BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to incubation and hatching of eggs such as poultry eggs for breeding, and in particular to a system and method for determining the fertility and viability of the eggs.

2. Description of Related Art

Fertile eggs contain a living cell mass that develops into an embryo, and finally into a hatchling, e.g. a chick. After eggs have been selected or acquired for incubation, care is required to prevent damage or contamination of the eggs.

Eggs are set in incubator trays in movable trolleys and placed in an incubator. Temperature, humidity and oxygen levels of the incubators are controlled so that the incubators have a stable environment, free of drafts and away from direct sunlight.

Eggs may be inspected by conventional candling to determine viability during incubation. Candling may be performed by removing an egg trolley from the incubator and entering a dark room suitable for candling. A light source is then used to manually inspect a sample of the eggs for viability typically one egg at a time. A small reddish area with blood vessels extending away from it is visible in fertile eggs. The small reddish area is the embryo floating inside the egg. If the embryo dies, the blood draws away from the embryo and forms what is called a blood ring. All clear eggs and eggs showing blood rings or streaks are removed from the incubator. If egg samples are not candled during the early stages of incubation, it will be difficult to determine whether the eggs are originally infertile or whether there is a problem with the incubation conditions in the incubator.

At best, about ninety per cent of the incubated eggs are expected to yield healthy hatchlings. Embryo death of originally fertile eggs may occur during the different periods of incubation. Some eggs are classified as "early dead" when the embryo dies during the first quarter period of incubation, as "middle dead" when the embryo dies before transfer to the hatchery, or as "late dead" when the embryo dies during the last few days immediately before a hatch. Embryo death may lead to eggs exploding during the hatching stage. These eggs are called "black eggs" and may contaminate other eggs and/or hatchlings causing considerable financial loss.

Thus there is a need for and it would be advantageous to have a system and method for a system for determining viability of a sample of eggs during incubation in the incubator while avoiding transporting the eggs to a dark room for candling and avoiding contacting the eggs. Moreover, it would be advantageous to have a system and method for determining the viability of eggs to enable subsequent transfer of the viable eggs to a hatching tray while leaving the non-viable eggs in the original incubation tray. Moreover, it would be advantageous to have a system and method for monitoring embryo development during incubation and optionally for controlling incubation parameters according to the monitored development.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Various computerized systems are provided for herein adapted for simultaneously determining viability of multiple eggs in an incubation tray. A tester unit is locatable entirely above and/or entirely below the incubation tray in close proximity to while avoiding contact with the eggs in the incubation tray. The tester unit is operable to simultaneously determine the locations within the incubation tray of the viable eggs or of the non-viable eggs. The tester unit includes a processor and multiple housings. Each of the housings include a source of electromagnetic radiation and a respective electromagnetic sensor. During operation of the system, the sources are configured to emit electromagnetic radiation into the interior of the eggs and the respective electromagnetic sensors sense a portion of the electromagnetic radiation scattered from the interior of the eggs.

The incubation tray may be situated in a setting room and the testing is performed in the setting room. In preparation for transfer to a hatching tray, the tester unit may be (re)located outside the setting room where the testing is performed and a removal mechanism may be subsequently located above the incubation tray. Based on the locations, simultaneous transfer of the viable eggs may be enabled from the incubation tray to a hatching tray while leaving the non-viable eggs in the incubation tray. A conveyor may be used to convey the incubation tray from a first position below the tester unit to a second position below the removal mechanism. The processor is attached to the electromagnetic sensors and receives in real-time signals from the electromagnetic sensors. The processor is programmed to process the signals to determine thereby which of the eggs are viable. The processors stores the locations of the viable eggs or of the non-viable eggs according to their positions in the incubation tray.

A multiplexer may be operatively connected to the processor. Under control of the processor, the multiplexer signals the sources of electromagnetic radiation to emit the electromagnetic radiation during previously determined time slots. The signals may be synchronized with the time slots to reduce cross-talk between the signals. Memory may be accessible by the processor and by the removal mechanism. The memory is configured to store the locations in the incubation tray of the viable eggs or of the non-viable eggs.

