CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. No. 14/674993, entitled "Synchronous Buck Inverter" filed March 31, 2015, which claims priority to US Provisional Application No. 62/047443, entitled "Synchronous Buck Inverter" filed on September 8, 2014.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The present disclosure relates to power conversion, and, more specifically, the present disclosure relates to multi-stage switching for inverters, such as may utilize zero-cross discharge to reduce distortion and increase efficiency.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Certain power converters are configured to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Such DC-AC converters are commonly referred to as inverters. Inverters have many industrial and commercial uses including, for example, converting DC power from a battery or photovoltaic source into AC power for a load. Inverters may also be used to supply AC power to an electric utility grid. A grid-tied inverter is a power inverter that converts direct current (DC) electricity into alternating current (AC) with an ability to synchronize to interface with a utility line. The applications for such an inverter include converting DC sources, such as solar panels or small wind turbines, into AC for tying with the grid. Photovoltaics (PV) in, for example, the aforementioned solar panels generate electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. [0004] Certain inverters are commonly configured to operate without a transformer.

Examples of such inverters are disclosed in Salmi, et al., "Transformerless Microinverter for Photovoltaic Systems", pp. 639-650, vol. 3, issue 4, Int'l Journal of Energy and Environment (2012); Reddy et al., "Analysis and Modeling of Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverter Systems", pp. 2932-2938, vol. 3, issue 5, Int'l Journal of Modern Engineering Research (2013); and Dreher et al., "Comparison of H-Bridge Single-Phase Transformerless PV String

Inverters", 10th IEEE/IAS Int'l Conference on Industry Applications, pp.1-8 (Nov. 2012).

[0005] Photovoltaic (PV) power supplied to a utility grid is increasing in popularity as the world' s power demands are increasing. Solid-state inverters have been shown to be an important technology for coupling PV systems into the grid. Integration of PV power generation systems in the grid plays an important role in supplying electric power in an environmentally-friendly manner. A commonly-configured grid-connected PV system comprises of a PV panel, and a DC/AC Inverter that is operatively connected to the grid. This configuration is used for power generation in places or sites accessed by the electric utility grid. Depending on the application and requirements, a PV system can either be a stand-alone or hybrid system. Generally the PV system comprises of a PV generator which is a set of series- parallel electrically interconnected solar panels. PV panels are commonly rated in terms of a nominal peak power of the panel at standard test conditions (STC). A PV generator provides the total installed power, which is the sum of nominal peak power of each solar panel present in the PV installation. This PV generator is connected to an inverter which is, in turn, connected to an AC/DC load and/or grid.

[0006] Inverters are important components to grid-connected PV systems and their major role is to convert DC power into AC power. Furthermore, inverter interfacing PV module(s) with the grid ensures that the PV module(s) is operated at the maximum power point (MPPT). Based on the photovoltaic arrays' output voltage, output power level and applications, the photovoltaic grid-connected system may adopt different topologies. The grid-connected inverter may be designed for peak power and may obey conditions related to issues like power quality, detection of islanding operation, grounding, MPPT and long-life. Inverter maximum power is typically referred to the total installed power of the PV generator, and should optimize the energy injected to grid. Inverter PV topologies may include centralized inverters, string inverters, multi- string inverter and module inverters.

[0007] Although the foregoing discussion focuses particularly on PV systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that issues that arise in PV systems similarly arise in other contexts that require power conversion/inversion. Such contexts include, but are not limited to, sine wave generating inverters, micro-inverters, power supplies, and power distribution systems.

[0008] A significant one of these issues with conventional power inverters is that they carry excessive noise in the output signal. Therefore, improvements to inverter noise control, and accordingly efficiency, are needed in the art.

SUMMARY

[0009] Accordingly, an improved inverter topology is disclosed using high frequency switching control to generate a low frequency sine wave. The main switching may be realized using a synchronous-buck topology that is configured to invert every half cycle of a lower frequency. The inverting process may create a positive and negative transition true sine wave. The low frequency switching stage may be configured to operate as a true zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) drive. [0010] The disclosed inverter may be further configured with an output capacitor, wherein the charge on the output capacitor may be discharged to zero upon every zero crossing of the low frequency switching stage. The benefit of this topology, as compared to a traditional synchronous buck inverter, is that the discharge of energy from the output storage capacitor every half cycle creates very low distortion. That is, during this discharge of energy, the zero crossing distortion in the low frequency sine wave is greatly reduced.

