The present invention relates to a system for minimizing liquid leaks, in particular water leaks. The present invention also relates to a method for minimizing liquid leaks, in particular water leaks.

US 9010360 B1 and WO 2015/184213 A1 (Drexel University) disclose a flow valve assembly including a valve operable between an open position and a closed position and a controller operatively coupled to the valve to operate the valve between the open position and the closed position. A mechanically or electrically operated assembly is provided to determine an amount of fluid flow through the valve when the valve is in the open position. A mechanically or electrically operated mechanism moves the valve from the open position to the closed position when the amount of fluid flow exceeds a predetermined value. A method of operating the valve is also disclosed therein.

US 2014/0230924 A1 and CA 2841432 A1 (Metropolitan Industry(ies)) disclose a shut off valve featuring a flow conduit with a fluid inflow end and a fluid outflow end, at least one electrically actuated flow control element coupled to the conduit with a blocking state and a flow state, control circuits coupled to the element and a local power source coupled at least to the control circuits. In response to a received signal from a displaced source, the control circuits switch the flow control element from the flow state to the blocking state.

CN 102540931 A (Shandong Saron Intelligent Technology) discloses an intelligent burst-proof control system for a pipeline, which mainly solves the problem of bursting of the conventional water supply and central heating pipeline. The Intelligent burst-proof control system comprises a central controller, a power module, a flow sensor, a flow meter and a pipeline control valve, wherein the central controller is connected to the power module, the flow sensor and the pipeline control valve respectively. The flow meter is arranged in a pipeline path and is connected with the flow sensor for acquiring flow data information from the pipeline. The flow sensor is used for transmitting the acquired flow data information to the central controller. The central controller is used for comparing the received pipeline flow data information with a threshold set value of the pipeline control valve and performing control operation of the pipeline control valve according to a comparison result. After the structure is adopted, the burst of the water supply and central heating pipeline is effectively avoided; the intelligent burst-proof control system can be compatible with the conventional intelligent water meter or intelligent heat meter; and the construction or maintenance cost of a water supply or heat supply pipe network is reduced.

CN 102330886 A (Guangdong Liansu Technology Industrial) discloses a system capable of automatically informing a user of a pipeline fault. The system comprises a pressure sensor, a flow sensor and a control case which are arranged on a pipeline, wherein an electronic module and a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) module are arranged at the interior of the control case. The electronic module and the GSM module are connected, and the GSM module is provided with a telephone number memory function, a text message function and a call function. The electronic module has a function of recording the information of a pressure sensor and a timing function, wherein: when the pressure and flow of the pressure sensor are changed, the timing function of the electronic module is started; and when the continuance of the pressure change exceeds a preset time, the electronic module is used for transferring a signal to the GSM module, and the GSM module sends a message to a preset number, so as to inform conveniently a user of the situation detected, thereby decreasing the loss caused.

DE102007041178 A1 (Laslo) discloses a water guard (10) having a check valve (1 1) arranged in flow direction behind a water inlet (6). A control unit (12) Is provided for operating the check valve. A flow sensor (13) is connected to the control unit. The control unit closes the check valve when the flow data determined by the flow sensor meets a predetermined criterion. The control unit has a time switch (17), and the stop valve is closed when the flow sensor detects continuous current for more than the given length of time. DE102007041 178 A1 also discloses: (i) a water dispenser for supply water; and (ii) a method for protection from damage of a fluid leaking from a pipeline.

WO 2009/017512 A1 and US 2007/0289635 A1 (M.L. Ruggieri and T.L. Ruggieri Trust) disclose a supervised wireless leak detection system, having a leak detection sensor unit, capable of transmitting a uniquely coded signal in response to a detected leak, a supervised wireless valve control transceiver unit having a receiver, capable of receiving said uniquely coded signal, and a transmitter for feeding the uniquely coded signal within the system, a valve shut-off mechanism in communication with said valve control transceiver unit said valve shut off mechanism having a motor attached to a valve, said motor creating a rotation pulse used to close and open said valve, and a processor having an electronic circuitry containing sensor(s), detecting said motor rotation pulse count during a motorized valve closure or open process. Said processor functions in a setup process to memorize (learn) said motor rotation pulse count, required, to close and or to open the valve. The processor, upon receipt of said uniquely coded signal in response to a detected leak, applies power to the motor to close the valve, the motor controlled to stop turning the valve in response to a processor-received motor rotation pulse count number, substantially equal to a previously stored number needed to close or open said valve.

The use of Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) or prefabrication has found increased use in recent times in the construction of buildings. Under DfMA, building modules for constructing a building are pre-constructed prior to their installation at a building site (and typically prior to their transportation to the building site area). The building modules comprise modular building components, such as walling sections, stairs, roof elements, ceiling sections, floor elements, windows, doors, ventilation systems, risers, and the like.

It is a first non-exclusive object of the invention to provide a system for minimizing liquid leaks which is improved over prior art systems. It is another non-exclusive object of the invention to provide a system for minimizing liquid leaks which minimizes the volume of liquid leaking into a building following a leak in pipework therewithin.

Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention provides a system for minimizing liquid leaks (in particular water leaks), comprising: (a) a first liquid-flow conduit within which a liquid can flow,

(b) a second liquid-flow conduit within which a liquid can flow, wherein the second liquid-flow conduit is connected or connectable to a branching point of the first liquid-flow conduit in such a way that the second liquid-flow conduit is in liquid communication with and branches off from the first liquid-flow conduit;

(c) a liquid sensor or meter, for sensing and/or metering the flow of liquid through the first liquid-flow conduit;

(d) a first valve, through or past which the first liquid-flow conduit passes; wherein the first valve is moveable between an open position, in which liquid in the first liquid-flow conduit can flow through or past the first valve, and a closed position in which liquid in the first liquid-flow conduit substantially cannot flow through or past the first valve;

(e) a second valve through or past which the second liquid-flow conduit passes; wherein the second valve is moveable between an open position, in which liquid in the second liquid-flow conduit can flow through or past the second valve, and a closed position in which liquid in the second liquid-flow conduit substantially cannot flow through or past the second valve; and

(f) a controller configured to receive liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter; and wherein the controller is configured to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter meets one or more predetermined criteria.

Advantageously, the present invention relatively reduces the volume of liquid which leaks into a structure when a burst or puncture occurs in a water conduit attached to or integrally formed with the first liquid-flow conduit. Even when a valve (e.g. first valve or main valve) is closed after a puncture or burst in a water conduit, e.g. within a“riser” water conduit, there is a risk that water at a level above the puncture or burst the conduit may flow down and out of the system through the puncture or burst potentially increasing the damage to an associated building. Liquid (e.g. water) in "dead-legs" (dead-end spurs/branches/legs within a liquid/water distribution/circulation system through which liquid e.g. water substantially no longer flows and/or within which liquid/water is generally stagnant) may add to this risk.

The“second valve” in the present invention, also called a "dump valve", is opened when the first valve is closed, and thereby liquid downstream of the first valve (e.g. within the first liquid- flow conduit or in components attached thereto) is allowed to flow to a a location where the water will not damage the building The system of the present invention may be particularly beneficial when used in, as part of, or in association with, the water distribution/circulation system of a building under construction, because punctures, cuts and/or bursts in concealed water pipes often occur during the drilling and other work involved in construction. Furthermore, thin walled piping has found increasing common use in buildings in recent years, at least in part due to the ability to form such thin walled piping into a coil prior to transporting the piping into buildings under construction. Such coils are relatively more compact than are uncoiled sections of piping and, accordingly, installation of thin walled piping can be relatively easier and/or quicker than with piping having thicker walls (which may be incapable of being formed into a coil). Such thin walled piping may be relatively more susceptible to leaking due to bursts and/or punctures, as will be appreciated. Accordingly, the present invention is particularly advantageous when using such thin walled piping. Liquid-sensitive (e.g. water- sensitive) and/or high-value and/or important buildings may also benefit from such a system.

The first aspect may provide a system for minimizing damage (in particular to a building) caused by leaking liquids (in particular water leaks). The first aspect may provide a system for minimizing the volume of liquid (in particular water) which leaks, in particular into a building.

The system may be for minimizing liquid and/orwater leaks, e.g. within a building. The building may be preferably a residential building or a non-residential building.

The building may be a building under construction. When a building is under construction, the water distribution/circulation system of the building is usually completed, and often contains water, before other construction tasks - e.g. completing, fitting out and/or decorating rooms - are complete. In these circumstances, the later construction tasks often involve drilling and/or other invasive work, and this work can lead to punctures and/or bursts in the water distribution system. The building maybe a liquid-leak-sensitive (particularly water-leak-sensitive) building. The first liquid-flow conduit may be a first water-flow conduit. The second liquid-flow conduit may be a second water-flow conduit. The building may be a liquid-leak-sensitive and/or water- leak-sensitive building.

The first and/or second liquid-flow conduit may comprise an enclosed and/or elongate conduit. The first and/or second liquid-flow conduit may comprise a generally tubular conduit, for example a generally tubular elongate liquid-flow conduit (e.g. a water pipe or pipes or flexible water tubing). The first and/or second liquid-flow conduit may be made of metal, e.g. such as copper, brass, steel (for example stainless steel or galvanized steel) and/or aluminium (the aluminium typically being sandwiched between inner and outer layers of plastic such as cross- linked polyethylene). The first and/or second liquid-flow conduit may be made from plastic, e.g. polyethylene (PE; in particular: medium-density polyethylene, MDPE, which is typically polyethylene defined by a density range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm ³ and/or cross-linked polyethylene), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and/or polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).

Preferably, when installed at a location (e.g. in or at a building) part or all of the first liquid-flow conduit is positioned in a generally vertical or upright orientation.

The first liquid-flow conduit may be part of and/or connected and/or connectable to a liquid or water distribution/circulation system (for example within and or for a building).

The first liquid-flow conduit may be connected or connectable (directly or indirectly) to a stopcock valve (preferably an upstream stopcock valve), for example adapted to shut off or to allow access to, (preferably by manual operation), the supply of liquid to the first liquid-flow conduit. Preferably, the stopcock valve is upstream of the liquid sensor or meter and/or is upstream of the first valve.

The second liquid-flow conduit may be connected or connectable to, but more preferably is non-removably connected to (e.g. is welded to or brazed to or adhered to) a branching point of the first liquid-flow conduit. In embodiments, the first and second liquid-flow conduits may be integrally formed.

The second liquid-flow conduit may extend relative to (e.g. branch off from) the first liquid-flow conduit in a direction which is substantially transverse thereto (preferably at an angle of from 45 to 100 degrees or from 45 to 95 degrees, preferably at 70 to 100 degrees, e.g. 75-95 or 85-95 degrees, with respect thereto) for example with respect to the longitudinal axis of the first liquid-flow conduit The longitudinal axis of the first liquid-flow conduit may extend or be defined between the first valve and the liquid sensor or meter.

When installed at a location (e.g. at a building) the second liquid-flow conduit may extend relative to (e.g. branch off from) the first liquid-flow conduit in a substantially horizontal direction, e.g. in a direction from +10 to -45 degrees, from +10 to -30 degrees, from +10 to - 30 degrees from +5 to -30 degrees, from +5 to -20 degrees, from +5 to -15 degrees, from +10 to -10 degrees, from +8 to -8 degrees, or from +5 to -5 degrees with respect to the horizontal. This helps with the gravity-driven drainage of liquid (e.g. water) through the second liquid-flow conduit when the second valve is in an open position; e.g. helps with the gravity-driven drainage of liquid into a dump reservoir, for which see below.

Preferably, a section of the second liquid-flow conduit which is“outside of” (e.g. downstream from) the second valve comprises a flexible and/or rotatable section. The flexible and/or rotatable section may be configured to allow a distal (outer) end of the second liquid-flow conduit to be turned to face in a variety of directions. The flexible and/or rotatable section may facilitate connection of further conduit(s) to the distal (outer) end of the second liquid-flow conduit, e.g. while allowing for the space limitations.

The flexible and/or rotatable section may be configured to allow said further conduit(s) to be connected to said distal (outer) end such that the said further conduit(s) extend(s) in a direction allowable in and/or appropriate for a or the location.