During operation of the system, the scattering angle between the center of emission from the sources of electromagnetic radiation and the center of reception of the respective electromagnetic sensors may be between 50 and 120 degrees. The distance between the housings and the respective eggs is between 1 and 15 millimeters. The sources may be configured to emit electromagnetic radiation into the interior of the eggs and the respective electromagnetic sensors may sense a portion of the electromagnetic radiation scattered from the interior of the eggs. The processor may be operatively attached to the electromagnetic sensors and may receive in real-time signals therefrom. The processor may be programmed to process the signals to determine thereby which of the eggs are viable and store the locations in the incubation tray of the viable eggs or of the non-viable eggs. A change in the signals may indicate movement of a live embryo within the viable eggs, breathing cycles, or a heartbeat of a live embryo in the viable eggs and/or hemoglobin in the viable eggs being oxygenated.

Various computerized methods for simultaneously determining viability of multiple eggs in an incubation tray are provided for herein. A tester unit is locatable entirely above and/or entirely below the incubation tray in close proximity to the incubation tray while avoiding contact with respective eggs in the incubation tray. During operation of the tester unit, electromagnetic radiation is emitted into the interior of the eggs. A scattered portion of the electromagnetic radiation is sensed as respective signals from the interior of the eggs. The signals are received by a processor in real time and the signals are processed by the processor.

The incubation tray may be situated in a setting room and the testing is performed in the setting room. In preparation for transfer to a hatching tray, the tester unit may be located outside the setting room where the testing is performed and a removal mechanism may be subsequently located above the incubation tray. The eggs may be simultaneously tested to determine the locations within the incubation tray of the viable eggs or of the non-viable eggs. Based on the locations, simultaneous transfer of the viable eggs may be enabled from the incubation tray to a hatching tray while leaving the non-viable eggs in the incubation tray. The tester unit may include a processor and multiple housings. The housings each include a source of electromagnetic radiation and a corresponding electromagnetic sensor. During the signal processing, a substantial change during a time interval of the signals may indicate that the respective eggs are viable and an unchanging signal may indicate that the respective eggs are non-viable. Based on the stored locations, contact may be avoided with the non-viable eggs during the transfer of the viable eggs. The ambient noise may be subtracted to provide noise-corrected signals prior to the signal processing by halting emission of the electromagnetic radiation and measuring the ambient noise respectively from the electromagnetic sensors. The synchronization may include the emission and the sensing of adjacent eggs in different time slots to eliminate cross-talk in the signals between the adjacent eggs.

The foregoing and/or other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Figure 1 shows an egg being tested for viability, according to features of the present invention.

Figure 2 shows a system block diagram of a system including a tester unit used to determine the viable status of eggs, according to a feature of the present invention.

Figure 3 shows a system block diagram of a removal mechanism used to transfer viable eggs from an incubation tray to a hatching tray, according to a feature of the present invention.

Figure 4 shows a system block diagram of a processing apparatus for the processing of eggs, according to features of the present invention. Figure 5 shows a partial isometric view of the removal mechanism, according to a feature of the present invention

Figure 6a shows the same tester unit now being used to determine viability of a sample of eggs during incubation in the incubator, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 6b shows a plan view of a tester unit, according to a feature of the present invention.

Figure 7 A shows a flow diagram of a method for transferring viable eggs to a hatching tray, according to features of the present invention.

Figure 7B shows a flow diagram of a portion of the method of Figure 7 A for determination of the viability of an egg.

Figure 7C shows a flow diagram of the processing step in Figure 7B in greater detail, for determination of viability of an egg, according to different embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 8 illustrates a method for determining viability of a sample of eggs in the incubator, according to a feature of the present invention.

Figure 9 shows a side view of a incubator, according to a feature of the present invention.

The foregoing and/or other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to features of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. The features are described below to explain the present invention by referring to the figures.

Before explaining features of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of design and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other features or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. By way of introduction, various embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system and method for determining locations in an incubation tray of viable eggs or the locations of the non-viable eggs. The tester unit which determines the viability of the eggs may be based on light scattering measurements from the interior of the eggs from above or below so that multiple or all eggs in the incubation tray may be simultaneously tested for viability or monitored by placing the incubation tray with eggs to be tested or monitored under or over the tester unit (or equivalently by placing the test unit over or under the incubation tray with the eggs.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the tester unit is used to monitor development of the embryos of eggs in the incubator. In other embodiments, a tester unit, (optionally the same tester unit) is used a few days prior to hatching in order to remove the viable eggs into a hatching tray for subsequent hatching in a hatchery. The non-viable eggs may be left in the contaminated incubation tray may be properly disposed of and the contaminated incubation tray may be disinfected for reuse.

Advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention over various prior art publications include:

-A tray of eggs may be simultaneously processed.

-The tester unit, according to embodiments of the present invention, enables candling a large sample of multiple eggs quickly while in the incubator without having to move the eggs in a trolley into a dark room for the candling. Moving eggs around is not only time consuming but may contribute to non-viability of eggs due to the uncontrolled environments outside the incubator and due to the uncontrolled movements of the eggs while being transported in the trolley.

-Contact with eggs is avoided during viability testing and therefore the viability testing minimizes transfer of contamination from tray to tray. Moreover, it is easier to maintain cleanliness of a non-contact system than that of a contact system.

-Testing is performed based on light scattering entirely from above or entirely from below the eggs in the incubation tray, a configuration which greatly simplifies industrial equipment design. In the incubator, the tester unit may be moved from above a first tray for viability testing and on completion the tester unit is moved to a second tray. Prior to hatching, a single conveyor or table may be used to convey the incubation tray from the tester station to the egg removal station.

Referring now to the drawings, reference is now made to Figure 6a which shows a side view of an incubator 60, according to a feature of the present invention. Incubator 60 has entrance door 66 which provides access to incubation trolley 62. A number of incubation trays 16 are shown in situ. One incubation tray 16 is shown partially slid out on rails 64 to allow placement of viability tester unit 2 above eggs 6. In an alternative embodiment viability tester may have rails in place such that incubation tray 16 when partially slid out on rails 64 allows placement of viability tester unit 2 under eggs 6. Viability tester unit 2 is also shown with filter 35. Viability tester unit 2 may further include a wireless transmitter to a wireless local area network (WLAN), e..g. based on a standard of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11, to transmit the viability status of eggs 6 and their locations in incubation tray 16 to a nearby local area network (LAN). Tester unit 2 may include a button (not shown) to initiate a test of multiple eggs and an indicator (LED) (not shown) to initiate and confirm completion of a viability test of eggs 6.

Reference is made to Figure 6b which shows a plan view of tester unit 2, according to a feature of the present invention. Tester unit 2 includes a frame 6000 which provides a surface for the attachment of optical filter film 35 onto frame 6000. Set back from frame 6000 is back plane 6002 which is attached to and /or is an integral part of frame 6000. Back plane 6002 allows for the fixing and mounting of arms 22a and 22b. Positions of eggs 6 are shown with dotted lines relative to respective pairs of arms 22a and 22b. Tester unit 2 is not limited to eight eggs 6 as shown but may constructed to accommodate various numbers of eggs 6 and incubation trays 16 capacities and/ or dimensions.

Reference is now made to Figure 4 which shows a diagram of a processing apparatus 40 for the processing of eggs 6, according to another embodiment of the present invention. Processing apparatus 40 shows a conveyor 8. An incubation tray 16 with eggs 6 is shown placed under viability tester unit 2 which includes multiple sub-systems 31. Another incubation tray 16 is shown where a removal mechanism 4 has removed some viable eggs 6 from incubation tray 16 by use of actuators 14. Some of suction cups 14 may be activated so as to pick up viable eggs 6 and other suction cups 14 are not activated leaving non-viable eggs 6 in incubation tray 16. A data connection 42, optionally a wireless connection, may connect viability tester unit 2 and removal mechanism 4. The locations/tags of the viable and/or non-viable eggs 6 in incubation tray 16 may be passed via data connection 42 to removal mechanism 4 so that only viable eggs 6 are transferred to a hatching tray.