[0011] Comparisons will be made to a full-bridge topology, currently deployed in a majority of grid-tied inverters presently, to the presently disclosed exemplary embodiments to demonstrate advantageous improvements in efficiency, load variation and total harmonic distortion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012] The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and which thus do not limit the present disclosure, and wherein:

[0013] FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary full bridge inverter topology that is known in the art;

[0014] FIG. IB illustrates a switching sequence for switches S ₁ -S4 of FIG. 1A under a positive half wave and negative half wave condition;

[0015] FIGs. 2A-2E illustrate waveforms exemplifying typical operational conditions for the example of FIG. 1 A;

[0016] FIG. 3 A illustrates an exemplary synchronous buck inverter topology under one exemplary embodiment, where the inverter comprises a high-frequency switching portion, a synchronous buck portion and a low frequency switching stage coupled to a discharge capacitor configured to be coupled to a load;

[0017] FIG. 3B illustrates a switching sequence for switches A-D of the embodiment of

FIG. 3 A under positive half wave and negative half wave conditions;

[0018] FIG. 3C provides another illustration of a synchronous buck inverter under another embodiment;

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates a switch sequence diagram that includes four switching sections over the course of an exemplary sine wave for switches A-D of the embodiments of FIG. 3 A and 3C;

[0020] FIGs. 4A-B illustrate an exemplary switching transitions of switches A-D of the embodiment of FIG. 3A during a first switching section (at peak of positive sine wave) of FIG. 4;

[0021] FIG 4C schematically illustrates a synchronous current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (a) of FIG. 4B under one exemplary embodiment;

[0022] FIG 4D schematically illustrates a buck current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (b) of FIG. 4B under one exemplary embodiment;

[0023] FIGs. 4E-F illustrate an exemplary switching transitions of switches A-D of the embodiment of FIG. 3A during a second switching section (at positive-negative zero crossing transition of sine wave) of FIG. 4; [0024] FIG 4G schematically illustrates a buck/synchronous current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (a) of FIG. 4F under one exemplary embodiment;

[0025] FIG 4H schematically illustrates a synchronous/buck current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (b) of FIG. 4F under one exemplary embodiment;

[0026] FIGs. 4I-J illustrate an exemplary switching transitions of switches A-D of the embodiment of FIG. 3A during a third switching section (at peak negative of sine wave) of FIG. 4;

[0027] FIG 4K schematically illustrates a synchronous current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (a) of FIG. 4J under one exemplary embodiment;

[0028] FIG 4L schematically illustrates a buck current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (b) of FIG. 4J under one exemplary embodiment;

[0029] FIGs. 4M-N illustrate an exemplary switching transitions of switches A-D of the embodiment of FIG. 3A during a fourth switching section (at negative -positive zero crossing transition of sine wave) of FIG. 4;

[0030] FIG 40 schematically illustrates a synchronous/buck current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (a) of FIG. 4N under one exemplary embodiment; [0031] FIG 4P schematically illustrates a buck/synchronous current flow through a load and a switching configuration for switches A-D for time period (b) of FIG. 4N under one exemplary embodiment;

[0032] FIGs. 5A-B illustrate an exemplary gate drive waveform and current waveform for a positive signal condition for switches A and B for the first switching section illustrated in the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 4A-D above;

[0033] FIGs. 6A-B illustrate an exemplary gate drive waveform and current waveform for a zero crossing condition for switches A and B for the second switching section illustrated in the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 4E-G above;

[0034] FIGs. 7A-B illustrate an exemplary gate drive waveform and current waveform for a negative signal condition for switches A and B for the third switching section illustrated in the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 4I-L above;

[0035] FIGs. 8A-B illustrate an exemplary gate drive waveform and current waveform for a zero crossing signal condition for switches A and B for the fourth switching section illustrated in the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 4M-P above;