The second liquid-flow conduit may be connected or connectable to (e.g. in fluid communication with) a dump reservoir, for example suitable for receiving liquid (e.g. water). Preferably, the arrangement of the second liquid-flow conduit and the dump reservoir is such that liquid flow through the second liquid-flow conduit when the second valve is open, can flow by gravity into the dump reservoir. The dump reservoir may be located at a generally lower level than the branching point of (e.g. connection between) he first liquid-flow conduit and second liquid-flow conduit, e.g. to achieve this.

Preferably, the dump reservoir has a volume sufficiently large so that it is capable of receiving and holding most or all of the liquid (e.g. water) which may flow through the second liquid-flow conduit when the second valve has been opened.

In some embodiments, the second liquid-flow conduit may comprise plural liquid-flow conduits, for example wherein one, some or each may be connected or connectable to the first liquid- flow conduit (e.g. at a branching point for the or each connection). Where the second liquid- flow conduit comprises plural liquid-flow conduits, they may be regularly or irregularly spaced relative to the first liquid-flow conduit and/or relative to one another. Some or each of the plural liquid-flow conduits may be located to communicate fluid to different floors of a building. For example, a first and second of the plural liquid-flow conduits may be connected to the first liquid-flow conduit spaced by a distance suitable for providing liquid to different floors of a building. The distance may be between about 1 and 10 meters, e.g. between about 1 and 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 or 4 meters, say between about 2 and 3 meters. One, some or each of the plural liquid flow conduits may extend in a direction substantially transverse to the first liquid-flow conduit (e.g. to the longitudinal axis thereof). Where a dump reservoir is provided, one, some or each of the plural liquid flow conduits may be connected or connectable thereto (e.g. fluidly).

Preferably, the liquid sensor or meter is a water sensor or meter.

The liquid sensor or meter may be a displacement water meter (also called a positive- displacement water meter = PD water meter) or a velocity-type water meter.

Preferably, the liquid sensor or meter is positioned upstream from the branching point of the first liquid-flow conduit.

The liquid sensor or meter may be adapted to send liquid flow information to the controller, e.g. wirelessly (preferably via a signal transmitter, e.g. via a radio or microwave transmitter) or by a wired connection. The liquid flow information may comprise: information regarding the flow of liquid through the first liquid-flow conduit; information regarding the liquid flow rate in the first liquid-flow conduit; information regarding the time for which liquid has flowed continuously through the first liquid-flow conduit; information regarding the liquid pressure in the first liquid-flow conduit; and/or information regarding whether or not the liquid flow in the first liquid-flow conduit exhibits unusual and/or unsafe characteristics (e.g. according to predetermined criteria).

Particularly preferably, the liquid sensor or meter is a pulsing liquid meter (e.g. a pulsing water meter), for example which is adapted to output liquid (e.g. water) flow information as an electronic (e.g. analog or digital) pulse output (in particular liquid, e.g. water, flow information of the preferred types listed above) to a recording device and/or to the controller, in particular wirelessly or by a wired connection. Typically, the pulsing liquid meter (preferably pulsing water meter) comprises a pulse emitter comprising a container (usually waterproof) in which is housed a reed-switch. Typically, the pulse output from the pulsing liquid meter or pulse emitter is of the type in which one pulse is emitted / output for every predefined unit of volume of water flowing through the pulsing liquid meter; one example can be: 1 pulse for every 10 litres of water flowing through the pulsing liquid meter.

Preferably, the first valve is positioned upstream from the branching point of the first liquid- flow conduit, for example and downstream from the liquid sensor or meter.

Preferably, the first valve and/or the second valve, independently of each other, is or are a two-port valve. In this case, flow of liquid generally is switched on or is substantially switched off by movement / actuation of the two-port valve between an open position and a closed position. Preferably, the first and/or second valve is a solenoid valve or a motorized valve even more preferably a two-port solenoid valve. In the preferred case of a two-port solenoid valve, movement/actuation of the two-port solenoid valve between an open position and a closed position generally causes the flow of liquid to change between being switched on and being substantially switched off.

Most preferably, the first and/or second valve is a latching solenoid valve. Typically, when no or insufficient electrical current passes into a latching solenoid valve, it maintains itself in its current position (open or closed) and when a suitable electrical current is applied the valve moves to the opposite position (e.g. closed from open or open from closed). The first and/or second valve may have an internal diameter (e.g. internal orifice diameter) of from 10mm to 80mm, say from 20mm to 80mm, e.g. from 30mm to 75mm, say 40mm to 70mm, for example from 30mm to 40mm, preferably 15mm, 20mm, 22mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 40mm or 50mm. The first and/or second valve may be operable to move to a different position (e.g. opposite position) when a short pulse of electrical current is supplied, e.g. a pulse of 5-1000 msec or 10-200 msec, e.g. approximately 50 msec; and/or at 3-24 V, e.g. 6-12 V, say 6 V or 9-12 V; and/or with direct current. The first valve may have a minimum pressure of 0.5 bar, e.g. and a maximum pressure of 16 bar. The second valve may have a minimum pressure of 0.0 MPa or 0.03 MPa, for example and may have a maximum pressure of 0.8 MPa or 1.0 MPa. The second valve may operate using a power source at approximately 24 V or approximately 220- 240 V.

Most preferably, the second valve is a solenoid valve of a type which is normally in the closed position (typically, when there is no or insufficient electrical current passing into the valve). In this type of solenoid valve, typically, an electrical current is required to open the valve and also to hold the valve open. Preferably, the first valve and/or the second valve, independently of each other, is or are operable under the control of the controller by means of a wireless or wired connection (for example between the controller and the first and/or second valve). In embodiments, one or both of the first and second valves may be independently operable, e.g. under the control of the controller (for example by means of wireless or wired connection).

Preferably, the controller is an electronic controller; in particular a battery-powered (e.g. a 6Volt-total direct-current battery-powered) electronic controller.

Preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to receive liquid (e.g. water) flow information from the liquid sensor or meter (preferably a water sensor or meter), either wirelessly (preferably via a signal receiver, e.g. via a radio or microwave receiver) or by a wired connection between the controller and the liquid sensor or meter.

Preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to send opening and/or closing instructions to the first and/or second valve, for example wirelessly or by wired connection (e.g. between the controller and the first and/or second valve). Preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open, e.g. when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter (preferably from the water sensor or meter):

(i) indicates that the liquid flow rate (preferably water flow rate) in the first liquid-flow conduit exceeds a predetermined upper liquid flow rate (preferably a predetermined maximum- desirable liquid flow rate);

(ii) indicates that liquid (preferably water) has flowed continuously through the first liquid-flow conduit for a time which exceeds a predetermined time (preferably a predetermined maximum- desirable time);

(iii) indicates that the volume of liquid (preferably water) flowing through the first liquid-flow conduit during a volume-measuring time period (e.g. during a predetermined volume measuring time period) exceeds a predetermined volume (preferably a predetermined maximum-desirable volume);

(iv) indicates that the liquid pressure (preferably water pressure) in the first liquid-flow conduit exceeds a predetermined liquid (e.g. water) pressure (preferably a predetermined maximum- desirable liquid pressure) or is outside of a predetermined liquid pressure range or is less than a predetermined minimum liquid pressure (e.g. a pressure drop corresponding to a leak or burst is detected); and/or

(v) indicates that the flow of liquid (e.g. water) in the first liquid-flow conduit exhibits unusual and/or unsafe characteristics, e.g. according to predetermined criteria.

Preferably, the controller is operable and/or programmable by a human operator, in particular:

(i) so that the human operator can set or change a or the predetermined time (e.g. a predetermined maximum-desirable time) and/or a or the predetermined upper liquid flow rate (e.g. the predetermined maximum-desirable liquid flow rate), and/or

(ii) so that the human operator can manually cause the first valve to open or close and/or the second valve to open or close (for example to reset the system after a liquid leak event and/or after any leak-causing damage has been repaired).

More preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter (preferably from the water sensor or meter)

(i) indicates that the liquid flow rate (preferably water flow rate) in the first liquid-flow conduit exceeds a predetermined upper liquid flow rate (preferably a predetermined maximum- desirable liquid flow rate), and/or

(ii) indicates that liquid (preferably water) has flowed continuously through the first liquid-flow conduit for a time which exceeds a predetermined time (preferably a predetermined maximum- desirable time).

In the present invention, preferably, the predetermined upper liquid flow rate (preferably the predetermined maximum-desirable liquid flow rate) is £ 2 times the normal maximum liquid flow rate through the first liquid-flow conduit (and/or for the associated building), £ 1.5 times the normal maximum liquid flow rate through the first liquid-flow conduit (and/or for the associated building), £ 1.0 times the normal maximum liquid flow rate through the first liquid- flow conduit (and/or for the associated building), or £ 0. 75 times or £ 0.5 times the normal maximum liquid flow rate through the first liquid-flow conduit (and/or for the associated building).

In the present invention, preferably, the predetermined time (in particular the predetermined maximum-desirable time) is £ 3 hours, £ 2 hours or £ 1 hour, or more preferably is £ 30 minutes, £ 15 minutes, £ 10 minutes or £ 5 minutes or £ 4 minutes.

Even more preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter indicates that liquid (preferably water) has flowed continuously through the first liquid- flow conduit for a time which exceeds a or the predetermined time (preferably a or the predetermined maximum-desirable time).

Yet more preferably, the controller is configured (e.g. programmed) to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter (i) indicates that the liquid flow rate (preferably water flow rate) in the first liquid-flow conduit exceeds a predetermined upper liquid flow rate (preferably a predetermined maximum-desirable liquid flow rate), and (ii) indicates that liquid (preferably water) has flowed continuously through the first liquid-flow conduit for a time which exceeds a predetermined time (preferably a predetermined maximum-desirable time).

Preferably, the controller is an electronic (e.g. hand-operable) controller.

Preferably, the system for minimizing liquid (e.g. water) leaks also comprises an SMS dialler (e.g. a dialler capable of sending an SMS (short message service or“text”) message, e.g. a message to one or more e.g. 5 or more preset telephone or mobile phone numbers), or another type of reporting transmitter (e.g. radio or microwave reporting transmitter) which is adapted to transmit and to report information about the system to a recipient. In particular, information about the system can comprise information about the status of the system, the detection of a leakage event, any actions taken by the system and/or by the controller after a detected leakage event (e.g. movement / actuation of the first and/or second valves), and/or liquid flow information (e.g. water flow information) with respect to the first liquid-flow conduit (e.g. liquid/water flow rate, the time under which liquid/water has flowed continuously, liquid/Water pressure, and/or unusual and/or unsafe liquid/water flow characteristics e.g. according to predetermined criteria, et al.).

Preferably, the reporting transmitter (preferably the SMS dialler) is configured (e.g. programmed) to receive information about the system (e.g. of the types listed above in the preceding paragraph) from the controller, either wirelessly (preferably via a signal receiver, e.g. via a radio or microwave receiver) or by a wired connection between the controller and the reporting transmitter (preferably SMS dialler).

In one particular embodiment, the reporting transmitter (preferably a SMS dialler) is connected to an antenna to increase signal strength. This may be desirable if additional signal strength is desirable or needed to send an SMS message with a sufficiently strong signal, e.g. because of the location of the transmitter / SMS dialler within a building and/or because of a particular (e.g. low) GSM signal strength.

In an aspect of the invention there is provided a system as described herein but absent the controller and/or the liquid sensor or meter.

An aspect of the invention provides a liquid distribution/circulation system comprising the system for minimizing water leaks as described herein. The liquid distribution/circulation system may comprise a further conduit, for example where the first liquid-flow conduit may be connected (e.g. fluidly) to the further conduit.

A further aspect of the invention provides a system as described herein, wherein the system is a "kit of parts”, in which one, two or more of the component parts comprised in the system are attachable to each other (e.g. or are not attached to each other).

