CLAIM OF PRIORITY [0001] The present application claims priority to Provisional Application No.

62/310,533, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DUAL-CODING FOR DUAL-HOPS CHANNELS," filed March 18, 2016, and to Provisional Application No. 62/310,520, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DUAL-CODING TRANSMISSIONS FOR

RELAYS," filed March 18, 2016, both assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

[0002] This invention generally relates to wireless communications and more particularly to dual-coding transmissions for dual-hops channels.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Some communication systems utilize a signal forwarding device, such as a repeater station, relay station or a self-backhauled station to facilitate the transfer of information between user equipment (UE) devices and a core network. The signal forwarding device is typically not connected directly to the core network but still provides service to the UE devices by forwarding information to and from the UE devices and a base station, which is connected to the core network. Where the signal forwarding device is a repeater, the repeater simply retransmits downlink signals received from another base station to the UE device and retransmits uplink signals received from the UE device to the other base station. Although the repeater may apply limited signal processing to the incoming signal such as filtering, frequency shifting, and amplification, a repeater will not decode the incoming signal that is to be forwarded. Relay stations and self-backhaul stations perform at least some signal processing before retransmitting the information. Such processing can vary from partial decoding to complete decoding of the incoming signal. For example, the incoming signal can be completely decoded and used to generate a new signal or the incoming signal may not be completely decoded but still used to transmit the forwarded outgoing signal. Some of the various levels of processing (forwarding techniques) are sometimes referred to as amplify and forward (AF), partial decoding and forward (PDF), and decode and forward (DF) schemes.

SUMMARY

[0004] An origination device (e.g., a base station) encodes first and second data packets according to a first set of encoding parameters corresponding to channel conditions associated with a first communication link between a signal forwarding device and a destination device. The resulting first and second single-encoded data packets contain the same data. The origination device combines the first and second single-encoded data packets to generate a single-encoded data block. The origination device encodes the single-encoded data block, according to a second set of encoding parameters corresponding to channel conditions associated with a second

communication link between the origination device and the signal forwarding device, to generate a dual-encoded data block. The dual-encoded data block is transmitted to the signal forwarding device.

[0005] The signal forwarding device decodes the dual-encoded data block, using decoding parameters that correspond to the second set of encoding parameters, to obtain the first and second single-encoded data packets, which are encoded according to the first set of encoding parameters. The signal forwarding device transmits the first single-encoded data packet to the destination device. The destination device attempts to decode the first single-encoded data packet using decoding parameters that correspond to the first set of encoding parameters. If the decoding is successful, the destination device will have successfully received the first single-encoded data packet. If the decoding is unsuccessful, the destination device will transmit a request for retransmission to the signal forwarding device. In response to the request for retransmission, the signal forwarding device transmits the second single-encoded data packet to the destination device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 A is a block diagram of an example of the circuitry utilized within an origination device, a signal forwarding device, and a destination device to transmit dual- encoded data blocks.

[0007] FIG. 1 B is a block diagram of an example of a wireless communication system including an origination device, a signal forwarding device, and a destination device.

[0008] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an example of a method of utilizing the wireless communication system of FIG. 1 B to transmit dual-encoded data.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] As discussed above, communication systems often employ repeaters, relays and self-backhauled base stations to forward signals transmitted between base stations and the UE devices served by the base stations. Signals may be forwarded from the base station to the UE device, from the UE device to the base station, or both. In some systems, scheduling of communication resources for the communication channel between the signal forwarding device (e.g., repeater, relay, etc.) and the UE device is performed by a scheduler at the base station or a central scheduler connected to the base station. In the examples discussed herein, it is assumed that the scheduler is located at, or connected to, a base station to/from which the signal forwarding device forwards signals. However, the scheduler may not be physically located at the base station and may be located at any other suitable location (e.g., at the signal forwarding device or elsewhere in the radio access network to which the base station belongs).

[0010] In a typical relay scenario, an anchor base station would only single-encode data, which is intended for a destination device, using encoding parameters that are appropriate for the channel conditions between the base station and the relay node. Upon receipt of the transmission from the base station, the relay node would decode the data and subsequently encode the data using encoding parameters that are appropriate for the channel conditions between the relay and the destination device (e.g., UE device). One drawback of such a scenario is the additional processing delay experienced at the relay while the relay encodes the data before transmitting the data to the destination device. Another drawback of a typical relay scenario would be the delay experienced when waiting for the origination device to retransmit a data packet that was not successfully received by the destination device. However, for the examples discussed herein, various methods, devices, and systems will be described in which (1 ) an anchor base station transmits a dual-encoded data block that does not require any encoding by the signal forwarding device (e.g., relay), and (2) the relay receives, for each data packet, an original packet and one or more redundant encoded packets, from the base station so that the relay can retransmit a data packet that was not successfully received by the destination device, without waiting for the base station to retransmit the data packet.

[0011] Since the signal forwarding device is central to the examples, the

nomenclature used throughout the description centers on the signal forwarding device. More specifically, an "origination device" is a device from which a signal is transmitted to the signal forwarding device, and the signal being received at the signal forwarding device from an origination device is referred to as a "received signal." Similarly, a "destination device" is a device to which the signal forwarding device transmits a signal, which is referred to herein as a "forwarded signal." Moreover, although most of the following examples refer to a base station as the "origination device" and to a UE device as the "destination device," the examples may be modified so that the UE device is the "origination device," and the base station is the "destination device."

[0012] FIG. 1 A is a block diagram of an example of the circuitry utilized within an origination device, a signal forwarding device, and a destination device to transmit dual- encoded data. For example, the various blocks shown in FIG. 1A represent circuitry that is configured to perform various functions and processes described herein.

Although each function is shown as a separate box, the circuitry that actually performs the recited functions for each box may be configured to perform the functions for multiple boxes. For example, a controller within the origination device, the signal forwarding device, and/or the destination device may be the circuitry that is configured to perform one or more of the functions shown in FIG. 1 A. [0013] The origination device 1 10 and destination device 1 14 may be any kind of wireless communication devices and may be stationary or portable. For the examples discussed herein, the origination device 1 10 is a base station, and the destination device 1 14 is a user equipment (UE) device such as a handset. However, the devices 1 10, 1 14 may be different types of devices in other circumstances. For example, both devices may be UE devices. In some situations, the origination device, the signal forwarding device, and the destination device are all UE devices.

[0014] In the example of FIG. 1A, origination device 1 10 provides downlink wireless communication service to destination device 1 14. Thus, destination device 1 14 receives downlink signals from origination device 1 10, either directly or via signal forwarding device 138. In the example of FIG. 1A, origination device 1 10 transmits a dual-encoded data signal to signal forwarding device 138, and signal forwarding device 138 forwards a single-encoded data signal to the destination device 1 14.

[0015] For example, origination device 1 10 either generates the user data 160 or receives the user data 160 from another entity within the radio access network. In the example shown in FIG. 1A, the user data 160 includes a first data packet and a second data packet, which contain redundant data. Although only two data packets are shown in this example, additional redundant packets may be utilized. The origination device 1 10 has circuitry configured to add a first cyclic redundancy check value (CRC 1 ) 162 to the user data 160. The CRC is an error-detecting code that is used to detect if the received packet at the receiver is in error or not. Although the examples shown herein utilize CRC, any suitable error-detection techniques may be used.

[0016] After adding CRC 1 , the user data 160 is encoded by Encoder 1 , 164.

Encoder 1 encodes the user data 160 according to a first set of encoding parameters corresponding to channel conditions associated with a first communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. The first set of encoding parameters comprises a first encoding technique and/or a first encoding rate. The result of encoding the user data 160 with Encoder 1 is a first single-encoded data packet and a second single-encoded data packet.

[0017] In the example shown in FIG. 1A, combiner 165 combines the first and second single-encoded data packets, resulting in a single-encoded data block. However, any number of additional redundant data packets may be included in the single-encoded data block, in other examples. Regardless of the number of data packets included in the single-encoded data block, the single-encoded data block, by itself, provides the needed redundancy for the system to function properly. In other examples, however, the origination device 1 10 may be configured such that the required redundancy may be achieved by utilizing multiple single-encoded data blocks that, either individually or collectively, provide the redundancy needed for proper operation. This may include cases where the first single-encoded data block does not have the same data as the second single-encoded data block. In particular, for Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) with partial retransmissions, the retransmitted block (i.e., the second single-encoded data block) may be smaller than the first transmission (i.e., the first single-encoded data block). In still other cases, the combiner may be configured to not combine the first single-encoded data block and the second single- encoded data block, which would allow the Decoder 2, 174, of the signal forwarding device 138 to separately decode the first single-encoded data block and the second- encoded data block. Such a configuration would advantageously allow the signal forwarding device 138 to only decode the first single-encoded data block prior to transmitting the first single-encoded data block to the destination device 1 14. The signal forwarding device 138 may then decode the second single-encoded data block after transmitting the first single-encoded data block to the destination device 1 14. In this manner, the latency associated with decoding the second single-encoded data block (e.g., redundant data block), before transmitting the first single-encoded data block, is eliminated. Thus, any number and configuration of redundant data packets and/or data blocks may be utilized as long as the necessary redundancy is achieved.

[0018] A second CRC value (CRC 2) 166 is added to the single-encoded data block. Although a CRC is used for CRC 2, any suitable alternative error-detection technique may be used in place of CRC 2. The single-encoded data block, along with CRC 2, is encoded by Encoder 2, 168, which, in the example shown in FIG. 1A, utilizes a non- iterative type encoding/decoding (e.g., Reed-Solomon Codes) to ensure low-latency processing at the signal forwarding device 138. Encoder 2 encodes the single-encoded data block according to a second set of encoding parameters corresponding to channel conditions associated with a second communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. The second set of encoding parameters comprises a second encoding technique and/or a second encoding rate. The result of encoding the single-encoded data block with Encoder 2 is a dual-encoded data block.

[0019] One of the advantages of dual-encoding the data is that the encoding parameters selected for each stage of encoding can be selected based on the channel conditions for a particular communication link. For example, Encoder 1 may encode the user data according to a first encoding technique that is better suited for transmissions between a signal forwarding device and a destination device (e.g., mobile UE device), and Encoder 2 may encode the single-encoded data block according to a second encoding technique that is better suited for transmissions between an origination device (e.g., base station) and a signal forwarding device. For example, the first encoding technique may be a convolutional coding, which is better suited for transmissions between a signal forwarding device and a destination device, and the second encoding technique may be a turbo coding or rate-less channel coding using the Low Density Parity Codes (LDPC), which is better suited for transmissions between an origination device and a signal forwarding device. However, any of the channel coding techniques may be used for the origination device-to-signal forwarding device channel or the signal forwarding device-to-destination device channel.

[0020] Similarly, Encoder 1 may encode the user data at a first coding rate that is better suited for transmissions between a signal forwarding device and a destination device (e.g., mobile UE device), and Encoder 2 may encode the single-encoded data block at a second coding rate that is better suited for transmissions between an origination device (e.g., base station) and a signal forwarding device. More specifically, the user data may be encoded at a 1/3 coding rate to obtain the first and second single- encoded data packets, and the single-encoded data block may be encoded at a 2/3 coding rate to obtain the dual-encoded data block, for example.

[0021] Regardless of the particular encoding parameters used, the dual-encoded data block is modulated by modulator 170 of origination device 1 10. In the example shown in FIG. 1A, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is used. However, any other suitable modulation scheme may be used. Moreover, the modulation scheme utilized by modulator 170 may also be selected based on the channel conditions between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. The modulation of the dual-encoded data block yields a dual-encoded received signal 136.

[0022] Origination device 1 10 utilizes transmitter 122 to transmit the dual-encoded received signal 136 to signal forwarding device 138, which receives the transmission via receiver 142. The demodulator 172 of signal forwarding device 138 demodulates the dual-encoded received signal 136 using a demodulation scheme that corresponds to the modulation scheme utilized by modulator 170. The demodulation of the dual- encoded received signal 136 yields the dual-encoded data block.

[0023] The Decoder 2, 174, decodes the dual-encoded data block, using decoding parameters that correspond to the second set of encoding parameters, which were used by Encoder 2, 168, of the origination device 1 10 to encode the single-encoded data block. The result of decoding the dual-encoded data block with Decoder 2 is the single- encoded data block that is encoded according to the first set of encoding parameters. Alternatively, as described above, if the combiner 165 is configured to not combine the first and second single-encoded data blocks, the Decoder 2 will yield two single- encoded data blocks that are encoded according to the first set of encoding parameters. However, the second single-encoded data block does not need to be decoded at the same time as the first single-encoded data block. Rather, the second single-encoded data block can be decoded after the signal forwarding device 138 decodes and transmits the first single-encoded data block to the destination device 1 14.

[0024] After decoding, the second CRC value (CRC 2), which was added to the single-encoded data block by the origination device 1 10, is checked by CRC 2 Check 176, which detects whether any errors are present in the single-encoded data block after decoding. If the CRC 2 Check 176 detects an error, signal forwarding device 138 can send a negative acknowledgment response (NACK) to the origination device 1 10, indicating that the dual-encoded received signal 136 was not successfully received. If the CRC 2 Check 176 does not detect an error, signal forwarding device 138 can send a positive acknowledgment response (ACK) to the origination device 1 10, indicating that the dual-encoded received signal 136 was successfully received. [0025] If there are no errors, signal forwarding device 138 extracts the first single- encoded data packet from the single-encoded data block and stores the second single- encoded data packet in a memory (not shown) of the signal forwarding device 138. Modulator 178 of signal forwarding device 138 modulates the first single-encoded data packet. In the example shown in FIG. 1A, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is used by modulator 178. However, any other suitable modulation scheme may be used. Moreover, the modulation scheme utilized by modulator 178 may also be selected based on the channel conditions between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. The modulation of the first single-encoded data packet yields a single-encoded forwarded signal 148.

[0026] Signal forwarding device 138 utilizes transmitter 146 to transmit the single- encoded forwarded signal 148 to destination device 1 14, which receives the

transmission via receiver 130. The demodulator 180 of destination device 1 14 demodulates the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 using a demodulation scheme that corresponds to the modulation scheme utilized by modulator 178. The

demodulation of the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 yields the first single-encoded data packet.

[0027] The Decoder 1 , 182, decodes the first single-encoded data packet, using decoding parameters that correspond to the first set of encoding parameters, which were used by Encoder 1 , 164, of the origination device 1 10 to encode the user data. The result of decoding the first single-encoded data packet with Decoder 1 is the user data. After decoding, the first CRC value (CRC 1 ), which was added to the user data by the origination device 1 10, is checked by CRC 1 Check 184, which detects whether any errors are present in the user data after decoding.

[0028] If the CRC 1 Check 184 does not detect an error, destination device 1 14 can send a positive acknowledgment response (ACK) to the signal forwarding device 138 and/or the origination device 1 10, indicating that the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 was successfully received. If the destination device 1 14 sends an ACK to the origination device 1 10, the ACK can be sent either directly to the origination device 1 10 or to the origination device 1 10 via signal forwarding device 138. If there are no errors detected by CRC 1 Check 184, destination device 1 14 has successfully received and decoded the user data (e.g., received user data 186). If the ACK is sent directly to the origination device 1 10, the origination device 1 10 may inform the signal forwarding device 138 that the second single-encoded data packet that is stored in memory may be discarded.

[0029] Thus, by dual-encoding the user data at origination device 1 10 with first and second sets of encoding parameters that are selected based on the channel conditions associated with (1 ) the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14, and (2) the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138, respectively, a more robust data delivery system is created.

[0030] However, if the CRC 1 Check 184 detects an error, destination device 1 14 sends a negative acknowledgment response (NACK) to the signal forwarding device 138, indicating that the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 was not successfully received. The NACK is considered, for this example, to be a request for retransmission. Instead of forwarding the NACK to the origination device 1 10, the signal forwarding device 138 retrieves the second single-encoded data packet that was previously stored in the memory of the signal forwarding device 138. If, however the NACK is sent directly to the origination device 1 10 by the destination device 1 14 instead of to the signal forwarding device 138, the origination device 1 10 may inform the signal forwarding device 138 that the first single-encoded data packet was not successfully received at the destination device 1 14.

[0031] Regardless of how the NACK is received at the signal forwarding device 138, once the NACK is received, the modulator 178 of signal forwarding device 138 modulates the second single-encoded data packet, which results in another single- encoded forwarded signal 148. As before, signal forwarding device 138 utilizes transmitter 146 to transmit the single-encoded forwarded signal 148, which now contains the second single-encoded data packet, to destination device 1 14, which receives, demodulates, decodes, and checks the single-encoded forwarded signal 148, as described above. In other examples, a timer may be configured such that if the signal forwarding device 138 fails to receive either an ACK or a NACK from the destination device 1 14 within a predetermined period of time after transmitting the first single-encoded data packet, then the signal forwarding device 138 will transmit the previously stored second single-encoded data packet to the destination device 1 14.

[0032] If the reception of the second single-encoded data packet was successful, the destination device 1 14 now has possession of the user data in a more efficient and timely manner than would be the case in a typical relay scenario. For example, in a typical relay scenario, there would be an additional delay while the signal forwarding device 138 forwards the NACK from the destination device 1 14 to the origination device 1 10 and while the origination device 1 10 retransmits the data to the signal forwarding device 138. However, since the signal forwarding device 138 of FIG. 1A already has the second single-encoded data packet, the signal forwarding device 138 can simply send the requested retransmission without the additional latency experienced in a typical relay scenario.

[0033] If the destination device 1 14 is unable to successfully receive both the first and second single-encoded data packets, the destination device 1 14 can transmit a NACK to the signal forwarding device 138 and/or the origination device 1 10. In one example, the signal forwarding device 138 modifies one or more of the modulation, encoding technique, encoding rate, and transmission power before retransmitting either the first or second single-encoded data packet to improve the likelihood of a successful retransmission to the destination device 1 14. Such modifications may be based on the channel conditions between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. Alternatively, the signal forwarding device 138 may forward the NACK for the second single-encoded data packet to the origination device 1 10. In this case, the origination device 1 10 may regenerate the dual-encoded received signal 136. In regenerating the dual-encoded received signal 136, the origination device 1 10 may alter one or more of the modulation, encoding technique, encoding rate, and transmission power utilized by modulator 170, Encoder 1 , Encoder 2, and transmitter 122 before retransmitting the dual-encoded received signal 136 to improve the likelihood of a successful retransmission to the signal forwarding device 138 and to the destination device 1 14.

[0034] In the other examples described above that utilize more than two redundant data packets in a single data block or that utilize multiple data blocks to create the required redundancy, the only requirement for the proper functioning of the methods described herein is that the data that is being requested by the destination device 1 14 for retransmission has already been successfully received and stored by the signal forwarding device 138. Thus, the redundant data (e.g., second single-encoded data packet) being requested for retransmission may have been included in the same data block or in a different data block than the data block that contained the first single- encoded data packet.

[0035] Moreover, although the technique discussed above in connection with FIG. 1A presumes that the signal forwarding device 138 transmits the second single- encoded data packet using the same modulation, encoding technique, encoding rate, and transmission power as the first single-encoded data packet, the system may be modified so that one or more of the modulation, encoding technique, encoding rate, and transmission power may be altered to improve the likelihood of a successful

transmission of the second single-encoded data packet to the destination device 1 14. As described below, the modifications to the transmission parameters for such a retransmission may be based on feedback received regarding the channel conditions between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14.

[0036] FIG. 1 B is a block diagram of an example of a wireless communication system 100 including an origination device, a signal forwarding device, and a

destination device. The origination device 1 10 and destination device 1 14 may be any kind of wireless communication devices and may be stationary or portable. For the examples discussed herein, the origination device 1 10 is a base station, and the destination device 1 14 is a user equipment (UE) device such as a handset. However, the devices 1 10, 1 14 may be different types of devices in other circumstances. For example, both devices may be UE devices. In some situations, the origination device, the signal forwarding device, and the destination device are all UE devices.

[0037] In the example of FIG. 1 B, origination device 1 10 provides downlink wireless communication service to destination device 1 14. Thus, destination device 1 14 receives downlink signals (not shown) from origination device 1 10, either directly or via signal forwarding device 138. The downlink signals are received at the destination device 1 14 through antenna 124 and receiver 130. Destination device 1 14 further comprises a controller 128 and a transmitter 126. Origination device 1 10 transmits the downlink signals to destination device 1 14 and to signal forwarding device 138 via antenna 1 16 and transmitter 122.

[0038] Origination device 1 10 further comprises controller 120 and transmitter 122, as well as other electronics, hardware, and code. The origination device 1 10 is any fixed, mobile, or portable equipment that performs the functions described herein. The various functions and operations of the blocks described with reference to the origination device 1 10 may be implemented in any number of devices, circuits, or elements. Two or more of the functional blocks may be integrated in a single device, and the functions described as performed in any single device may be implemented over several devices.

[0039] For the example shown in FIG. 1 B, the origination device 1 10 may be a fixed device or apparatus that is installed at a particular location at the time of system deployment. Examples of such equipment include fixed base stations or fixed transceiver stations. In some situations, the origination device 1 10 may be mobile equipment that is temporarily installed at a particular location. Some examples of such equipment include mobile transceiver stations that may include power generating equipment such as electric generators, solar panels, and/or batteries. Larger and heavier versions of such equipment may be transported by trailer. In still other situations, the origination device 1 10 may be a portable device that is not fixed to any particular location. Accordingly, the origination device 1 10 may be a portable user device such as a UE device in some circumstances.

[0040] The controller 120 includes any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware for executing the functions described herein as well as facilitating the overall functionality of the origination device 1 10. An example of a suitable controller 120 includes code running on a microprocessor or processor arrangement connected to memory. The transmitter 122 includes electronics configured to transmit wireless signals. In some situations, the transmitter 122 may include multiple transmitters. The receiver 1 18 includes electronics configured to receive wireless signals. In some situations, the receiver 1 18 may include multiple receivers. The receiver 1 18 and transmitter 122 receive and transmit signals, respectively, through an antenna 1 16. The antenna 1 16 may include separate transmit and receive antennas. In some circumstances, the antenna 1 16 may include multiple transmit and receive antennas.

[0041] The transmitter 122 and receiver 1 18 in the example of FIG. 1 B perform radio frequency (RF) processing including modulation and demodulation. The receiver 1 18, therefore, may include components such as low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and filters. The transmitter 122 may include filters and amplifiers. Other components may include isolators, matching circuits, and other RF components. These components in combination or cooperation with other components perform the origination device functions. The required components may depend on the particular functionality required by the origination device.

[0042] The transmitter 122 includes modulator 170 (shown in FIG. 1A), and the receiver 1 18 includes a demodulator (not shown). The modulator 170 modulates the signals to be transmitted as part of the dual-encoded received signal 136 and can apply any one of a plurality of modulation orders. The demodulator demodulates any signals received at the origination device 1 10 in accordance with one of a plurality of

modulation orders.

[0043] Scheduler 132 is located at origination device 1 10 in the example shown in FIG. 1 B. However, the system 100 could be modified so that the scheduler 132 is located at any other suitable location. Regardless of the location of scheduler 132, the system 100 may be configured so that multiple entities within the radio access network (e.g., different origination devices, different signal forwarding devices, and different destination devices) can access the scheduler 132. For example, in an ad-hoc topology, a first origination device can access the scheduler 132 and transmit a dual- encoded received signal to the signal forwarding device at a given time, but a second origination device can access the scheduler 132 and transmit a dual-encoded received signal to the signal forwarding device at a second, different time.

[0044] The scheduler may be an application running on equipment connected directly to origination device 1 10 or connected through a backhaul or other

communication link. Regardless of the location of scheduler 132, channel quality information (CQI) 134 regarding the various communication links within the system 100 is provided to scheduler 132, which uses the CQI 134 to schedule communication resources to be used by the various entities within the system 100. For the example shown in FIG. 1 B, the scheduler 132 utilizes CQI pertaining to the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the destination device 1 14, CQI pertaining to the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138, and CQI pertaining to the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. Based on the channel quality for at least one of these three communication links, the scheduler 132 schedules communication resources.

[0045] As discussed above, origination device 1 10 of FIG. 1 B transmits a dual- encoded received signal 136 (e.g. a downlink signal) to the signal forwarding device

138, which receives the dual-encoded received signal 136 via antenna 140 and receiver 142. The signal forwarding device 138 further comprises controller 144 and transmitter 146, as well as other electronics, hardware, and code. The signal forwarding device 138 is any fixed, mobile, or portable equipment that performs the functions described herein. The various functions and operations of the blocks described with reference to the signal forwarding device 138 may be implemented in any number of devices, circuits, or elements. Two or more of the functional blocks may be integrated in a single device, and the functions described as performed in any single device may be implemented over several devices.

[0046] For the example shown in FIG. 1 B, the signal forwarding device 138 may be a fixed device or apparatus that is installed at a particular location at the time of system deployment. Examples of such equipment include fixed base stations or fixed transceiver stations. In some situations, the signal forwarding device 138 may be mobile equipment that is temporarily installed at a particular location. Some examples of such equipment include mobile transceiver stations that may include power generating equipment such as electric generators, solar panels, and/or batteries.

Larger and heavier versions of such equipment may be transported by trailer.

[0047] In still other situations, the signal forwarding device 138 may be a portable device that is not fixed to any particular location. Accordingly, the signal forwarding device 138 may be a portable user device such as a UE device in some circumstances. In some implementations, the signal forwarding device 138 may be a base station, eNB, or access point that performs signal forwarding functions in addition to serving UE devices. For example, a self-backhauled eNB, connected to an anchor eNB, may be configured to perform signal forwarding functions for some UE devices in addition to directly serving other UE devices utilizing the wireless backhaul to the origination device 1 10 (e.g., anchor eNB). In other implementations, the signal forwarding device 138 may be a drone with cellular capability. Such a drone can easily move about towards locations where the existing coverage from fixed base stations is lacking.

[0048] The controller 144 includes any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware for executing the functions described herein as well as facilitating the overall functionality of the signal forwarding device 138. An example of a suitable controller 144 includes code running on a microprocessor or processor arrangement connected to memory. The transmitter 146 includes electronics configured to transmit wireless signals. In some situations, the transmitter 146 may include multiple transmitters. The receiver 142 includes electronics configured to receive wireless signals. In some situations, the receiver 142 may include multiple receivers. The receiver 142 and transmitter 146 receive and transmit signals, respectively, through an antenna 140. The antenna 140 may include separate transmit and receive antennas. In some

circumstances, the antenna 140 may include multiple transmit and receive antennas.

[0049] The transmitter 146 and receiver 142 in the example of FIG. 1 B perform radio frequency (RF) processing including modulation and demodulation. The receiver 142, therefore, may include components such as low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and filters. The transmitter 146 may include filters and amplifiers. Other components may include isolators, matching circuits, and other RF components. These components in combination or cooperation with other components perform the signal forwarding functions. The required components may depend on the particular signal forwarding scheme that is employed.

[0050] The transmitter 146 includes modulator 178 (shown in FIG. 1A), and the receiver 142 includes demodulator 172 (shown in FIG. 1A). The modulator modulates the signals to be transmitted as part of the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 and can apply any one of a plurality of modulation orders. The demodulator demodulates the dual-encoded received signal 136 in accordance with one of a plurality of modulation orders. The modulation order for transmissions to the destination device 1 14, however, is established by scheduler 132.

[0051] As is known, the modulation order determines the number of bits used to generate the modulated symbol. There is a trade-off between modulation order, required energy, and bit-error rate (BER). As the modulation order is increased, the average energy per bit must also be increased to maintain the same BER. In the example shown in FIG. 1 B, the signal forwarding device 138 utilizes a lower-order modulation symbol to modulate the single-encoded data packets before transmitting the single-encoded forwarded signal 148. This scenario occurs because a typical link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14 has a relatively lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to the link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. In some situations, for example, the origination device-to-signal forwarding device (OD-SFD) channel between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138 is typically static because both devices are fixed, whereas the signal forwarding device-to-destination device

(SFD-DD) channel between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14 is generally dynamic because the destination device 1 14 is mobile. Accordingly, the origination device 1 10 may utilize a higher-order modulation order when the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138 is static, which yields a relatively higher SNR compared to the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14.

[0052] As described above, the signal forwarding device 138 receives the dual- encoded received signal 136 with antenna 140 and receiver 142. The signal forwarding device 138 demodulates the dual-encoded received signal 136 with demodulator 172 of FIG. 1A, which yields the dual-encoded data block. The dual-encoded data block is decoded with Decoder 2, 174, of FIG. 1A, which yields a single-encoded data block.

[0053] Upon successful decoding by Decoder 2, signal forwarding device 138 extracts the first single-encoded data packet from the single-encoded data block and stores the second single-encoded data packet in a memory (not shown) of the signal forwarding device 138. The first single-encoded data packet is modulated with modulator 178 of FIG. 1A, which yields a single-encoded forwarded signal 148. The signal forwarding device 138 transmits the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 via transmitter 146 and antenna 140 to the destination device 1 14. In this manner, the signal forwarding device 138 transmits the first single-encoded data packet, which is contained in the single-encoded forwarded signal 148, to the destination device 1 14. For the examples discussed herein, the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 is transmitted within a single frequency band of the SFD-DD channel. The incoming dual- encoded received signal 136 is transmitted within an origination device-to-signal forwarding device channel (OD-SFD channel), which also includes a single frequency band. However, any combination of frequency bands and frequency sub-bands may be used for the OD-SFD channel and the SFD-DD channel.

[0054] In some examples, upon receiving the dual-encoded received signal 136, the controller 144 of the signal forwarding device 138 is configured to measure the dual- encoded received signal 136 to obtain channel measurements associated with the OD- SFD channel between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. After measuring the dual-encoded received signal 136, the transmitter 146 of the signal forwarding device 138 transmits the OD-SFD channel measurements to the origination device 1 10. The OD-SFD channel measurements are transmitted to origination device 1 10, as indicated by dashed signal line 154 in FIG. 1 B. In this manner, the origination device 1 10, using receiver 1 18, receives channel feedback regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. Of course, in other examples, the origination device 1 10 can also obtain its own channel measurements regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138 by measuring incoming signals from the signal forwarding device 138. After receiving the channel feedback, controller 120 of origination device 1 10 can modify the set of encoding parameters used by Encoder 2, 168, based on the received channel feedback regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138.

[0055] The destination device 1 14 receives the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 via antenna 124 and receiver 130. The destination device 1 14 further comprises controller 128 and transmitter 126, as well as other electronics, hardware, and code. The destination device 1 14 is any fixed, mobile, or portable equipment that performs the functions described herein. The various functions and operations of the blocks described with reference to the destination device 1 14 may be implemented in any number of devices, circuits, or elements. Two or more of the functional blocks may be integrated in a single device, and the functions described as performed in any single device may be implemented over several devices.

[0056] The controller 128 includes any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware for executing the functions described herein as well as facilitating the overall functionality of the destination device 1 14. An example of a suitable controller 128 includes code running on a microprocessor or processor arrangement connected to memory. The transmitter 126 includes electronics configured to transmit wireless signals. In some situations, the transmitter 126 may include multiple transmitters. The receiver 130 includes electronics configured to receive wireless signals. In some situations, the receiver 130 may include multiple receivers. The receiver 130 and transmitter 126 receive and transmit signals, respectively, through an antenna 124. The antenna 124 may include separate transmit and receive antennas. In some

circumstances, the antenna 124 may include multiple transmit and receive antennas.

[0057] The transmitter 126 and receiver 130 in the example of FIG. 1 B perform radio frequency (RF) processing including modulation and demodulation. The receiver 130, therefore, may include components such as low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and filters. The transmitter 126 may include filters and amplifiers. Other components may include isolators, matching circuits, and other RF components. These components in combination or cooperation with other components perform the destination device functions. The required components may depend on the particular functionality required by the destination device.

[0058] The transmitter 126 includes a modulator (not shown), and the receiver 130 includes demodulator 180 (shown in FIG. 1A). The modulator modulates the signals to be transmitted as part of the channel measurement signals 150, 152 and can apply any one of a plurality of modulation orders. The demodulator demodulates the single- encoded forwarded signal 148 in accordance with one of a plurality of modulation orders.

[0059] As described above, the destination device 1 14 receives the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 with antenna 124 and receiver 130. The destination device 1 14 demodulates the single-encoded forwarded signal 148 with demodulator 180 of FIG. 1A, which yields the first single-encoded data packet. The first single-encoded data packet is decoded with Decoder 1 , 182, of FIG. 1A, which yields the user data (e.g., received user data 186).

[0060] In some examples, upon receiving the single-encoded forwarded signal 148, the controller 128 of the destination device 1 14 is configured to measure the single- encoded forwarded signal 148 to obtain channel measurements associated with a signal forwarding device-to-destination device (SFD-DD) channel between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. After measuring the single- encoded forwarded signal 148, the transmitter 126 of destination device 1 14 transmits the SFD-DD channel measurements to the origination device 1 10. The SFD-DD channel measurements can be transmitted directly to origination device 1 10, as indicated by dashed signal line 150 in FIG. 1 B. Alternatively, the SFD-DD channel measurements can be initially transmitted to signal forwarding device 138, as indicated by dashed signal line 152, and signal forwarding device 138 can subsequently transmit the SFD-DD channel measurements to origination device 1 10, as indicated by dashed signal line 154. Of course, in other examples, the signal forwarding device 138 can also obtain its own channel measurements regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14 by measuring incoming signals from the destination device 1 14. The signal forwarding device 138 may then transmit its own channel measurements to the origination device 1 10. Thus, there are multiple ways in which the origination device 1 10, using receiver 1 18, can receive channel feedback regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. After receiving the channel feedback, controller 120 of origination device 1 10 can modify the set of encoding parameters used by Encoder 1 , 164, based on the received channel feedback regarding the channel conditions associated with the communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14.

[0061] In some examples, destination device 1 14 can also transmit the SFD-DD channel measurements to origination device 1 10, either directly or indirectly through signal forwarding device 138, as part of a feedback signal. Alternatively, the SFD-DD channel measurements can be transmitted separately from the feedback signal. For example, the feedback signal can include a downlink channel feedback report comprising downlink channel measurements related to one or more downlink signals received by the destination device 1 14. For example, the downlink channel feedback report may contain downlink channel measurements for downlink signals received from the origination device 1 10 and/or downlink channel measurements for one or more downlink signals received from one or more base stations other than origination device 1 10. The downlink channel feedback report can additionally include the location of the resources (e.g., time slots, subcarriers, reference signal, etc.) on which the downlink channel measurements were made.

[0062] The downlink channel feedback report may also identify a carrier on which the downlink channel measurements were made, a cell identifier associated with origination device 1 10 that transmitted the downlink signals, and/or a spatial vector associated with a beamformed downlink signal. In some examples, the downlink channel feedback report may identify a cell identifier associated with a base station, other than origination device 1 10, that transmitted the downlink signal. This scenario might occur when the downlink signal is received from a base station other than origination device 1 10, but the destination device 1 14 needs to submit the downlink channel feedback report to the scheduler 132 located at the origination device 1 10.

[0063] In yet another scenario, destination device 1 14 can receive downlink signals from a first device (e.g., origination device 1 10), as the primary carrier of the downlink signals, and can also receive downlink signals from a second device (e.g., signal forwarding device 138 or a base station other than origination device 1 10), as the secondary carrier of the downlink signals. In such a scenario, the downlink channel feedback report may (1 ) identify the primary carrier and/or the secondary carrier on which the downlink channel measurements were made, (2) include a cell identifier associated with the first device that transmitted the primary carrier and/or a cell identifier associated with the second device that transmitted the secondary carrier, and/or (3) include a spatial vector associated with each of one or more beamformed downlink signals, respectively.

[0064] Alternatively, the feedback signal can include an acknowledgment response, which can be either a positive acknowledgment response (ACK) or a negative

acknowledgment response (NACK). The ACK message indicates that a downlink signal was successfully received by the destination device 1 14. The NACK message indicates that the downlink signal was not successfully received by the destination device 1 14. In some situations, the ACK/NACK message is a message that is forwarded on to the origination device 1 10 by the signal forwarding device 138. In other situations, it a message intended for the signal forwarding device 138. In still other situations, the ACK message can be an indication to both the signal forwarding device 138 and the origination device 1 10. In scenarios in which the feedback signal includes an

acknowledgment response, the feedback signal may additionally identify a carrier on which the downlink signal was received, a cell identifier associated with origination device 1 10 that transmitted the downlink signal, a cell identifier associated with a base station, other than origination device 1 10, that transmitted the downlink signal, and/or a spatial vector associated with a beamformed downlink signal. Regardless of the contents of the feedback signal, the SFD-DD channel measurements can be transmitted along with, or separate from, the feedback signal to the origination device 1 10, either directly or through signal forwarding device 138.

[0065] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an example of a method 200 of utilizing the wireless communication system of FIG. 1 B to transmit dual-encoded data. The method begins, at step 202, with encoding a first data packet and a second data packet according to a first set of encoding parameters. As described above, the first set of encoding parameters corresponds to channel conditions associated with a first communication link between the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14. The first set of encoding parameters may include a first encoding technique and/or a first encoding rate. The result of step 202 is first and second single-encoded data packets. [0066] At step 204, the first and second single-encoded data packets are combined to generate a single-encoded data block. At step 206, the single-encoded data block is encoded according to a second set of encoding parameters. The second set of encoding parameters corresponds to channel conditions associated with a second communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138. The second set of encoding parameters may include a second encoding

technique and/or a second encoding rate. The result of step 206 is a dual-encoded data block.

[0067] At step 208, the origination device 1 10 transmits a dual-encoded received signal 136, which contains the dual-encoded data block, to the signal forwarding device 138. At step 210, the signal forwarding device 138 decodes the dual-encoded data block, using decoding parameters that correspond to the second set of encoding parameters, to obtain the first and second single-encoded data packets that are encoded according to the first set of encoding parameters. At step 212, the signal forwarding device 138 transmits a single-encoded forwarded signal 148, which contains the first single-encoded data packet, to destination device 1 14. The signal forwarding device 138 can also measure the dual-encoded received signal 136 to obtain channel measurements associated with the communication link between the origination device 1 10 and the signal forwarding device 138.

[0068] The destination device 1 14 receives and attempts to decode the first single- encoded data packet, using decoding parameters that correspond to the first set of encoding parameters. If the decoding procedure is successful, the destination device 1 14 will have successfully received the user data. If the decoding procedure is unsuccessful, the destination device 1 14 will transmit a NACK to the signal forwarding device 138.

[0069] At step 214, the signal forwarding device 138 receives a request for retransmission (e.g., NACK), indicating that the first single-encoded data packet was not successfully received by the destination device 1 14. At step 216, the signal forwarding device 138 transmits the second single-encoded data packet to the destination device 1 14, in response to the received request for retransmission (e.g., NACK that was transmitted in response to the unsuccessful attempt to decode the first single-encoded data packet).

[0070] In this regard, if system 100 of FIG. 1 B utilizes a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process for error-correction and error-control, each ACK/NACK transmitted from the signal forwarding device 138 and the destination device 1 14 may include an identifier in order to identify the device that initially transmitted the

ACK/NACK. In some cases, the HARQ Process ID may also be used. When using the HARQ mechanism, the receiver and the transmitter should know some information about the Process ID for each of the HARQ processes, so that the receiver can successfully track each of the HARQ process data without getting them mixed up. In this case the HARQ process ID could be included along with the identifier for the identity of the device.

[0071] Clearly, other embodiments and modifications of this invention will occur readily to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of these teachings. The above description is illustrative and not restrictive. This invention is to be limited only by the following claims, which include all such embodiments and modifications when viewed in conjunction with the above specification and accompanying drawings. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but instead should be determined with reference to the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.