[0036] FIGs. 9A-E illustrate waveforms exemplifying operational conditions for the embodiment of FIG. 3A;

[0037] FIG. 10A illustrates an exemplary waveform for the synchronous -buck inverter of FIG. 3A and FIG. 4 showing improved voltage and current distortion;

[0038] FIG. 10B illustrates an exemplary gate drive waveform for switches C and D for the synchronous-buck inverter of FIG. 3 A and FIG. 4; [0039] FIG. 11 A shows a simplified circuit for operating synchronous high frequency switches to cause current to flow across an inductor under an illustrative embodiment;

[0040] FIG. 1 IB illustrates a simulated waveform of a rectified sinusoid produced by the simplified circuit of FIG. 5A under an embodiment;

[0041] FIG. 12A shows a simplified circuit comprising low frequency switches added to the circuit of FIG. 5A;

[0042] FIGs. 12B illustrates a simulated waveform of a rectified sinusoid in which a portion of the rectified sinusoid is to be inverted using the simplified circuit of FIG. 6A;

[0043] FIG. 12C illustrates a simulated waveform of a rectified sinusoid in which a portion of the rectified sinusoid is inverted using the simplified circuit of FIG. 6A;

[0044] FIG. 13 A illustrates an exemplary simulated waveform showing a voltage (V) and current (I) load step response on a conventional inverter;

[0045] FIG. 13B illustrates an exemplary simulated waveform showing a voltage (V) and current (I) improved load step response utilizing the inverter of FIG. 3A under an illustrative embodiment;

[0046] FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B show magnified portions of FIGs. 13A and 13B, respectively; and

[0047] FIG. 15 shows a simulated waveform resulting from an application of a waveform to a timing circuit via a dithering circuit under an illustrative embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The figures and descriptions provided herein may have been simplified to illustrate aspects that are relevant for a clear understanding of the herein described devices, systems, and methods, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, other aspects that may be found in typical similar devices, systems, and methods. Those of ordinary skill may thus recognize that other elements and/or operations may be desirable and/or necessary to implement the devices, systems, and methods described herein. But because such elements and operations are known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, a discussion of such elements and operations may not be provided herein. However, the present disclosure is deemed to inherently include all such elements, variations, and modifications to the described aspects that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0049] Exemplary embodiments are provided throughout so that this disclosure is sufficiently thorough and fully conveys the scope of the disclosed embodiments to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth, such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide this thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. Nevertheless, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific disclosed details need not be employed, and that exemplary embodiments may be embodied in different forms. As such, the exemplary embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies may not be described in detail.

[0050] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having," are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their respective performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as a preferred order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.

[0051] When an element or layer is referred to as being "on", "engaged to", "connected to" or "coupled to" another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on," "directly engaged to", "directly connected to" or "directly coupled to" another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," etc.). As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0052] Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as "first," "second," and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments.

[0053] Turning now to FIG. 1A, a conventional inverter is illustrated and will be used for reference for the embodiments discussed throughout, such as in connection with the discussion of FIGs. 3A-10B. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the specific configuration in FIG. 1A is merely used for illustrative purposes and is not intended to limit the present disclosure.

[0054] The inverter of FIG. 1 A is configured as a full-bridge inverter topology and comprises of four switches, two output inductors and an output storage capacitor. In this case, L2 may be the same as LI and the total common-mode voltage V _CM is ½VDC- Conventionally, the full-bridge uses one of two control strategies. For the bipolar PWM control strategy, one group of diagonal switches operates at a switching frequency complementary to the other group of switches. As a result, the inverter output voltage has only two levels which results in high current ripple across the output inductors. An exemplary switching sequence for the circuit of FIG. 1A is shown where, for a sine wave input, switches Si and S ₄ are closed, while switches S ₂ and S ₃ are open on the positive half wave of the input. Conversely, switches Si and S ₄ are open, while switches S ₂ and S ₃ are closed on the negative half wave of the input.

[0055] The major drawback of employing the full-bridge with, for example, bipolar

PWM is the high power losses due to two factors. The first factor is the internal reactive power flow inside the inverter, and the second is the double switching frequency required to obtain the same inductor current ripple frequency. The second control strategy that may be applied to the full-bridge of FIG. 1 A is the unipolar PWM. In such modulation, the inverter output voltage has three levels, which decreases significantly the current ripple across the inductors. With this modulation, the inverter has high efficiency due to the absence of the internal reactive power flow. However, with this control strategy, the inverter generates high leakage current level.

[0056] Accordingly, other topologies have endeavored to combine the advantages of the bipolar PWM (low leakage current level) and those of the unipolar PWM (High efficiency, low current ripple and three level inverter output voltages). These endeavors have been undertaken by adding extra switches to the full-bridge topology. These extra switches disconnect the PV array from the grid during the freewheeling periods. Nevertheless, these and like circuits such as that illustrated in FIG. 1A carry excessive harmonic distortions in the signal, and thus operate at a reduced efficiency.

[0057] FIG. 2A is an exemplary simulated waveform for the circuit of FIG. 1 A, operating under a -0.7 power factor (PF) load, utilizing 100Ω in series with a 26.54 μΡ capacitor. As can be determined from the voltage (V) and current (I) waveforms, voltage distortion is approximately 24%, while current distortion is approximately 34.1%. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the distortion is particularly acute around the zero crossing phases. As the resistance is reduced to 20.63Ω in series with a 130.3 μΡ capacitor, the total harmonic distortion increases to a point that it could not be measured, as illustrated in FIG. 2B.

[0058] In FIG. 2C, utilizing a unity power factor load of lkH for the circuit of FIG. 1 A, the total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) in the simulated waveform is 26.9%, and 25.1 % for the current (I). Utilizing a unity power factor with a reduced load of 100Ω for the circuit of FIG. 1 A, the total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) is 2.79%, and 3.41% for the current (I), with a total power of 585.6W as illustrated in the simulated waveform of FIG. 2D. In FIG. 2E, utilizing a unity power factor load of 28.2Ω at approximately 2kW, total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) was 1.52%, and 1.71% for the current (I), with an efficiency of 98.2%.

[0059] Buck converters, and particularly synchronous buck converters, may advantageously be configured for inverter applications to provide less noisy and more efficient power output. The use of conventional buck converters for inverters is known in the art, and examples of such applications may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,488,350 to Sigamani, titled "DC-AC Inverters", issued July 16, 2013, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,872,887 to Nishio et al., titled "DC-AC Inverter Powering a Single Phase Commercial Power System", issued Jan. 18, 2011, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. While the aforementioned configurations provide some improvement over conventional inverter topologies, further improvements may be realized utilizing configurations disclosed herein.

[0060] Turning now to FIG. 3A, synchronous buck inverter topology 300 is disclosed in an exemplary embodiment. Inverter 300 comprises a DC source 301 and a house supply 302 for providing positive and negative voltages to high frequency switches A-B and low frequency switches C-D, as shown. In an embodiment, switches A-D are comprised of high frequency switches, such as field effect transistors (FETs). It should be understood by those skilled in the art that other switches or suitable switching mechanisms may be employed, depending on the specific application of the inverter. Inverter 300 may comprise a high frequency switching control (1) comprising controller 303 and sensing circuit 304.

[0061] In an embodiment, controller may comprise a current- mode PWM controller

(see FIG. 3C) and sensing circuit 304 comprises a peak current sense and an output voltage sense (see refs. 304A-B of FIG. 3C). Controller 303 may be operatively coupled to a gate of each of switches A-D, while sensing circuit 304 may be coupled to a load line as is shown illustratively in FIG. 3A. Alternatively, controller may be a microprocessor running firmware to control switches A-D.

[0062] Controller 303 may be configured to provide a low frequency sine wave (or other suitable signal) to effect switching control on the synchronous-buck portion of inverter 300. Main switching may be realized using synchronous-buck switching portion (2), comprising switches A and B, to invert every half cycle of the frequency of the signal provided by controller 303. The inverting process thus creates a positive and negative transition of the sine wave signal. Low frequency switching stage (3) comprises switches C and D and may be configured to operate as zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) drives

[0063] Notably, using the configuration of FIG. 3A, the charge on output capacitor 305 is discharged to zero on every zero crossing of low frequency switching stage (3). Compared to a conventional synchronous buck, the configuration of FIG. 3A advantageously discharges energy every half cycle. During this discharge of energy, the zero crossing distortion in the low frequency sine wave is greatly reduced.