A further aspect of the invention provides a kit of parts for a system for minimizing leaks, the kit of parts comprising the components of the system described herein, for example comprising a first liquid-flow conduit, a second liquid-flow conduit, a first valve, a second valve, a liquid sensor or meter and a controller.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a method for minimizing liquid leaks (in particular water leaks), the method comprising:

(i) providing at a location (preferably at a building, more preferably in a building), a system for minimizing liquid leaks (in particular water leaks), wherein the system comprises the components (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) as defined in the first aspect of the present invention; and

(ii) causing a liquid (preferably water) to flow within and/or through the first liquid-flow conduit (component (a)) and the liquid sensor or meter (component (c), which is for sensing and/or metering the flow of liquid through the first liquid-flow conduit); and causing the liquid (preferably water) to flow through or past the first valve (component (d), through or past which the first liquid-flow conduit passes); and

(iii) configuring and/or causing the controller (component (f)) to receive liquid flow information (preferably water flow information) from the liquid sensor or meter; and

(iv) configuring and/or setting up the controller so that the controller causes the first valve (component (d)) to close and the second valve (component (e), through or past which a or the second liquid-flow conduit passes) to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter meets one or more predetermined criteria (preferably one or more predetermined criteria as defined in preferred or particular embodiments of the first aspect of the invention).

The method may be for minimizing damage (in particular to a building) caused by leaking liquids. The method may be for minimizing the volume of liquid which leaks, e.g. into a building.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a building module which is improved over prior art systems.

Accordingly, a further aspect of the present invention provides a building module comprising a modular building component to which is attached a system for minimizing liquid leaks (in particular water leaks), the system comprising:(a) a first liquid-flow conduit within which a liquid can flow,

(b) a second liquid-flow conduit within which a liquid can flow, wherein the second liquid-flow conduit is connected or connectable to a branching point of the first liquid-flow conduit in such a way that the second liquid-flow conduit is in liquid communication with and branches off from the first liquid-flow conduit;

(c) a liquid sensor or meter, for sensing and/or metering the flow of liquid through the first liquid-flow conduit;

(d) a first valve, through or past which the first liquid-flow conduit passes; wherein the first valve is moveable between an open position, in which liquid in the first liquid-flow conduit can flow through or past the first valve, and a closed position in which liquid in the first liquid-flow conduit substantially cannot flow through or past the first valve;

(e) a second valve through or past which the second liquid-flow conduit passes; wherein the second valve is moveable between an open position, in which liquid in the second liquid-flow conduit can flow through or past the second valve, and a closed position in which liquid in the second liquid-flow conduit substantially cannot flow through or past the second valve; and

(f) a controller configured to receive liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter; and wherein the controller is configured to cause the first valve to close and the second valve to open when the liquid flow information from the liquid sensor or meter meets one or more predetermined criteria.

Advantageously, the present invention relatively reduces the volume of liquid which leaks into a structure when a burst or puncture occurs in a water conduit attached to or integrally formed with the first liquid-flow conduit. Even when a valve (e.g. first valve or main valve) is closed after a puncture or burst in a water conduit, e.g. within a“riser” water conduit, there is a risk that water at a level above the puncture or burst the conduit may flow down and out of the system through the puncture or burst potentially increasing the damage to an associated building. Liquid (e.g. water) in "dead-legs" (dead-end spurs/branches/legs within a liquid/water distribution/circulation system through which liquid e.g. water substantially no longer flows and/or within which liquid/water is generally stagnant) may add to this risk. Additionally, the building module according to the invention is easy, quick and cheap to install at a site of use, thereby allowing easy, quick and cheap installation of the system at a site of use. Advantageously, modular building components may require a relatively reduced amount of cutting and/or drilling (or other invasive processing) during installation at or in a building under construction than do non-modular building materials. Accordingly, the prospect of inadvertently damaging the system is relatively reduced when using the building module according to the invention than is the case in a non-modular building. The“second valve” in the present invention, also called a "dump valve", is opened when the first valve is closed, and thereby liquid downstream of the first valve (e.g. within the first liquid- flow conduit or in components attached thereto) is allowed to flow to a location where the water will not damage the building The system comprised in the present invention may be particularly beneficial when used in, as part of, or in association with, the water distribution/circulation system of a building under construction, because punctures, cuts and/or bursts in concealed water pipes often occur during the drilling and other work involved in construction. Furthermore, thin walled piping has found increasing common use in buildings in recent years, at least in part due to the ability to form such thin walled piping into a coil prior to transporting the piping into buildings under construction. Such coils are relatively more compact than are uncoiled sections of piping and, accordingly, installation of thin walled piping can be relatively easier and/or quicker than with piping having thicker walls (which may be incapable of being formed into a coil). Such thin walled piping may be relatively more susceptible to leaking due to bursts and/or punctures, as will be appreciated. Accordingly, the present invention is particularly advantageous when using such thin walled piping. Liquid-sensitive (e.g. water- sensitive) and/or high-value and/or important buildings may also benefit from such a system.

In embodiments, the system may be directly or indirectly attached to the modular building component. In some embodiments, the first and/or second liquid-flow conduit may be attached to the modular building component, e.g. directly or indirectly. In embodiments, the building module may be for installation at or in a site of use (e.g. a building). The system may be attached to the modular building component by an attachment means or attachment. The attachment means or attachment may comprise a fixture, bracket, bolt, or the like. The system may be attached to the modular building component removably or non-removably.

In embodiments, the modular building component may comprise a riser. The modular building component can comprise one or more walls, one or more floors, one or more ceilings. The modular building component may be a single storey modular building component or a double, triple or more storey modular building component. The modular building component may have engagement means, arranged to engage with another building component, for example another modular building component. For example, plural modular building components may be stacked to provide a multi-storey building or building part. One or more of the plural modular building components may include the system of the invention.

Any aspect of the system may be applied to a modular building component. The method may be operated within a modular building component.

For the avoidance of doubt, any of the features described herein apply equally to any aspect of the invention. Within the scope of this application it is expressly envisaged that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, in the claims and/or in the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination. Features described in connection with one aspect or embodiment of the invention are applicable to all aspects or embodiments, unless such features are incompatible. As used herein, the terms "downstream" and“upstream” are to be interpreted according to the normal major direction of flow of liquid within the relevant conduit.

As used herein, a "tunnel" means a passage into or (preferably) through an object, preferably a solid object. As used herein, a "through-tunnel", in or through an object (preferably a solid object), means a passage that passes from a first opening in an outer surface (in particular, a first outer surface) of the object (preferably a solid object), through the object, and exits at a second opening in an outer surface (in particular, a second outer surface) of the object.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a perspective view from above of a system for minimizing water leaks according to an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2 is a side view of the system shown in Figure 1 ;

Figure 3 is a front view of the system shown in Figure 1 ;

Figure 4 is a front view of the controller shown in Figure 1 ;

Figure 5 is a perspective view from above of a system for minimizing water leaks according to a further embodiment of the invention;

Figure 6 is a side view of the system for minimizing water leaks shown in Figure 5;

Figure 7 is a front view of the system for minimizing water leaks shown in Figure 5; and

Figure 8 is a perspective view from above of a system for minimizing water leaks according to a further embodiment of the invention.