Reference is now also made to Figure 1 which shows a sub-system 31 of tester unit 2, according to features of the present invention. Egg 6 is illuminated with an electromagnetic radiation source 34, Electromagnetic radiation source 34 is located in an arm 22b and an electromagnetic radiation sensor 36 is located in an arm 22a. Arms 22a and 22b may be connected into a single housing corresponding to a single egg 6 in incubation tray 16. Electromagnetic radiation source 34 may be a light emitting diode (LED) and is referred to hereinafter as LED 34. LED 34 may be a High Power Infrared LED, part No. SFH 4550, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH Wernerwerkstrasse 2, D-93049 Regensburg, Germany. Radiation sensor 36 may be a photo diode (PD) and is referred to hereinafter as PD 36. Photo diode PD 36 may be a Silicon PIN diode, S6036 series, HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Solid State Division, 1126-1 Ichino-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, 435-8558 Japan. LED 34 may emit light at optical wavelengths between 600 and 950 nanometers and PD 36 may be a corresponding silicon photo-diode sensitive at optical wavelengths between 600 and 950 nanometers.

The center of the emitted beam of LED 34 and the center of the field of view of reception of PD 36 are shown by axes XX and ZZ respectively. Axis YY is shown as the longitudinal axis of egg 6 which is shown as substantially vertical. Arms 22a and 22b may be positioned such that angle Θ between axes XX and ZZ may vary between 50 and 120 degrees between axes XX and ZZ. Alternatively, angle Θ may vary between 60 and 110 degrees, or between 70 and 100 degrees. Illumination rays of egg 6 by LED 34 are shown by arrows with solid lines and scattered light sensed by PD 36 is shown by rays with dotted lines. Although a single ray of singly scattered light is shown, the scattered light entering and being sensed by PD 36 may be singly or multiply scattered within egg 6. During normal operation, arm 22b housing LED 34 and arm 22a housing PD 36 avoid contact with egg 6 and are separated from the shell of egg 6 by distances di and d ₂ respectively. The light intensity from LEDs 34 for testing of eggs 6 in the earlier stage of incubation may be less than the light intensity from LEDs 34 used during later stage of incubation, during the earlier stage eggs 6 are more clear. In any case, the light level may be adjusted to avoid saturation in photodiodes 36. Optical filter film 35 may be optionally placed between egg 6 and arms 22a and 22b. Optical filter film 35 may be absorptive, dichroic, monochromatic, infrared, ultraviolet, polarizing, guided, long-pass, short-pass, neutral density, bandpass or any optical filter known in the art.

Reference is now made to Figure 2 which shows a simplified system block diagram for a tester unit 2 used to determine individually the viability of multiple eggs 6, according to a feature of the present invention. Tester unit 2 includes multiple housings 120 which hold multiple pairs of LEDs 34 and PDs 36 corresponding to multiple eggs 6 (not shown). Housings 120 are shown as arranged in a Cartesian array of n columns by m rows respectively, each LED 34 is referenced as and each photo-diode PD 36 is referenced as PDiun.

A monitor/control unit 110 may include a microprocessor 102 which may access a read/ write memory 108. Tester unit 2 may connect microprocessor 102 of monitor/control unit 110 via bidirectional signal lines to multiple LEDs 34 and PDs 36 via multiplexer (MUXydemultiplexer (DMUX) 106. Microprocessor 102 is able to addressably access, send and/or receive a signal to specific photo-diodes 36 and/ or specific light emitting diodes 34 in tester unit 2 by use of MUX/DMUX 106 controlled by microprocessor 102. Microprocessor 102 may receive input signals from multiple PDs 36 through an analogue to digital converter (AID) 100. Output from microprocessor 102 to multiple LEDs 34 is via a digital-to-analogue converter (D/A) 104. A serial interface 112 also connects to monitor/control unit 110 so as to connect an external computer system for the purpose of configuring the operation of tester unit 2.

Reference is now made to Figure 3 which shows a simplified system block diagram for removal mechanism 4 used to transfer eggs 6 from an incubation tray to a hatching tray, according to a feature of the present invention. Removal mechanism 4 may include multiple actuators 320 and multiple suction cups 14. Actuators 320 may operate by selectively allowing or not allowing suction to suction cups 14. Actuators 320 may be arranged in an array of n columns by m rows respectively, each actuator 320 operates a corresponding suction cup 14 with four suction cups 14 shown with locations labeled by SC _nm . Removal mechanism 4 may connect to control unit 130 via bidirectional signal lines connected to the multiple suction cups 14 via multiplexer (MUX) 38. Microprocessor 32 is able to uniquely access and send a signal to a specific suction cup 14 in removal mechanism 4 by use of MUX 38 controlled by microprocessor 32. Access from microprocessor 32 to multiple suction cups 14 may be performed using multiplexer MUX 38 and digital to analogue converter (D/A) 36. A serial interface 39 may connect to control unit 130 so as to connect an external computer system for the purpose of configuring the operation of control unit 130. Microprocessor 32 may access read/ write memory 108 which stores the locations of viable and/or non-viable eggs 6. Moreover, microprocessor 32 and microprocessor 102 may be the same microprocessor.

Reference is now made to Figure 5 which shows a partial isometric view of removal mechanism 4, according to a feature of the present invention. The partial isometric view shows eggs 6 held by suction cups 14 which may provide a vacuum to hold eggs 6 by suction. Particular eggs 6 may not be held by virtue of the vacuum not being applied to particular suction cups 14.

Reference is now made to Figures 7A, 7B and 7C which illustrate method 700, according to a feature of the present invention. Referring also back to Figure 4, incubation tray 16 with eggs 6 may be placed on conveyor 8 so that viability test unit 2 is above incubation tray 16 and housings 120 are located (step 703) over eggs 6. Arms 22a and 22b which house photo- diodes PDs 36 and LEDs 34 in each housing 120 respectively are located (as part of step 703) in close proximity to eggs 6 but not in contact with eggs 6. In step 705 (Figure 7B), eggs 6 have their interiors illuminated by electromagnetic radiation emitted from respective LEDs 34. Electromagnetic radiation signals scattered from the interior of the eggs (as a result of step 705) are sensed (step 707) by respective photo diodes PDs 36.

In step 709, monitor/control unit 110 receives the sensed electromagnetic radiation signals scattered from the interior of eggs 6. Each of the sensed electromagnetic radiation signals from each egg 6 is then processed by processor 102 (step 711). Based on the processing (step 711), processor 102 determines (step 713) the viability of eggs in incubation tray 16. Locations nm of viable eggs 6 or non-viable eggs are determined and available to removal mechanism 4.

Incubation tray 16 with eggs 6 may be placed on conveyor 8 so that removal mechanism 4 is directly above incubation tray 16 in step 714. In step 715, the viable eggs 6 are removed from incubation tray 16 by removal mechanism 4 and transferred into a hatching tray based on the locations determined in step 713.

According to a feature of the present invention, in order to reduce or eliminate cross-talk between the signals, eggs 6 may be illuminated (step 705, Figure 7B) and signals are sensed (step 707) during specific time slots so that eggs adjacent to location nm, in locations such as (n-l)m, (n+l)m, n(m-l), n(m+l) are monitored in different time slots.

In order to reduce the effects of ambient noise, ambient noise of photodiode at location nm may be measured during "off time slots, when the corresponding LED 34 at location nm is not emitting. The noise may be subtracted from the received signal level in software as programmed in processor 102 or a dedicated circuit including a differential amplifier may be used to provide a difference signal between the received signal level and the ambient noise.

Reference is now made to Figure 7C which shows a flow diagram of step 711 of signal processing, according to feature of the present invention. A signal from egg 6 located at location nm is monitored (step 721). In decision block 723, if a signal change over a threshold is detected during a time interval, then egg 6 at location nm is recorded or tagged in memory 108 as viable (step 725). Otherwise, if there is no signal change for instance during a previously determined time over a threshold then egg 6 located at nm is determined to be non-viable and the location of the non-viable egg is stored or tagged in memory 108 (step 727).

The signal change in the signals may indicate for instance movement of a live embryo within the viable eggs, a heartbeat of a live embryo in the viable eggs and/or breathing cycles and/or hemoglobin in the viable eggs being oxygenated.

Reference is now made to Figure 8 and again to Figure 6a. Figure 8 illustrates method 800, according to a feature of the present invention for testing viability in incubator 60 of eggs for instance between 8 and 12 days of incubation. In step 803, an operator of tester unit 2 enters an incubator 60 with tester unit 2 to determine viability of eggs 6 in incubation tray 16. Tester unit 2 may have an on-board power supply or the operator may use power provided in incubator 60. Incubation tray 16 may be partially or completely slid out (step 805) of incubation trolley 62 on rails 64. Tester unit 2 is then located above eggs 6 of incubation tray 16 (step 807). Step 807 locates arms 22b and arms 22a in close proximity to but not in contact with eggs 6 optionally using pillars on tester unit 2. A test button located on tester 2 may be pressed to test viability (step 713) of eggs 6 in incubation tray 16. An indicator on tester 2 may be used to indicate the end of step 713 to the operator. The operator may optionally leave a tester unit 2 located over eggs 6 so that eggs 6 may be monitored and tested over a number of days if required. The results 811 of step 713 may relayed by a wireless transceiver located in tester 2 over a local area network (LAN) to a central computer or stored locally in memory 108 of tester 2 for later transfer to the central computer. Multiple applications of method 801 in incubator 60 and/or incubators 60 may be collected by the central computer where statistical analysis may be performed on the results 811 obtained from multiple applications of method 801. In particular viability in incubator 60 between 8 and 12 days of incubation an analysis of absolute signal level may be performed which indicates which of the non-viable eggs are "clear" eggs which may never have been fertilized and/or which of the non-viable eggs are a " black" eggs" in which an embryo has died during incubation. The statistical analysis of the non-viable eggs serves to indicate problems with fertilization and/or control issues during incubation.

Advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention as shown in Figures 6 and 8 include:

-Viability tests of eggs 6 without having to move the eggs 6 to and from a separate candling room, where movement of eggs 6 may reduce the viability of eggs 6.

- Viability tests of eggs 6 between 8 to 12 days subsequent to placement of eggs 6 in incubator 60 may provide feedback to suppliers of eggs 6 regarding quality of fertilization, handling and storage processes of eggs 6 prior to incubation.

-Viability tests of eggs 6 between 8 to 12 days subsequent to placement of eggs 6 in incubator 60 provides an advanced indication regarding how many eggs 6 may be viable towards the end of the incubation period.

-Data collected of eggs 6 tested between 8 to 12 days subsequent to placement of eggs 6 in incubator 60 allows a comparison with data for the viability of the same eggs 6 measured prior to selection and transfer of viable eggs 6 to hatching trays. The comparison may provide an evaluation which indicates where viability of eggs 6 may have been lost during the incubation process.

Reference is now made to Figure 9 which shows a side view of a incubator 60, according to a feature of the present invention, incubator 60 has entrance door 66 which provides access to incubation trolley 62. A number of incubation trays 16 are shown in situ. One incubation tray 16 is shown removed completely and replaced by viability tester unit 2a. In situ, viability tester unit 2a is seen with sub-systems 31 above eggs 6 in one incubation tray 16 and with sub-systems 31 below eggs 6 in another incubation tray 16. Alternatively viability tester unit 2a may be formed from two viability tester units 2 placed back to back so as with viability tester unit 2a, one viability tester unit 2 with sub-systems 31 is seen above eggs 6 in one incubation tray 16 and the other viability tester unit 2 with sub-systems 31 below eggs 6 in another incubation tray 16. Viability tester unit 2a may include and/ or may not include filters 35. Viability tester unit 2a may further include a wireless transmitter to a wireless local area network (WLAN), e.g. based on a standard of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 , to transmit the viability status of eggs 6 and their locations in incubation tray 16 to a nearby local area network (LAN). Tester unit 2a may include a button (not shown) to initiate a test of multiple eggs and an indicator (LED) (not shown) to initiate and confirm completion of a viability test of eggs 6.

In an alternative feature, sub-system units 31 may be integrated to be part of an incubation tray 16 such that the top or bottom of the incubation tray 16 monitors the eggs 6 in the incubation tray 16 as well as either the bottom of eggs 6 in another incubation tray 16 above or another incubation tray 16 below respectively.

In another alternative feature, instead of leaving testers 21 2a in situ so as not to disturb eggs 6 in incubator 60, testers 21 2a may be moved to different locations in incubator 60 so that possible areas within incubator 60 may be identified which did not provide optimal incubation conditions for eggs 6 located there.

The indefinite articles "a", "an" as used herein, such as "an incubation tray", "a multiplexer" has the meaning of "one or more" that is "one or more incubation trays ", or "one or more multiplexers".

Although selected features of the present invention have been shown and described, it is to be understood the present invention is not limited to the described features. Instead, it is to be appreciated that changes may be made to these features without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof.