FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a method of earthing oscillating electric coils through a capacitive connection to the earth so that AC earth currents will be developed when the capacitive connection is oscillated with AC electrical energy. When two or more oscillating coils are used as transmitters then electrical currents flow between the capacitive connections to the earth of the coils facilitating wireless power transmission through the earth. Receivers may then utilize the electrical current to take power from the earth. This is facilitated by a new coil operating paradigm.

[0002] The present invention relates to a system, method and apparatus for wireless distribution of power and, more particularly, to such a system, method and apparatus particularly suited, although not exclusively, to the wireless transmission of power through a medium including through the earth between a transmitter station and a receiver station.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.

[0004] Oscillating coils, particularly Tesla coils and Magnifiers have long since been used to produce high AC voltages and currents. A typical Tesla coil has an impedance of some 50,000 Ohms, however the earth impedance at certain frequencies may approach zero. This represents a very poor impedance match for the Tesla coil or any other oscillating coil that is trying to get decent power transfer to the earth since virtually all power is returned to the transmitter in the return phase due to lack of load resistance. It is important that the transmitter coil and the load must have the same impedance for the efficient transfer of power into the load in conductively connected apparatus, in this case, into the ground as a conduit between the transmitter and the load with the total impedance in the load plus ground impedance equalling the impedance in the transmitter coil. The result of this is that transmission of energy through the ground using these devices has been limited in range as the path of least resistance for the return current is to the coil itself. It is simply impossible to get power into the ground using grounded coils since at the point of power injection to the ground the voltage is virtually zero and since Power = VI very little power transfer takes place. Transmission is overcome by reverse currents forming as there is no voltage to speak of to drive the currents further though the ground. The current and voltage are also out of phase where these coils are traditionally earthed, at the bottom of the coil and this makes the power transfer even more difficult.

[0005] In the conventional connection, the coil is connected to the earth at one end so the impedance in the coil capacitor pair would normally have to be matched for transmission to take place efficiently the same as applies to radio which is impossible with existing coil design since for efficient transfer the impedance of the load should equal the impedance of the transmitter thus if we have an impedance of zero we can get no power into the transmitter when the apparatus is operated using the current paradigm.

[0006] It would be a great advance in this area of endeavour if a suitable earthing system could be devised for Tesla coils or Magnifiers in particular, but also oscillating coils in LC or LCR systems in general to allow the energy transfer of the current and voltage transmitted between two or more locations on the earth to be efficient and in phase.

[0007] US Application No. 2011 /0156494 by Mashinsky (assigned to Governing Dynamics

LLC) discloses a wireless energy transfer system. However, this system, as for the Tesla coil systems referenced above, relies on a direct earth connection of the coiled structure, as illustrated in Figures 2, 4 and 6 thereof. As such, this system will suffer the same technical imperfections as those of the more general Tesla systems described immediately below.

[0008] Nikola Tesla in his US Patent No 645,576 issued 20 March 1900 disclosed a system and method for transmitting electrical energy through a natural media. In particular forms, the propagation of electrical energy is by conduction through air strata however the disclosure of this patent contemplates adjustment of at least frequency and voltage with a view to adjusting the extent to which electrical energy is passed through the air or through the earth. The specification and drawings of US Patent No 645,576 are incorporated herein in their entirety by cross reference.

[0009] Broadly, the Tesla system comprised a step up transformer arrangement in electrical communication with an earth terminal and an 'elevated' terminal. When referenced in later art - for example see US Patent No 7,960,867 issued 14 June 2011 to Issa et al, this arrangement is collectively termed the emitter. The step up coil arrangement is also termed a Tesla coil or a Tesla resonator. The emitter transmits electrical energy wirelessly through media including earth and earth's atmosphere to a receiver which comprises a second Tesla resonator or step down arrangement in communication with an earth terminal and an 'elevated' terminal.

[0010] Attempts continue to this day to transfer efficiently substantial amounts of electrical energy wirelessly broadly in accordance with this mechanism.

[0011] In that regard, for example, US Patent No 7,960,867 referred to above, issued to Issa et al discloses a particular arrangement for a transmitter and emitter. The entire disclosure of US Patent No 7,960,867 is incorporated herein by cross reference and including the prior art references referred to therein.

[0012] An unverified report from AFP (Agence France-Presse) dated in 2008 indicates that

Intel powered a 60 Watt light bulb utilising a wireless energy resonant link reliant primarily on magnetic field leakage rather than electric field leakage. This approach using substantially entirely induction has severe transmission distance limitations.

[0013] It is an object of the embodiments of the present invention to provide a system for wireless distribution of power which addresses or ameliorates one or more of the above mentioned disadvantages.

[0014] With reference to the prior art and arrangement shown in Figure 5, Nikola Tesla in his US Patent No 645,576 issued 20 March 1900 disclosed a system and method for transmitting electrical energy through a natural media. In particular forms, the propagation of electrical energy is by conduction through air strata however the disclosure of this patent contemplates adjustment of at least frequency and voltage with a view to adjusting the extent to which electrical energy is passed through the air or through the earth. The specification and drawings of US Patent No 645,576 are incorporated herein in their entirety by cross reference.

[0015] Broadly, with reference to prior art Figure 5, the Tesla system comprised a step up transformer arrangement 101 in electrical communication with an earth terminal 102 and an 'elevated' terminal 103. When referenced in later art - for example see US Patent No 7,960,867 issued 14 June 201 1 to Issa et al, this arrangement is collectively termed the emitter 104. The step up coil arrangement 101 is also termed a Tesla coil or a Tesla resonator. The emitter 104 transmits electrical energy wirelessly through media including earth 105 and earth's atmosphere 106 to a receiver 107 which comprises a second Tesla resonator or step down arrangement 108 in communication with an earth terminal 109 and an 'elevated' terminal 110. [0016] Attempts continue to this day to transfer efficiently substantial amounts of electrical energy wirelessly broadly in accordance with this mechanism.

[0017] In that regard, for example, US Patent No 7,960,867 referred to above, issued to Issa et al discloses a particular arrangement for a transmitter and emitter. The entire disclosure of US Patent No 7,960,867 is incorporated herein by cross reference and including the prior art references referred to therein.

[0018] An unverified report from AFP (Agence France-Presse) dated in 2008 indicates that

Intel powered a 60 Watt light bulb utilising a wireless energy resonant link reliant primarily on magnetic field leakage rather than electric field leakage. This approach using substantially entirely induction has severe transmission distance limitations. :

[0019] It is an object of at least embodiments of the present invention to provide a system for wireless distribution of power which addresses or ameliorates one or more of the above mentioned disadvantages.

NOTES

[0020] The term "comprising" (and grammatical variations thereof) is used in this specification in the inclusive sense of "having" or "including", and not in the exclusive sense of "consisting only of.

[0021] The above discussion of the prior art in the Background of the invention, is not an admission that any information discussed therein is citable prior art or part of the common general knowledge of persons skilled in the art in any country.