As shown in Figures 1 to 4, there is a system for minimizing water leaks 10, comprising:

(a) a first water-flow conduit 12 within which water can flow,

(b) a second water-flow conduit 14 within which water can flow, wherein the second water- flow conduit 14 is non-removably connected to (e.g. welded to) a branching point 16 of the first water-flow conduit 12 in such a way that the second water-flow conduit 14 is in liquid communication with and branches off from the first water-flow conduit 12;

(c) a water meter 18 (preferably a pulsing water meter), for sensing and metering the flow of water through the first water-flow conduit 12;

(d) a first valve 20, through and/or past which the first water-flow conduit 12 passes; wherein the first valve 20 is moveable between an open position, in which water in the first water-flow conduit 12 can flow through and/or past the first valve 20, and a closed position in which water in the first water-flow conduit 12 substantially cannot flow through and/or past the first valve 20;

(e) a second valve 22 through and/or past which the second water-flow conduit 14 passes; wherein the second valve 22 is moveable between an open position, in which water in the second water-flow conduit 14 can flow through and/or past the second valve 22, and a closed position in which water in the second water-flow conduit 14 substantially cannot flow through and/or past the second valve 22; and

(f) a controller 24 configured to receive water flow information from the water meter 18; and wherein the controller 24 is configured to cause the first valve 20 to close and the second valve 22 to open when the water flow information from the water meter 18 meets one or more predetermined criteria. For the avoidance of doubt, the numerical dimensions shown in the Figures are in millimetres (mm).

The first water-flow conduit 12 comprises a plurality of generally tubular sections removeably- fixed-together by bolts. The plurality of generally tubular sections comprise (from top to bottom in Figures 1 , 2 and 3): a generally-T-shaped tubular metal section 12, 16, 14, a metal (brass) through-tunnelled body 20A of the first valve 20, a relatively-short tubular metal section 128, a pipe/tubular section 30 in the middle of which is the pulsing water meter 18, and finally (at the bottom of Figures 1-3) a further relatively-short tubular metal section 12A. The generally- T-shaped tubular metal section 12, 16, 14, and the relatively-short tubular metal section 12B, each have male, externally-threaded connectors (not shown) at the ends which connect with corresponding female, internally-threaded connectors (e.g. as shown at the bottom left of Figures 9-10) in the metal (brass) through-tunnelled body 20A (e.g. at the bottom of Figures 9-10) of the first valve 20.

After the system 10 has been positioned and connected at a location e.g. building, during use, water flows in a direction from bottom to top in Figures 1-3. That is, during use, the water enters the relatively-short (upstream) tubular metal section 12A (at the bottom of Figures 1-3), then passes through the water meter 18 and its pipe/tubular sections 30, then through the relatively-short tubular metal section 12B, then through the through-tunnelled body 20A of the valve 20, then passes the branching point 16, and then exits at an exit opening 32 (downstream; at the top of Figures 1-3). When the system 10 has been positioned and connected at a location e.g. building, the exit opening 32 of the system 10 is generally connected to a water distribution/circulation system (not shown) e.g. of a or the building.

Typically, after positioning and connection at a location (e.g. at a building), the first water-flow conduit 12 (specifically, the relatively-short tubular metal section 12A forming part of the first conduit 12) is connected (directly or indirectly) to an upstream stopcock valve adapted to shut off or to allow access to (by human manual operation) the supply of water to the first liquid- flow conduit and/or to a/the water distribution/circulation system which includes the first liquid- flow conduit.

The generally-T-shaped tubular section 12, 16, 14 of the first water-flow conduit 12 comprises a generally tubular elongate water-flow conduit 12, 16 formed from a suitable metal (e.g. copper, brass or steel), and typically comprises a metal water pipe or pipes. The second water-flow conduit 14 comprises a generally tubular elongate water-flow conduit formed from a suitable metal (e.g. copper, brass or steel), and typically comprises a metal water pipe or pipes 14. The second water-flow conduit 14 is welded to a branching point 16 of the first water-flow conduit 12, and branches off from the first water-flow conduit 12, 16 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first water-flow conduit 12. The first and second conduits 12, 14 are in fluid communication with each other.

The distal end 28 of the second water-flow conduit 14 (which is distal from the first water-flow conduit 12) is an open-ended female connector 28 (an outlet 28) having an internal screw thread. The connector 28 is adapted to be connected to a further water conduit. When all parts are connected when on location e.g. at a building, the second water-flow conduit 14 is in liquid communication with a dump reservoir (not shown) suitable for receiving water, in this embodiment. In this way, impurities in the water (such as water treatment materials) may be retained for treatment prior to disposal and/or reuse of the water. In embodiments, however, the distal end 28 of the second water-flow conduit is connected to a or the drain (for example when potable water flows or is intended to flow within the first and/or second water-flow conduits 12, 14). The dump reservoir (where provided) is at a generally lower level than the branching point 16 of the first liquid-flow conduit 12, so that water flowing through the second water-flow conduit14 when the second valve 22 is open can flow by gravity into the dump reservoir.

The first valve 20 is upstream from the branching point 16 of the first water-flow conduit 12.

The first valve 20 is a two-port solenoid valve 20, in this embodiment. The first valve 20 is a latching solenoid valve 20, in this embodiment. The latching solenoid valve 20 may be a latching solenoid valve marketed by Aqualeak Detection Ltd, e.g. of 1 1 Forest Gate Pewsham, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN15 3RS, UK, www.aqualeak.com, e.g. under the part number VL20 The second valve 22 is also a two-port solenoid valve 22, in this embodiment.

The second valve 22 is a solenoid valve of a type which is normally in the closed position (typically, such a valve is in the closed position when there is no or insufficient electrical current passing into the valve). In this type of solenoid valve, typically, an electrical current is required to open the valve and also to hold the valve open.

