level (RTL) design stage. There may typically follow a functional verification stage, where the control logic is simulated (e.g. via bench testing, formal verification, emulation, or creating and evaluating an equivalent pure software model). There may typically follow a logic synthesis stage where the RTL design is transposed / compiled into a set of standard or custom cells, typically derived from a standard-cell library of logic gates configured to perform specific functions, to form a gate-level netlist. In a placement stage, the gate-level netlist is processed to derive a placement of the cells on a die (e.g. a silicon die). During placement, the cell positioning is typically optimised for efficiency and robustness. In a routing stage, the netlist is typically used to design appropriate electrical connections between the standard cells, to provide the control logic. The output of the placement and routing stages is typically the derivation of the photo-mask(s) (‘masks’) which will be used to fabricate the circuitry of the ASIC package (e.g. the control logic 410) on the die material.

The manner in which the FET control unit 412 is configured to switch the states of the switched by supplying a control voltage (i.e. V _G s) to the respective gate of each switch is context- dependent, and may be based on an output signal received by the FET control unit 412 from an actuation element (e.g. a manual activation element such as a button, or one or more sensors), or may be based on internal signal flows I algorithms implemented by control logic 410 (e.g. so that switches are triggered on and off according to a predefined schedule). Under normal usage, when a degraded operating condition of one or more switches is not detected, the control unit 412 may implement control logic configured to trigger each switch of the plurality of switches to open and close synchronously, such that the ‘on’ and ‘off’ states of all

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP switches are aligned in time, In other embodiments, as described herein, the opening and closing of each of the plurality of switches may be asynchronous to the other switches of the plurality of switches. The power control unit 400 may comprise a wired or wireless data connection to one or more external computing devices, which output signals to terminals of the controller package 400 on the basis of which the FET control unit 412 is triggered to switch the states of the switches. Thus power control unit 410 may optionally comprise control logic (e.g. comprised in FET control unit 412) configured to detect a trigger signal provided by an actuation element, and to control the supply of electrical current from an external power supply connected to the power supply terminal (i.e. (V _suppiy ), to the load terminal (i.e Vioad), via the electrical current path passing through the plurality of switches on the basis of the trigger signal. In some embodiments, such an actuation element may be integrated into the power control unit 400, as shown in Figure 3, where an airflow sensor 440, as described in accordance with Figure 2, is integrated into the power control unit 400, which may comprise an ASIC package. In some embodiments, such an ASIC package may comprise an airflow sensor implemented as a MEMS pressure sensor or microphone, and the power control unit 400 may in these contexts be referred to as an aerosol provision system power control unit.

As described above, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic 410 defined in the power control unit 410 is configured to determine if at least one first switch (e.g. FET) of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state, and to modify an aspect of the provision of electrical current between the power supply and load terminals (i.e. V _suppiy and Vioad) on the basis of said determination. In some embodiments, the adverse operating state comprises a failure state, and the control logic 410 is configured to determine at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state by determining the at least one first switch has failed. The failure state may comprise a complete failure state, as described further herein. Thus, in some aspects of these embodiments, the power control unit 400 is configured to determine at least one first switch has failed non-reversibly in a closed- circuit state. In some aspects of these embodiments, the power control unit 400 is configured to determine the at least one first switch has failed non-reversibly in an open-circuit state.

Figure 3 shows schematically three nodes N1 , N2, and N3, respectively positioned at locations prior to the two switches 431 and 422, between the two switches, and after the two switches, on the current path between power supply and load terminals. An electrical measurement unit 413 associated with the controller 410 is connected to each of the nodes N1, N2, and N3, to allow electrical parameters associated with the switches 421 and 422 to be determined. For example, the drain-to- source voltage (i.e. V _DS ) of switch 421 can be measured across nodes N1 and N2, and the drain-to- source voltage (i.e. V _D s) of switch 422 can be measured across nodes N2 and N3. Optionally, the current (i.e. I _D ) through the plurality of switches may be

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP measured at a position between V _supp iy and Vioad, via ammeter circuitry connected to the electrical measurement unit 413 (circuitry not shown in Figure 3). By providing hardware or software interconnects between the FET control unit 412 and the electrical measurement unit 413, the gate to source voltage (i.e. VGS) for each switch can be determined by the electrical measurement unit 413. Typically, the electrical measurement unit 413 is configured to determine the supply voltage connected to the power supply terminal using approaches for power-supply output voltage measurement known to the skilled person. Other electrical parameters as described herein may be determined by the electrical measurement unit 413 using approaches known to the skilled person. What may be considered significant is that these parameters can be determined independently for each of the plurality of switches. The electrical measurement unit 413 and associated circuitry (e.g. connecting to nodes N1 , N2, and N3) may be considered to comprise a separate switch status sensor associated with each one of the plurality of switches.

In some embodiments, the electrical measurement unit 413 may determine a failure state of a given first switch of the plurality of switches by measuring the drain to source voltage (i.e. VDS) across the switch at appropriate measurement nodes, and determining if this is in the expected range based on a predefined control voltage (i.e. V _GS ) applied to the gate of the respective switch. Failure may be identified by applying a control signal at a single voltage, or swept over a range of voltages, and comparing the actual voltage(s) (i.e. V _D s) associated with the control voltage(s) V _G s, with the expected value(s) of V _D s for the same value(s) of V _GS , based for example on a calibration curve of VDS VS V _GS for the switch (which may be derived via experimentation or provided by the switch manufacturer). The electrical measurement unit 413 may optionally comprise a temperature sensor, power-supply voltage sensor, and switch current (l _D ) sensor to allow the calibration curve to be corrected / selected to take into account the ambient temperature, supply voltage, and switch current. Taking into account the ranges of drain-to-source voltage (i.e. VDS) associated with each of the cutoff, linear, and saturation modes of the switch as manufactured; a closed-circuit failure may be determined to have occurred if VDS is in a range associated with either of linear or saturation mode operation when the control voltage (i.e. V _GS ) is in a range associated with cutoff mode operation, or if V _D s is in a range associated with saturation mode operation when V _GS is in a range associated with linear or cutoff mode operation; and a open-circuit failure may be determined to have occurred if DS is in a range associated with either of cutoff or linear mode operation when V _GS is in a range associated with saturation mode operation; or if VDS is in a range associated with cutoff mode operation when V _GS is in a range associated with linear or saturation mode operation, or if VDS is in a range associated with cutoff or linear mode operation when V _GS is in a range associated with saturation mode operation. In other words, if the drain-to-source voltage (i.e.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP VDS) across a given switch is lower than expected based on the normal value(s) for a given control voltage (i.e. VGS), the electrical measurement unit 413 may determine the switch is in an open-circuit failure, or if VDS across a given switch is greater than expected based on the normal value for GS, the electrical measurement unit 413 may determine the switch is in an closed-circuit failure. More generally, a switch failure may be determined to have occurred if VDS does not respond in the typical manner to a change in VGS

Though not shown in Figure 3, the controller package 400 may comprise switchable electrical lines enabling each of switches 421 and 422 to be independently connected to the supply voltage and the load (or to ground). Thus in the context of Figure 3, if a first switch 421 has undergone complete open-circuit failure, such that no supply voltage can be supplied via the first switch 421 to the second switch 422, the supply voltage may be switched directly to node N2 to bypass the failed first switch 421, allowing the electrical parameters associated with the gate between drain and source of the second switch 422 to be measured as described above. Similarly, if a second switch 422 has undergone complete open-circuit failure, such that no connection from the source terminal of a first switch 421 can be made to the load I ground via the second switch 422, the load I ground may be switched directly to node N2 to bypass the failed second switch 422, allowing the electrical parameters associated with the gate between drain and source of the first switch 421 to be measured as described above

According to the approaches described above, if a first switch of the plurality of switches (e g. one of switches 421 and 422 in the two-switch embodiment shown in Figure 3) is determined to have failed, the control logic 410 may be configured to modify the provision of electrical current to the load terminal by switching at least one second switch of the plurality of switches to an open-circuit state based on determining the at least one first switch has failed, (e.g. via provision of an appropriate control voltage V _G s to the second switch, which will typically comprise the removal of the control voltage from the gate of the second switch). In response to detecting failure of one or more first switches, one or more second switches, which in some instances comprises all other switches of a plurality of switches on the current path between the power supply and load terminals, may be triggered to their open-circuit state (e.g. by removing gate voltages), and the power control unit 400 may be configured to maintain this condition regardless of whether signals are received at the power control unit 400 I control logic 410 which would usually trigger the FET control unit 412 to close one or more switches.

When at least one switch is determined to be in an adverse operating condition, for example a failure state, the controller 400 may be configured in some embodiments to provide an alert signal. For example, the controller 400 may comprise a visual, audio, or haptic feedback unit, which is triggered to provide an alert to a user to indicate switch failure, or may be configured

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP to provide signals (e.g. via one or more output pins) to an external computing device or feedback unit. The alert may generally indicate a switch failure has been detected, and may optionally more specifically indicate which of the switches has failed, and optionally whether the failure is complete, complete open failure, complete closed failure, or partial failure, to provide diagnostic information to a user.

The electrical measurement unit 413 of the power control unit 410 may be triggered to carry out monitoring I checks of whether each of the plurality of the switches is in an adverse operating state (e.g. a failure state) according to one of a number of approaches, which are applicable to all embodiments described herein. For example the control logic 410 may trigger checking of each switch on a periodic schedule, or may trigger checking of each switch as part of normal power control operation (e.g. as an initial step after signal has been received by the FET control unit 412 indicating one or more switch states should be changed), or the control logic 410 may trigger the electrical measurement unit 413 to carry out checking of the plurality of switches if one or more operational parameters associated with the power control unit 400 are determined to have changed beyond a predefined tolerance. For example, the electrical measurement unit 413 may monitor current (i.e. I _D ) through the switched circuit path, and determine if the response of the current (e.g. in peak amplitude and I or rate of change) is different to the expected response given the battery charge state, the characteristics of the load, and the switching pattern applied by the FET control unit 412. An abnormal response may be determined if, for example, current continues to pass after one or more switches have been triggered to turn off, or current fails to rise to the expected level after all the switches have been turned on, or if the rate of rise or fall of current when switches are respectively closed and opened is more than a predefined threshold amount faster or slower than the expected value, as defined for example by testing when the controller 400 is first manufactured.

The inventor has recognised that whilst mitigating failure of one or more first switches via switching the state of one or more second switches in a power control unit 400 to an opencircuit state, and optionally providing a failure alert, may provide enhanced device safety, it may be desirable to incorporate functionality to the power supply unit 400 which enables early detection of adverse switch operating conditions, before complete failure occurs. Thus in some embodiments, the control logic 410 is configured to determine at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state by determining, prior to failure (e.g. complete failure) of the at least one first switch, that the at least one first switch is in a degraded operational condition (as defined further herein).

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Accordingly, in these embodiments, the control logic 410 is configured to receive signals from at least one first switch status sensor configured to detect a first parameter associated with operation of at least one first switch 421 , 422, wherein the control logic 410 is further configured to determine an indication of an operational condition of the at least one first switch on the basis of the received signals, and to determine whether at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state on the basis of the indication of operational condition. In approaches according to these embodiments, the control logic 410 is configured to receive signals from one or more switch status sensors, wherein each switch status sensor is configured and positioned relative to a respective first switch such that the signals output by the switch status sensor are indicative of at least one operating parameter of the at least one first switch. For example, in embodiments described further herein, a switch status sensor may be configured to output signals which are indicative of one or more electrical and I or environmental (e.g. temperature) parameters associated with the functioning of a given first switch of the plurality of switches (in that characteristics of the output signals change as switch functioning changes). According to one or more approaches described herein, the signals output by the switch status sensor are received by the control logic 410, which is configured to determine whether a first switch associated with the switch status sensor is in an adverse operating state (e.g. in a degraded operational condition). Typically, this determination is based on comparing, at the control logic 410, one or more parameters derived from output signals from one or more switch status sensors associated with a first switch comprised in the power control unit 400 with the value I value of said parameter(s) associated with one or more reference switches of the same type and of known operating condition I state. The ‘reference’ switch may comprise the same switch in its as-manufactured I pristine I virgin condition, and the reference value(s) may be derived for the switch by the control logic 410 of the power control unit 400 as part of initialisation of the power control unit 400 when it is first commissioned. As described further herein, the parameters derived from the output signal may be directly representative of physical parameters such as current, voltage, power, frequency, capacitance, resistance, conductance, inductance, or impedance, associated with electrical path elements of the respective switch (such as electrical path elements between the main terminals of the switch, and I or sub-paths within the switch), or, for example, the temperature(s) during operation of one or more elements of the switch, such as the gate or the die I chip I wafer in a FET context. Alternatively, the control logic 410 may be configured to derive one or more secondary parameters from one or more of these direct physical parameters, for example using an appropriate equation or algorithm (for example via a frequency-domain transform of a time-varying signal output from a switch status sensor). It will be appreciated that principles of measurement of electrical parameters as described herein may be carried out using measurement circuitry known to the skilled person (i.e. where

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP measurements of electrical parameters are described herein, the electrical measurement unit 413 can be configured with functionality to carry out these measurements using approaches known to the skilled person, for example, using appropriate configurations of standard cells where the power control unit 400 comprises an ASIC package implementing control logic 410).

Typically, one or more switch status sensor(s) may be individually associated with respective ones of the at least one first switch, at least in that the measurements made by the sensor(s) enable operating parameters of each of the at least one first switch to be independently derived. In other words, the control logic 410 may be configured to determine a separate indication of the operational condition for each respective one of the at least one first switch. In other instances, respective ones of the at least one first switch status sensors may be individually associated with more than one of the at plurality of first switches, such that the measurements made by a single switch status sensor are influenced by the operating condition of more than one of the plurality of switches. In either scenario, the control logic 410 is configured to separately determine an adverse operating state for each respective one of the at least one first switch.

According to a first set of embodiments, the at least one switch status sensor is configured to measure / detect at least one electrical parameter associated with the operating state of the at least one first switch. In these embodiments, the switch status sensor for a given first switch typically comprises the electrical measurement unit 413 and associated electrical connections, and as such, may act as a switch status sensor configured to independently measure electrical parameters for each of a plurality of first switches. In one embodiment, the drain-to- source voltage (i.e. V _D s) for a given first switch at a given control voltage (i.e. V _GS ) may be used to as the indicator of operating condition used by the control logic 410 to determine the degree of degradation of said switch, as described in [1], Alternatively, or in addition, the maximum peak amplitude of the drain to source current (i.e. I _D ) ringing at the turn-off transient (i.e. when the control voltage (i.e. V _G s) is removed from the gate of a given switch by the FET control unit 412) may be used to as the indicator of operating condition used by the control logic 410 to determine the degree of degradation of said switch, as described in [2], Alternatively, or in addition, the control logic 410 may be configured to determine the presence of an adverse operating state associated with one or more first switches by analysing the frequency response of the drain to source voltage (i.e. V _GS ) as the gate current (l _D ) is driven by the FET control unit 412 at a certain, predefined reference frequency. For example, a square wave control signal may be applied to the gate (G) of a given switch at a voltage amplitude which is associated with either linear or saturated operating regimes, and the frequency components of V _GS may be analysed to determine an indicator of operating condition, and thus a degree of degradation, based on the amplitudes of different frequency components (e.g. the first to third

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP order components). In one implementation, the power control unit may be configured to determine a degree of degradation of at least one first switch using the Volterra series transform for the output signal of the switch, as described in [3], Experimentation using reference switches of the same model as the switches used in the power control unit, having known degrees of degradation (e.g. expressed as a percentage of cycles to failure), may be used to parameterise a model used by the control logic 410 to quantify the degree of degradation as described in [3], The degree of degradation may be expressed as a percentage of cycles to failure.

Alternatively, or in addition to the use of electrical parameters to determine operating condition of a given first switch, in some embodiments the switch status sensor may comprise a temperature sensor, and the temperature characteristics of the switch, part of the switch, and / or a region of the power control unit 400 in the vicinity of the switch, may be used to determine a degree of degradation. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought that some FET degradation modes are associated with detachment of the gate from the die, causing a degraded FET to exhibit different heat transfer characteristics between the gate and the die when compared to a pristine / virgin I as-manufactured FET. Because heat conduction away from the gate is typically impaired when the gate is partially detached from the die, higher gate operating temperatures are typically associated with the gate of a degraded FET, given fixed power dissipation and ambient temperature values. Thus, in some embodiments, the peak gate temperature and I or rate of change of gate temperature at a reference power dissipation value may be used to determine the degree of degradation of the FET, for example, according to the approach set out in [4], Figure 3 shows optional temperature sensors 431 and 432, respectively associated with switches 421 and 422, the temperature sensors being connected to a temperature control unit 411 (though the functions of the temperature control unit 411 could also be integrated into the electrical measurement unit 413). Where a temperature sensor is associated with a given first switch, this may typically be integrated into or attached to the gate to directly measure gate temperature (as in [4]), but may also be positioned on the die proximate to the gate (to infer the degree of heat transfer to the die from the gate). Temperature measurements derived using a switch status sensor may be calibrated / normalised by the temperature measurement unit 413 using a reference ambient temperature sensor measured at a position on the die away from the switch, or external to the power control unit 400 (and connected to it, for example, using one or more input terminals), or using one or more temperature values measured by the switch sensor at a time when the switch is not passing current.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic 411 may be configured to modify the provision of electrical current to the load terminal by switching at least one second switch

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP of the plurality of switches to an open-circuit state based on determining the at least one first switch is in a degraded operational condition. In some instances, this may comprise switching one or more second switches to an open state (as described above in relation to detection of switch failure), or may comprise continuing to allow switching of the plurality of switches to a closed state to pass current to the load, under modified operating conditions. For example, in embodiments where the control logic 410 is configured to determine one or more first switches is in a degraded operational condition, without complete open- or closed-circuit failure having occurred, the control logic 410 may further quantify the degree of degradation, and modify one or more aspects of operation of the power control unit 400 on this basis. For example, the estimated degree of degradation of a given first switch may be quantified as a percentage of cycles to failure, which the control logic 410 is configured to determine, based on values derived for switches which have been cycled to failure whilst measuring the same switch operating parameter(s). For example, a calibration curve of a given operating parameter (e.g. gate temperature, rate of change of gate temperature, amplitude of different frequency components of VGS, drain to source voltage, or peak amplitude of the drain to source current (ID) ringing at the turn-off transient), derived from pristine condition to complete failure for one or more samples for the same switch type, under the same or similar supply voltage conditions and ambient temperature in which the power supply unit 400 is to be used, may be used to estimate a percentage of elapsed lifetime (expressed, for example, in cycles, or watt-hours) until failure for a given first one of the plurality of switches. When the lifetime exceeds a certain threshold (for example, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 95%), the control logic 410 may modify operation of the power control unit 400 by, for example, reducing the operating power, reducing the switching frequency, or reducing the value of a safety cutoff temperature at which the control logic 410 sets at least one switch to an open-circuit condition to switch off the supply of power to the load.

Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the power control unit 400 (e g. a power control ASIC package 400) may be configured to estimate a remaining lifetime of at least one first switches, based on the indication of the operational condition of the at least one first switch. In some embodiments, the estimated lifetime may comprise an estimated lifetime until the at least one first switch is in a degraded operational condition. In some embodiments, the estimated remaining lifetime may comprise an estimated lifetime until the at least one first switch fails (e g. enters a complete failure state, as described further herein). In some embodiments, the estimated remaining lifetime may be expressed as a number of opening and closing cycles of the one or more first switches until failure or entry into a degraded operational condition is estimated to occur. In some embodiments, the estimated remaining

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP lifetime may be expressed as a duration of current flow (e.g. expressed in units of power per unit time, such as watt-hours) through the one or more first switches. In some embodiments, the estimated remaining lifetime may be expressed as an amount of energy transmitted through the one or more first switches. As set out above, the parameterisation of remaining lifetime is typically achieved using data gathered via experiments conducted on switches of the same type as the switch whose remaining lifetime is to be estimated by the control logic 410. Test switches may be characterised using instrumentation corresponding to the switch state sensors and temperature and I or electrical measurement units described herein, with the test switches being cycled to failure under different loading conditions (e.g. supply voltage, peak power output, ambient temperature, and switching speed I duty cycle), which are representative of the use context in which the power control unit 400 is to be used. As each test switch is cycled to failure, at least one calibration curve is then derived plotting a certain ‘lifetime’ parameter (e.g. number of on I off cycles, power per unit time, duration of current flow, expressed for example in watts multiplied by time) over the lifetime to failure of the switch. During this experimentation, analysis of measured electrical I environmental parameters may be used to determine at what percentage of the elapsed lifetime the switch typically enters a degraded operating condition (as determined, for example, by detection of abnormal operating temperature, abnormal current flow, abnormal drain to source voltage, or abnormal on I off response time), and I or at what percentage of elapsed lifetime the switch typically enters a complete failure (e.g. open or closed failure) state. Thus, in use of the power control unit 400, the control logic 410 may use stored calibration information (e.g. in the form of one or more look-up tables), or one or more models or equations derived from it, to determine an estimated remaining lifetime based on one or more determined operating parameters I indications of operating condition during use of the power control unit 400.

Thus, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic 410 may be configured to modify the provision of electrical current to the load terminal by switching at least one second switch of the plurality of switches to an open-circuit state based on determining a previously estimated remaining lifetime of at least one first switch has elapsed. At a given point in time, a remaining lifetime may be determined, which is set to be less than the estimated remaining lifetime until the first switch enters a degraded operational state, or undergoes complete failure. Switching at least one second switch to an open circuit condition when this estimated remaining lifetime has elapsed may provide enhanced safety, by deactivating the power control unit 400 before an adverse operating condition of any switch is reached. In any of the embodiments described herein, the power control unit 400 may be configured to modify the aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal by reducing the electrical power

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP of a supply of electrical current transmitted to the load terminal, based on determining a previously estimated remaining lifetime of at least one first switch has elapsed.

Thus there has been described a power control unit for controlling a supply of power on an electrical current path configured to connect at least one power supply terminal for connection to an electrical power supply to at least one load terminal for connection to an electrical load, via a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path. With reference to Figure 4, a method is also provided of operating such a power control unit to control a supply of power on an electrical current path configured to connect at least one power supply terminal for connection to an electrical power supply to at least one load terminal for connection to an electrical load, via a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path; wherein the method comprises operating control logic comprised in the power control unit, the control logic being configured to supply electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path, to cause the control logic to independently switch each of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state; wherein the method comprises, in a first step, S1 , determining if at least one first switch of the plurality of switches connected in series along an electrical current path between a power supply terminal and a load terminal is in adverse operating state; and, in a second step, S2, modifying an aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path on the basis of said determination. Both of steps S1 and S2 may be carried out in accordance with approaches described herein.

In each of the embodiments described herein, the power control unit comprises a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path, wherein the power control unit comprises control logic configured to independently switch each of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state. The inventor has recognised that independently controlling each of the plurality of switches in this manner can provide for more flexible power control when the power control unit is used to distribute a determined level of electrical power to a load.

Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a power control unit, comprising: at least one power supply terminal for connection to a power supply; at least one load terminal for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply terminal to the at least one load terminal; a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path; and control logic configured to determine a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load; wherein the control logic is configured to distribute the determined level of electrical power to the load by pulse width and / or pulse frequency modulation, by independently controlling each of the

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to control the width and / or frequency of pulses supplied to the load.

Aspects of the distribution of a determined level of electrical power to a load by pulse width and I or pulse frequency modulation approaches using a power control unit as described herein will now be described. As used herein, pulse width modulation (PWM) refers to the provision of power to a load by varying the proportion of time in each of a series of sequential repetition periods for which the power source is connected to the load, with the power source disconnected for the remainder of each period. Control of PWM is typically parameterised by a duty cycle (also referred to as a ‘duty factor’), whereby a duty cycle of 0 indicates that the power source is disconnected from the load for all of each period (i.e. in effect, permanently off), a duty cycle of 0.33 indicates that the power source is connected to the load for a third of each period, a duty cycle of 0.66 indicates that the power source is connected to the load for two-thirds of each period, and a duty cycle of 1 indicates that the power source is connected to the load for all of each period (i.e. in effect, permanently on). It will be appreciated that these are only given as example settings for a duty cycle, and intermediate values can be used as appropriate depending on a level of electrical power to be distributed. As used herein, pulse frequency modulation (PWM) refers to the provision of power to a load by varying the frequency of pulses of predefined duration during which a power source is connected to the load (‘on pulses’), with the power source disconnected between the pulses. As with PWM, control of PFM is parameterised by a duty cycle I duty factor, whereby the duty cycle is represented by the ratio of the pulse duration to the total signal period, such that a duty cycle of 0 indicates the frequency of ‘on’ pulses is zero (i.e. in effect, permanently off), and a duty cycle of 1 indicates that the power source is connected to the load for all of each period (i.e. in effect, permanently on). Where the duty cycle (D) is less than or equal to 1 , it is represented as: D = F x W, where F is the pulse frequency (Hz) and W is the pulse width (s). It will be appreciated that these are only given as example settings for a duty cycle, and intermediate values can be used as appropriate depending on a level of electrical power to be distributed. Given a determined level of electrical power (Pioad) to be distributed to a load connected to at least one load terminal from a power supply connected to at least one power supply terminal, and a maximum power supply capacity (P _ba t) of the power supply, the duty cycle (Dtarget) in a PWM or PFM scheme can be adjusted according to the relationship: D _target = Pi _oa <i/Pbat’ ^to maintain the determined level of power at the load, assuming the determined level of power to distribute is equal to or less than the maximum supply capacity of the battery. Thus if the determined level of power to be distributed to the load is 5W, and the maximum power supply capacity of the power supply is 10W, a duty cycle of 0.5 can be used to distribute the target 5W to the load. If the maximum power supply capacity of the power supply drops to 7.5W, a

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP duty cycle can be raised to 0.66 to maintain the power distributed to the load at 5W. The power dissipated at the load may be determined using approaches known to the skilled person (for example, using a voltage divider circuit), and the duty cycle adjusted to maintain the actual power dissipated at the load at or close to the determined level of power.

The control logic of a power control unit (such as the power control unit 400 shown schematically in Figure 3) may be configured in ways to determine a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load. In some scenarios, the level of electrical power is preset in the control logic, being based on a predefined level of power determined to be suitable for a load of the device in which the power control unit is implemented, and the level of power is not adjustable by the user. In this case, the control logic is configured to always attempt to distribute the same, predefined level of electrical power to the load, provided a power supply connected to the at least one power supply terminal is able to provide a maximum output power which is greater than or equal to the predefined level of power. Alternatively, the control logic may be configured to adjust the level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load. For example, a manual user input device comprising one or more buttons, sliders, or dials may be integrated into a device in which the power control unit is implemented, and used by a user to select between different predefined power levels. A connection between the manual user input device and the control logic of the power control unit is used in these embodiments to allow inputs to the manual user input device to be received by the control logic, and the level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load to be determined based on a predefined mapping between different inputs and different levels of electrical power. Alternatively, signals received at the control logic from an airflow sensor, as described further herein, may be used by the control logic to determine a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load in dependence on the amplitude of an airflow parameter detected by the sensor. Thus, for example, where an airflow sensor is configured to transmit signals to the control logic of the power control unit indicative of airflow intensity (e g. speed / mass flow rate) through the device, the control logic may scale the level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load as a function (e.g. a linear function) of the airflow intensity. This approach may be used in a power control unit according to embodiments described in relation to Figure 3, where the power control unit comprises an airflow sensor. However, the preceding examples are not limiting, and it will be appreciated the techniques used to determine an appropriate level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load terminal will depend on the device into which the power control unit is implemented and its use context.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP PWM and PFM power control schemes may be implemented in a power control unit as described herein, by configuring control logic of a control unit to independently control each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state. In the following, it will be appreciated that with a plurality of switches in series along the electrical current path connecting the at least one power supply terminal to the at least one load supply terminal, ‘on’ pulses will be provided from a power supply connected to the at least one power supply terminal to a load connected to the at least one load terminal only during periods where all of the plurality of switches are simultaneously in the closed I on state. Thus, in approaches described herein, in which PWM or PFM are used to distribute power to a load via a plurality of switches connected in series along an electrical current path between a power supply terminal or node and a load terminal or node, the actual duty cycle will be based on the ratio between the time for which all of the plurality of switches is in the on I closed, and the time for which one or more of the plurality of switches is in the off I closed state (even if one or more other switches remain in the on I closed state).

In a first aspect of the control of supply of power to a load by PWM or PFM, using a switching unit as described herein, the control logic is configured to independently control the switching of each switch of the plurality of switches of the switching unit between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state based on independently monitoring at least one operating parameter of each one of the plurality of switches. As set out further herein, the operating parameter for a given switch may be a function of temperature, number of switching cycles (on I off cycles), switching frequency, instantaneous power dissipation, or any other physical or electrical parameter which may be detected or otherwise measured by the control logic. Approaches for monitoring electrical parameters and temperature parameters independently for each of a plurality of switches are described herein in relation to embodiments (as shown schematically for example in Figure 3) in which the power control unit comprises a temperature control unit connected to a plurality of temperature sensors, each of which is associated with a respective switch, and / or in which the power control unit comprises an electrical measurement unit connected to a plurality of measurement nodes allowing an operating voltage and / or current associated with each switch to be independently determined.

In some embodiments, the monitoring of at least one operating parameter comprises monitoring an instantaneous operating temperature of each one of the plurality of switches, or a measure of an operating temperature of each one of the plurality of switches with respect to time. In the latter case, the control logic may integrate the temperature of each switch over the ‘on’ time for the switch, providing a measure of the degree of thermal ageing undergone by each switch. In some embodiments, the monitoring of at least operating parameter comprises monitoring a lifetime number of switching cycles for each one of the plurality of switches. The

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP resulting operating parameter provides a different measure of the ageing undergone by each switch. In some embodiments, the monitoring of at least operating parameter comprises monitoring a switching frequency of each one of the plurality of switches, or a measure of the switching frequency of each one of the plurality of switches with respect to time. Typically, this frequency is determined based on the control signals used to open and close each switch (i.e. the frequency at which the control logic applies and I or removes a switch control voltage (VGS) to the gate terminal (G) of each switch to control the gate state), though electrical measurements via measurement nodes connected to an electrical measurement unit of the power control unit (where provided) may be used to provide this information (e.g. by analysing variations in VGS). The resulting operating parameter provides a different measure of the ageing undergone by each switch. In some embodiments, the monitoring of at least operating parameter comprises monitoring an instantaneous power dissipated by each one of the plurality of switches, or a measure of the power dissipated by each one of the plurality of switches with respect to time. The instantaneous power may be determined by an electrical measurement unit using voltage and current measurements as described further herein (i.e. according to Pi — VGS ^X ID)- Where the monitoring of power dissipation comprises monitoring a measure of the power dissipation with respect to time, the control logic may integrate instantaneous power dissipation of each switch over the ‘on’ time for the switch, providing a measure of the degree of ageing undergone by each switch. The resulting operating parameter provides a different measure of the ageing undergone by each switch.

In embodiments where the control logic is configured to independently monitor at least one operating parameter of each switch, the control logic may be configured to modify an aspect of operation of a first switch of the plurality of switches based on comparing a value of one or more monitored parameters associated with operation of the first switch with values of a corresponding one or more monitored parameters associated with operation of one or more second switches of the plurality of switches. The modification of the aspect of operation may comprise reducing the switching frequency (in a PFM scheme) or the ‘on’ time per cycle (in a PWM scheme) of the first switch, thus reducing the duty cycle. Thus, if one or more of the monitored parameters associated with a first switch exceeds the value of the same respective monitored parameter(s) associated with the second switch, the control logic may reduce the switching frequency of the first switch (in a PFM scheme) or the ‘on’ time per cycle of the first switch (in a PWM scheme), or both (where the control logic implements PWM and PFM concurrently). The degree to which the switching frequency and / or ‘on’ time per cycle are reduced may be proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the one or more monitored parameters associated with a first switch and those associated with the second switch.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Figures 5A and 5B schematically show how the control logic of the controller can be configured to independently control each switch of a plurality of switches of a switching unit to maintain the duty cycle a constant value to distribute a determined level of power, whilst the switching frequency and ! or ‘on’ time per cycle of a first and second switch are adjusted relative to each other. Thus Figure 5A shows schematically a period of time (T) in which first and second switches arranged in series along a current path (e.g. as shown in any of Figures 3 or 8A to 10B) are transitioned between on I closed and off / open states to provide a duty cycle of 0.25. The dotted line shows periods in which the first switch is on (‘SW1 ON’) and off (‘OFF’), and the solid line shows periods in which the second switch is on (‘SW2 ON’) and off (‘OFF’). In Figure 5a, a duty cycle of 0.25 is defined by operation of both the first and second switches combined, and is controlled by the control logic repeatedly triggering the first switch between ‘on’ and ‘off’ periods of equal length (providing a duty cycle for the first switch alone of 0.5), and repeatedly triggering the first switch between ‘on’ and ‘off’ periods of equal length at a frequency four times higher than the switching frequency of the first switch, during the ‘on’ periods of the first switch (providing a duty cycle for the second switch alone of 0.5 during the ‘on’ periods of the first switch). As seen in Figure 5A, each ‘on’ pulse of the first switch overlaps with four ‘on’ pulses of the second switch. Since current only flows through both switches in the periods where both are concurrently in the ‘on’ state (and thus the entire current path between the one or more power supply terminals and one or more load terminals only acts to supply power from the one or more power supply terminals and one or more load terminals during these periods), the resulting duty cycle for the whole current path is given by the product of the individual duty cycles for respective switches during the ‘on’ periods of the first switch (i.e. 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25). In Figure 5B, the switching frequency of the first switch has been doubled and the on-period has been halved relative to the example of Figure 5A, providing a duty cycle for the first switch alone of 0.5. During the ‘on’ periods of the first switch, the switching frequency of the second switch has been halved and the ‘on’ pulse period length has been doubled relative to the scenario of Figure 5A, providing a duty cycle for the second switch alone of 0.5 during the ‘on’ periods of the first switch. Thus in Figure 5B, the same duty cycle (and thus the same distribution of a determined level of power from power supply to load) is achieved as for Figure 5A, by adjusting the switching frequency and / or ‘on’ period length of the first and second switches, so that where the controller determines the switching frequency of a first switch and I or length of ‘on’ period should be reduced or elevated, a target duty cycle for distribution of electrical power to the load can be maintained by adjusting the switching frequency and / or length of ‘on’ period used to control at least one second switch of a plurality of switches arranged in series along the current path between power supply and load.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP In some embodiments, each of the switches in the plurality of switches comprises the same type or model of switch, manufactured to share the same physical and operational characteristics. However, in any of the embodiments herein, different ones of the switches comprised in the plurality of switches may be specified to be of a different type or model having different physical and operational characteristics. For example, a power control unit and I or switching unit as described herein may be configured to provide a PWM and I or PFM scheme for distribution of power to a load according to a regime in which a first switch of the plurality of switches is usually operated at comparatively higher frequency and I or for comparatively shorter pulses, and a second switch of the plurality of switches is usually operated at comparatively lower frequency and I or for comparatively longer ‘on’ pulses. Taking the example of Figure 5A as an illustration, the first switch in this example operates at a lower frequency to the second switch, and provides longer ‘on’ pulses. While approaches herein for the adjustment of frequency and switch ‘on’ period may cause the frequencies and ‘on’ pulse periods of a first and second switch of the plurality of switches to vary relative to each other, particularly when monitoring of operating parameters (including determination of adverse operating states) leads to modification of one or more aspects of operation of one or more switches, the control logic may still be configured by default to seek to operate some switches of the plurality of switches at higher frequency and I or with longer ‘on’ periods than are applied to other switches. In such situations, the power control unit and I or switching unit may be configured so that the physical and operational characteristics of individual switches are tailored to the intended regime of operation for each switch (e.g. shorter, higher-frequency ‘on’ periods or longer, shorter-frequency ‘on’ periods). For example, for a switch intended to operate at higher frequency and with shorter ‘on’ periods, a switch having a faster gate response may be selected, and for a switch intended to operate at lower frequency and with longer ‘on’ periods, a switch having a slower response time but exhibiting other characteristics such as higher efficiency or reliability may be selected. Thus, where a plurality of switches are provided, and the control logic is configured to preferably operate different ones of the plurality of switches in different regimes of switching frequency and I or ‘on’ period length, the inventor has recognised optimisation of response and reliability is achievable by selection of switches having physical and operational characteristics tailored to the preferable operating regime to be applied to each switch by the control logic.