[0022] Definition: in this specification a capacitive connection to ground means a connection that is dominantly electrically capacitive in nature and exhibits relatively little resistive or inductive characteristics in comparison to the capacitive characteristics. Ideally the capacitive connection is mechanically structured so as to support a voltage generating structure above it; the voltage generating structure otherwise substantially insulated from the ground. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0023] Accordingly it is the object of the present invention to provide an earthing method that allows oscillating coils to connect to the earth in a way that maximizes their power input to the ground to allow better efficiency in power transfer and allow power transmission to be conducted economically through the earth without wires. This is facilitated by a new coil operating paradigm.

[0024] Accordingly, in one broad form of the invention there is provided a wireless power transmission system comprising:

an emitter or transmitter in the form of a transmitting inverted Tesla Coil or Magnifier connected to the ground by its high voltage terminal by way of a capacitive earth connection and transmitting power through the ground to a subsequent receiver in the form of a receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier.

[0025] Preferably the subsequent receiving Tesla coil or magnifier is either well earthed through a capacitive earth connection or is well earthed via a conventional earth.

[0026] Preferably the distance between the two earth connections of the transmitter and receiver plus the length of the coils in the transmitter and receiver form a tuned length.

[0027] Preferably the system thus composed is operated at a frequency that is an harmonic or close to an harmonic of the tuned length thus established between the transmitter and emitter.

[0028] Preferably the inverted Tesla coil or Magnifier has a large capacitance on an elevated terminal which becomes a high current low-voltage node and is used as the neutral side during power transmission.

[0029] Preferably the coils are caused to impress voltage through their high voltage terminal onto the ground through air separation or using any of the capacitive earthing devices mentioned in the text or shown in the drawings hereto or any other efficacious capacitive connection method.

[0030] Preferably the Tesla coil or magnifier takes the form of the coil structure described below

[0031 ] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method of transmitting electrical power between an emitter location and a remote receiver location; said method comprising

generating by electrical excitation a potential difference between a first node and a second node where the first node and second node are in electrically conducting connected relationship; capacitively connecting one of the first node or second node to ground at the emitter location;

thereby to cause a corresponding potential difference to arise in a corresponding first node and a second node at the receiver location.

[0032] Preferably the first node is connected to ground via a capacitive ground connection at the emitter location and the first node has a higher potential difference relative to ground than the second node.

[0033] Preferably the second node is elevated mechanically well above the first node.

[0034] Preferably the second node is formed as a large area conductor.

[0035] Preferably the coil structure described below is utilised at least at the emitter location.

[0036] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided an emitter structure for transmitting electrical power between an emitter location and a remote receiver location; said emitter structure comprising

a first node and a second node where the first node and second node are in electrically conducting connected relationship;

a capacitive connection connecting one of the first node or second node to ground at the emitter location;

the emitter, when electrically excited, causing a corresponding potential difference to arise in a corresponding first node and a second node at the receiver location.

[0037] Preferably the first node is connected to ground at the emitter location and the first - node has a higher potential difference relative to ground than the second node.

[0038] Preferably the second node is elevated mechanically well above the first node.

[0039] Preferably the second node is formed as a large area conductor.

[0040] Preferably the capacitive connection is mechanically structured so as to support a voltage generating structure above it; the voltage generating structure otherwise substantially insulated from the ground.

[0041] Preferably the emitter structure utilises the coil structure described below.

[0042] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided, a wireless power transmission system comprising: a transmitting inverted Tesla Coil or Magnifier connected to the ground by its high voltage terminal using a capacitive earth connection and transmitting power through the ground to a subsequent receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier being well earthed through a capacitive earth connection or conventional earth with preferably the distance between the two earth connections of the transmitter and receiver plus the length of the coils in the transmitter and receiver forming a tuned length and the system thus composed being operated at a frequency that is an harmonic or close to an harmonic of the tuned length thus established. (In practice any length may be used, however efficiency may be impaired unless the tuned length is utilised.)

[0043] Preferably inverted Tesla coil or Magnifier has a large capacitance on an elevated terminal which becomes a high current low- voltage node and is used as the neutral side during power transmission.

[0044] Preferably coils are caused to impress voltage through their high voltage terminal onto the ground through air separation or using any of the capacitive earthing devices mentioned in the text or shown in the drawings hereto or any other efficacious capacitive connection method.

[0045] Preferably the transmitting inverted Tesla Coil or Magnifier is brought into resonance with a second receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier to maximize the amount of energy available in the receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier.

[0046] Preferably additional Tesla Coils or Magnifiers are added for transmission and reception of power by having each of them being located in a triangular (or other) grid pattern so that the transmitters and receivers that are within range of each other all use the same frequency or a harmonic of each others frequency augmenting the action of the other transmitters and receivers.

[0047] Preferably longer distance transmission is achieved by using lower frequencies.

[0048] Preferably shorter distance transmission is achieved by using higher frequencies.

[0049] Preferably frequencies used for longer or shorter distances are an harmonic of one another.

[0050] In yet another broad form of the invention there is provided a system where the method of single conductor power transmission is used to develop AC current and subsequently transmit the power through the earth to a receiver so that the energy at the receiver is rendered useable.

[0051] In another broad form of the invention there is provided a system where an oscillating LCR or LC circuit of any description is used to develop AC current which is transmitted through the earth to a receiver using an LCR or LC circuit of any description as a single conductor power transfer system with which to transmit power wirelessly from one location to another using the earth as a single conductor to do so.

[0052] Preferably LCR or LC circuit of the transmitter and the LCR or LC circuit of the receiver is brought into resonance with each other.

[0053] Preferably more than one power transmission and reception system may operate contemporaneously with another power transmission and reception system and not interfere with one another as each system is built to operate at a different discrete frequency so that neither power transmission system interferes with the operation of the other allowing discrete power generation and transmission to occur to allow commercial competition.

[0054] Preferably power transmission on discrete frequencies is allocated to transmission and receiving power stations so that civilian power may run on one frequency and the defence forces may run on another frequency so that in the event that the civilian power grid goes down, the defence power grid still remains intact.

[0055] In yet another broad form of the invention there is provided, a wireless power transmission system comprising: a transmitter coil connected to the ground by its high voltage terminal using a capacitive earth connection and transmitting power through the ground to a subsequent receiving coil; the subsequent receiving coil being well earthed through a capacitive earth connection or conventional earth.

[0056] Preferably the distance between the earth connection of the transmitter coil and the earth connection of the receiving coil plus the length of the coils in the transmitter and receiver forming a tuned length and the system thus composed being operated at a frequency that is an harmonic or close to an harmonic of the tuned length thus established.

[0057] Preferably the transmitter coil has a large capacitance on an elevated terminal which becomes a high current low-voltage node and is used as the neutral side during power transmission.

[0058] Preferably the coils are caused to impress voltage through their high voltage terminal onto the ground. [0059] Preferably the transmitting coil is brought into resonance with the receiving coil to maximize the amount of energy available in the receiving coil.

[0060] Preferably further including at least one additional coil for transmission and reception of power wherein the at least one additional coil is located in a triangular grid pattern so that the transmitter coil and receiver coil that are within range of each other all use the same frequency or a harmonic of each others frequency augmenting the action of the other transmitters and receivers.

[0061] Preferably longer distance transmission is achieved by using lower frequencies.

[0062] Preferably shorter distance transmission is achieved by using higher frequencies.

[0063] Preferably the frequencies used for longer distances are an harmonic of one another and of the shorter distance frequencies.

[0064] Preferably the frequencies used for shorter distances are an harmonic of one another and of the longer distance frequencies.

[0065] In yet another broad for of the invention there is provided a wireless power transmission system wherein single conductor power transmission is used to develop AC current and subsequently transmit power through the earth to a receiver so that the energy at the receiver is rendered useable.

[0066] Preferably the oscillating LCR or LC circuit of the transmitter and the LCR or LC circuit of the receiver is brought into resonance with each other.

[0067] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a wireless power transmission system wherein an oscillating LCR or LC circuit is used to develop AC current which is transmitted through the earth to a receiver using an LCR or LC circuit as a single conductor power transfer system with which to transmit power wirelessly from one location to another using the earth as a single conductor to do so.

[0068] Preferably further including at least one capacitive connection associated with an earth connection. [0069] Preferably the oscillating LCR or LC circuit of the transmitter and the LCR or LC circuit of the receiver is brought into resonance with each other.

[0070] Preferably more than one power transmission and reception system may operate contemporaneously with another power transmission and reception system and not interfere with one another as each system is built to operate at a different discrete frequency so that neither power transmission system interferes with the operation of the other allowing discrete power generation and transmission to occur to allow commercial competition.

[0071] Preferably power transmission on discrete frequencies is allocated to transmission and receiving power stations so that civilian power may run on one frequency and the defence forces may run on another frequency so that in the event that the civilian power grid goes down, the defence power grid still remains in tact.

[0072] Preferably once the carrier wave is established in the earth between two points, the wave can then be overlaid with data signals using frequencies that are higher or lower harmonics of the carrier frequency or other frequencies, whereby the system may be used for Data, signal, voice Transmission as well as power transmission.

[0073] In a preferred form of the system, once a carrier wave is established in the earth between two points, the wave is then overlaid or varied to induce data signals for transmission thereover.

[0074] Preferably the wave is overlaid using any method of Frequency Modulation,

Frequency Shift Keying, Encoding or any other technology currently extant whereby the system may be used for Data, signal, voice Transmission as well as power transmission.

[0075] Preferably the carrier wave is established in the earth between points then the frequency may be varied using a pre-programmed input.

[0076] Preferably the pre-programmed input frequently shifts the frequency of transmission thereby making it very difficult to tune into the system with a receiver, unless one has access to the pre-programmed transmission frequency input sequence so that the next frequency shift can be anticipated and tuned synchronously with the tuning shift in the transmitter. [0077] In yet another broad form of the invention there is provided a method of forming a tuned network from at least one first coil assembly and an at least one second coil assembly; the method comprising: connecting a capacitor between the at least one first coil assembly and earth, and the at least one second coil assembly and earth, such that a tuned path is formed through the earth between the at least one first coil assembly and the at least one second coil assembly, when at least one of the at least one first coil assembly or second coil assembly is excited at a predetermined frequency.

[0078] Preferably the capacitor is formed from a first metal plate and at least a second metal plate.

[0079] Preferably the first metal plate is formed as a substantially closed volume.

[0080] Preferably the substantially closed volume is a sphere.

[0081] Preferably the first metal plate is substantially enclosed by the second metal plate.

[0082] Preferably the second plate is located within the earth.

[0083] Preferably the first plate is located at or near an earth/air interface.

[0084] In yet another broad form of the invention there is provided a method of earthing oscillating coils through a capacitive connection to the earth so that AC earth electrical currents will be developed when the capacitive connection is excited with AC electrical energy.

[0085] Preferably a plurality of oscillating coils is used as transmitters, then electrical currents flow between the connections facilitating wireless power transmission through the ground.

[0086] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a method of maximizing potential between a first coil connected capacitively to a first earth terminal and a second coil connected capacitively to a second earth terminal; the first earth terminal spaced from the second earth terminal; the method including the step of: exciting at least the first coil at a predetermined frequency which maximizes the voltage difference between at least a portion of the first coil and at least a portion of the second coil. [0087] Preferably once a carrier wave is established in the earth between two points, the wave is then overlaid with data signals using frequencies that are higher or lower harmonics of the carrier frequency ( or other frequencies) whereby the system may be used for Data, signal, voice Transmission as well as power transmission.

[0088] Preferably the carrier wave is established in the earth between two points, the wave is then overlaid or varied to induce data signals for transmission thereover.

[0089] Preferably the wave is overlaid using any method of Frequency Modulation,

Frequency Shift Keying, Encoding or any other technology currently extant whereby the system may be used for Data, signal, voice Transmission as well as power transmission.

[0090] Preferably the carrier wave is established in the earth between points then the frequency may be varied using a pre-programmed input.

[0091] Preferably the pre-programmed input frequently shifts the frequency of transmission thereby making it very difficult to tune into the system with a receiver, unless one has access to the pre-programmed transmission frequency input sequence so that the next frequency shift can be anticipated and tuned synchronously with the tuning shift in the transmitter.

[0092] This process secures the system from having energy stolen from the transmission by electricity thieves.

[0093] In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a coil structure for low impedance transmission of electrical current; said structure comprising: a first coil set comprising a first conductor having a first end and a second end; said first conductor wound around a first core in a first direction; said structure further comprising a primary coil; said primary coil comprising a conductor having a first end and a second end; the conductor of said primary coil wound in a first direction around said first coil set; thereby to improve efficiency of transmission of electrical power through a medium located between like coil structures.

[0094] Preferably said structure further comprises a second coil set comprising a second conductor having a first end and a second end; said second conductor wound around a second core in a second direction. [0095] Preferably the conductor of said primary coil is wound in a second direction around said second coil set.

[0096] Preferably said first coil set is oriented with respect to said second coil set so that when the coils are in operation the magnetic field generated by one coil is off set by the magnetic field in the other coil set thereby substantially nullifying the RF magnetic output of the said one coil.

[0097] Preferably the first coil set is wound as a secondary coil.

[0098] Preferably the first coil set is wound as a secondary coil in electrical communication with a tertiary coil.

[0099] Preferably said second coil set is wound as a secondary coil.

[00100] Preferably said second coil set is wound as a secondary coil in electrical communication with a tertiary coil.

[00101] Preferably said secondary coil includes at least one tuning element connected to it. [00102] Preferably said tertiary coil includes at least one tuning element connected to it. [00103] Preferably said tuning element is a capacitor.

[00104] Preferably said capacitor is tuned in conjunction with said secondary coil and said tertiary coil.

[00105] Preferably said second direction is an opposite direction of winding compared to the first direction.

[00106] Preferably said structure is excited with an AC signal thereby to produce an electromagnetic signal for injecting into the earth for reception by a like coil structure.

[00107] In a further broad form there is provided a method of transmitting electrical power through the earth, said method comprising exciting at least a first coil structure so as to produce induced currents in the ground which are picked up by a like coil structure or conventional Tesla Coil or Magnifier. [00108] Preferably said method includes a step of cancelling those parts of said electromagnetic signal that would otherwise be injected into the atmosphere.

[00109] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a wireless power transmission system comprising a transmitting Tesla Coil or Magnifier connected to the ground being well earthed and transmitting power through the ground to a subsequent receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier also being well earthed.

[00110] Preferably the distance between the two earths of the Tesla Coils or Magnifiers plus the length of the coils connected to earth in the transmitter and receiver form a tuned length and the system thus composed being operated at a frequency that is an harmonic of the tuned length thus established.

[00111] Preferably the transmitting Tesla Coil or Magnifier is brought into resonance with a second receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier to maximize the amount of energy available in the receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier.

[001 12] In a preferred form additional Tesla Coils or Magnifiers may be added for transmission and reception of power.

[00113] Preferably this is done by having each of them being located in a triangular grid pattern so that the transmitters and receivers that are within range of each other all use the same frequency or a harmonic of each other's frequency thereby augmenting the action of the other transmitters and receivers.

[00114] Preferably longer distance transmission is achieved by using lower frequencies.

[00115] Preferably shorter distance transmission is achieved by using higher frequencies.

[00116] Preferably the frequencies used for longer or shorter distances are an harmonic of one another.

[00117] In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system where the method of single conductor power transmission is used to develop AC current and subsequently transmit the power through the earth to a receiver so that the energy at the receiver is rendered useable. [00118] In a particular preferred form an oscillating LCR or LC circuit of any description is used to develop AC current which is transmitted through the earth to a receiver using an LCR or LC circuit of any description as a single conductor power transfer system with which to transmit power wirelessly from one location to another using the earth as a single conductor to do so.

[0100] Preferably the LCR or LC circuit of the transmitter and the LCR or LC circuit of the receiver is brought into resonance with each other.

[0101] In a particular preferred form multiple counter wound coils are used to reduce magnetic radiation emissions from the resonating coil system.

[0102] Preferably multiple counter wound coils are brought within close proximity to each other to vary both the capacitance and inductance or are moved apart to vary both the capacitance and inductance in the coil system for tuning purposes.

[0103] In a particular preferred form more than one power transmission and reception system may operate contemporaneously with another power transmission and reception system and not interfere with one another as each system transmits electrical power utilizing transmission waves at a different discrete frequency so that neither power transmission system interferes with the operation of the other allowing discrete power generation and transmission to occur to allow commercial competition.

[0104] Preferably power transmission on discrete frequencies is allocated to transmission and receiving power stations so that civilian power may run on one frequency and the defense forces may run on another frequency so that in the event that the civilian power grid goes down, the defense power grid still remains intact.

[0105] Accordingly, in a further broad form of the invention there is provided a coil structure for low impedance transmission of electrical current; said structure comprising: a first coil set comprising a first conductor having a first end and a second end; said first conductor wound around a first core in a first direction; said structure further comprising a second coil set comprising a second conductor having a first end and a second end; said second conductor wound around a second core in a second direction; said structure further comprising a primary coil; said first coil set oriented with respect to said second coil set so that when the coils are in operation the magnetic field generated by one coil is off set by the magnetic field in the other coil set thereby substantially nullifying the RF magnetic output of the said one coil; said primary coil comprising a conductor having a first end and a second end; the conductor of said primary coil wound in a first direction around said first coil set; the conductor of said primary coil wound in a second direction around said second coil set thereby to improve efficiency of transmission of electrical power through a medium located between like coil structures.

[0106] Preferably the first coil set is wound as a secondary coil in electrical communication with a tertiary coil.

[0107] Preferably said second coil set is wound as a secondary coil in electrical communication with a tertiary coil.

[0108] Preferably said second direction is an opposite direction of winding compared to the first direction.

[0109] In a further broad form of the invention there is provided a wireless power transmission system comprising a transmitting Tesla Coil or Magnifier connected to the ground being well earthed and transmitting power through the ground to a subsequent receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier also being well earthed with the distance between the two earths of the Tesla Coils or Magnifiers plus the length of the coils connected to earth in the transmitter and receiver forming a tuned length and the system thus composed being operated at a frequency that is an harmonic of the tuned length thus established.

[0110] Preferably the transmitting Tesla Coil or Magnifier is brought into resonance with a second receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier to maximize the amount of energy available in the receiving Tesla Coil or Magnifier.

[0111] In a preferred form additional Tesla Coils or Magnifiers may be added for transmission and reception of power by having each of them being located in a triangular grid pattern so that the transmitters and receivers that are within range of each other all use the same frequency or a harmonic of each others frequency thereby augmenting the action of the other transmitters and receivers.

[0112] Preferably longer distance transmission is achieved by using lower frequencies.

[0113] Preferably shorter distance transmission is achieved by using higher frequencies. [0114] Preferably the frequencies used for longer or shorter distances are an harmonic of one another.

[011 ] In yet a further broad form of the invention there is provided a system where the method of single conductor power transmission is used to develop AC current and subsequently transmit the power through the earth to a receiver so that the energy at the receiver is rendered useable.

[0116] In a particular preferred form an oscillating LCR or LC circuit of any description is used to develop AC current which is transmitted through the earth to a receiver using an LCR or LC circuit of any description as a single conductor power transfer system with which to transmit power wirelessly from one location to another using the earth as a single conductor to do so.

[0117] Preferably the LCR or LC circuit of the transmitter and the LCR or LC circuit of the receiver is brought into resonance with each other.

[0118] In a particular preferred form multiple counter wound coils are used to reduce magnetic radiation emissions from the resonating coil system.

[0119] Preferably multiple counter wound coils are brought within close proximity to each other to vary both the capacitance and inductance or are moved apart to vary both the capacitance and inductance in the coil system for tuning purposes.

[0120] In a particular preferred form more than one power transmission and reception system may operate contemporaneously with another power transmission and reception system and not interfere with one another as each system transmits electrical power utilizing transmission waves at a different discrete frequency so that neither power transmission system interferes with the operation of the other allowing discrete power generation and transmission to occur to allow commercial competition.

[0121] Preferably power transmission on discrete frequencies is allocated to transmission and receiving power stations so that civilian power may run on one frequency and the defence forces may run on another frequency so that in the event that the civilian power grid goes down, the defence power grid still remains intact.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0122] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0123] Fig la illustrates a typical earthing system as referred to in this document;

[0124] Fig lb illustrates a variable capacitor to allow earthing as described in this document;

[0125] Fig lc shows another method of connecting an oscillating coil to the earth capacitively;

[0126] Fig 2 illustrates a Tesla Magnifier impressing voltage pressure to the earth through the apparatus in Fig la;

[0127] Fig 3 illustrates a half wave AC solenoid coil applying voltage pressure to the earth using the capacitive earth connection in Fig lb;

[0128] Fig 4 is a resonantly coupled transmitter pair connected to the earth using capacitive earth connections. Two Tesla coils, one conductively connected to earth and one connected to the earth using capacitance are ^" shown in between the two transmitters utilizing currents established in the ground between the two transmitters;

[0129] Figure 5 illustrates a prior art wireless power distribution arrangement;

[0130] Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus for use for wireless transmission of energy in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0131] Figure 7 is a plan, cross section view of the primary coil arrangement of the embodiment of Figure 6 linking the first and second coil sets;

[0132] Figure 8 is a diagrammatic side section view of the apparatus of Figure 6 used as both an emitter and receiver;

[0133] Figure 9 is a diagrammatic side section view of another preferred embodiment combining aspects of earlier embodiments; and [0134] Figure 10 is a diagrammatic side section view of yet another preferred embodiment, also combining aspects of earlier embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0135] With reference to Figure 2, there is illustrated in side section view an embodiment of a system for wirelessly transmitting electrical energy through a medium, in this instance, the earth.

[0136] Briefly, the principles embodied in the arrangement allowing effective transmission of electrical energy are as follows:

• For current to flow we need to have a high voltage point and a low voltage point, or a positive and a negative or an Active and a Neutral. One of these pairs must exist or current will not flow.

• Why doesn't a conventional Tesla coil work particularly for the transfer of large amounts of power as opposed to for communications? Why won't it transfer power through the earth. They have been trying for 1 10 years without success. Answer, when using a Tesla coil, in the earth conductor none of the above conditions exist. It is the earth we are using as a conductor so it has to be one side of the circuit only.

[0137] Look at coil C in fig 4. This is a typical Tesla coil. Bottom coil is earthed. Therefore this side is neutral as well as the earth. The sphere on top is high voltage so this side is active. They say now that to transmit power all we have to do is bring the sphere to extreme voltage, say 100,000,000 volts and it will connect capacitively to the ground - and it will, but not well because it is too far away and if you bring it close to the ground it will spark and short circuit since they are opposite sides of the circuit. Thus the induced currents in the ground tend to be weak due to the separation distance and also to short circuit back to the neutral at the bottom of the coil. When it does spark we then have connection between the High Voltage Active sphere at the top and neutral bottom of the coil in the earth. That is, with this design they are trying to make the ground both the High Voltage and the Neutral side of the circuit. Induced currents from the sphere therefore flow to the coil connection in the earth to complete the circuit. This Short circuit stops the energy from flowing away from the coil too far, but rather allows it to join in a semi closed power loop. You cannot have the active and the neutral in the same wire, or conductor, that is the ground or earth must be only one side of the circuit, it CANNOT be both.

[0138] Since we can't use the earth as a neutral, and indeed we need to use it as the active to transmit power we have to INVENT a new NEUTRAL. How do we do this? This apparatus is the crux of the invention - the neutral in the air! !

[0139] How do we get a new neutral. The new neutral has to be very low voltage therefore we build a large sphere and put it on the top of the coil as in drawing B of Fig 4 and do not connect the bottom of the coil to the earth but replace it with another sphere. The bigger this top sphere the better since it will have more capacitance and therefore form a better voltage node, or low voltage point. The whole apparatus is isolated or insulated from the ground. The large sphere will run at low voltage and the small sphere will run at high voltage. CV1 = CV2 . The high voltage small sphere induces currents in the earth because of its high voltage and the earth is the ACTIVE CONDUCTOR only with the Top sphere being the Neutral. This set up now meets one of the three criteria I established above = active and neutral. If we want to then take power from the earth we simply connect a coil to the active earth and put a sphere on top of it as in coil C. This is brought to resonance with the input frequency and we have power. There is no connection between the earth and the top sphere except a capacitive connection, however with a full wave coil, when the top sphere goes positive so does the bottom sphere and both therefore apply the repulsing force in the earth and when they both go negative they both attract and thus we have AC currents established in the active side of the circuit, that is the earth. It is not necessary for the top and bottom sphere to be connected by a full wave coil since the top sphere is low voltage, it is just best.

[0140] Broadly speaking, and in a non-limiting way, one can say that what we have is a

'neutral in the sky', since we need to use the earth as the active conductor. We now have two sides to the circuit, and can therefore provide useful electrical energy from this arrangement.

[0141] Having stated broadly the philosophy and principles underlying various

embodiments of the invention, we will now describe these principles in further detail, initially with reference to the arrangements shown in Figures 1 to 4. A particular preferred coil arrangement will then be described with reference to Figures 6 to 8.

[0142] Finally, particularly preferred arrangements in the form of the best mode of carrying out the invention presently known to the applicant will be described with reference to Figures 9 and 10. [0143] With particular reference to Figs 1 and 2 a preferred embodiment provides a means to connect to the earth with oscillating coils so that power transfer may take place between the earth and the power transmitter. An oscillating coil being a Tesla coil or magnifier or any other coil is set in motion using a generator or a DC pulse width driver or any other apparatus which causes the coil to gain frequency and also voltage. The highest voltage end is connected to a sphere or other suitable shaped object such as an ellipsoid which is placed inside a cavity which has been created in the ground and lined with conductive material with a good earth established with this lining. Both sides of the capacitor thus constructed should be made of an electrically conductive material. The cavity may be constructed deeper in the earth and connected to the top through a cylindrical hole lined with either conductive material or an insulator, depending on how much capacitance is required and the voltages used. The cavity's conductive lining may be connected to earthing radials made of suitably conductive material to increase the conductivity between the cavity lining and the earth.

[0144] The apparatus thus described is one method only in connecting in this manner. The device is designed to provide a capacitive connection to the earth of a high voltage oscillating source using the capacitance to offset the impedance in the earth. The object of the design is to simply connect the sphere connected to the coil operating the high voltage end of the Tesla coil or other coil to the earth using capacitance so that the impedance of the earth is matched to allow currents to be established in the earth from the high voltage portion of the oscillating circuit. The currents created by a capacitor of this design tend to promote closer in phase voltage and current in the near field of the capacitive connection.

[0145] It has been well established that there is small ground impedance for frequencies up to around 20 kHz and it can then increase with increased frequency. The design of the capacitor thus established is then sized to operate at the required frequency of operation so that the capacitive reactance offsets the ground impedance for the required frequency. For example if we build a capacitor that is buried with the outside sphere of the capacitor connected to the earth and on the inside we place another sphere creating an air gap between the two spheres and it has a capacitance of say 159nF then the capacitive reactance at that frequency is l / 2 x pi x C x F and we wish to operate it at 20 kHz the capacitive reactance is just over 50 Ohms. If the earthing impedance when tested at this point is also 50 Ohms then we have an almost exact match so that the capacitive connection offsets the impedance in the earth allowing current to flow from the earth connected side of the capacitor more efficiently. If the earth impedance once tested at a particular location is known then the capacitor should be sized using the frequency required to offset the impedance of the earth at that frequency. The capacitance requirement of the coil connected to this capacitor must also be taken into account in the usual manner.

[0146] The connection is used to facilitate better ground based power transfer through the earth using oscillating currents induced in the earth using high voltage.

[0147] The cavity in the ground can be any shape with volume as can the inner side of the capacitor and may also be a sheet of conductive material on the surface of the ground which is well grounded. There will be less breakout occurring between the two sides of the capacitor if they are both symmetrical with smooth curved surfaces.

[0148] The capacitive connection thus established between the earth and the coil will allow much more efficient transfer of energy from the coil to the earth. The better the earthing of the earth side of the capacitor to the earth then the greater the amount of power transfer may be conducted with fewer losses.

[0149] Two transmitters each independently electrically powered by a local source are then set up using this capacitive connection to the earth at a distance from one another so that the straight line distance between the transmitters is preferably an odd multiple of a half wavelength of the frequency being used to transmit. This means that when one polarity of the voltage impressed into the earth by one transmitter is positive, the voltage in the other transmitter is negative and vice versa. In this way currents are forced through the ground backwards and forwards between the high and low voltage points establishing an AC current in the ground between the two transmitters. Both transmitters are brought into resonance and power may be taken from any point in between the two transmitters by a conventionally earthed Tesla coil or other suitable resonator known to those skilled in the art. An even multiple of a half wavelength distance may also be used between transmitters which would mean both transmitters impress voltage onto the ground in the same sense at the same time. Any other distance which enhances the transmission of power, with each subsequent transmitter being tuned to be synchronous with the AC signal in the ground being transmitted by the first transmitter may also be used, such as a distance of a three quarter wave with the second transmitter suitably out of phase with the first transmitter etc. Transmission may take place also when just using a single transmitter and in this case the transmission will be more omnidirectional. Many transmitters may be used at once and when this is the case care should be taken to ensure that the location of each transmitter is compatible with transmitters within range of each other to ensure their activity is such that they each augment the others electrical activity rather than retarding it.

[0150] Referring to Fig la is a sketch of one method of designing a capacitive connection to the earth of an AC coil. A is a coil coming from an oscillating electrical circuit which is connected to B which is a sphere made of conductive material. C is another sphere which is buried in the ground and connected conductively to the earth E with a cylindrical top extending to the surface of the earth D. F is a former onto which coil A is wound and G is a dielectric insulator which may be used to insulate C from connection to the earth if this is considered appropriate. A further metal skin may also be added to the outside of G for connection directly to earth. C may be connected to earthing radials J which may be many or few and extend from C in the same fashion as spokes extend from the centre of a wheel. H is a method of reducing breakout between the two sides of the capacitor since the rounded form will impede this activity. I is a polished metal cylinder that may be designed in length so that the coil can be raised out of the earth if the voltage is too high so that only the polished metal surface acts against the earthed side of the capacitor. This will allow more voltage to be used by the sphere before breakout occurs.

[0151] When sphere B is brought to a high voltage in a positive sense it propels electrons from the embedded sphere C into the earth. On the return cycle when B becomes negative then the electrons are then attracted to C. Thus an alternating field is set up in the earth in the vicinity of this high voltage oscillation.

[0152] The impedance of the connection of the capacitor may be designed in such a way to offset and inductance in coil A and provide the correct capacitive reaction to offset the ground impedance (if any) encountered in causing electric currents to arise in the earth. The setup may be placed further into the earth simply by extending the connecting cylinder at the top of sphere C and the metal cylinder 1. 1 may be slotted to reduced currents forming in the cylinder in the vicinity of its join to the coil A.

[0153] Referring to Fig lb is a capacitor that may be varied in capacitance by inserting the centre portion of the capacitor K (a cylinder with spherical end caps) into the ground by lowering it into a hole lined with a cylinder H made of conductive material. Cylinder H may also have the curved surface at the top as shown in Fig la-H. The capacitor is connected to coil I and coil former J which is raised and lowered by a lifting device which is not shown. The further into the cylinder H cylinder K is inserted then the more capacitance is achieved. Guides L are insulation formers which guide the centre cylinder K to ensure the distance between the two cylinders remains constant.

[0154] When high AC voltage is generated in cylinder K then an AC energy disturbance appears in the earth surrounding cylinder H. Insulator M may be inserted in the top of the cylinder H to avoid flashover from coil I. For larger voltages the size of the hole and the insulator may be increased. Insulator M may be contrived so that it extends to further cover the coil.

[0155] Referring to Fig lc illustrates another earthing method where a flat plate I or rounded surface plate J may be used to connect sphere C which is operated by AC from coil A wound on coil former B. Rod D connects the plate I or J to the ground E through high surface area grounding plate K. Electrical currents are produced in the earth due to the capacitive connection between sphere C and plates I or J when AC voltage is used in sphere C.

[0156] Referring to Fig 2 shows a Tesla Magnifier designed in such a way so that the top capacitor toroid A is the low voltage side of the coil set up and the high voltage side capacitor is B. This is inverted compared to a normal Tesla Magnifier as this one has the primary coil C at the top and secondary coil D also at the top. Tertiary coil E extends into the secondary coil D slightly but is still allowed to resonate either freely or at a forced higher harmonic if its actual tuning is lower than the operational frequency of the apparatus which can be achieved using a higher K connection to secondary coil C. F is a polished metal cylinder which joins coil E to capacitor B and has a slotted covering connection to the coil at G to stop breakout. The interaction between cylinder F and sphere B collectively with grounded cylinder (with spherical end) H is capacitive. When F and B are brought to high voltage then a field in the opposite sense may be set up in cylinder H suppressing breakout from cylinder F of sphere B to H. If very high voltages are to be used then radials J may be disconnected from H and an insulator may be placed between H and the earth L to enhance the voltage polarity reversal between H and B (as shown in Fig la at G). Radials J may be used to enhance the earthing of cylinder H. I is a support beam constructed from a suitable material to act as an insulator to keep toroid A electrically insulated from the ground and with which to support toroid A at the lower voltage point on the toroid which is a metal plate K which is also connected to the end of the secondary coil D. Capacitor M is used to tune the secondary coil C to run at the same frequency as the resonating coil E. Capacitor N may be used as a shunt on the primary coil C if considered necessary. Generator P is kept separate from the ground and not earthed to the ground L, but may be earthed to metal plate K along with the secondary and primary coils D and C. Just treat the toroid capacitor as if it was the earth in your connections. The relationship between the voltage in toroid capacitor A and sphere capacitor B is as normal such that CI VI = C2V2. Thus the high capacitance runs at low voltage and the low capacitance runs a high voltage.

[0157] In operation the large toroid capacitor may be sized in such a way that it is a sub- harmonic of the operating frequency and then forced through a high K connection between coils D and C to run at a higher operating frequency. This means the toroid has swamped the coil system at this end and makes it capacitive and therefore a current node. It effectively makes an earth in the air. The high voltage node then appears at the other end of the coil system in capacitor sphere B. During operation capacitor B is excited with high voltage AC electricity which induces currents into the earth L surrounding the earth connection H and J. The higher the voltage attained in B then the further the effect of the currents in the earth may be detected.

[0158] To characterize the transmission system in normal terms: we have the earth replaced by the toroid at the top of the structure which now becomes the neutral side of the AC circuit. The active side of the circuit is now the earth or ground and since we now have an active and a neutral; current flows from one capacitive connection of the active high voltage transmitter to the other transmitter connected by capacitance to the active with its own separate neutral (toroid). Compared to SWER transmission systems in which the power line is the active with the earth the neutral, we now have the exact opposite. The earth neutral is replaced by the toroid on both transmitters. The active is now the ground itself. The receiver may connect to the earth either by capacitance or through a direct connection in the normal manner.

[0159] If the sum of the lengths of the secondary and tertiary coils is a full wave length of the operating frequency then capacitor side H will be the same polarity as toroid A which may enhance the distance the electrical energy is transmitted through the ground.

[0160] If the large capacitive surface A was a sphere instead of a toroid and it is of sufficient size, a horizontal platform may be constructed inside the sphere made of insulating material and a spiral coil design used so that the primary and secondary coil would operate in this space. The outside loops of the primary and secondary coils would then each earth to the sphere. The tertiary coil may then be attached to the high voltage end of the secondary coil and extend through a suitably shaped hole in the bottom of the sphere ensuring at all times that there is sufficient distance between the high voltage end of the tertiary coil and the sphere to avoid electrical breakout. In this case cylinder F may be extended in length to join to the end of the tertiary coil E in the normal manner. The shape of the sphere may be the same as used on the Tesla Magnifier built at Wardenclyffe, or any other design which would suit the purpose.

