CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The embodiments herein claims the priority of the Indian Provisional Patent Application filed on January 08, 2016 with the number 201641000745 and entitled, "A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TWO-WAY SATELLITE BASED COMMUNICATION USING MILLIMETER WAVES", and the contents of which are included in entirety as reference herein.

BACKGROUND Technical field

[0002] The embodiments herein are generally related to a communication system for terrestrial to terrestrial, terrestrial to and from space or space to space communication systems in a plurality of frequency bands. The embodiments herein are particularly related to a communication system between terrestrial and space communication systems and a communication method enabled by millimeter waves. The embodiments herein are more particularly related to space to space communications and communication between terrestrial and space communication systems enabled by millimeter waves of frequencies 57-66GHz, 66-" 71 GHz, 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz. Description of the Related Art

[0003] The wavelength of millimeter waves are comparable to the size of the fabricated printed circuit board (PCB) connections and these results in high path losses due to the track themselves becoming antenna and receivers.

[0004] Currently, there are no systems and methods to optimally use millimeter waves in enabling communication between systems, where the transmitter and receiver are relatively in motion with respect to each other. Also, there are no systems and methods to optimally reuse spectrum to establish communication links between one transmitter and multiple receivers, and vice versa.

[0005] Hence, there is a need for a system and method for developing integrated hardware and software solutions for millimeter wave enabled communication such that the connection losses encountered by a normal PCB circuit are avoided. There is also a need to develop millimeter wave enabled communication devices that are capable of communicating between space and terrestrial systems. There is also a need for new antenna hardware and associated systems, which enable precious spectrum resources to be reused effectively.

[0006] The above mentioned shortcomings, disadvantages and problems are addressed herein and which will be understood by reading and studying the following specification.

OBJECT OF THE EMBODIMENTS HEREIN

[0007] The primary object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system between terrestrial only, or terrestrial and space or space to space and a communication method enabled by millimeter waves. [0008] Another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a system and method for terrestrial only, or terrestrial and space or space to space communication systems enabled by millimeter waves of frequencies 57-66GHz, 66-71 GHz, 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz.

[0009], Yet another : object of-the embodiments-herein is- to provide narrow angle ^" beam and wide angle beam communication between receivers and transmitters.

[0010] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to enable communication when transmitters and receivers are in relative motion with each other.

[0011] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system in which beam-forming related delay correction is enabled in baseband rather than after a high frequency (millimeter wave) carrier is applied.

[0012] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system in which the number of beams is scalable and the system enables dynamically changing the number of beams.

[0013] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system in which the beams are steerable to track the transmitter/receiver.

[0014] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system that enables reuse of spectrum at different spatial orientations through Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA).

[0015] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system that enables the use of multiple spectrum slots in one or more spatial orientations through Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). [0016] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system to enable uninterrupted service and good spectrum utilization by combining Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technologies.

[0017] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system to enable the change of communication channel bit-rate and/or bandwidth to maintain reliable communication.

[0018] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to project a plurality of beams shaped in a particular way to scan particular objects or persons for medical security purposes.

[0019] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to provide a communication system and method to cover a large service area through a plurality of narrow angle signal beams.

[0020] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to minimize overall power required by a communication system by dynamically enabling and disabling specific channels based on user-availability and need.

[0021] Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to increase or decrease power to specific narrow beams based on desired channel quality in a communication system.

[0022] These and other objects and advantages of the embodiments herein will become readily apparent from the following summary and the detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. SUMMARY

[0023] The following details present a simplified summary of the embodiments herein to provide a basic understanding of the several aspects of the embodiments herein. This summary is not an gxtensive overview of the embodiments herein. It-is not-intended to identify key/criticaT elements of the embodiments herein or to delineate the scope of the embodiments herein. Its sole purpose is to present the concepts of the embodiments herein in ^simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0024] The other objects and advantages of the embodiments herein will become readily apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0025] The various embodiments herein provide a communication system between terrestrial to terrestrial or terrestrial and space or space to space systems and a communication method enabled by millimeter waves. The embodiments also provide a system and method for communication systems enabled by millimeter waves of frequencies 57-66 GHz, 66-71 GHz, 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz.

[0026] According to one embodiment herein, narrow angle beam and wide angle beam communication between receiver and transmitter is provided.

[0027] According to one embodiment herein, the communication is enabled even in the case of relative motion between the receiver and transmitter.

[0028] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system in which beam- forming related delay correction is enabled, is provided. The delay correction is enabled in baseband rather than after a high frequency (millimeter wave) carrier is applied. The number of beams is scalable and the system enables dynamically changing the number of beams. [0029] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system that enables reuse of spectrum at different spatial orientations is provided. The reuse of spectrum at different spatial orientations is enabled through Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The system is also-enabled— to use multiple spectrum-slots- in one or -more spatial- orientations-through Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The system provides uninterrupted service and good spectrum utilization by combining Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technologies.

[0030] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system to enable the change of communication channel bit-rate is provided. By changing the bit-rate, reliable communication is maintained through effective utilization of available bandwidth. The system also covers a large service area through a plurality of narrow angle signal beams. The embodiment minimizes overall power required by a communication system by dynamically enabling and disabling specific channels based on user-availability and need. The system also increases or decreases power to specific narrow beams based on desired channel quality in a communication system.

[0031] According to one embodiment herein, acquisition and tracking of transmitter and receiver is enabled. The transmitter and receiver detect the direction of communication, especially in the following scenarios: current location of transmitter or receiver is not known to either or both transmitter and receiver; and/ or, communication is enabled through narrow beams. In order to acquire the direction of communication, wide angle beams (in "acquisition" mode) are used to enable communication of trajectory information with a very low data-rate. The system uses narrow angle beams (in "data" mode) for high data-rate communication. The embodiment is also employed as the following variations: use low frequency bands for acquisition mode and high frequency bands for high data-rate; use ISM bands for acquisition mode as low data-rate is sufficient to communicate trajectory information; "Acquisition" mode is regularly ^usedjo enable, regular- broadcast of trajectoiy'- information; trajectory information ^~ comprises only position information, optionally higher order information such as velocity and acceleration; and, trajectory information comprises only current time information and/or past and/or future information.

[0032] According to an embodiment herein, a system is provided for one-to-many and/or many-to-many communication using a point-to-multipoint communication technology with millimeter waves. The system comprises a plurality of transmitters, a plurality of receivers, a transmitting medium, a plurality of non-planar 2D and 3D array of elements with a reflector/lens assembly to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna, QAM schemes for modulation and demodulation and a plurality of low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers. Each of the plurality of transmitters comprise a hardware processor, a memory, a server and an array of transmitting antennas. Each plurality of receivers comprise a hardware processor, a memory, a server and an array of receiving antennas. The beams of a non-planar array of antenna are shaped to optimize a performance of the antennas. The demodulation is performed through soft demodulation and hard demodulation techniques. The plurality of small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers are configured to provide an uninterrupted communication service with an optimized power consumption for varying channel conditions. A plurality of beams is formed with transmitting/receiving antenna for efficient spectrum re-use through a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques.

[0033] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of transmitters comprises a„hard are_ processor. Each-of the -hardware processors-further comprises a plurality— of field programmable gate arrays, a plurality of general purpose processors and a plurality of application specific integrated circuits. The field programmable gate arrays and the application specific integrated circuits predominantly provide fine-grained processing of all the information being transmitted from the transmitter.

[0034] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of transmitters comprises a server. Each of the servers comprises all the information that is transmitted and the data that enables the transmission of the information. The data in the server controls the higher level functioning of the transmitter.

[0035] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of receivers comprises a hardware processor. Each of the hardware processors further comprises a plurality of field programmable gate arrays, a plurality of general purpose processors and a plurality of application specific integrated circuits. The field programmable gate arrays and the application specific integrated circuits predominantly provide fine-grained processing of all the information received in the receiver.

[0036] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of receivers comprises a server. Each of the servers comprises all the information that is received and the data that enables receiving the information. The data in the server controls the higher level functioning of the receiver. [0037] According to an embodiment herein, the plurality of transmitters and receivers are relatively in motion with each other.

[0038] According to an embodiment herein, a method is provided for one-to-many and/or many-to^many communicationjjsing a- point-to-multipoint communication ^" techTi6l0g enabled by millimeter waves. The method comprises the following steps: defining a process for a formation of maximum number of multiple beams that is physically attainable by an array of antennas; configuring a plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna; shaping a beam of a non-planar 3D array of antenna and non-planar 2D array of antenna to optimize the performance of the antennas; performing a soft demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme; performing a hard demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme; providing an uninterrupted communication service with optimized spectrum utilization through a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques; acquiring information and tracking data of a transmitter and/or a receiver; optimizing the power utilization of the communication system; automatically calibrating an array of antennas; and, configuring an array of antennas enabled to operate for terrestrial applications.

[0039] According to an embodiment herein, the plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly is configured to achieve an electronically wide- steerable narrow-beam antenna through a use of a plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly. The non-planar array is configured for very large steerability angle of 360 degrees. The non-planar array in combination of lens/reflector is configured to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna. The non-planar array is of a plurality of shapes including square, trapezoidal, hexagonal, circular and spherical, and the non-planar array is configured for a plurality of types of lens and reflectors.

[0040] According to an embodiment herein, a beam of a non-planar 2D and 3D array of antennas is shaped by a process comprising the following steps: defining a radiation origin point and a normal vector along a direction of interest; representing positions of individual array elements and the corresponding normal vectors with the radiation origin point as the coordinate frame of origin; projecting a position of each of the array elements that contributes to radiation along a direction of interest; computing a window function with desired parameter values; computing weights to be assigned to each of the elements based on relative footprint of each element in the window function; and multiplying a signal of an array element with the weight computed for the particular array element.

[0041] According to an embodiment herein, the process for shaping a beam of non- planar 2D array of antennas and shaping a beam of non-planar 3D array of antennas are varied based on a type of application. The type of application comprises faster or leaner implementation, implementing with superior accuracy, considering a lowest distance antenna projection boundary and considering highest distance antenna projection boundary.

[0042] According to an embodiment herein, a process of a soft demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme is provided. The process comprises performing demodulation by defining confidence numbers for individual bits of information and representing mid-points for decision making regarding individual bits from Most-Significant Bit to Least Significant Bit. The soft demodulation process is provided for a plurality of wired and wireless communication systems apart from millimeter wave communication.

[0043] According to an embodiment herein, a process of a hard demodulation for a quadrature amplitudejmodulation scheme-is provided.-The -process comprises creating aTookup ^~ table with entries as a plurality of b-bit values corresponding to each symbol. The hard demodulation process is provided for a plurality of wired and wireless communication systems apart from millimeter wave communication.

[0044] According to an embodiment herein, an uninterrupted communication service is provided with the optimized spectrum utilization. The communication service comprises a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques. The spatial orientations are uniformly divided into a plurality of spatial slots to cover a desired serviceable area. A plurality of frequency bands is assigned to a plurality of spatial slots in such a way that the frequency bands are non-overlapping. The plurality of frequency bands assigned to the plurality of spatial slots is provided with guard bands to prevent interference. The spatial slots are provided to ensure that no two adjacent spatial slots are configured to utilize a same frequency band.

[0045] According to an embodiment herein, a step of optimizing the power utilization of the communication system is provided. The step comprises configuring a plurality of small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers in an antenna element and remainder of the system, and/or increasing a number of array elements along with small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers. The present embodiment is also provided for a plurality of communication methods such as wired communication (multi-modal optical fibers), RADAR and IR/Visible/UV/X- ray/Terahertz wave based devices.

[0046] According to an embodiment herein, a method of automatic calibration of an array of receiving antennas js provided. Jhe method comprises following steps: placing a known transmitting antenna pointing towards a specific orientation (θ, φ) in far field with respect to receiving antenna which needs to be calibrated; performing auto-calibration of frequency, phase and amplitude at receiver only for one specific path using standard methods; applying the frequency and amplitude corrections obtained from a specific path to all paths; transmitting a pre-set sequence of data with a predetermined modulation repeating indefinitely from a transmitting antenna, and wherein the sequence of data is similar to/same as that used in standard methods of phase auto-calibration for single path; acquiring data from all paths for a preset duration and maintaining the specific path chosen in the second step as a reference; computing a phase difference in rest of the paths; computing the expected phase difference between the specific path (chosen in the second step) and rest of the paths for signal coming from direction (θ, φ) using standard theories; subtracting the expected phase difference from an observed phase difference to get a desired correction of phase per path; repeating the above steps for a few more relative orientations (θ, φ) of transmitting antenna with respect to receiving antenna, to determine an average of correction of phase per path; and, performing post- calibration, by performing the phase corrections in addition to expected phase difference along any direction of reception of signal.

[0047] According to an embodiment herein, a method of automatic calibration of an array of transmitting antennas comprises the following steps: placing a known receiving antenna pointing towards a specific orientation (θ, φ) in a far field with respect to transmitting antenna to be calibrated; performing auto-calibration of frequency, phase and amplitude at receiver while transmitting only from one specific path using standard methods, and wherein, the step of automatic calibration for _every path other -than the chosen path-comprisesrdeactivating all patter except current path to be calibrated and chosen path, performing a full sweep of phase offsets (- 180 degrees to 180 degrees) for current path in relation to the phase of chosen path; computing a power received at the receiving antenna for each phase offset, picking up the phase offset to provide highest power; computing the expected phase difference between the chosen path and the current path for signal going to direction (θ, φ) using standard theory; subtracting the expected phase difference from observed phase difference to achieve a desired phase correction; and performing a post-calibration by performing the phase correction in addition to expected phase difference for any direction of transmission, and wherein the process is repeated for a plurality of other orientations (θ, φ) to determine an average of phase correction per path.

[0048] According to an embodiment herein, a method for auto-calibration of positional offsets of array antenna is provided. Once a phase correction is configured, the system enables estimation and correction for manufacturing inaccuracies in position of elements in the array. The estimation and correction for transmitting and receiving antenna are performed in following steps: configure one of the elements in the array as reference element; represent the observed and expected phase difference for an element, where the expected phase difference includes the phase correction for path related to the element; compute the observed and expected phase difference for a plurality of different orientations; store the computed data in form of matrices; configure the use of least square error principal and obtain 3-dimensional positional offsets corresponding to element in the array antenna; and, repeat the above for all elements in the array antenna to obtain the relative error with respect to the reference element.

[0049] According to an embodiment herein, the method for auto-calibration of positional offsets of array antenna is enabled.for antennas where multiple-antenna elements are connected to a fewer paths or RF chain. The method is also enabled for a group of elements per path. When the result comprises some residual errors, which are not exactly captured without direct phase measurement of individual elements in a group, a plurality of isolators or switches are configured to activate or deactivate specific elements for the purpose of measurement.

[0050] According to an embodiment herein, a flat array configuration of antenna elements is provided for terrestrial applications. For terrestrial applications such as backhaul or fronthaul, a wide angle steering of the beam is performed only in horizontal plane and not in the vertical plane, as transmitters and receivers are at similar altitudes. A configuration is provided for P2MP systems with a large number of elements along horizontal direction than vertical direction, such as a 90x2 patch element planar array, where 90 is along horizontal and 2 is along vertical and a 90x2 patch element non-planar array, where here again, 90 is along horizontal and 2 is along vertical. A lens or reflector or combination of lens and reflector are provided for achieving necessary beam widths for both horizontal and vertical directions.

[0051] These and other aspects of the embodiments herein will be better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following descriptions, while indicating preferred embodiments and numerous specific details thereof, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the embodiments herein without departing from the spirit thereof, and the embodiments herein include all such modifications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] The other objects, features and advantages will occur to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings in which:

[0053] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a plurality of transmitters and receivers in a communication system, according to an embodiment herein.

[0054] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an implementation of the embodiments herein, according to an embodiment herein.

[0055] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary spatial orientation of uniformly divided multiple spatial slots in a communication system, according to an embodiment herein.

[0056] FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication system for terrestrial to terrestrial, terrestrial to and from space or space to space communication systems in a plurality of frequency bands, according to an embodiment herein.

[0057] FIG. 5a illustrates an antenna beam formed with a planar array with and without lens assembly, according to an embodiment herein.

[0058] FIG. 5b illustrates an antenna beam formed with a rectangular non-planar array with and without reflector/lens assembly, according to an embodiment herein.

[0059] FIG. 6 illustrates a beam shaping technique for a rectangular non-planar 2D array antenna, according to an embodiment herein.

15 [0060] FIG. 7 illustrates a beam shaping technique for a rectangular non-planar 3D array antenna, according to an embodiment herein.

[0061] Although the specific features of the embodiments herein are shown in some drawings and not-in others—his is-done for convenience only as each feature rnay be ^" combined ^" with any or all of the other features in accordance with the embodiment herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS HEREIN

[0062] The various embodiments herein provide a communication system between terrestrial to terrestrial or terrestrial and space or space to space systems and a communication method enabled by millimeter waves. The embodiments also provide a system and method for communication systems enabled by millimeter waves of frequencies 57-66 GHz, 66-71 GHz, 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz.

[0063] According to one embodiment herein, narrow angle beam and wide angle beam communication between receiver and transmitter is provided.

[0064] According to one embodiment herein, the communication is enabled even in the case of relative motion between the receiver and transmitter.

[0065] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system in which beam- forming related delay correction is enabled, is provided. The delay correction is enabled in baseband rather than after a high frequency (millimeter wave) carrier is applied. The number of beams is scalable and the system enables dynamically changing the number of beams.

[0066] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system that enables reuse of spectrum at different spatial orientations is provided. The reuse of spectrum at different spatial orientations is enabled through Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The system is also enabled to use multiple spectrum slots in one or more spatial orientations through Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The system provides uninterrupted service and good spectrum utilization by combining Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technologies.

[0067] According to one embodiment herein, a communication system to enable the change of communication channel bit-rate is provided. By changing the bit-rate, reliable communication is maintained through effective utilization of available bandwidth. The system also covers a large service area through a plurality of narrow angle signal beams. The embodiment minimizes overall power required by a communication system by dynamically enabling and disabling specific channels based on user-availability and need. The system also increases or decreases power to specific narrow beams based on desired channel quality in a communication system.

[0068] According to one embodiment herein, acquisition and tracking of transmitter and receiver is enabled. The transmitter and receiver detect the direction of communication, especially in the following scenarios: current location of transmitter or receiver is not known to either or both transmitter and receiver; and/ or, communication is enabled through narrow beams. In order to acquire the direction of communication, wide angle beams (in "acquisition" mode) are used to enable communication of trajectory information with a very low data-rate. The system uses narrow angle beams (in "data" mode) for high data-rate communication. The embodiment is also employed as the following variations: use low frequency bands for acquisition mode and high frequency bands for high data-rate; use ISM bands for acquisition mode as low data-rate is sufficient to communicate trajectory information; "Acquisition" mode is regularly used to enable regular broadcast of trajectory information; trajectory information comprises only position information, optionally higher order information such as velocity and acceleration;_and,_trajector -information- comprises-only -current time- information and/or past ^-" and/or future information.

[0069] According to an embodiment herein, a system is provided for one-to-many and/or many-to-many communication using a point-to-multipoint communication technology with millimeter waves. The system comprises a plurality of transmitters, a plurality of receivers, a transmitting medium, a plurality of non-planar 2D and 3D array of elements with a reflector/lens assembly to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna, QAM schemes for modulation and demodulation and a plurality of low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers. Each of the plurality of transmitters comprise a hardware processor, a memory, a server and an array of transmitting antennas. Each plurality of receivers comprise a hardware processor, a memory, a server and an array of receiving antennas. The beams of a non-planar array of antenna are shaped to optimize a performance of the antennas. The demodulation is performed through soft demodulation and hard demodulation techniques. The plurality of small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers are configured to provide an uninterrupted communication service with an optimized power consumption for varying channel conditions. A plurality of beams is formed with transmitting/receiving antenna for efficient spectrum re-use through a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques. [0070] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of transmitters comprises a hardware processor. Each of the hardware processors further comprises a plurality of field programmable gate arrays, a plurality of general purpose processors and a plurality of application specific integrated circuits. The field-programmable gate arrays and ^"' the ^~ appl ^' icatiori specific integrated circuits predominantly provide fine-grained processing of all the information being transmitted from the transmitter.

[0071] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of transmitters comprises a server. Each of the servers comprises all the information that is transmitted and the data that enables the transmission of the information. The data in the server controls the higher level functioning of the transmitter.

[0072] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of receivers comprises a hardware processor. Each of the hardware processors further comprises a plurality of field programmable gate arrays, a plurality of general purpose processors and a plurality of application specific integrated circuits. The field programmable gate arrays and the application specific integrated circuits predominantly provide fine-grained processing of all the information received in the receiver.

[0073] According to an embodiment herein, each of the plurality of receivers comprises a server. Each of the servers comprises all the information that is received and the data that enables receiving the information. The data in the server controls the higher level functioning of the receiver.

[0074] According to an embodiment herein, the plurality of transmitters and receivers are relatively in motion with each other. [0075] According to an embodiment herein, a method is provided for one-to-many and/or many-to-many communication using a point-to-multipoint communication technology enabled by millimeter waves. The method comprises the following steps: defining a process for a formation of maximum number of multiple-beams that is-physieally attainable by aff afray ' of antennas; configuring a plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna; shaping a beam of a non-planar 3D array of antenna and non-planar 2D array of antenna to optimize the performance of the antennas; performing a soft demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme; performing a hard demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme; providing an uninterrupted communication service with optimized spectrum utilization through a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques; acquiring information and tracking data of a transmitter and/or a receiver; optimizing the power utilization of the communication system; automatically calibrating an array of antennas; and, configuring an array of antennas enabled to operate for terrestrial applications.

[0076] According to an embodiment herein, the plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly is configured to achieve an electronically wide- steerable narrow-beam antenna through a use of a plurality of non-planar array of elements with or without a reflector/lens assembly. The non-planar array is configured for very large steerability angle of '360 degrees. The non-planar array in combination of lens/reflector is configured to achieve an electronically wide-steerable narrow-beam antenna. The non-planar array is of a plurality of shapes including square, trapezoidal, hexagonal, circular and spherical, and the non-planar array is configured for a plurality of types of lens and reflectors.

[0077] According to an embodiment herein, a beam of a non-planar 2D and 3D array of antennas is_shap_e_d. by_a process comprising the -following-steps^-defining-a-radratiorrorigiri^o nt and a normal vector along a direction of interest; representing positions of individual array elements and the corresponding normal vectors with the radiation origin point as the coordinate frame of origin; projecting a position of each of the array elements that contributes to radiation along a direction of interest; computing a window function with desired parameter values; computing weights to be assigned to each of the elements based on relative footprint of each element in the window function; and multiplying a signal of an array element with the weight computed for the particular array element.

[0078] According to an embodiment herein, the process for shaping a beam of non- planar 2D array of antennas and shaping a beam of non-planar 3D array of antennas are varied based on a type of application. The type of application comprises faster or leaner implementation, implementing with superior accuracy, considering a lowest distance antenna projection boundary and considering highest distance antenna projection boundary.

[0079] According to an embodiment herein, a process of a soft demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme is provided. The process comprises performing demodulation by defining confidence numbers for individual bits of information and representing mid-points for decision making regarding individual bits from Most-Significant Bit to Least Significant Bit. The soft demodulation process is provided for a plurality of wired and wireless communication systems apart from millimeter wave communication. [0080] According to an embodiment herein, a process of a hard demodulation for a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme is provided. The process comprises creating a lookup table with entries as a plurality of b-bit values corresponding to each symbol. The hard demodulation process is provided for- a plurality of wired and-wireless communication systems ^" apart from millimeter wave communication.

[0081] According to an embodiment herein, an uninterrupted communication service is provided with the optimized spectrum utilization. The communication service comprises a combined use of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques. The spatial orientations are uniformly divided into a plurality of spatial slots to cover a desired serviceable area. A plurality of frequency bands is assigned to a plurality of spatial slots in such a way that the frequency bands are non-overlapping. The plurality of frequency bands assigned to the plurality of spatial slots is provided with guard bands to prevent interference. The spatial slots are provided to ensure that no two adjacent spatial slots are configured to utilize a same frequency band.

[0082] According to an embodiment herein, a step of optimizing the power utilization of the communication system is provided. The step comprises configuring a plurality of small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers in an antenna element and remainder of the system, and/or increasing a number of array elements along with small low noise amplifiers or power amplifiers. The present embodiment is provided for a plurality of communication methods such as wired communication (multi-modal optical fibres), RADAR and IR/Visible UV/X- ray/Terahertz wave based devices. [0083] According to an embodiment herein, a method of automatic calibration of an array of receiving antennas is provided. The method comprises following steps: placing a known transmitting antenna pointing towards a specific orientation (θ, φ) in far field with respect to receiving antenna which needs to be _calibrated;^performing -auto-cal-ibration-of frequencyrphase and amplitude at receiver only for one specific path using standard methods; applying the frequency and amplitude corrections obtained from a specific path to all paths; transmitting a pre-set sequence of data with a predetermined modulation repeating indefinitely from a transmitting antenna, and wherein the sequence of data is similar to/same as that used in standard methods of phase auto-calibration for single path; acquiring data from all paths for a preset duration and maintaining the specific path chosen in the second step as a reference; computing a phase difference in rest of the paths; computing the expected phase difference between the specific path (chosen in the second step) and rest of the paths for signal coming from direction (θ, φ) using standard theories; subtracting the expected phase difference from an observed phase difference to get a desired correction of phase per path; repeating the above steps for a few more relative orientations (θ, φ) of transmitting antenna with respect to receiving antenna, to determine an average of correction of phase per path; and, performing post- calibration, by performing the phase corrections in addition to expected phase difference along any direction of reception of signal.

[0084] According to an embodiment herein, a method of automatic calibration of an array of transmitting antennas comprises the following steps: placing a known receiving antenna pointing towards a specific orientation (θ, φ) in a far field with respect to transmitting antenna to be calibrated; performing auto-calibration of frequency, phase and amplitude at receiver while transmitting only from one specific path using standard methods, and wherein, the step of automatic calibration for every path other than the chosen path comprises: deactivating all paths except current path to be calibrated and chosen path, performing a full sweep of phase offsets (- 180 degrees to 180 degrees) for current path in relation to the phase of chosen path; computing a ^~ power received at the receiving antenna for each phase offset, picking up the phase offset to provide highest power; computing the expected phase difference between the chosen path and the current path for signal going to direction (θ, φ) using standard theory; subtracting the expected phase difference from observed phase difference to achieve a desired phase correction; and performing a post-calibration by performing the phase correction in addition to expected phase difference for any direction of transmission, and wherein the process is repeated for a plurality of other orientations (θ, φ) to determine an average of phase correction per path.

[0085] According to an embodiment herein, a method for auto-calibration of positional offsets of array antenna is provided. Once a phase correction is configured, the system enables estimation and correction for manufacturing inaccuracies in position of elements in the array. The estimation and correction for transmitting and receiving antenna are performed in following steps: configure one of the elements in the array as reference element; represent the observed and expected phase difference for an element, where the expected phase difference includes the phase correction for path related to the element; compute the observed and expected phase difference for a plurality of different orientations; store the computed data in form of matrices; configure the use of least square error principal and obtain 3-dimensional positional offsets corresponding to element in the array antenna; and, repeat the above for all elements in the array antenna to obtain the relative error with respect to the reference element. [0086] According to an embodiment herein, the method for auto-calibration of positional offsets of array antenna is enabled for antennas where multiple antenna elements are connected to a fewer paths or RF chain. The method is also enabled for a group of elements per path. When the result comprises some, residual errors, which are not exactly captured without direct phase— measurement of individual elements in a group, a plurality of isolators or switches are configured to activate or deactivate specific elements for the purpose of measurement,

[0087] According to an embodiment herein, a flat array configuration of antenna elements is provided for terrestrial applications. For terrestrial applications such as backhaul or fronthaul, a wide angle steering of the beam is performed only in horizontal plane and not in the vertical plane, as transmitters and receivers are at similar altitudes. A configuration is provided for P2MP systems with a large number of elements along horizontal direction than vertical direction, such as a 90x2 patch element planar array, where 90 is along horizontal and 2 is along vertical and a 90x2 patch element non-planar array, where here again, 90 is along horizontal and 2 is along vertical. A lens or reflector or combination of lens and reflector are provided for achieving necessary beam widths for both horizontal and vertical directions.

[0088] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a plurality of transmitters and receivers in a communication system. The communication system comprises multiple Transmitters 101a,

101b, , 101η and multiple Receivers 102a, 102b, , 102n. The Transmitters 101a, 101b, , 101 ^η and Receivers 102a, 102b, , 102n move with constant or non-constant relative velocities (including zero), which are different for different Transmitters 101a, 101b, , 101η and Receivers 102a, 102b, , 102n. Primary mode of communication is typically with narrow angle beams, where each transmitter and receiver has a plurality of beams originating and terminating. In the present embodiment, a transmitter is enabled to simultaneously act as a receiver, and a receiver is enabled to simultaneously act as a transmitter (not illustrated in the diagram) at different or same frequency bands and/or at different or same time instants.

[0089] EIG.— 2 illustrates a block- diagram- of- -an- implementation - of the-present embodiments herein. A constellation of satellites 201a, 201b, 201n transmits/receives to/from a plurality of receiver/transmitter arrangements 202a, 202b, 202n. The constellation of satellites is moving with respect to fixed points on ground. In case of low-earth orbit satellites, the satellites move at speeds as high as 8 km/s with respect to fixed points on ground. Each footprint or serviceable area of a satellite is covered by multiple narrow angle beams (not illustrated in the figure).

[0090] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary spatial orientation of uniformly divided multiple spatial slots in a communication system. Spatial orientations are uniformly divided into multiple spatial slots to cover the desired serviceable area. Spatial slots with same number use same frequency band; frequency bands assigned to different numbers are non-overlapping and are enabled with guard bands, if necessary, to prevent interference. The spatial division as illustrated, ensures that no two adjacent spatial slots use the same frequency bands. The primary advantage of present embodiment is that through spatial division as illustrated, it is possible to cover the entire service area, with just six frequency bands. The spatial slots illustrated in FIG. 3 are rectangular, however, the system is configured to enable a plurality of other types of spatial slots and shapes, such as hexagonal or shapes with higher number of sides, and follow the procedure for rectangular slots of frequency reuse in spatial slots. [0091] FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication system for terrestrial to terrestrial, terrestrial to and from space or space to space communication systems in a plurality of frequency bands. The system comprises a transmitter 101, a receiver 102 and a transmitting medium 405. The transmitter 101 comprises a hardware processor401ya memory 402, a server 403 and an array of transmitting antennas 404. The hardware processor 401 comprises a plurality of field programmable gate arrays 401a, a plurality of application specific integrated circuits 401b and a plurality of general purpose processors 401c. The receiver 101 comprises a hardware processor 406, a memory 407, a server 408 and an array of receiving antennas 409. The hardware processor 406 comprises a plurality of field programmable gate arrays 406a, a plurality of application specific integrated circuits 406b and a plurality of general purpose processors 401c.

[0092] FIG. 5a illustrates an antenna beam formed with a planar array with and without lens assembly. An antenna beam formed with a planar array with and without reflector assembly is similar to the illustration in FIG. 5a.

[0093] FIG. 5b illustrates an antenna beam formed with a non-planar array with and without reflector/lens assembly.

[0094] FIG. 6 illustrates a beam shaping technique for a rectangular non-planar 2D array antenna.

[0095] FIG. 7 illustrates a beam shaping technique for a rectangular non-planar 3D array antenna.

[0096] The embodiments herein provide a system and method for terrestrial to terrestrial or terrestrial and space or space to space communication enabled by millimeter waves of frequencies 57-66GHz, 66-71 GHz, 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz. Currently there are no systems and methods to optimally use millimeter waves in enabling communication. The system enables wide-beam communication between receivers and transmitters which are in relative motion with other receivers and transmitters in the system. The embodiments herein provide uninterrupted service and good spectrum utilization by combining Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technologies. The embodiments herein minimize overall power required by a communication system by dynamically enabling and disabling specific channels based on user-availability and need. The system also increases or decreases power based on channel quality in order to maintain desired bit-rate of communication. The system covers a large service area through a plurality of narrow angle signal beams. The system also tracks the transmitter/receiver by steering the signal beams.

[0097] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. [0098] Although the embodiments herein are described with various specific embodiments, it will be obvious for a person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure with modifications. However, all such modifications are deemed to be within the scope of the appended claims.

[0099] It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the embodiments described herein and all the statements of the scope of the embodiments which as a matter of language might be said to fall there between.