In some embodiments, the control logic of the power control unit is configured to modify an aspect of operation of a first switch of the plurality of switches to reduce a difference between the value(s) of one or more monitored parameters associated with operation of the first switch with the value(s) of a corresponding one or more monitored parameters associated with operation of one or more second switches of the plurality of switches. Any of the monitored

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP switch operating parameters described herein (for example, an operating temperature, or a measure of an operating temperature with respect to time; lifetime number of switching cycles; switching frequency , or a measure of the switching frequency with respect to time; instantaneous power dissipation , or a measure of the power dissipated with respect to time) may be compared between the first and one or more second switches. Thus, in embodiments, if a measure of the switching frequency with respect to time of a first switch (over a predefined integrating time of, for example 0.5, 1 , 1.5, or 2 seconds, or over the entire lifetime of the power control unit) is determined to exceed that of a second switch, the switching frequency of the first switch may be reduced relative to that of the second switch (e.g. according to approaches set out in respect of Figures 5A and 5B) until the control logic determines through ongoing monitoring of the switching frequency with respect to time for first and second switches that the difference between the respective values of this measure has reduced to a predefined allowable limit, or been eliminated. Alternatively or in addition, if the operating temperature of the first switch is determined to exceed that of the second switch by more than a threshold amount, the switching frequency of the first switch may be reduced until the operating temperature of the first switch has reduced by a predefined target amount, or reduces below the operating temperature of the second switch by more than a threshold amount. This principle of reducing switching frequency and I or ‘on’ time period of the first switch based on comparison of a monitored operating parameter for the first switch, and the same monitored operating parameter for at least one second switch (and optionally modifying the switching frequency and I or ‘on’ time of at least one second switch to seek to maintain a constant duty cycle for the current path comprising the first switch and at least one second switch), may be applied in respect of any one or more of the operating parameters described herein.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic is configured to independently switch each one of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state such that an on-period for a first switch of the plurality of switches only partially overlaps an on-period of a second one of the plurality of switches. This is the case in the scenarios schematically shown in Figures 5A and 5B, in which each ‘on’ period for the first switch is only partially overlapped by one or more ‘on’ periods for the second switch. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic is configured to independently switch each of the first and second switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state such that a single closed-circuit period of the first switch overlaps with a plurality of discrete closed-circuit periods of the second switch, each of which is separated by a discrete open-circuit period (as shown, for example, in Figure 5A).

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Figure 6 schematically shows another example in which the on-period for a first switch of the plurality of switches only partially overlaps an on-period of a second one of the plurality of switches. Figure 6 shows schematically a single ‘on’ pulse for each of a first switch (solid line) and a second switch (dotted line), wherein the conductivity (a _ga te) of each switch varies between a minimum value (‘MIN’), corresponding to the ‘off’ state, and a maximum value (‘MAX’) corresponding to the peak conductivity of the switch gate in the ‘on’ state. The plots of gate conductivity with respect to time (T) has been artificially exaggerated in Figure 6 to illustrate that the response of the gate conductivity to triggering of the switch is non- instantaneous, such that when the control logic applies a triggering voltage (VGS) to each switch to initiate transition to the ‘on’ state, the respective switch gate takes a finite time to reach the peak conductivity, and that when the control logic removes the triggering voltage (VGS) from each switch to initiate transition to the ‘off’ state, the respective switch gate takes a finite time to return to minimum conductivity. This may be the case for either solid-state or mechanically-actuated switches. Assuming a given switch is required to reach a target level of gate conductivity to provide an ‘on’ pulse, this response time for transition from ‘off’ to ‘on’ state, and back from ‘on’ to ‘off’ state, implies that there is a finite, non-zero minimum time during which the gate conductance will be non-zero. Thus the inventor has recognised that where a plurality of switches are provided in series along a current path of a power control unit according to the present disclosure, it can be beneficial to use asynchronous triggering of at least two of the plurality of switches to reduce the minimum pulse period length relative to the minimum pulse period length below the period length which is achievable with a single switch alone. Thus, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic is configured to independently switch each of the first and second ones of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit such that at a first time point, the first switch is switched to an closed-circuit state and the second switch is in the open-circuit state, at a second time point after the first time point the first switch remains in the closed-circuit state and the second switch is switched to the closed-circuit state, at a third time point after the second time point the first switch is switched to the open-circuit state and the second switch remains in the closed-circuit state, and at a fourth time point after the third time point, the first switch remains in the open-circuit state and the second switch is switched to the open-circuit state. This scenario is shown schematically for a single ‘on’ pulse in Figure 6, in which the period during which first and second switches have a gate conductivity greater than their respective minimum value (i.e. the period T _b corresponding to the duration of the hatched region indicating the overlap of the ‘on’ period of first and second switches) is smaller than the corresponding period T _a associated with the first switch alone. Thus in a PWM mode of operation of fixed frequency, the use of asynchronous triggering of at least two of the switches disposed in series along the current path allows the ‘on’ time of the at least two switches to be

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP reduced, and the minimum non-zero duty cycle achievable by the plurality of switches arranged in series can be reduced relative to the duty cycle achievable with a single switch.

In any embodiment of the present disclosure, the control logic may be configured to determine if at least a first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state, and to modify an aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path on the basis of said determination (where the ‘first switch’ can be any one of the plurality of switches arranged along the current path of the power control unit or of a switching unit connectable to the power control unit). Thus, in some embodiments, as described further herein (for example, in association with Figure 3), a determination at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state comprises a determination the at least one first switch has failed. As described further herein (for example, in association with Figure 3), a determination at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state comprises a determination the at least one first switch has failed non-reversibly in a closed-circuit state. As described further herein (for example, in association with Figure 3), a determination at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state comprises a determination, prior to failure of the at least one first switch, that the at least one first switch has entered a degraded operational condition. By being configured to determine an adverse operating state comprising a degraded operational condition prior to actual non-reversible failure of the first switch, the control logic can be configured to modify an aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path to seek to limit further degradation of the first switch. For example, the switching frequency and I or ‘on’ pulse period durations for the first switch may be reduced in response to determining the first switch is in a degraded operational condition. Where failure of the first switch is determined to have occurred (e.g. by monitoring of electrical and I or temperature parameters as described herein), the modification of the aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal may comprises switching at least one second switch of the plurality of switches to an open-circuit state based on determining the at least one first switch has failed.

In any of the embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of switches may be connected in parallel with a further switch to form a switch pair, wherein the control logic is configured to synchronise the switching of the switches forming each switch pair between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state. The provision of a pair of switches in a parallel connection in place of a single one of the switches arranged in parallel along the current path results in a sharing of the current between the two switches in the pair, reducing the power-handling requirements for each individual switch in the pair, reducing the loading

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP and leading to a more robust system. In some embodiments, each one of the plurality of switches is connected in parallel with a further switch to form a switch pair.

Thus there has been described a power control unit, comprising: at least one power supply terminal for connection to a power supply; at least one load terminal for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply terminal to the at least one load terminal; a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path; and control logic configured to determine a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load; wherein the control logic is configured to distribute the determined level of electrical power to the load by pulse width and I or pulse frequency modulation, by independently controlling each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to control the width and I or frequency of pulses supplied to the load.

With reference to Figure 7, a method is also provided of operating such a power control unit wherein the method comprises, in a first step, U1, determining a level of electrical power to be distributed from the power supply terminal to the load; and, in a second step, U2, distribute the determined level of electrical power to the load by pulse width and I or pulse frequency modulation, by independently controlling each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to control the width and / or frequency of pulses supplied to the load. Both of steps U1 and U2 may be carried out in accordance with approaches described herein.

In each of the embodiments described herein, the power control unit comprises a plurality of switches connected in series along the electrical current path, wherein the power control unit comprises control logic configured to independently switch each of the plurality of switches between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state. The inventor has recognised that providing functionality enabling at least a subset of the plurality of switches to be set from the series configuration into a parallel connected configuration with respect to the power supply terminal and load terminal may provide flexibility in optimising between efficiency of distribution of electrical power via the electrical current path.

As set out herein, the provision of a plurality of independently controllable switches in a series configuration along the current path and providing control logic configured to independently trigger each switch between open and closed states allows the power control unit to be configured to provide certain benefits in terms of enhanced safety and I or more flexible control over distribution of electrical power via PWM of PFM. However, where all of the switches in the plurality of switches are arranged in series, the full current (l _D ) to be delivered from the power supply to the load (which in some cases is the maximum deliverable power of a power

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP supply connected to the at least one power supply terminal) must be handled by the gate of each individual switch. As described herein, it may be desirable in some circumstances, such as where reduced power density in the power control unit and I or greater efficiency of switch operation are of particular importance, to provide one or more additional switches connected in parallel to one or more of N series-connected switches on the current path, forming one or more switch pairs, where each switch pair is connected in series to at least one further switch or switch pair disposed on the current path; and to configure the control logic of the controller of the power control unit to open and close both switches of a switch pair synchronously (i.e. so that opening of both switches is simultaneous, and closing of both switches is simultaneous). It will be appreciated that in such examples, a synchronously-operated switch pair is in effect a higher-order switch comprising two sub-switches connected in parallel. However, if each of N series-connected switches disposed along the current path is associated with a further parallel-connected switch to form N series-connected switch pairs, it will be appreciated the total number of switches will be 2N. The concept of a switch pair as described herein may be generalised to higher numbers of parallel-connected switches, such that where ‘switch pair’ is referred to, this may be substituted in any relevant embodiment to a switch set comprising three, four, five, or more, switches connected in parallel. The inventor has recognised that where N switches and I or switch sets (where N>1) are connected in series along a current path, it may be desirable to allow flexibility for a user and I or the control logic of a power control unit to selectably configure some or all of the N switches I switch sets from a series-connected configuration to a parallel-connected configuration with respect to at least one power supply terminal and at least one load terminal. Thus in a first set of use cases, where the benefits described herein relating to series-connected switches I switch sets are desired (e.g. for enhanced safety of operation of the power control, unit), at least two switches I switch sets can be configured into a series-connected configuration along the current path, and in a second set of use cases where benefits associated with parallel-connected switches I switch sets are desired (e.g. for enhanced efficiency of power distribution via the plurality of switches), the same at least two switches I switch sets can be configured into a parallel- connected configuration along the current path.

Thus, in embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a switching unit for a power control unit, comprising: at least one power supply terminal for connection to a power supply; at least one load terminal for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply terminal to the at least one load terminal; and a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path; wherein each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path; and the plurality of switches are arranged into at least one configurable switch set, each configurable switch set comprising at least two of the plurality of switches, wherein the switches comprised in each configurable switch set are configured to be set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path.

Figure 8A shows schematically a switching unit 800 comprising a first switch 821 and second switch 822 disposed on an electrical current path between a power supply node V _SU p _Piy and a load node Vi _oa d. The power supply node is connectable to a power supply terminal to which a power supply can be connected, and the load node is connectable to a load terminal to which an electrical node can be connected. As described further herein, the switching unit 800 may be comprised as part of the same package as a power control unit as described herein (e g. as part of the same circuitry on the same discrete chip), or may be provided as a separate circuit package which can be connected to a power control unit comprising a controller comprising control logic configured to control the open I closed state of each of the plurality of switches of the switching unit 800. The gate terminals (G) of each of the switches are independently connected to a respective control node, Ci associated with the first switch, and C2 associated with the second switch, wherein each of the control nodes is separately configured to be connected to controller implementing control logic (for example a FET control unit), configured to provide an AC I pulsed or DC driving voltage to the gate of each switch to toggle it between open and closed states (as described in accordance with Figures 2 and 3). The switching unit 800 comprises a plurality of second nodes defined on the electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node, wherein each configurable switch set is configured to be set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration by electrically disconnecting and / or connecting at least one predefined pair of the plurality of second nodes. Figure 8A shows the first and second switches (821 , 822) of an exemplary switching unit 800 are interconnected by a series of electrical interconnects (i.e. portions of a current path between V _SU ppiy and Vi _oa d nodes) and a plurality of nodes. Specifically, in the two-switch example of Figures 8A to 8D, an interconnect is routed from the drain terminal of the first switch to a node A. Node A is configured to be connected to either of nodes A1 and A2. A1 is a terminal node, such that connecting node A to node A1 effectively renders the interconnect from the drain terminal of the first switch to node A operationally redundant. However, node A2 is connected to the drain terminal of the second switch, such that connecting node A to node A2 connects the drain terminals of first and second switches in parallel to the V _SU ppi _y node. An interconnect is routed from the source terminal of the first switch to node B. Node B is configured to be connected to either of nodes B1 and B2. Connecting nodes B and B2 connects the source terminals of first and second

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP switches in parallel to the Vioad node. Thus connecting node A to A2, and node B to B2, places the first and switches of switching unit 800 into a parallel configuration with respect to the current path between the V _suppiy node and the Vioad node. Figure 8B schematically shows the same circuit architecture as Figure 8A, with the difference that in this example, node A has been disconnected from node A2 and connected to node A1 , to disconnect the drain terminal of the first switch from the drain terminal of the second switch; and node B has been disconnected from node B2 and connected to node B1 , to connect the source terminal of the first switch to the drain terminal of the second switch. Thus connecting node A to A1 , and node B to B1 , as shown in Figure 8B, places the first and second switches into a series configuration with respect to the current path between the V _suppiy node and the Vioad node. This is shown in Table 1 below for a scenario as shown in Figures 8A and 8B in which the plurality of switches comprising the configurable switch set comprises two switches. However, the skilled person will appreciate this principle can be generalised to larger numbers of switches (with a correspondingly larger number of control nodes required for controlling each switch state independently, and a larger number of node pairs required to place plurality of switches of the configurable switch set into parallel or series configurations).

Table 1

Different approaches may be used to form the respective pattern of node connections set out in Table 1 for setting the first and second switches into either of a series or parallel configuration with respect to the V _suppiy and Vioad nodes. In embodiments, at least one predefined pair of the plurality of second nodes is configured for breaking an electrical connection between the nodes of the at least one predefined pair by physical removal of conductive material defining a portion of the current path, and / or at least one predefined pair of the plurality of second nodes is configured for breaking an electrical connection between the nodes of the at least one predefined pair by physical addition of conductive material defining a portion of the current path. Physical removal of material may comprise, for example, mechanically removing or chemically etching away a conductive track connecting two nodes. Physical addition of material may comprise, for example, soldering a conductive path to connect two nodes, or bridging two nodes with conductive leads or clips. Turning to Figure 8C, the switching unit 800 may be manufactured with conductive material (e.g. conductive tracks) linking second nodes A to A1 , A to A2, B to B1, and B to B2, and the switching unit may then be set by a user into a parallel or series configuration prior to use, by physically

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP removing material between predefined pairs of the second nodes as set out in Table 1. Turning to Figure 8D, the switching unit 800 may be manufactured with no conductive material linking any of second nodes A to A1 , A to A2, B to B1 , and B to B2, and the switching unit may then be set by a user into a parallel or series configuration prior to use by physically adding material between nodes as set out in Table 1. In embodiments where at least one predefined pair of the plurality of second nodes is configured for breaking an electrical connection between the pair of second nodes by physical removal of conductive material defining a portion of the current path, and I or at least one predefined pair of the plurality of nodes is configured for forming an electrical connection between the pair of second nodes by physical addition of conductive material defining a portion of the current path, the switching unit can be integrated into an circuit package, wherein the at least one predefined pair of nodes is exposed on a surface of a portion of substrate material, for example a PCB portion, of the circuit package. Thus, for example, second nodes A, A1 , A2, B, B1 , and B2, of the example shown in Figure 8D can be exposed as pads or pins on a surface of a portion of substrate material, for example forming part of a printed circuit board (PCB) comprised in the circuit package. Soldering between predefined pairs of pads or pins to form connections according to the configurations set out in Table 1 enables the switching unit of the circuit package to be set into a parallel or series configuration following manufacture. Second nodes A, A1, A2, B, B1 , and B2, of the example shown in Figure 8C can be exposed on a surface of a portion of substrate material, for example forming part of a printed circuit board (PCB) comprised in the circuit package, with conductive tracks linking second nodes A to A1 , A to A2, B to B1, and B to B2. Removing specific tracks to disconnect pairs of nodes according to the configurations set out in Table 1 enables the switching unit of the integrated circuit package to be set into a parallel or series configuration following manufacture. Thus the same switching unit 800 can be provided for use cases where a device in which the switching unit is to be implemented requires either parallel or series connected switches, with the switching unit 800 being configured during device assembly into either a parallel or series configuration depending on user requirements.

The dashed line in Figures 8A to 8D surrounding the switching unit 800 indicates that in some embodiments, the switching unit 800 comprising the first and second switches forms part of a power control unit comprising a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path, and which may also comprise a temperature measurement unit and temperature sensors, and / or an electrical measurement unit and electrical measurement nodes, as described in relation to Figure 3. Thus while temperature sensors, electrical measurement nodes, temperature measurement circuitry, electrical measurement circuitry, and a controller are not shown associated with

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP switches 821 and 822 of Figures 8A and 8B, these may be provided as described in relation to Figure 3, and the controller of the power control unit may be configured to determine if at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state, and to modify an aspect of the provision of electrical current to the load terminal via the electrical current path on the basis of said determination. For example, the control logic may be configured to receive signals from at least one first switch status sensor configured to detect a first parameter associated with operation of at least one first switch, wherein the power control unit is configured to determine an indication of an operational condition of the at least one first switch on the basis of the received signals, and to determine whether the at least one first switch of the plurality of switches is in an adverse operating state on the basis of the indication of operational condition. It will be appreciated that where the switching unit 800, including the plurality of second nodes used to alter the current path between V _supp iy and Vioad, is comprised in a power control unit comprising a controller configured to control switch states of each of the plurality of switches (and optionally to monitor temperature and I or electrical parameters associated with each switch) is comprised on the same chip I substrate as the switching unit 800, the control nodes and Vsuppiy and Vi _oa d nodes will be directly connected to other circuitry of the power control unit. However, in other embodiments, a switching unit such as switching unit 800 shown schematically in Figures 8A to 8D may be embodied as a first circuit package configured for connection to a second, separate circuit package comprising a power control unit. In such embodiments at least the control nodes of the switching unit 800 are configured as terminals to allow connection of each of the plurality of switches to a controller of the second circuit package comprising control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches between open and closed states. In embodiments where the switching unit is implemented in a first circuit package for connection to a power control unit comprising a second circuit package, the V _sup pi _y and Vi _oa d nodes are also configured as terminals which may either be configured to connect to respective V _sup piy and i _oa d terminals of the second circuit package, or may be used for direct connection of a power supply to the V _SU ppi _y node of the first circuit package, and of a load to the Vioad node of the first circuit package, without signals from the power supply to the V _SU ppi _y node of the first circuit package or signals from the i _oa d node of the first circuit package to the load passing through the second circuit package.

Figures 9A and 9B show a modification of the embodiment of the switching unit 800 shown in Figures 8A and 8B, in which a switching unit 900 is part of a circuit package 910 comprising a suppiy terminal and a Vi _oa d terminal, and a control node associated with each of the plurality of switches (i.e. control node Ci associated with a first switch 921, and a control node C2 associated with a second switch 922), as previously described. As previously described, the circuit package 910 may be configured as a power control unit comprising a controller

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP implementing control logic configured to control the open I closed state of each of the plurality of switches, or may be configured for connection to a separate power control unit comprising such a controller. In the embodiments of Figures 9A and 9B, the nodes A, A1, A2, B, B1 , and B2, are provided as terminals of the circuit package which can be mechanically clamped or twisted together by a user, or which can be connected with conductive clips or jumper connectors by a user, to form a respective node connection patterns required to set the switching unit into a series or parallel configuration as shown in Table 1. Thus Figure 9A shows a switching unit 900 comprised in a circuit package 910, in which terminals comprising nodes A and A2 have been connected, and terminals comprising nodes B and B2 have been connected, to set first switch 921 and second switch 922 into a parallel configuration with respect to the power supply node and the load node. Figure 9B shows the same switching unit 900 comprised in a circuit package 910, in which terminals comprising nodes A and A1 have been connected, and terminals comprising nodes B and B1 have been connected, to set first switch 921 and second switch 922 into a series configuration with respect to the power supply node and the load node.

In other embodiments of a switching unit of the present disclosure, the switching unit comprises configuration switching circuitry comprising at least one control switch, wherein each of the at least one control switches is configured to selectively connect and disconnect an electrical path between a predefined pair of the plurality of nodes to set at least one of the configurable switch sets into a parallel configuration or a series configuration. Thus with respect to the embodiments described in relation to Figures 8A and 8B, in alternative embodiments the connections between nodes A, A1 , A2, B, B1 , and B2, which are used to set the switching unit into series or parallel configuration according to the configurations set out in Table 1 , may be effected using one or more control switches comprised in the switching unit and configured to selectably connect node A to A1 or A2, and to selectably connect node B to B1 or B2. For example, the switching unit may comprise a first control switch between nodes A and A1 , a second control switch between nodes A and A2, a third control switch between nodes B and B1, and a fourth control switch between nodes B and B2, with the states of each of the first to fourth control switches being set to either open or closed according to the configurations set out in Table 1 to set either a series or parallel configuration for the switching unit. Alternatively, a first double-throw control switch may be used to connect node A to either of A1 or A2, and a second double-throw control switch may be used to connect node B to either of B1 or B2. Alternatively, a double-pole, double-throw control switch may be used in place of the first and second double-throw switches, so that a single control switch mechanism can directly set the entire switching unit into either a parallel or a series configuration via a single switching action.

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP In some embodiments, where the switching unit comprises configuration switching circuitry comprising at least one control switch, wherein each of the at least one control switches is configured to selectively connect and disconnect an electrical path between a predefined pair of the plurality of nodes to set at least one of the configurable switch sets into a parallel configuration or a series configuration, the switching unit may be comprised in a circuit package, wherein one or more control switches of the configuration switching circuitry are implemented as mechanically-actuated switches which can be manually set by a user to set at least one configurable switch set of the switching unit into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration. Each of the at least one mechanically-actuated control switches comprises an element such as a slider, button, or toggle exposed on a surface of the circuit package to allow actuation of the switch by a user. In context of a switching unit as shown schematically in Figures 8A and 8B, first to fourth control switches; first and second doublethrow control switches; or a single double-pole, double throw control switch; used to switch between series and parallel configuration of first switch 821 and second switch 822, may thus be disposed with a manual switch activation element exposed for user access on an external surface of the circuit package.

Alternatively, in embodiments where the switching unit comprises configuration switching circuitry comprising at least one control switch, the configuration switching circuitry may comprise one or more solid-state control switches configured to be connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to control the one or more solid state switches to set each configurable switch set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration. Thus, for example, in the example described above in which there is provided a first control switch between nodes A and A1 , a second control switch between nodes A and A2, a third control switch between nodes B and B1 , and a fourth control switch between nodes B and B2, the first to fourth control switches may comprise solid state switches (e.g. FET or MOSFET switches) configured to be connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to control the one or more solid state switches to set each configurable switch set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration. Thus the controller can be configured to select between a parallel configuration or a series configuration depending on the use context by transmitting signals to each of the control switches to set either of the states set out in Table 1. As described in relation to Figures 8A to 8D, in some embodiments, the switching unit is comprised in an circuit package which further comprises the controller independently connected to each of the plurality of switches, the controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path, wherein the control logic is further configured to control the one or more solid state switches of the

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP switching circuitry between an open and closed state to set each configurable switch set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration. In these embodiments, where the controller and the switching unit are comprised in the same circuit package, the controller is hard-wired to each of the switches in the switching unit. However, in embodiments where the switching unit is comprised in a first circuit package, and the controller is comprised in a second, separate circuit package, the first circuit package is provided with terminals connected to the gate control node(s) of the control switches, and the second circuit package is provided with corresponding terminals connected to the controller, so that when the first and second circuit packages are connected together via their respective terminals, the controller of the second circuit package is connected to each of the control switches of the first circuit package to enable control switch signalling to be transmitted from the controller to each of the control switches to open and close the gate of each control switch. Thus the first circuit package may comprise the switching unit, wherein the at least one power supply node and the at least one load node comprise terminals of the first circuit package; wherein the first circuit package comprises a plurality of further terminals, wherein each of the plurality of further terminals is connected to one of the plurality of switches of the configurable switch set or of the control switches, and wherein the connection between each further terminal and the respective switch is configured to enable a driving voltage applied by a controller to the further terminal to open or close the switch.

Figures 10A and 10B show schematically a switching unit 1000 comprised in a first circuit package 1010, and connector element (1051 , 1052) for coupling the first circuit package to a second circuit package (not shown), in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The switching unit 1000 shown in Figures 10A and 10B comprises a power supply node (E) for connection to a power supply, and a load node (H) for connection to a load. An electrical current path is configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node via a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path, with a first switch 1021 and a second switch 1022 shown in the examples of Figure 10A and Figure 10B. Each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller of the second circuit package implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path. In the examples of Figures 10A and 10B, respective control nodes Ci and C2 are connected to the gate terminals of first switch 1021 and second switch 1022 respectively, whereby gate driving signals can be applied to each control node to trigger opening and closing of the respective switch to which the respective control node is connected. A set of second nodes on the current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node is defined, which in the example of Figures

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP 10A and 10B comprise a node (F) connected to the source terminal of the first switch 1021 , and a node (H) connected to the drain terminal of the second switch 1022. The first and second switches (1021, 1022) form a configurable switch set configured to be set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path from the power supply node (E) and the load node (H). Each of the nodes E, Ci, F, G, C2, and H, are connected to terminals of the first circuit package 1010 to enable electrical connection of each node to a respective terminal of a connector element (1051 , 1052) external to the first circuit package. The connector element is configured to connect to the terminals of the first circuit package 1010 comprising the switching unit 1010, and to form an electrical connection path between at least one predefined pair of the plurality of terminals of the connector element. Thus when the terminals of the first circuit package 1010 are connected to respective terminals of the connector element 1051 or connector element 1052, the electrical connection path(s) comprised in the connector element connect at least one predefined pair of nodes of the switching unit current path. The specific arrangement of electrical connection paths between at least one predefined pair of the plurality of terminals of the connector element is configured so that when the connector element is connected to the first circuit package 1010 comprising the switching unit 1000, the switching unit 1000 is set into either a parallel or series configuration.

Figure 10A shows a connector element 1051 configured to provide a parallel-connected configuration for first switch 1021 and second switch 1022 of the switching unit 1000 of the first circuit package 1010 when the connector element 1051 and first circuit package 1010 are connected at their respective terminals. Thus the connector element 1051 is configured to connect a V _suppiy ’ terminal to node / terminal E of the switching unit, to connect first and second switch control terminals CT and C2’ to respective nodes / terminals Ci and C2 of the switching unit, to connect a Vi _oa d’ terminal to node / terminal H of the switching unit. Furthermore, the connector element 1051 is configured to connect the V _suppiy ’ terminal to node / terminal G of the switching unit, thus placing first switch 1021 and second switch 1022 into a series connection to the a V _suppiy ’ terminal. Furthermore, the connector element 1051 is configured to connect the Vi _oa d’ terminal to node / terminal F of the switching unit, thus placing first switch 1021 and second switch 1022 into a series connection to the a V _suppiy ’ terminal. When the first circuit package 1010 is connected to a second circuit package via the connector 1051 , the V _suppiy ’ terminal of the connector is connected to a V _suppiy terminal of the second circuit package, and the Vi _oa d’ terminal of the connector is connected to a Vi _oa d terminal of the second circuit package. Further, the second switch control terminals Ci’ and C2’ are connected to respective switch control terminals of the second circuit package, wherein a controller of the second circuit package is configured to apply independent switch control signalling to the switch

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP control terminals for controlling first switch 1021 and second switch to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state.

Figure 10B shows a connector element 1052 configured to provide a series-connected configuration for first switch 1021 and second switch 1022 of the switching unit 1000 of the first circuit package 1010 when the connector element 1052 and first circuit package 1010 are connected at their respective terminals. Thus the connector element 1052 is configured to connect a V _suppiy ’ terminal to node I terminal E of the switching unit, to connect first and second switch control terminals CT and C2’ to respective nodes I terminals Ci and C2 of the switching unit, to connect a i _oa d’ terminal to node / terminal H of the switching unit, as in connector element 1051. Furthermore, the connector element 1051 is configured to connect Node F of the switching unit to node G of the switching unit, thus placing the source terminal of the first switch 1021 into connection with the drain terminal of the second switch 1022. Thus the connector element 1052 places the first and second switches (1021, 1022) into a series configuration in respect of the V _suppiy ’ and Vi _oa d’ terminals when the connector element 1052 and first circuit package 1010 are connected at their respective terminals. As with the connector element 1051 , when the first circuit package 1010 is connected to the second circuit package via the connector 1051 , the V _suppiy ’ terminal of the connector is connected to a V _suppiy terminal of the second circuit package, and the Vi _oa d’ terminal of the connector is connected to a Vi _oa d terminal of the second circuit package. Further, as with the connector element 1051 , the second switch control terminals C? and C2’ are connected to respective switch control terminals of the second circuit package, wherein a controller of the second circuit package is configured to apply independent switch control signalling to the switch control terminals for controlling first switch 1021 and second switch to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state.

Accordingly, a parallel configuration of the first and second switches (1021 , 2022) of the first circuit package relative to V _suppiy and Vi _oa d terminals of a second circuit package is set when the second circuit package is connected to the first circuit package 1010 via the connector 1051 shown schematically in Figure 10A, and a series configuration of the first and second switches (1021, 2022) of the first circuit package relative to V _suppiy and Vi _oa d terminals of the second circuit package is set when the second circuit package is connected to the first circuit package 1010 via the connector 1052 shown schematically in Figure 10B.

A first circuit package 1010 comprising a switching unit 1000 comprising a plurality of switches disposed along a current path between a power supply terminal and a load terminal may be provided as a kit further comprising a connector element configured to be connected to the first circuit package, wherein the connector comprises a plurality of terminals configured to

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP connect to the plurality of further terminals of the first circuit package, and wherein the connector comprises an electrical connection path between at least one predefined pair of the plurality of terminals of the connector. The kit may comprise a first connector element 1051 configured to set the switching unit 1000 of the first circuit package 1010 into a parallel configuration, and a second connector element 1052 configured to set the switching unit 1000 of the first circuit package 1010 into a parallel configuration, so that a user can select one of the first and second connector element when connecting the first circuit package 1010 to a second circuit package comprising a power control unit with which the first circuit package 1010 is to be used. The first and second connector elements may be considered to comprise adaptors for connection of a first circuit package 1010 comprising a switching unit 1000 to a second circuit package comprising a controller comprising control logic for independent control of the open I closed state of the plurality of switches comprised in the switching unit 1000.

It will be appreciated that in any of the embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of switches may be connected in parallel with a further switch to form a switch pair, wherein the control logic is configured to synchronise the switching of the switches forming each switch pair between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state. The provision of a pair of switches in a parallel connection in place of a single one of the switches arranged in parallel along the current path results in a sharing of the current between the two switches in the pair, reducing the power-handling requirements for each individual switch in the pair, reducing the loading and leading to a more robust system. In some embodiments, every one of the plurality of switches is individually connected in parallel with a further switch to form a switch pair. It will thus be appreciated that all references to a switch in the present disclosure may therefore be interchangeably considered to refer to switch sets of two or more switches connected in parallel, and configured for synchronous operation (i.e. opening and closing). Monitoring of temperature and electrical parameters as described herein for individual switches can also be applied to individual switch sets.

It will further be appreciated that in embodiments, first and second circuit packages comprise integrated circuits, and may comprise application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

Thus there has been described a switching unit for a power control unit, comprising: at least one power supply node for connection to a power supply; at least one load node for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node; and a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path; wherein each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP of the current path; and the plurality of switches are arranged into at least one configurable switch set, each configurable switch set comprising at least two of the plurality of switches, wherein the switches comprised in each configurable switch set are configured to be set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path.

With reference to Figure 11, a method is also provided of operating a switching unit for a power control unit, the switching unit comprising: at least one power supply node for connection to a power supply; at least one load node for connection to a load; an electrical current path configured to connect the at least one power supply node to the at least one load node; and a plurality of switches disposed on the electrical current path; wherein each switch is configured to be independently connected to a controller implementing control logic configured to independently trigger each of the plurality of switches to transition between an open-circuit state and a closed-circuit state to modify the continuity of the current path; wherein the plurality of switches are arranged into at least one configurable switch set, each configurable switch set comprising at least two of the plurality of switches; wherein the method comprises a step V1 of switching the switches comprised in at least one configurable switch set into either of a parallel configuration or a series configuration with respect to the electrical current path.

The various embodiments described herein are presented only to assist in understanding and teaching the claimed features. These embodiments are provided as a representative sample of embodiments only, and are not exhaustive and/or exclusive. It is to be understood that advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, structures, and/or other aspects described herein are not to be considered limitations on the scope of the invention as defined by the claims or limitations on equivalents to the claims, and that other embodiments may be utilised and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claimed invention. Various embodiments of the invention may suitably comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, appropriate combinations of the disclosed elements, components, features, parts, steps, means, etc, other than those specifically described herein. In addition, this disclosure may include other inventions not presently claimed, but which may be claimed in future. The provision system described herein can be implemented as a combustible aerosol provision system, a non-combustible aerosol provision system or an aerosol-free delivery system.

References

[1] Patil N., Celaya J., Das D. Precursor parameter identification for insulated gatebipolar transistor (IGBT) prognostics. IEEE Trans. Reliab. 2009;58:276-278

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP [2] Sonnenfeld G., Goebel K., Celaya J.R. An agile accelerated aging, characterization and scenario simulation system for gate controlled power transistors. IEEE Autotestcon. 2008;6:208-215

[3] Wu LF, Zheng Y, Guan Y, Wang GH, Li XJ., “A non-intrusive method for monitoring the degradation of MOSFETs", Sensors (Basel). 2014 Jan 10; 14(1): 1132-9

[4] Celaya, JR., et al. “Towards prognostics of power MOSFETs: Accelerated aging and precursors of failure”, National Aeronautics And Space Administration Moffett Field Ca Ames

Research Center, 2010

RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP