OBSTRUCTION REMEDIATION USING AN EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL

REACTION

RELATION TO PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application 61/817,245 for

"Hydrate Remediation Using Exothermic Chemical Reaction," filed April 29, 2013. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The following inventions generally relate to methods and apparatuses which can be used to remove a plug that is present within a subsea structure such as a production system pipeline, riser, subsea well equipment, or the like. These plugs are generally solid gas hydrates or paraffinic in nature and are generally formed by operating the production system at temperature and pressure levels conducive to formation of solid wax or hydrate crystals within the produced fluid stream. The solid crystals agglomerate within the structure, eventually blocking, or significantly curtailing, the production flow from the subsea well, resulting in loss of revenue from the subsea production facility.

[0003] In addition, hydrate masses may form around subsea well equipment due to gas sublimation from shallow sub-surface methane hydrate deposits that are locally heated by the well in production. This free gas is trapped and re-forms into solid hydrate masses within the external confines of the subsea equipment packages, blocking service access to the equipment, and interfering with mechanical operation of critical external moving parts. [0004] In general, a solid hydrate or paraffin plug can be removed by adding enough heat to the plug to change the physical state of the plug material into a transportable fluid, e.g. a liquid or a gas. FIGURES

[0005] The figures supplied herein disclose various embodiments of the claimed invention.

[0006] Fig. 1 is a view of an exemplary system in partial perspective of various alternative embodiments;

[0007] Fig. 2 is a view of an exemplary system in partial perspective and various alternative embodiments;

[0008] Fig. 3 is a view of an exemplary system in partial perspective and various alternative embodiments;

[0009] Figs. 4-11 are schematic views of an exemplary system and various alternative embodiments;

[0010] Fig. 12 is a view in partial perspective of a subsea environment;

[0011] Fig. 13 is a view in partial perspective of a subsea environment showing reservoirs being lowered into that environment; and

[0012] Fig. 14 is a view in partial perspective of a subsea environment showing fluids from the reservoirs being introduced into that environment via a skid.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

[0013] In all of these methods and apparatuses, subsea structures 200,201 may comprise production piping, a structure such as a subsea piece of equipment, or the like; the obstruction may comprise an internal plug or external mass comprising a hydrate or paraffin or the like or a combination thereof; and the two chemical reactants typically comprise ammonium chloride NH ₄ C1 and sodium nitrite NaN0 ₂ . By way of example and not limitation, other chemicals that can be used include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonium hydroxide (NH ₄ OH); hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH); hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0 ₂ ) and a solution containing metal ions; and the like; or a combination thereof. [0014] Referring generally to Fig. 1, in an embodiment system 1 for providing a hot fluid to subsea structures 200 and/or 201 comprises a plurality of reservoirs 12, located subsea, adapted to contain chemical reactants; reaction chamber 22; a corresponding plurality of chemical reactant fluid conduits 14 providing fluid pathways between a corresponding one of the plurality of reservoirs 12 and reaction chamber 22; insulated chamber 32 adapted to surround an area of a subsea structure 200 containing obstruction 4; and one or more hot fluid conduits 24 in fluid communication with reaction chamber 22 and insulated chamber 32, these hot fluid conduits 24 comprising one or more internal baffles designed to blend the chemical reactants. Additional hot fluid conduits 40 may provide a further fluid pathway between hot fluid conduits 24 and insulated chamber 32.

[0015] Insulated chamber 32 may comprise a selectively releasable insulated chamber adapted to selectively disengage from subsea structure 200, such as skid 37 or clampable structure.

[0016] In a further embodiment, referring generally to Fig. 2, system 1 for providing a hot fluid subsea comprises a plurality of reservoirs 12, located on or at vessel 100, adapted to contain chemical reactants; reaction chamber 22; a corresponding plurality of chemical reactant fluid conduits 14 providing fluid pathways between a corresponding one of the plurality of reservoirs 12 and reaction chamber 32; one or more heater tubes 33 pre-installed and wrapped around an area of subsea structures 200 or 201 containing obstruction 4; and one or more hot fluid conduits 24 in fluid communication with reaction chamber 32 and heater tubes 33. Hot fluid conduits 24 comprise one or more internal baffles designed to blend the chemical reactants as they are in and pass through hot fluid conduits 24. Additional hot fluid conduits 40 may provide a further fluid pathway between hot fluid conduits 24 and insulated chamber 32. [0017] Referring to either Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in a further embodiment, system 1 comprises a plurality of reservoirs 12 adapted to contain chemical reactants; reaction chamber 22; a corresponding plurality of chemical reactant fluid conduits 14 providing fluid pathways between a corresponding one of the plurality of reservoirs 12 and reaction chamber 22; and one or more hot fluid delivery conduits 24, comprising one or more internal baffles adapted to blend the chemical reactants, in fluid communication with reaction chamber 22. Reservoirs 12 may be located subsea 300, on or at vessel 100, or a combination thereof.

[0018] In these embodiments, additional hot fluid delivery conduits 41 are adapted to be manipulated by and connectable to remotely operated vehicle (ROV) 120. ROV 120 may be controlled by ROV cage 110 such as via umbilical 121.

[0019] Referring now generally to Fig. 3, in a further embodiment, system 2 for providing a hot fluid subsea comprises a plurality of reservoirs 12 adapted to contain chemical reactants; one or more manifolds 60 disposed downstream from the plurality of reservoirs 12; a corresponding plurality of chemical reactant fluid conduits 14 providing fluid pathways between a corresponding one of the plurality of reservoirs 12 and manifold 60; baffled mixing conduit 24 in fluid communication with and located downstream from manifold 60, where baffled mixing conduit 24 is adapted to mix fluid entering into baffled mixing conduit 24 inside baffled mixing conduit 24 via its baffles; one or more mixing fluid supply conduits 15 in fluid communication with manifold 60 and baffled mixing conduit 24; reaction chamber 22 in fluid communication with and located downstream from baffled mixing conduit 24; and one or more hot fluid conduits 15 in fluid communication with reaction chamber 22. As with the other configurations, hot fluid may exit reaction chamber 22 in many ways such as via hot fluid conduits 40 (Fig. 1) which may provide a further fluid pathway between reaction chamber 22 and insulated chamber 32 and/or via hot fluid delivery conduits 41 (Fig. 1) adapted to be manipulated by and connectable to ROV 120. [0020] It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in these arts that manifold 60 could comprise two pieces of tubing and a t- fitting as well as equivalent structures.

[0021] As illustrated by Figs. 4-7, various other embodiments may exist. By way of example and not limitation, a simple system may comprise reservoirs 12 connected by fluid conduits 41 to wand 122 (Fig. 4) which can be maneuvered and manipulated by ROV 120 (Fig. 1) to deliver a stream of hot fluid 123 to an area near obstruction 4. In a further embodiment, baffled chamber 24 may be disposed in-between reservoirs 12 and wand 122, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 5). In a further embodiment, reaction chamber 22 may be disposed in-between reservoirs 12 and wand 122, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 6). In a further embodiment, baffled chamber 24 may be disposed upstream from reaction chamber 22, in- between reservoirs 12 and reaction chamber 22, and reaction chamber 22 disposed upstream from and connected to wand 122, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 7). In any of these embodiments, reservoirs 12 may be located on supporting vessel 100, subsea 300, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0022] As illustrated by Figs. 8-11, additional other embodiments may exist. By way of example and not limitation, a simple system (Fig. 8) may comprise reservoirs 12 connected by fluid conduits 14 to insulated chamber 32 which, as discussed above, may be skid 37 (Fig. 14), a selectively engaged/disengaged insulated chamber 32 (Fig. 1), or a set of preinstalled fluid coils and/or heater tubes 33 (Fig. 1) disposed about the area with obstruction 4. In a further embodiment, baffled chamber 24 may be disposed in-between reservoirs 12 and insulated chamber 32, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 9). In a further embodiment, reaction chamber 22 may be disposed in- between reservoirs 12 and insulated chamber 32, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 10). In a further embodiment, baffled chamber 24 may be disposed upstream from reaction chamber 22, in-between reservoirs 12 and reaction chamber 22, and reaction chamber 22 disposed upstream from and connected to insulated chamber 32, where all components are in fluid communication as indicated (Fig. 11). In any of these embodiments, reservoirs 12 may be located on or at supporting vessel 100, subsea 300, or the like, or a combination thereof. If located on or at supporting vessel 100, weights 35 (Figs. 13-14) may be provided to aid with keeping conduits 14 in place.

[0023] In any of these embodiments reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) may be adapted to maintain mixed reactant fluid for a predetermined period of time such as, by way of example and not limitation, around one minute to around one and a half minutes or more while the reaction takes place and the fluid heats up to a desired temperature.

[0024] In any of these embodiments at least one of chemical reactant fluid conduits

14 may comprise coiled tubing.

[0025] In any of these embodiments pump 50, which may be a low pressure pump, may be present and in fluid communication with at least one of reservoirs 12, where pump 50 may be adapted to pump a chemical fluid from reservoir 12 with which it is in fluid communication at a predetermined constant or variable rate into a corresponding conduit 14 in fluid communication with manifold 60 (Fig. 3). Pump 50 may be in fluid communication with the hot fluid and adapted to mix ambient seawater into the hot fluid.

[0026] In any of these embodiments temperature sensor 39 (Fig. 1) may be present and operatively in communication with reaction chamber 22. Temperature sensor 39 may be operatively in communication with an external delivery point for the heated fluid, e.g. wand 122 (Fig. 1), either in conjunction with or independently of reaction chamber 22.

[0027] In any of these embodiments one or more first flow restrictors 26 (Fig. 1) may be provided and adapted to be in fluid communication with the corresponding plurality of chemical reactant fluid conduits 14, where flow restrictor 26 is adapted to adjust flow rates of the reactants delivered to reaction chamber 22.

[0028] In any of these embodiments one or more flow diverters 42 may be present and in fluid communication with hot fluid conduits 40 and adapted to selectively divert the flow of heated fluid away from subsea structure 200.

[0029] In any of these embodiments controllable valve 44, which may be remotely controllable, may be present and in fluid communication with the hot fluid conduit, where controllable valve 44 adapted to shut off flow of the heated fluid from reaction chamber 22 (Fig- 1)

[0030] In the operation of exemplary embodiments, referring generally to Figs. 12-

14, in a first method obstruction 4 (Fig. 1) such as a hydrate or paraffin plug, may be removed from structure subsea 200 or 201 (Fig. 1) by selectively combining two or more chemical reactants obtained from two chemical reactant reservoirs 12 (Fig. 1) in reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) to create a hot fluid by an exothermic chemical reaction between the two chemical reactants. In this first method, reaction chamber 22 is disposed subsea, preferably proximate subsea structure 200. The resultant hot fluid is then routed through one or more fluid conduits 24 (Fig. 1) which comprise one or more internal baffles adapted to thoroughly blend the reactants, and then to insulated chamber 32 (Fig. 1) which surrounds an area of subsea structure 200 containing obstruction 4. The hot fluids may be routed via conduits 40 from fluid conduits 24 to insulated chamber 32. Once present at that area, the area around obstruction 4 is heated with the hot fluid.

[0031] As described above, reservoirs 12 (Fig. 1) may comprise fluid reservoirs located proximate seabed 300 (Fig. 1) and/or fluid reservoirs located on or at supporting vessel 100 (Fig. 1). The chemical reactants comprise fluids which delivered to reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1), typically via separate coiled tubing strings 14 (Fig. 1). [0032] In a further embodiment, obstruction 4 may be removed from structure 200

(Fig. 1) by selectively combining two or more chemical reactants obtained from a corresponding set of chemical reactant reservoirs 12 (Fig. 1) in reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) to create a hot fluid by an exothermic chemical reaction between the two chemical reactants. Once combined, the resultant hot fluid is routed through a pre -installed heater tube 33 (Fig. 1) wrapped around an area of structure 200 (Fig. 1) containing obstruction 4 and that area heated with the hot fluid.

[0033] In a further embodiment, obstruction 4 may be removed from structure 201

(Fig. 1) by selectively combining two or more chemical reactants obtained from a corresponding set of chemical reactant reservoirs 12 (Fig. 1) in reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) to create a hot fluid by an exothermic chemical reaction between the two chemical reactants. The resultant hot fluid may then be routed through an ROV-deployed heating wand 122 (Fig. 1) and a stream of hot fluid 123 (Fig. 1) directed at an area where obstruction 4 is present, such as an external mass, and the area around the obstruction heated with the hot fluid.

[0034] In a further embodiment, obstruction 4 (Fig. 3) may be removed from structure 200 (Fig. 3) by selectively combining two or more chemical reactants obtained from a corresponding set of chemical reactant reservoirs 12 (Fig. 3) in manifold 60 (Fig. 3). The chemical reactants are then routed from manifold 60 through one or more fluid conduits 15 (Fig. 3) to baffled mixing chamber 24 (Fig. 3) which has been adapted to blend the reactants. This mixed fluid is then routed into reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 3) for a predetermined amount of time, by way of example and not limitation of around one minute to around one and a half minutes or more, to create a hot fluid by an exothermic chemical reaction between the chemical reactants. Once heated to the required temperature, the heated fluid is then routed through one or more heated fluid conduits 40 (Fig. 3) to an area of structure 200 (Fig. 3) proximate obstruction 4 and that area heated with the hot fluid. [0035] In certain embodiments, one or more of the chemical reactant reservoirs 12

(Fig. 1) may be in fluid communication with controllable pump 50 (Fig. 1) which pumps its respective chemicals at predetermined varying rates.

[0036] In any of these methods, reservoirs 12 (Fig. 1) may be located proximate seabed 300 (Fig. 1), on or at supporting vessel 100 (Fig. 1), or the like, or a combination thereof. If fluid reservoirs 12 are located on supporting vessel 100, the chemical reactants may comprise fluids delivered to reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) via separate coiled tubing strings 14 (Fig. 1).

[0037] As also described above, reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1) may be disposed proximate subsea structure 200 or 201 (Fig. 1).

[0038] Oilfield production systems often use composite thermoplastic flexible pipes, and external thermoplastic or synthetic rubber insulation is used on steel pipes. These materials have an external temperature limit, and systems 1 (Fig. 1) or 2 (Fig. 3) may further comprise one or more temperature sensors 39 (Fig. 1) disposed at or near one or more predetermined positions with respect to reaction chamber 22 (Fig. 1), e.g. at reaction chamber 22, external delivery point(s) for the heated fluid such as 123 (Fig. 1), or the like, or a combination thereof. The temperature of the hot fluid can then be controlled using feedback from temperature sensors 39 (Fig. 1). In all of these methods, controlling the temperature may comprise optimizing an aqueous concentration of the stored reactants; adjusting a bulk flow rate of the reactants delivered to reaction chamber 22; adjusting a ratio of the reactants delivered to reaction chamber 22 to achieve a desired temperature; mixing ambient seawater into the hot fluid using pump 50 (Fig. 1), which may be a low pressure pump, in fluid communication with the hot fluid; diverting the flow of heated fluid away from subsea structures 200 or 201 (Fig. 1); shutting off flow of the heated fluid from reaction chamber 22 using controllable valve 44 (Fig. 1); releasing insulated chamber 32 (Fig. 1) from around subsea structure 200 to allow heated fluid to simply escape into the environment; or the like; or a combination thereof. These controls may be manual and/or automated with software and sensors such as temperature sensor 39.

[0039] In all of these methods, once the reactants are combined in reaction chamber

22 (Fig. 1), at some point the fluid mixture travels through conduits 24 (Fig. 1) which comprise one or more internal baffles which are designed to blend the reactants, typically thoroughly, and may comprise steel.

[0040] One of ordinary skill in these arts will realize that Figs. 1 and 2, while illustrating different embodiments, having many components in common and that reference elements present in Fig. 1 above may also apply to the same corresponding elements in Fig. 2.

[0041] The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory. Various changes in the size, shape, and materials, as well as in the details of the illustrative construction and/or an illustrative method may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.