[0161] Referring to Fig 3 shows two quarter wave coils A operated by secondary coil B and joined to each end of capacitor C. The coils are energized by primary coil D in the usual way which is operated by a primary coil in the usual way. E is a sphere used as a capacitor and F is an ellipsoid used in the fashion as described in fig lb. Using AC power input the coils are brought to high voltage through resonance. In this set up the capacitors at E and F should be tuned to allow maximum voltage activity to appear in coils A in the usual way. The ellipsoid F is inserted into grounding half ellipsoid structure G to vary the capacitance and provide capacitive connection to the earth H. The earth connection H is impressed with high voltage which sets up oscillating AC currents in the earth.

[0162] Referring to Fig 4 shows two transmitters A and B based on the design of the transmitter in Fig 2 connected to the ground using the capacitive connection method described in Fig la. Ideally, the distance separating the two transmitters is D which is an odd multiple of a half wavelength of the frequency being used. This means that when transmitter A is showing a positive charge in the earth then B is showing a negative charge in the earth. This induces currents to flow between the earths of both transmitters. Two power receiving Tesla coils or resonators C and E with power take off circuits are connected to the ground in between the two transmitter coils, one conductively in the traditional manner and the other using capacitance as per the design in Fig la. When both transmitters A and B are operated so that they operate synchronously in resonance with one another then currents will flow though the earth between the two capacitive earth connections enabling power to be taken from the earth with Tesla coils C or E. Power may also be able to be taken from either transmitter omni-directionally independently in smaller amounts, but the main electrical activity in the ground will occur between the two transmitters. It is obvious that more than two transmitters and receivers may be used as long as they are in a resonantly harmonious relationship to each other in regards to their separation distance from one another and frequency at which they operate. If a transmitter if very high power were to be constructed in this manner then power would be available omnidirectionally with significant power available in any direction.

[0163] When the transmitter is operated at low frequency say around or below 20 kHz then large departures can be made from the ideal separation distance between the two transmitters due to the long wavelength which is 15 km. It is best however to determine the two locations for the transmitters and design them around a convenient frequency of the intervening distance for maximum performance.

[0164] Further variations within the scope of the invention contemplated. For example:

[0165] In one form the carrier wave is established in the earth between two points and the wave is then overlaid or varied to induce data signals for transmission thereover.

[0166] Preferably the wave is overlaid using any method of Frequency Modulation,

Frequency Shift Keying, Encoding or any other technology currently extant whereby the system may be used for Data, signal, voice Transmission as well as power transmission.

[0167] Preferably the carrier wave is established in the earth between points then the frequency may be varied using a pre-programmed input.

[0168] Preferably the pre-programmed input frequently shifts the frequency of transmission thereby making it very difficult to tune into the system with a receiver, unless one has access to the pre-programmed transmission frequency input sequence so that the next frequency shift can be anticipated and tuned synchronously with the tuning shift in the transmitter.

[0169] This process secures the system from having energy stolen from the transmission by electricity thieves.

[0170] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments.

[0171] Similarly it should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, Fig., or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

[0172] Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the ait. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0173] In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

[0174] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives "first",

"second", "third", etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[01 5] Capacitive earth connection means any connection to earth using any of the two sided capacitors sketched in the drawing attached or any apparatus that uses similar principles of connection to gain a connection through capacitance to the ground. A capacitive earth connection therefore doesn't imply that the high voltage part of the capacitor comes into direct contact with the earth.

[0176] Operating frequency means the frequency at which the apparatus is designed to be operated.

[0177] Inverted Tesla coil or Magnifier means any Tesla Coil or Magnifier using the principle of putting a high voltage sphere or terminal close to the ground to induce current in the ground. [0178] Tesla coil or Magnifier means Tesla coil or Magnifier and may also mean inverted

Tesla Coil or Magnifier if the sense of the description demands it.

[0179] In the claims below and the description herein, any one of the terms comprising, comprised of or which comprises is an open term that means including at least the

elements/features that follow, but not excluding others. Thus, the term comprising, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limitative to the means or elements or steps listed thereafter. For example, the scope of the expression a device comprising A and B should not be limited to devices consisting only of elements A and B. Any one of the terms including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising.

[0180] Similarly, it is to be noticed that the term coupled, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limitative to direct connections only. The terms "coupled" and

"connected," along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Thus, the scope of the expression a device A coupled to a device B should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. "Coupled" may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical or electrical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.

Preferred Coil Structure Arrangements

[0181] Particularly effective coil structure arrangements will now be described with reference to Figures 6 to 8.

[0182] With reference to Figure 6, there is illustrated a coil structure 21 for low impedance transmission of electrical current; the structure comprising; a first coil set 10 comprising a first conductor 22 having a first end 23 and a second end 24; said first conductor 22 wound around a first core 25 in a first direction so as to form a secondary coil 13; the structure 21 further comprising a second coil set 11 comprising a second conductor 26 having a first end 27 and a second end 28; said second conductor wound around a second core 29 in a second direction so as to form a secondary coil 12; the structure 21 further including a primary coil 19; the first coil set 10 oriented with respect to the second coil set 11 whereby current passing through the first coil set can induce a current to pass through the second coil set; the primary coil 19 comprising a conductor 31 having a first end 32 and a second end 33; the conductor 31 of the primary coil 19 wound in a first direction around the first coil set 10; the conductor 31 of the primary coil 19 wound in a second direction around the second coil set 11.

[0183] In a preferred form, the components are sized and oriented to improve efficiency of transmission of electrical power through a medium between like coil structures.

[0184] In a preferred form, the first coil set 10 is wound as a secondary coil 13 in electrical communication with a tertiary coil 14. Preferably the tertiary coil 14 is arranged as a self induction coil of the type disclosed in Tesla's US 1,119,732.

[0185] Also in a preferred form, the second conductor 26 is wound as a secondary coil 12 in electrical communication with a tertiary coil 15.

[0186] In the preferred forms of the present embodiment, the second direction is an opposite direction of winding compared to the first direction.

[0187] Primary coil 19 wraps base of secondary coil 13 of set one 10 and then the base of secondary coil 12 of set two 11 and then is earthed 20. Set one 10 and set two 11 are connected at the top with a metal sphere 16. The role of the metal sphere 16 is known in the art.

[0188] In this embodiment, the two sets of coils 10, 11 are counter wound namely wound in opposite directions to each other.

[0189] The two sets of coils 10 11 are also connected at the bottom to one common earth 18 which is of a larger configuration than commonly used in the art. The intent is to reduce the ground impedance preferably to the level of zero.

[0190] Figure 7 shows a plan view of the secondary coils 13, 12 of set one 10 and set two

11 with the primary coil 19 wrapping firstly the lower part of the secondary coil 13 of set one 10 and then the lower part of the secondary coil 12 of the second set 11 and then going to ground 20.