[0064] In an embodiment, the fabricated switch material for synchronous-buck switching portion (2) (e.g., switches A-B) may be different from the fabricated switch material for low frequency switching stage (3) (e.g., switches C-D). In an advantageous embodiment, switches A-B may be fabricated on a Silicon Carbide (SiC) platform, which allows the switches to operate at higher frequencies and deliver higher circuit efficiencies. As SiC switches have a reduced on state drain to source resistance (R _dS(on) ), this improves on-state voltages and allows for higher power applications Since a SiC switch is a majority carrier device, there is no associated storage time to cause current tail issues within the switch. [0065] Consequently, the SiC switch enables high voltage switching at higher frequencies (e.g., greater than 50kHz). Additionally, the total gate charge on a SiC switch is a multitude (e.g., 3 times) less than for a comparable silicon switch, resulting in yet further gains in the upper frequency limit and/or reduction of switching loss. By utilizing SiC switches (A- B) in the synchronous-buck switching portion (2), numerous advantages may be achieved, including, but not limited to, improved switching, reduced harmonic distortion, reducing the need for large filters (e.g., inductors) at the output, and improved load step response. Similar advantages may be realized by using other high-frequency majority-carrier switches, such as Gallium Nitride (GaN), which also has a total gate charge that is a multitude (e.g., one-fifth) less than comparable silicon switches and reduced R _dS(on), allowing switching applications to exceed 2MHz in frequency and facilitating large step down ratios in the synchronous-buck switching portion (2).

[0066] Turning now to FIG. 3B, an exemplary switching sequence is illustrated wherein switches A and B of the synchronous -buck switching portion (2) simultaneously and alternately provide high frequency PWM (x) and high frequency PWM complement (χ') for each positive half wave and negative half wave. Switches C and D for the low frequency switching stage (3) are configured such that switch C is OFF for each positive half wave and ON for each negative half wave, while switch D is ON for each positive half wave and OFF for each negative half wave.

[0067] FIG. 3C is another exemplary embodiment of a synchronous buck inverter, similar to inverter 300, wherein high voltage regulator house supply 302 receives input power (+HV, -HV) from a source (e.g., 301) and produces output voltage +V for each of the switch drives (A-D Drive) and voltage +VL for current- mode PWM controller 303, peak current sense 304A and output voltage sense 304B. Controller 303 may provide low frequency signals (e.g., sine wave) via low frequency oscillator 310. Controller 303 as illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 3C may comprise a high frequency (HF) switching portion and low frequency (LF) switching portion, wherein HF switching portion activates/deactivates switches associated with A DRIVE and B DRIVE of synchronous-buck/buck-synchronous stage 311 (see section (2) of FIG. 3A). LF switching portion may activate/deactivate switches associated with C DRIVE and D DRIVE of inverter stage 312 (see section (3) of FIG. 3A).

[0068] In an illustrative embodiment, the PWM Controller 303 may be coupled to a dithering circuit 314 which may be configured to apply a waveform to a timing circuit of controller 303 to dither the switching frequency. For example, a triangular waveform may be applied to a timing circuit of controller 303 to cause the frequency to change a certain amount (e.g., + 10kHz) for a given switching frequency (e.g., 100kHz). As will be explained in further detail below in connection with FIG. 15, by reducing switching frequencies at zero-crossings, the inverter performance may be improved by increasing resolution and decreasing harmonic distortion.

[0069] Turning now to FIG. 4, an exemplary switch sequence diagram for the embodiment of FIG. 3A is provided for one cycle of controller output (Output) illustrated as a sine wave in the figure. As can be seen, high frequency outputs for switches A and B (A _gate , Bgate) are shown together with low frequency outputs for switches C and D (C _ga t _e , Dgate), together with an inverted half-cycle voltage output (Ref). In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4, the cycle is separated into four sections (1-4) to better describe exemplary operation of the circuit, which is provided below.

[0070] FIGs. 4A-B are exemplary illustrations of a first section (Section 1) during a positive peak condition (Output) in the circuit, where it can be seen that A _gate and B _gate provide a high frequency PWM and high frequency PWM complement for the positive peak. During switching time (a), output voltage is at a positive peak condition for the sine wave, where A _gat e drive is low, B _gate drive is high, C _gat e drive is low and D _gate drive is high. As switches A and C are open, the inductor current conducts from the B switch to the D switch via inductor 306 and load 307 in synchronous current flow as shown in FIG. 4C. During the (b) switching time, the output is still at a positive peak condition and the A _gate drive goes high, B _gate goes low, C _gate drive is low and D _gate drive is high. As switch A opens and switch B closes, inductor current conducts from the A switch to the D switch as buck current flow as shown in FIG. 4D.

[0071] FIGs. 4E-F are exemplary illustrations of a second section (Section 2) during a first zero crossing (Output) positive to negative transition in the circuit. During switching time (a), output voltage is at a zero crossing condition (from positive peak to negative peak) for the sine wave, where A _gate drive is high, B _gate drive is low, C _gate drive is low and D _gate drive is high. As switches B and C are open, the inductor current instantaneously switches directions and conducts from the A switch to the D switch via inductor 306 and load 307 in buck/synchronous current flow as shown in FIG. 4G. During the (b) switching time, the output crosses from the positive peak to the negative peak of the sine wave, causing the A _gate drive to go low, B _gate to go high, Cgate to go high and D _gat e gate to go low. As switches B and C open and switches A and D close, inductor current instantaneously switches directions and conducts from the B switch to the C switch as synchronous/buck current flow as shown in FIG. 4H.

[0072] FIGs. 4I-J are exemplary illustrations of a third section (Section 3) during a negative peak condition (Output) in the circuit, where it can be seen that A _gat e and B _gate provide a high frequency PWM and high frequency PWM complement for the negative peak. During switching time (a), output voltage is at a negative peak condition for the sine wave, where A _gate drive is high, B _gate drive is low, C _gate drive is high and D _gate drive is low. As switches B and D are open, the inductor current conducts from the C switch to the A switch in synchronous current flow as shown in FIG. 4K. During the (b) switching time, the output moves away from the negative peak condition and the A _gate drive goes low, B _gate goes high, C _gate drive is high and D _gate drive is low. As switch A opens and switch B closes, inductor current conducts from the C switch to the B switch as buck current flow as shown in FIG. 4L.

[0073] FIGs. 4M-N are exemplary illustrations of a fourth section (Section 4) during a second zero crossing (Output) negative to positive transition in the circuit. During switching time (a), output voltage is approaching a zero crossing condition (from negative peak to positive peak) for the sine wave, where A _gate drive is low, B _gate drive is high, C _gate drive is high and D _gate drive is low. As switches A and D are open at zero crossing, the inductor current instantaneously switches directions from the B switch to the D switch in synchronous/buck current flow as shown in FIG. 40. During the (b) switching time, the output crosses from the negative peak to the positive peak of the sine wave, causing the A _gate drive to go high, B _gate to go low, C _gate to go low and D _gate gate to go high. As switches B and C open and switches A and D close, inductor current instantaneously switches directions from the A switch to the D switch in buck/synchronous current flow as shown in FIG. 4P.

[0074] Exemplary simulated gate drive waveforms and current waveforms for synchronous -buck circuit portion (2) of inverter 300, comprising switches A and B, are illustrated in FIGs. 5A-7B. The exemplary simulated waveforms of FIGs. 5A and 5B illustrate switching gate drive waveforms and current waveforms during a positive peak condition, discussed above in connection with FIGs. 4A-D. As can be seen from the simulated current drive waveform of FIG. 5B, switch A, operating as a buck switch, goes low as switch B, operating as a synchronous switch, goes high during PWM switching. In the simulated current waveform of FIG. 5B, it can be seen that when switch A is open, current conducts from the B switch (to the D switch) as discussed above in connection with FIG. 4C. As switch A opens and switch B closes current conducts from the A switch (to the D switch) as discussed above in connection with FIGs. 4C-D.

[0075] The exemplary simulated waveforms of FIGs. 6 A and 6B illustrate switching gate drive waveforms and current waveforms during a first zero crossing condition (i.e., from positive to negative peak), discussed above in connection with FIGs. 4E-H. As can be seen from the simulated current drive waveform of FIG. 6B, switch A operates as a buck switch before the zero crossing, and switch B operates as a buck switch after the zero crossing. As switch B opens, current instantaneously switches directions and conducts from the A switch (to the D switch). After the zero crossing (from the positive peak to the negative peak), switch B opens and switch A closes causing current to instantaneously switch directions and conducts from the B switch (to the C switch) as discussed above in connection with FIGs. G-H.

[0076] The exemplary simulated waveforms of FIGs. 7A and 7B illustrate switching gate drive waveforms and current waveforms during a negative peak condition, discussed above in connection with FIGs. 4I-L. As can be seen from the simulated current drive waveform of FIG. 7B, as switch B opens, and operating as a buck switch, current flows to the A switch (from the C switch) as a synchronous switch as discussed above in connection with FIG. 4K. As switch A opens and switch B closes, current conducts to the B switch (from the C switch) as buck current flow as discussed above in connection with FIG. 4L.

[0077] The exemplary simulated waveforms of FIGs. 8A and 8B illustrate switching gate drive waveforms and current waveforms during a second zero crossing condition (i.e., from negative to positive peak), discussed above in connection with FIGs. 4M-P. As can be seen from the simulated current drive waveform of FIG. 8B, switch A operates as a

synchronous switch with a large duty cycle, and switch B operates as a buck switch with a very small duty cycle before the zero crossing. After the zero crossing, A operates as a buck switch with a very small duty cycle and switch B operates as a synchronous switch with a large duty cycle. Thus, switch A opens at zero crossing, current instantaneously switches directions from the B switch (to the D switch) in synchronous/buck current flow as discussed above in connection with FIG. 40. As the output crosses from the negative peak to the positive peak of the sine wave, switch B opens and switch A closes, causing current to instantaneously switch directions from the A switch (to the D switch) in buck/synchronous current flow as discussed above in connection with FIG. 4P.

[0078] Turning now to FIGs. 9A-E, exemplary simulated waveforms are provided for inverter 300. For the purposes of this discussion, comparison will be made to corresponding FIGs. 2A-E to illustrate advantageous characteristics of inverter 300. FIG. 9A is an exemplary simulated waveform for inverter 300, operating under a -0.7 power factor (PF) load, utilizing 100Ω in series with a 26.54 μΡ capacitor. As can be determined from the voltage (V) and current (I) waveforms, voltage distortion is approximately 0.183%, while current distortion is approximately 1.18% (compare to FIG. 2 A, where voltage distortion is 24%, and current distortion is approximately 34.1%). As the resistance is reduced to 20.63Ω in series with a 130.3 μΡ capacitor, the total harmonic distortion for voltage (V) in FIG. 9B is approximately 0.531% and 1.56% for current (I) (compare to FIG. 2B wherein distortion was immeasurable).

[0079] In FIG. 9C, utilizing a unity power factor load of lkH for inverter 300, the total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) in the simulated waveform is 0.164% and 0.276% for current(I) (compare to FIG. 2C, where voltage distortion is 26.9%, and current distortion is 25.1% ). Utilizing a unity power factor with a reduced load of 100Ω for inverter 300 (FIG. 9D), the total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) is 0.174% and 0.175% for current (I), with a total power of 585.6W (compare to FIG. 2D where voltage distortion is 2.79%, and 3.41% for current (I) for the same total power). In FIG. 9E, utilizing a unity power factor load of 28.2Ω at approximately 2kW, total harmonic distortion measured for the voltage (V) is 0.451 and 0.456% for current (I) with an efficiency of 99.7% (compare to FIG. 2E where voltage distortion is 1.52%, and current distortion is 1.71% with 98.2% efficiency).

[0080] It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the inverter configurations disclosed herein provide meaningful efficiency increases and substantial distortion reduction. Turning to FIG. 10A, an illustration is provided of an exemplary simulated waveform for the synchronous -buck inverter of FIG. 3 A and FIG. 4 showing improved voltage and current distortion. FIG. 10B illustrates an exemplary simulated gate drive waveform for switches C and D for the synchronous-buck inverter of FIG. 3A and FIG. 4 showing the improved current output.

[0081] As mentioned above in connection with FIG. 1A, conventional synchronous buck converters typically rely on an H-Bridge topology and a single-polar or double-polar switching scheme to produce a steady DC output voltage. However, such configurations are subject to high power losses. Additionally, since conventional configurations rely on the load to pull the voltage down to zero, this may further introduce significant harmonic distortions, particularly with small loads.

[0082] Under some illustrative embodiments, the technologies and techniques described herein may be used for a synchronous buck converter (compared to an inverter) to produce a steady DC output voltage. Under an illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 11 A, the synchronous switches S 1 and S2 of the simplified figure may be configured as high frequency switches to have on/off states (an "on" state illustrated as dotted line in the figure) to cause current to flow through inductor LI (illustrated as dotted line arrows in the figure) to produce a varying rectified sinusoid shown in FIG. 1 IB. [0083] In some illustrative embodiments, low frequency switches may be added to the circuit of FIG. 11 A. Turning to FIG. 12A, low-frequency switches S3 and S4 are added as shown in the simplified embodiment, and are configured to synchronously switch with switches SI and S2 to actively pull down voltage to produce waveforms illustrated in FIG. 12B and FIG. 12C. In the simplified waveform illustrated in FIG. 12B, the switching of S3 and S4 is configured to "un-fold" or invert a portion 1200 of the rectified signal 1210 to produce a sine wave illustrated in FIG. 12C comprising signal 1210 and inverted portion 1220. In some illustrative embodiments, switches SI and S2 may be fabricated from SiC or GaN (discussed above in connection with FIG. 3A) to provide further advantageous switching and circuit response properties. Using techniques described herein, reduced harmonic distortion may be advantageously achieved. With better control over harmonic distortion, bulky, low-frequency output inductors may be significantly reduced. Moreover, the disclosed configurations are much more responsive to load changes.

[0084] Examples of the reduced harmonic reduction effect are shown in the illustrative waveforms of FIGs. 13A-B and FIGs. 14A-B. FIG. 13A illustrates an exemplary simulated waveform showing a voltage (V) and current (I) load step response on a conventional inverter. As can be seen in the figure, significant distortion is introduced at the negative voltage peak, as electrical current begins to flow (highlighted with dotted circle), and the subsequent portions of the voltage and current waveforms are subjected to harmonic distortions. In contrast, FIG. 13B illustrates an exemplary simulated waveform showing a voltage (V) and current (I) load step response utilizing any of the inverters disclosed herein (e.g., FIG. 3A). It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the harmonic distortions are significantly reduced. FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B show magnified portions of FIGs. 13A and 13B respectively, where again it can be seen that the distortion of FIG. 14A (highlighted with dotted circle) is reduced in FIG. 14B. [0085] Referring briefly back to FIG. 3 A, it was disclosed that a dithering circuit 314 may be configured to apply a waveform to a timing circuit of controller 303 to dither the switching frequency, particularly at zero crossings. Turning now to FIG. 15, an illustrative simulated waveform is provided, where a triangular waveform 1502 is applied to a timing circuit (1504) to cause the frequency to change a certain amount for a given switching frequency. In the simulated waveform illustrated in FIG. 15, a + 8kHz dither is applied using a triangular waveform having a 2-3V peak, where the dither alters the switching frequency as shown. Accordingly, under the non-limiting example, the switching frequency dither increases to 108kHz at peak, and decreases to 92kHz at the zero crossing. By reducing switching frequencies at zero-crossings, an inverter performance may be improved by increasing resolution and decreasing harmonic distortion. Of course, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other suitable dithering frequency ranges may be used, and are not limited to the specific disclosure provided in FIG. 15.

[0086] In the foregoing detailed description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in individual embodiments for the purpose of brevity in the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the subsequently claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim.

[0087] Further, the descriptions of the disclosure are provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosed embodiments. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein, but rather are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.