The second valve 22 may be a normally-closed solenoid valve marketed by Aqualeak Detection Ltd, UK (address given previously; www.aqualeak.com), e.g. under the part number V500ZL.

The second water-flow conduit 14 is divided into two main sub-sections 14A, 14B, with sub section 14A extending from the branching point 16 to the second valve 22 (the normally- closed solenoid valve 22), and with sub-section 14B extending from the second valve 22 to the distal end 28 of the second water-flow conduit 14. Sub-sections 12A and 12B each have male, externally-threaded connectors (not shown) at their valve-facing ends, and these male connectors connect with corresponding female, internally-threaded connectors (e.g. as shown at the bottom left of Figure 10) in the metal (brass) through-tunnelled body 22A (e.g. at the bottom of Figure 10) of the second valve 22 (the normally-closed solenoid valve 22).

The first valve 20 and the second valve 22, independently of each other, are operable under the control of the controller 24 by means of wired connections 34 between the controller 24 and the first valve 20 and between the controller 24 and the second valve 22 respectively. The water meter 18, for sensing and metering the flow of liquid through the first water-flow conduit 12, is positioned upstream from the branching point 16 of the first water-flow conduit 12, and is also positioned upstream of the first valve 20.

The water meter 18 can be either a displacement water meter (also called a positive- displacement (PD) water meter) or a velocity-type water meter. If it is a velocity-type water meter then it can for example be a jet water meter (e.g. a single-jet or multi-jet water meter), a turbine water meter, a propeller water meter, or an electromagnetic water meter. In embodiments, however, any suitable type of meter or sensor may be used.

The water meter 18 is adapted to send water flow information to the controller 24, either wirelessly or by a wired connection between the water meter 18 and the controller 24. The water flow information to be sent by the water meter 18 comprises information regarding the water flow rate in the first water-flow conduit 12 and/or through/in the water meter 18, and/or information regarding the time for which water has flowed continuously through the first water- flow conduit 12, and/or information regarding the water pressure in the first water-flow conduit 12, and/or information regarding whether the water flow in the first water-flow conduit 12 and/or through/in the water meter 18 exhibits unusual and/or unsafe characteristics (e.g. according to predetermined criteria).

As shown in Figure 4, the controller 24 is an electronic hand-operable (and/or hand-holdable) controller 24, which, in this embodiment, is the AquaGuard (RTM) In-line Water Leak Prevention System marketed by Aqualeak Detection Ltd of 1 1 Forest Gate Pewsham, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN15 3RS, UK.

The controller 24 has an electronic display 36, in this embodiment, capable of displaying:

(i) information regarding the water flow rate through/in the water meter 18 ;(ii) information regarding the length of time water has flowed continuously through/in the water meter 18;

(iii) information regarding how long there has been no water flow detected; and/or

(iv) a countdown time before the controller 24 goes to sleep.

The controller 24 also has a "+" (plus) button 38 and a (minus) button 40, which can be used to change (upwardly or downwardly) the predetermined maximum-desirable water flow rate (measured in litres of water / minute) and/or to change the predetermined maximum- desirable continuous-water-flow time (this is most preferably set to £ 15 minutes, for example can be set to somewhere in the range of 4-10 minutes). A threshold value for how long there has been no water flow detected can also be set, for example a holiday time such as 72 hours may be set. A“set” button 42 on the controller 24 serves to wake up the electronic display, to set and/or to save the maximum-desirable water flow rate and/or the maximum-desirable continuous-water-flow time, and/or to exit a manual override feature. The“+” (plus) button 38 opens the first valve 12 when in manual mode (this overrides the system 10 for about 60 minutes) and the (minus) button 40 closes the first valve 12 when in manual mode.

The controller 24 is configured - specifically, it is programmed - to cause the first valve 20 to close and the second valve 22 to open when the water flow information from the water meter

(i) Indicates that the water flow rate in the first water-flow conduit 12 exceeds a predetermined maximum-desirable water flow rate (which can e.g. be from £ 1.5 times to £ 1.0 times the normal maximum water flow rate through the first water-flow conduit and/or for the associated building), and/or

(ii) indicates that water has flowed continuously through the first liquid-flow conduit 12 for a time which exceeds a predetermined maximum-desirable time (which is preferably £ 30 minutes, £ 15 minutes, £ 10 minutes, £ 5 minutes or £ 4 minutes). Additionally, the controller 24 may be configured to cause the first valve 20 to close if no water flow has been detected through the meter for a time exceeding the set threshold value.

The system 10 also comprises an SMS dialler 26, in this embodiment, that is a dialler capable of sending an SMS (short message service or "text") message, e.g. a message to 1 , 2, 3 or more preset telephone or mobile phone numbers, which is adapted to transmit and to report information about the system 10 to a recipient. The information about the system 10 sent by the SMS dialler 26 may comprise information about: (i) the status of the system 10; (ii) the detection of a water leakage event (if any); (iii) any actions taken by the system 10 and/or the controller 24 after a detected water leakage event (e.g. movement / actuation of the first and/or second valves 20, 22); and/or (iv) water flow information with respect to the first water-flow conduit 12.

The SMS dialler 26 is configured (specifically, is programmed) to receive information about the system 10 (in particular of the types listed in the preceding paragraph) from the controller 24, either wirelessly or, preferably, by a wired connection. The SMS dialler 26 may be a SMSA dialler of the type available from Aqualeak Detection Ltd, UK (e.g. of 1 1 Forest Gate Pewsham, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN 15 3RS, UK; www.aqualeak.com), under the brand name Aqualeak (RTM) SMS Alarm.

As shown in Figure 1 , the system 10 is supported on a metal frame 44 formed from a plurality of slotted channel-shaped metal struts joined together. The system 10 is attached to the metal frame 44 by means of two U-bolts 46 after the frame 44 has been constructed at a site of use (e.g. in a or the building).

The system for minimizing water leaks 10 can also be used in a method for minimizing water leaks. This method comprises steps (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), as defined below.

Step (i) is to provide at a location (preferably at a building, more preferably in a building; in particular at/in a building under construction) a system for minimizing water leaks 10, wherein the system 10 comprises the components (a) (the first water-flow conduit 12), (b) (the second water-flow conduit 14), (c) (the water meter 18), (d) (the first valve 20), (e) (the second valve 22), and (f) (the controller 24).

Preferably, as part of this step (i), the system 10 is connected to the water distribution / circulation system (not shown) of a or the building, in a generally upstream location (though the system 10 may be just downstream of a or the manually-operable stopcock valve if present).

In step (i), when positioning the system 10 at the location (e.g. building), the longitudinal axis of the first water-flow conduit 12 is positioned so as to be substantially vertical, and the second water-flow conduit 14 is positioned so as to be substantially horizontal. Step (ii) of the method is to cause or allow water to flow within and/or through the first water- flow conduit 12 (component (a)) and the water meter 18 (component (c)); and to cause or allow the water to flow through or past the first valve 20 (component (d).

Step (iii) of the method is to configure and/or to cause the controller 24 (component (f)) to receive water flow information from the water meter 18.

Step (iv) of the method is to configure the controller 24 to cause the first valve 20 (component (d)) to close and the second valve 22 (component (e)) to open when water flow information from the water meter 18 meets one or more predetermined criteria (preferably one or more predetermined criteria as disclosed herein and/or as defined in preferred or particular embodiments of the first aspect of the invention).

By the two valves 20, 22 operating in this way, if and when the integrity of the water distribution/circulation system of a or the building is compromised (e.g. by a puncture or a burst) such that a water leak starts, then when the predetermined maximum-desirable continuous-flow-time has been exceeded, and/or when the predetermined maximum- desirable water flow rate has been exceeded, the controller 24 will operate the valves 20, 22. The first valve 20 will be operated to close, thereby preventing further water ingress into the leaking water distribution/circulation system.

The second valve 22 will be operated to open thereby allowing the water remaining in the water distribution/circulation system to be discharged in a non-damaging manner through the second water-flow conduit 14 (e.g. to the dump reservoir). In this way, the volume of water which leaks inside the building is relatively reduced and therefore the water-leak damage done to the building is relatively reduced.

In this way, the present invention is an improvement over prior art systems and methods.

Particularly preferably, the system for minimizing water leaks 10 is installed at (preferably in) a building under construction, where the circumstances of building work gives an increased chance of a puncture or a burst in the water distribution / circulation system. When the building work has been finished, and the risk of leaks has decreased, the system for minimizing water leaks 10 can then optionally be removed from, or disconnected from, the building's water distribution / circulation system, if this is desirable in the circumstances. Additionally, it has been found to be beneficial to use thin walled piping to form water pipes in buildings. Such thin walled piping can, advantageously, be formed into a coil prior to installation in a building. Such a coil has a relatively reduced size (e.g. length) than does non-coiled piping, as will be appreciated. Accordingly, installation of the piping in the building may be relatively quicker and/or easier than is the case with piping not formed into a coil. The potential for leaks and burst may be relatively greater with such thin walled piping, however. Accordingly, the inventive system described herein is particularly beneficial when used with such thin walled piping. Thin walled piping may require treatment, however, which may cause water flowing therethrough to be non-potable. Such water may therefore require diversion to the dump reservoir (where provided) or to a further treatment/filtration location. Referring now to Figures 5, 6 and 7, there is shown a system for minimizing water leaks 1 10 according to a further embodiment of the invention (integers similar or identical to those of the first embodiment are identified by a preceding ).

The system 1 10 comprises:

(a) a first water-flow conduit 112 within which water can flow,

(b) a second water-flow conduit 1 14 within which water can flow, wherein the second water- flow conduit 114 is non-removably connected to (e.g. welded to) a branching point 116 of the first water-flow conduit 1 12 in such a way that the second water-flow conduit 114 is in liquid communication with and branches off from the first water-flow conduit 1 12;

(c) a water meter 118 (preferably a pulsing water meter), for sensing and metering the flow of water through the first water-flow conduit 1 12;

(d) a first valve 120, through and/or past which the first water-flow conduit 1 12 passes; wherein the first valve 120 is moveable between an open position, in which water in the first water-flow conduit 112 can flow through and/or past the first valve 120, and a closed position in which water in the first water-flow conduit 1 12 substantially cannot flow through and/or past the first valve 120;

(e) a second valve 122 through and/or past which the second water-flow conduit 1 14 passes; wherein the second valve 122 is moveable between an open position, in which water in the second water-flow conduit 1 14 can flow through and/or past the second valve 122, and a closed position in which water in the second water-flow conduit 114 substantially cannot flow through and/or past the second valve 122; and

(f) a controller 124 (not shown in the Figures, but present) configured to receive water flow information from the water meter 1 18; and wherein the controller 124 is configured to cause the first valve 120 to close and the second valve 122 to open when the water flow information from the water meter 118 meets one or more predetermined criteria, preferably one or more criteria as described in Example 1.

The system 1 10 is identical to the system for minimizing water leaks 10 shown in Figure 1 , except that the outer sub-section 114B of the second water-flow conduit 114 contains a flexible and/or rotatable section 114C, which allows the distal end 128 of the second water-flow conduit 1 14 to be turned to face in a variety of directions, to facilitate appropriate further conduit(s) to be introduced which lead to the dump reservoir (not shown), e.g. according to the space limitations of the location e.g. building.

Referring now to Figure 8, there is shown a system for minimizing water leaks 210 according to a further embodiment of the invention (integers similar or identical to those of the first embodiment are identified by a preceding‘2’). The system 210 is identical to the system for minimizing water leaks 10 shown in Figure 1 , except that the outer sub-section 214B of the second water-flow conduit 214 contains a compressible (and preferably also extendable) screwed bellows section 214C. The compressible screwed bellows section 214C is designed to accept a compression in the event of linear expansion (e.g. thermal expansion) in metal water-flow conduit(s) attached directly or indirectly to the screwed bellows section 214C (in particular in the event of linear expansion of the second water-flow conduit 214 assuming this is formed from metal). The system for minimizing leaks as set out above may be mounted or located within a modular building component. For example, the system may be located in a modular building component off-site and then brought to a building site and established at a site of use. Plural modular building components may be stacked and the respective flow conduits secured together. Alternatively, a modular building component comprising the system may be staked with different modular building components to provide a building part in which at least one system according to the invention is provided. An example might be a modular building component comprising the system to form a part of a riser for a multi-storey building which is to be stacked with identical or different modular building components.