[0191] In summary the example coil design embodiment builds on the design of the Tesla patent by using two concurrently connected sets of coils 10, 1 1 each comprising in this instance a secondary 13, 12 and tertiary coil 14, 15 and wound in the opposite direction to each other. Both sets 10, 11 are connected at the top with the use of a metal sphere 16 and at the bottom with a j oint earth 18 of very large size and very low impedance preferably zero.

[0192] In a preferred form the joint earth 18 in accordance with the teachings of figures 1 to

4 is a direct substantially capacitive connection to ground. In a particular preferred form the joint earth 18 is a direct substantially capacitive connection to ground when the coil design is used as an emitter.

[0193] The winding direction of the two sets 10 11 goes in the opposite direction.

[0194] Another key element of this example coil design embodiment is that the primary coil

19 wraps and coils around the base of the secondary coil 13 of the first set 10 and then crosses over to wrap around the secondary coil 12 of the second set 11 of coils. The primary coil is then earthed 20.

[0195] With reference to Figure 8, there is illustrated an emitter 50 adapted for transmission of power though media 51 to receiver 52. In this instance, the structure of the emitter 50 is substantially the same of that of receiver 52. Each of the structures 50, 52 is substantially the same as that of coil structure 21 as described with reference to Figure 6. Like components are numbered as for Figure 6 except suffixed with the letter E for the emitter 50 and with the letter R for the receiver 52. In order for power to be transmitted, the emitter 50 must be excited from a source (not shown). In a preferred form the source is a transistorised DC pulse generator.

[0196] In this preferred embodiment, the guidelines for preferred spacing between the transmitter/emitter and receiver are as follows:

[0197] Once a transmission frequency is agreed upon then usually both the transmitter and receiver would have a secondary 1/4 wave coil and a tertiary half wave coil. This setup would give us maximum gain or Q. Thus the tuned length we need to use encompasses the two three quarter wave lengths in the aggregate of the coils in the transmitter and receiver plus the great circle distance between the transmitter and receiver. The reason for this is that high frequency current does not run at great depth as you would expect and simply pass between the earth on the transmitter to the earth on the receiver well below the ground in a straight line. It follows at a depth around the inside of the earth's sphere determined by the frequency itself. For instance 50Hz even though it is only a very low frequency travels at 900 meters below the earths surface when using the SWER (Single Wire Earth Return) system no matter how far apart the generator end and end of the line are. Frequencies over 2,000 Hz tend to cause the current to travel at only a minor depth, more dependent on local below surface conductivity but suffice to say nearly at the earths surface. This is due to skin effect which also has the same characteristics when applied to high frequency when travelling through a wire. The current or power is thus available nearly at the surface for the receiver to tap into thus having negligible effect on the separation distance of the transmitter and receiver.

[0198] So for example, if we want to run a transmitter at 100,000 Hz then the distance the wire in the coils unwound would reach is a total of 1.5 wavelengths which is speed of light (299,792,458 m/s) divided by 100,000 = 2997.92 meters wavelength. The coils are therefore this length times 1.5 = 4496.88 meters long in aggregate. The system may be run with a distance between the two tops of the coils and through the intervening distance including wire at any multiple of 1/4 wave, thus the distance in between the Transmitter and Receiver may be any multiple of 2997.92 / 4 = 749.48 meters in length. This would give an exact accurate system to absolute precision. Luckily this is not required since the nature of the design of our apparatus is highly capacitive which means it has a very broad bandwidth with very little loss of "Q" over a wide frequency range, unlike typical Tesla coils and magnifiers which can be peaky. Thus the apparatus will run extremely efficiently at up to 10% deviation of the design frequency which means that over long distances the transmitter and receiver can be placed almost an where in relation to each other and then tuned by varying the inductance and capacitance to the 100,000 Hz with negligible loss in efficiency.

[0199] For transmission to be used locally a non - earth resonant frequency must be used. If an earth resonant frequency were to be used we have no control over how far the power will transfer. This occurs due to the fact that the earths crust conducts the current to the antipode of the earth and back again. This happens at a frequency of 7.49 Hz which is the 40,000 km

circumference of the earth divided into the speed of light. An HF frequency that is a multiple (harmonic) of this earth frequency will then build up energy travelling to the opposite side of the earth and returning 7.49 times per second times its multiple and any energy that is added to the earth at this frequency over and above the losses in the transmission will build up over the surface of the whole earth and make power available at any point. If power availability over such a wide area is not desired, the effect may be controlled by making sure we do not use an "earth frequency" or one that is an harmonic of it. As Tesla said when describing his method "wait for the kick from the earth". The distance the power will go using a non earth frequency is controlled by the voltage we use in the sphere at the top of the apparatus. A seven meter diameter sphere may be brought to about 26 megavolts with little loss due to breakout (about 75,000 volts per cm radius) and a larger sphere may be brought to much higher voltage than this by simply using resonance.

[0200] If two transmitters are used and operated at the same frequency with the distance between them being an harmonic of the interceding distance as previously described then power will be made available at any point between the two transmitters in much larger quantities than at any other point radially from each of the two transmitters due to the high current flow between the two transmitters. If this structure is used then transmission over distance can be transmitted using much lower voltages due to the direct connection through the ground of the two transmitters. In this preferred form the two transmitters should be tuned so that they augment the action of each other. This structure is appropriate where two remote power sources are available and the required receiving point is roughly located within a direct line between the two power sources. A single conventional receiver as elsewhere described in this document is then used to take power from the ground.

Combinatory Embodiments

[0201] With reference to Figure 9, there is illustrated a further combinatory embodiment utilising the principles of the embodiment described with reference to Figures 1 to 4, but incorporating the coil structure initially described with reference to Figures 6 to 8. In this embodiment, like components are numbered as for earlier embodiments, but in the 100 series.

[0202] Figure 10 illustrates in side section view a further combinatory embodiment in the form of a prototype arrangement, wherein the dual coil structure arrangement generally described in principle with reference to Figures 6 to 8 is suspended in insulated relationship from the earth, and with a capacitive connection to the earth as described in principle with reference to the embodiment of Figures 1 to 4.

[0203] Fig 10 is a full wave system model which will demonstrate the wireless power transmission in the ground itself. It has spheres on each end the same size since in this

configuration the length of wire in the coils is a complete one wavelength. This means we wrap the primary coil (not shown) around the secondary twin coils in the center. This center point is a voltage node so no earth point is necessary for this particular design. Since it it a full wave system it is balanced such that when current is flowing downwards in the top coil it is flowing upwards in the bottom coil. For this reason to counter the magnetic field we have to have the windings in the top and bottom coil going in the same sense as this causes each field to oppose the other. The twin coils in the center has its windings in the opposite sense to each other eliminating the field coming from them. It thus doesn't matter whether the top and bottom coils are wound either clockwise or anticlockwise as long as they are in the same sense as each other.

[0204] In this instance the structure is insulated from the ground 200 by means of timber legs 201 lacquered with eurethane.

[0205] The capacitive connection to earth 200 is assisted by the inclusion of copper pipes

202 in electrical communication with a copper plate 203 as illustrated. The salt and earth fill 204 can improve conductivity in the area as well.

[0206] The spheres including sphere 205 can be made from glass with an aluminium sheet

(for example Alfoil TM) covering and supported on insulated polyethylene pipe 206.

[0207] Although the present invention has been described with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, variations and modifications of the present invention can effected within the spirit and scope of the following claims.