FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The field of invention relates generally to computer processor architecture, and, more specifically, to a collection of instructions which when executed cause a particular result.

BACKGROUND

[0002] One class of user code changes for efficiency involves eliminating the use of memory gather- scatter operations. Such irregular memory operations can both increase latency and bandwidth usage, as well as limit the scope of compiler vectorization. Some applications may benefit from a data layout change that converts data structures written in an Array of Structures (AOS) representation to a Structure of Arrays (SOA) representation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:

[0004] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from four registers;

[0005] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from four packed data registers;

[0006] Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from four registers;

[0007] Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from four packed data registers;

[0008] Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from three registers;

[0009] Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from three packed data registers;

[0010] Figure 7 shows an embodiment of a sequence to convert AoS structures to

SoA format with gather instructions for a Stride5 structure of 5 doubles;

[0011] Figure 8 illustrates an embodiment of a software sequence for AOS to SOA conversion;

[0012] Figure 9 illustrates an embodiment of AOS to SOA conversion using move and permute instructions;

[0013] Figure 10 illustrates exemplary code for AOS to SOA conversion using load and permute instructions;

[0014] Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of AOS to SOA conversion using move and permute instructions;

[0015] Figure 12 illustrates exemplary code for AOS to SOA conversion using load and permute instructions;

[0016] Figures 13A-13B are block diagrams illustrating a generic vector friendly instruction format and instruction templates thereof according to embodiments of the invention;

[0017] Figures 14A-D are block diagrams illustrating an exemplary specific vector friendly instruction format according to embodiments of the invention; [0018] Figure 15 is a block diagram of a register architecture 1500 according to one embodiment of the invention;

[0019] Figure 16A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-order pipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention.

[0020] Figure 16B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of an in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order

issue/execution architecture core to be included in a processor according to embodiments of the invention;

[0021] Figures 17A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplary in- order core architecture, which core would be one of several logic blocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types) in a chip;

[0022] Figure 18 is a block diagram of a processor 1800 that may have more than one core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention;

[0023] Figures 19-22 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures; and

[0024] Figure 23 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instruction converter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set to binary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.

[0026] References in the specification to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "an example embodiment," etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0027] Going from AOS to SOA may help prevent expensive gather operations when accessing one field of the structure across the array elements, and helps the compiler vectorize loops that iterate over the array. Note that such data transformations are done at the program-level (by the user) taking into account all the places where those data structures are used. Keeping separate arrays for each structure-field keeps memory accesses contiguous when vectorization is performed over structure instances. AOS structures require gathers and scatters, which can impact both single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) efficiency as well as introducing extra bandwidth and latency for memory accesses. The presence of a hardware gather-scatter mechanism does not eliminate the need for this transformation - gather- scatter accesses commonly need significantly higher bandwidth and latency than contiguous loads.

[0028] The SOA form does come at the cost of reducing locality between accesses to multiple fields of the original structure instance (increasing translation look-aside buffer (TLB) pressure for example). Depending on the data-access pattern in the original source- code (whether or not they involve accesses to multiple fields of the structure within a loop, whether or not all structure instances are traversed or a subset), it may be preferable to convert to Array-Of-Structure-Of-Arrays (AOSOA) instead. This may have the benefit of locality at the outer-level and also unit-stride at the innermost-level. The inner-array can be a small multiple of vector-length here to take advantage of unit- stride full-vectors. Each structure instance will have multiple fields laid out this way (in small arrays). And at the outer- level, there may be an array of the (now larger) structures. In such a layout, the field- accesses will still be close enough to get the benefit of page-locality for nearby structure- instance accesses in the original code.

[0029] Detailed below are several embodiments of instruction sequences for gathering elements from registers. In some embodiments, the gathering of elements is per element type (for example, X values out of an XYZ based data set). In other embodiments, the gathering is used to convert from AOS to SOA. Throughout this discussion, usage of terms such as ZMM, YMM, and XMM refers to register sizes of 512-bit, 256-bit, and 128-bit respectively. Additionally, while specific instruction examples are used (e.g., VMOVAP) the functionality of provided by these instructions may be referred to by a different name depending upon the underlying architecture. Both of these conventions are for ease of understanding and are not intended to be limiting. Moreover, throughout this description, the instructions that are described are typically executed by SIMD or vector hardware circuitry. Note that methods, etc. detailed below with respect to gather elements of one data type may be repeated for other data types. For example, gathering X first, then Y, then Z, etc. of a data set of XYZ.

[0030] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from four registers. In this embodiment, no "gather" instructions are used to pull the "x" data type from the four registers. Rather, two permute instructions are executed followed by a blend instruction to gather the "Xs" from the data set.

[0031] Register ZMM4 (a 512-bit register) 101 stores a plurality of index values. In this example, there are 8 index values, one per data element position in the register 101. These index values indicate a position in the registers. For example, the at data element position 0 of ZMM4 101 a value 0 is stored. This indicates an index into data element position 0 of a source operand. As will be shown, this position is data element position 0 of either ZMM0 or ZMM2. Note also that the ZMM4 101 values extend to two registers in the instructions detailed. For example, ZMM4 101 applies to ZMM1 105 and ZMM0 103 where the more significant data elements positions of ZMM4 101 apply to ZMM1 105.

[0032] A permute instruction is executed using ZMM2 107 and ZMM3 109 as the data sources and ZMM4 101 as the index into those source registers. The execution of this instruction permutes values from the source registers using the index values of ZMM4 101 and stores the permuted values into ZMM2 107. In other words, ZMM2 107 is overwritten.

[0033] Additionally, a writemask {0XF0 in this example} is used to conditionally control per-element operations and updating of results. Depending upon the implementation, the writemask uses merging or zeroing masking. Instructions encoded with a predicate (writemask, write mask, or k register) operand use that operand to conditionally control per- element computational operation and updating of result to the destination operand. The predicate operand is known as the opmask (writemask) register. The opmask is a set of eight architectural registers of size MAX_KL (64-bit). Note that from this set of 8 architectural registers, only kl through k7 can be addressed as predicate operand. kO can be used as a regular source or destination but cannot be encoded as a predicate operand. Note also that a predicate operand can be used to enable memory fault-suppression for some instructions with a memory operand (source or destination). As a predicate operand, the opmask registers contain one bit to govern the operation/update to each data element of a vector register. In general, opmask registers can support instructions with element sizes: single-precision floating-point (float32), integer doubleword(int32), double-precision floating-point (float64), integer quadword (int64). The length of a opmask register, MAX_KL, is sufficient to handle up to 64 elements with one bit per element, i.e. 64 bits. For a given vector length, each instruction accesses only the number of least significant mask bits that are needed based on its data type. An opmask register affects an instruction at per-element granularity. So, any numeric or non-numeric operation of each data element and per-element updates of intermediate results to the destination operand are predicated on the corresponding bit of the opmask register. In most embodiments, an opmask serving as a predicate operand obeys the following properties: 1) the instruction's operation is not performed for an element if the corresponding opmask bit is not set (this implies that no exception or violation can be caused by an operation on a masked-off element, and consequently, no exception flag is updated as a result of a masked-off operation); 2). a destination element is not updated with the result of the operation if the corresponding writemask bit is not set. Instead, the destination element value must be preserved (merging-masking) or it must be zeroed out (zeroing-masking); 3) for some instructions with a memory operand, memory faults are suppressed for elements with a mask bit of 0. Note that this feature provides a versatile construct to implement control-flow predication as the mask in effect provides a merging behavior for vector register destinations. As an alternative the masking can be used for zeroing instead of merging, so that the masked out elements are updated with 0 instead of preserving the old value. The zeroing behavior is provided to remove the implicit dependency on the old value when it is not needed.

[0034] An example of a permute instruction of this type is VPERMT2 which is a full permute from two tables overwriting one table. The values in the tables may be single or double-precision floating points. An exemplary format for this instruction is VPERMT2P(S,D) zmml {kl } {z}, zmm2, zmm3/m512/m64bcst. The execution of an instruction of this format permutes single or double-precision FP values from two tables in zmm3/memory and zmml using indices in zmm2 and stores the result in zmml using writemask kl. Generically, this type of permute instruction permutes 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the first operand and the third operand (the second source operand) using indices in the second operand (the first source operand) to select elements from the first and third operands. The selected elements are written to the destination operand (the first operand) according to the writemask kl. The first and second operands are ZMM/YMM/XMM registers. The second operand contains input indices to select elements from the two input tables in the 1st and 3rd operands. The first operand is also the destination of the result.

[0035] A second permute instruction is executed using ZMM1 105 and ZMM0 103 as the data sources and ZMM4 101 as the index into those source registers. The execution of this instruction permutes values from the source registers using the index values of ZMM4 101 and stores the permuted values into ZMM4 101. In other words, ZMM4 101 is overwritten. Note that different index registers may be used for the permute instructions. Additionally, a writemask {0XOF in this example} is used to conditionally control per- element operations and updating of results.

[0036] An example of a permute instruction of this type is VPERMTI which is a full permute from two tables overwriting the index. The values in the tables may be single or double-precision floating points. An exemplary format for this instruction is

VPERMI2P(S,D) zmml {kl } {z}, zmm2, zmm3/memory. The execution of an instruction of this format permutes single or double-precision FP values from two tables in zmm3/memory and zmm2 using indices in zmml and store the result in zmml using writemask kl.

Generically, this type of permute instruction permutes 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the second operand (the first source operand) and the third operand (the second source operand) using indices in the first operand to select elements from the second and third operands. The selected elements are written to the destination operand (the first operand) according to the writemask kl. The first and second operands are ZMM/YMM/XMM registers. The first operand contains input indices to select elements from the two input tables in the 2nd and 3rd operands. The first operand is also the destination of the result.

[0037] The resultant registers (ZMM2' and ZMM4') are used as inputs into a blend instruction. The execution of this blend instruction blends the two sources into a destination register ZMM5 111 based upon the writemask which is an element selector. Additionally, a writemask {0XF0 in this example} is used to conditionally control per-element operations and updating of results.

[0038] An example of a blend instruction of this type is VBLENDMP which is a blend of single or double -precision floating point vectors using an writemask. An exemplary format for this instruction is VBLENDMP(S,D) zmml {kl } {z}, zmm2, zmm3/memory. The execution of an instruction of this format blends single or double-precision vector zmm2 and single or double -precision vector zmm3/memory using kl as select control and store the result in zmml. Generically, the execution of this type of blend instruction performs an element-by-element blending between float64/float32 elements in the first source operand (the second operand) with the elements in the second source operand (the third operand) using an opmask register as select control. The blended result is written to the destination register. The destination and first source operands are ZMM/YMM/XMM registers. The second source operand can be a ZMM/YMM/XMM register, a 512/256/128-bit memory location or a 512/256/128-bit vector broadcasted from a 64- bit memory location. The opmask register is not used as a writemask for this instruction. Instead, the mask is used as an element selector: every element of the destination is conditionally selected between first source or second source using the value of the related mask bit (0 for first source operand, 1 for second source operand).

[0039] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from four packed data registers. In this embodiment, elements of a certain type (such as X from an XYZ data set) are gathered.

[0040] At 201, four packed data registers are loaded with data elements. For example, four ZMM registers are loaded with data elements.

[0041] At 203, at least one index register is set. For ease of understanding, only one index register is described as being used, however, multiple index registers may be used in permutation operations.

[0042] A permute instruction is executed at 205. This permute instruction operates on a first and second data source (register) operand and uses an index source (register) operand to permute 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the first data source operand and the second data source operand by using the indices in the index source operand to select elements from the data sources. The permute instruction also includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the first source data operand).

[0043] A permute instruction is executed at 207. This permute instruction operates on a third and fourth data source (register) operand and uses an index source (register) operand to permute 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the third data source operand and the fourth data source operand by using the indices in the index source operand to select elements from the data sources. The permute instruction also includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the index source operand).

[0044] A blend instruction is executed at 209. This blend instruction operates on the second source operand (post-permute) and the index operand (post-permute) to perform an element-by-element blending between data elements in the second source operand with the index operand using a writemask register operand of the blend instruction as select control. The result of the masked blending is stored into a destination operand of the blend instruction.

[0045] Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from four registers. In this embodiment, no "gather" instructions are used to pull the "x" data type from the four registers. Rather, two permute instructions using merging overwrite are executed to gather the "Xs" from the data set.

[0046] Register ZMM4 (a 512-bit register) 301 stores a plurality of index values. In this example, there are 8 index values, one per data element position in the register 301. These index values indicate a position in the registers. For example, the at data element position 0 of ZMM4 301 a value 0 is stored. This indicates an index into data element position 0 of a source operand. As will be shown, this position is data element position 0 of either ZMMO or ZMM2. Note also that the ZMM4 301 values extend to two registers in the instructions detailed. For example, ZMM4 301 applies to ZMMl 305 and ZMMO 303 where the more significant data elements positions of ZMM4 301 apply to ZMMl 305.

[0047] A permute instruction is executed using ZMMl 305 and ZMMO 303 as the data sources and ZMM4 301 as the index into those source registers. The execution of this instruction permutes values from the source registers using the index values of ZMM4 301 and stores the permuted values into ZMM4 307. In other words, ZMM4 307 is overwritten (shown as ZMM4'). Additionally, a writemask {0X0F in this example} is used to conditionally control per-element operations and updating of results. An example of a permute instruction of this type is VPERMI2.

[0048] A second permute instruction is executed using ZMM3 309 and ZMM2 303 as the data sources and ZMM4' as the index into those source registers. The execution of this instruction permutes values from the source registers using the index values of ZMM4' and stores the permuted values into ZMM4". In other words, ZMM4' is overwritten.

Additionally, a writemask {0XF0 in this example} is used to conditionally control per- element operations and updating of results. An example of a permute instruction of this type is VPERMI2.

[0049] Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from four packed data registers. In this embodiment, elements of a certain type (such as X from an XYZ data set) are gathered.

[0050] At 401, four packed data registers are loaded with data elements. For example, four ZMM registers are loaded with data elements.

[0051] At 403, at least one index register is set. For ease of understanding, only one index register is described as being used, however, multiple index registers may be used in permutation operations.

[0052] A permute instruction is executed at 405. This permute instruction operates on a first and second data source (register) operand and uses an index source (register) operand to permute 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the first data source operand and the second data source operand by using the indices in the index source operand to select elements from the data sources. The permute instruction also includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the index source operand).

[0053] A permute instruction is executed at 407. This permute instruction operates on a third and fourth data source (register) operand and uses the index source (register) operand after the permute of 405 to permute 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the third data source operand and the fourth data source operand by using the indices in the modified index source operand to select elements from the data sources. The permute instruction also includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the modified index source operand).

[0054] Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of execution of instructions for gathering elements of a certain data type from three registers. In this embodiment, no "gather" instructions are used to pull the "x" data type from the three registers. Rather, two permute instructions using merging overwrite are executed to gather the "Xs" from the data set.

[0055] Register ZMM4 (a 512-bit register) 501 stores a plurality of index values. In this example, there are 8 index values, one per data element position in the register 501. These index values indicate a position in the registers. For example, the at data element position 0 of ZMM4 501 a value 0 is stored. This indicates an index into data element position 0 of a source operand. As will be shown, this position is data element position 0 of ZMM0. Note also that the ZMM4 501 values extend to two registers in the instructions detailed. For example, ZMM4 501 applies to ZMM1 505 and ZMMO 503 where the more significant data elements positions of ZMM4 501 apply to ZMM1 505.

[0056] A move instruction is executed using ZMMO 503 and ZMM4 501 as the data sources. The execution of this instruction moves (loads) values from ZMM4 501 into ZMMO 503. Additionally, a writemask {OXDE in this example} is used to conditionally control per- element operations and updating of results.

[0057] An example of a move instruction of this type is VMOVAP which is an aligned move of single or double-precision floating points. An exemplary format for this instruction is VMOVAP(S,D) zmm2/m512 {kl } {z}, zmml. The execution of an instruction of this format moves aligned packed single or double-precision floating-point values from zmml to zmm2/memory using writemask kl. Generically, this type of move instruction moves 2, 4 or 8 double-precision floating-point values from the source operand (second operand) to the destination operand (first operand). This instruction can be used to load an XMM, YMM or ZMM register from a 128-bit, 256- bit or 512-bit memory location, to store the contents of an XMM, YMM or ZMM register into a 128-bit, 256-bit or 512-bit memory location, or to move data between two XMM, two YMM or two ZMM registers.

[0058] A permute instruction is executed using ZMM1 505 and ZMM2 507 as the data sources and ZMM4' as the index into those source registers. The execution of this instruction permutes values from the source registers using the index values of ZMMO' and stores the permuted values into ZMMO". In other words, ZMMO' is overwritten.

Additionally, a writemask {OXDE in this example} is used to conditionally control per- element operations and updating of results. An example of a permute instruction of this type is VPERMI2.

[0059] Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of a method performed by a processor to gather elements from three packed data registers. In this embodiment, elements of a certain type (such as X from an XYZ data set) are gathered.

[0060] At 601, three packed data registers are loaded with data elements. For example, three ZMM registers are loaded with data elements.

[0061] At 603, at least one index register is set. For ease of understanding, only one index register is described as being used, however, multiple index registers may be used in permutation operations.

[0062] A move instruction is executed at 605. This move instruction operates on a first and second data source (register) operands and includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the first source operand). [0063] A permute instruction is executed at 607. This permute instruction operates on a third and fourth data source (register) operand and uses an index source (register) operand which is the first data source (register) operand after the move instruction has executed to permute 16-bit/32-bit/64-bit values in the third data source operand and the fourth data source operand by using the indices in the modified first data source operand to select elements from the data sources. The permute instruction also includes a writemask operand to select which elements are written to the destination operand (the index source operand).

[0064] The principles detailed above may be applied to stride5 data structures.

Stride5 data structures have 5 identical elements composed together as a single composite structure (e.g. 5 floats or 5 doubles). Typically, this operation involves a gather operation to co-locate the different components from different array indices in a vector register. However, using the 2-source permute instruction which overwrites the index control register as destination as a 3-source permute operation by using merging masked permute operations where the control indices are intermixed with source operands to effectively combine data from 3 source registers in the final destination as detailed above is typically faster.

[0065] Figure 7 shows an embodiment of a sequence to convert AoS structures to

SoA format with gather instructions for a Stride5 structure of 5 doubles. The top row shows the layout of the structure in memory where 0 through 4 are the individual components of each vector. Different colors indicate different structures laid out consecutively in memory. Each structure element is 5 doubles accounting for 40 bytes. We show 8 such elements in memory comprising of 320 bytes of data that can be loaded into 5 AVX512 registers. The final result will have all 8 0-th components in zmmO, all 8 1st components in zmml, etc.

[0066] The index registers for each gather consists of:

declspec (align(32)) const int32 gather0_index[8] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35} declspec (align(32)) const int32 gatherl_index[8] = { 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36} declspec (align(32)) const int32 gather2_index[8] = {2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37} declspec (align(32)) const int32 gather3_index[8] = {3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38} declspec (align(32)) const int32 gather4_index[8] = {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 39}

[0067] The software sequence for this operation with 5 mask generation instructions and 5 gather instructions in each loop iteration is shown in Figure 8. KXNOR(W,B,Q,D) is instruction for a bitwise logical XNOR of write masks. For example, its execution performs a bitwise XNOR between the vector mask k2 and the vector mask k3, and writes the result into vector mask kl (three-operand form of KXNOR kl, k2, k3). [0068] VPGATHERDPD is an instruction for gathering of packed single or double precision signed double words. VPGATHER may operate on packed single or double precision bytes, words, double words, quad words, etc. An exemplary format is

VGATHERDPD zmml {kl }, vm32 which uses signed dword indices to gather 64-bit data into ZMM1 using kl as completion mask. A set of single-precision/double-precision faulting-point memory locations pointed by base address BASE_ADDR and index vector V_INDEX with scale SCALE are gathered. The result is written into a vector register. The elements are specified via the VSIB (i.e., the index register is a vector register, holding packed indices shown as VM32). Elements will only be loaded if their corresponding mask bit is one. If an element's mask bit is not set, the corresponding element of the destination register is left unchanged.

[0069] YMM5-YMM9 hold the index arrays gather0_index through gather4_index respectively. R8 points to the beginning of the data in AoS format in memory.

[0070] Figure 9 illustrates an embodiment of AOS to SOA conversion using move and permute instructions. 5 load instructions to move data into zmmO through zmm4. Then use 16 2-source permute instructions to segregate each component of struct vectors.

[0071] Figure 10 illustrates exemplary code for AOS to SOA conversion using load and permute instructions. VMOVUPS is an unaligned move and is used to move AOS data from memory (cache) into vector registers.

[0072] Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of AOS to SOA conversion using move and permute instructions. This sequence reduces the number of permute operations by taking advantage of merging writes which allow for depositing data values mixed with the index control values. A register that will be used as index is loaded with data values first. Then data elements that are not needed in the permute operation are overwritten with index values with a writemask. The register now contains a mix of data and index values. When this same writemask is passed to the vpermi instruction which overwrites the index register as destination, the data values are preserved and index values are overwritten with data coming from the other two source registers as controlled by the index values. This effectively turns the traditionally two-source vpermi instruction into a three-source permute instruction.

[0073] Figure 12 illustrates exemplary code for AOS to SOA conversion using load and permute instructions. This code loads some of the data to be permuted into a zmm register (VMOVUPS). Then parts of that register are overwrite with the index to control the permute operation using a mask to protect the data elements that will be preserved in the permute operation using a vpermi instruction that uses the index register as a destination. The same mask register is used to load the indices as the write mask for the vpermi instruction so that only the index values are overwritten preserving the data elements that were previously loaded.

[0074] Detailed below are embodiments of instruction formats, hardware, etc.

compatible with the above description.

[0075] An instruction set may include one or more instruction formats. A given instruction format may define various fields (e.g., number of bits, location of bits) to specify, among other things, the operation to be performed (e.g., opcode) and the operand(s) on which that operation is to be performed and/or other data field(s) (e.g., mask). Some instruction formats are further broken down though the definition of instruction templates (or subformats). For example, the instruction templates of a given instruction format may be defined to have different subsets of the instruction format's fields (the included fields are typically in the same order, but at least some have different bit positions because there are less fields included) and/or defined to have a given field interpreted differently. Thus, each instruction of an ISA is expressed using a given instruction format (and, if defined, in a given one of the instruction templates of that instruction format) and includes fields for specifying the operation and the operands. For example, an exemplary ADD instruction has a specific opcode and an instruction format that includes an opcode field to specify that opcode and operand fields to select operands (source 1/destination and source2); and an occurrence of this ADD instruction in an instruction stream will have specific contents in the operand fields that select specific operands. A set of SIMD extensions referred to as the Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) (AVX1 and AVX2) and using the Vector Extensions (VEX) coding scheme has been released and/or published (e.g., see Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, September 2014; and see Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions Programming Reference, October 2014).

Exemplary Instruction Formats

[0076] Embodiments of the instruction(s) described herein may be embodied in different formats. Additionally, exemplary systems, architectures, and pipelines are detailed below. Embodiments of the instruction(s) may be executed on such systems, architectures, and pipelines, but are not limited to those detailed.

Generic Vector Friendly Instruction Format [0077] A vector friendly instruction format is an instruction format that is suited for vector instructions (e.g., there are certain fields specific to vector operations). While embodiments are described in which both vector and scalar operations are supported through the vector friendly instruction format, alternative embodiments use only vector operations the vector friendly instruction format.

[0078] Figures 13A-13B are block diagrams illustrating a generic vector friendly instruction format and instruction templates thereof according to embodiments of the invention. Figure 13A is a block diagram illustrating a generic vector friendly instruction format and class A instruction templates thereof according to embodiments of the invention; while Figure 13B is a block diagram illustrating the generic vector friendly instruction format and class B instruction templates thereof according to embodiments of the invention. Specifically, a generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 for which are defined class A and class B instruction templates, both of which include no memory access 1305 instruction templates and memory access 1320 instruction templates. The term generic in the context of the vector friendly instruction format refers to the instruction format not being tied to any specific instruction set.

[0079] While embodiments of the invention will be described in which the vector friendly instruction format supports the following: a 64 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte) or 64 bit (8 byte) data element widths (or sizes) (and thus, a 64 byte vector consists of either 16 doubleword-size elements or alternatively, 8 quadword-size elements); a 64 byte vector operand length (or size) with 16 bit (2 byte) or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); a 32 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit (2 byte), or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); and a 16 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit (2 byte), or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); alternative embodiments may support more, less and/or different vector operand sizes (e.g., 256 byte vector operands) with more, less, or different data element widths (e.g., 128 bit (16 byte) data element widths).

[0080] The class A instruction templates in Figure 13A include: 1) within the no memory access 1305 instruction templates there is shown a no memory access, full round control type operation 1310 instruction template and a no memory access, data transform type operation 1315 instruction template; and 2) within the memory access 1320 instruction templates there is shown a memory access, temporal 1325 instruction template and a memory access, non-temporal 1330 instruction template. The class B instruction templates in Figure 13B include: 1) within the no memory access 1305 instruction templates there is shown a no memory access, write mask control, partial round control type operation 1312 instruction template and a no memory access, write mask control, vsize type operation 1317 instruction template; and 2) within the memory access 1320 instruction templates there is shown a memory access, write mask control 1327 instruction template.

[0081] The generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 includes the following fields listed below in the order illustrated in Figures 13A-13B.

[0082] Format field 1340 - a specific value (an instruction format identifier value) in this field uniquely identifies the vector friendly instruction format, and thus occurrences of instructions in the vector friendly instruction format in instruction streams. As such, this field is optional in the sense that it is not needed for an instruction set that has only the generic vector friendly instruction format.

[0083] Base operation field 1342 - its content distinguishes different base operations.

[0084] Register index field 1344 - its content, directly or through address generation, specifies the locations of the source and destination operands, be they in registers or in memory. These include a sufficient number of bits to select N registers from a PxQ (e.g. 32x512, 16x128, 32x1024, 64x1024) register file. While in one embodiment N may be up to three sources and one destination register, alternative embodiments may support more or less sources and destination registers (e.g., may support up to two sources where one of these sources also acts as the destination, may support up to three sources where one of these sources also acts as the destination, may support up to two sources and one destination).

[0085] Modifier field 1346 - its content distinguishes occurrences of instructions in the generic vector instruction format that specify memory access from those that do not; that is, between no memory access 1305 instruction templates and memory access 1320 instruction templates. Memory access operations read and/or write to the memory hierarchy (in some cases specifying the source and/or destination addresses using values in registers), while non-memory access operations do not (e.g., the source and destinations are registers). While in one embodiment this field also selects between three different ways to perform memory address calculations, alternative embodiments may support more, less, or different ways to perform memory address calculations.

[0086] Augmentation operation field 1350 - its content distinguishes which one of a variety of different operations to be performed in addition to the base operation. This field is context specific. In one embodiment of the invention, this field is divided into a class field 1368, an alpha field 1352, and a beta field 1354. The augmentation operation field 1350 allows common groups of operations to be performed in a single instruction rather than 2, 3, or 4 instructions.

[0087] Scale field 1360 - its content allows for the scaling of the index field's content for memory address generation (e.g., for address generation that uses 2 ^scale * index + base).

[0088] Displacement Field 1362A- its content is used as part of memory address generation (e.g., for address generation that uses 2 ^scale * index + base + displacement).

[0089] Displacement Factor Field 1362B (note that the juxtaposition of displacement field 1362A directly over displacement factor field 1362B indicates one or the other is used) - its content is used as part of address generation; it specifies a displacement factor that is to be scaled by the size of a memory access (N) - where N is the number of bytes in the memory access (e.g., for address generation that uses 2 ^scale * index + base + scaled displacement). Redundant low-order bits are ignored and hence, the displacement factor field's content is multiplied by the memory operands total size (N) in order to generate the final displacement to be used in calculating an effective address. The value of N is determined by the processor hardware at runtime based on the full opcode field 1374

(described later herein) and the data manipulation field 1354C. The displacement field 1362A and the displacement factor field 1362B are optional in the sense that they are not used for the no memory access 1305 instruction templates and/or different embodiments may implement only one or none of the two.

[0090] Data element width field 1364 - its content distinguishes which one of a number of data element widths is to be used (in some embodiments for all instructions; in other embodiments for only some of the instructions). This field is optional in the sense that it is not needed if only one data element width is supported and/or data element widths are supported using some aspect of the opcodes.

[0091] Write mask field 1370 - its content controls, on a per data element position basis, whether that data element position in the destination vector operand reflects the result of the base operation and augmentation operation. Class A instruction templates support merging-writemasking, while class B instruction templates support both merging- and zeroing- writemasking. When merging, vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be protected from updates during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in other one embodiment, preserving the old value of each element of the destination where the corresponding mask bit has a 0. In contrast, when zeroing vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be zeroed during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in one embodiment, an element of the destination is set to 0 when the corresponding mask bit has a 0 value. A subset of this functionality is the ability to control the vector length of the operation being performed (that is, the span of elements being modified, from the first to the last one); however, it is not necessary that the elements that are modified be consecutive. Thus, the write mask field 1370 allows for partial vector operations, including loads, stores, arithmetic, logical, etc. While embodiments of the invention are described in which the write mask field's 1370 content selects one of a number of write mask registers that contains the write mask to be used (and thus the write mask field's 1370 content indirectly identifies that masking to be performed), alternative embodiments instead or additional allow the mask write field's 1370 content to directly specify the masking to be performed.

[0092] Immediate field 1372 - its content allows for the specification of an immediate. This field is optional in the sense that is it not present in an implementation of the generic vector friendly format that does not support immediate and it is not present in instructions that do not use an immediate.

[0093] Class field 1368 - its content distinguishes between different classes of instructions. With reference to Figures 13A-B, the contents of this field select between class A and class B instructions. In Figures 13A-B, rounded corner squares are used to indicate a specific value is present in a field (e.g., class A 1368A and class B 1368B for the class field 1368 respectively in Figures 13A-B).

Instruction Templates of Class A

[0094] In the case of the non-memory access 1305 instruction templates of class A, the alpha field 1352 is interpreted as an RS field 1352A, whose content distinguishes which one of the different augmentation operation types are to be performed (e.g., round 1352A.1 and data transform 1352A.2 are respectively specified for the no memory access, round type operation 1310 and the no memory access, data transform type operation 1315 instruction templates), while the beta field 1354 distinguishes which of the operations of the specified type is to be performed. In the no memory access 1305 instruction templates, the scale field 1360, the displacement field 1362A, and the displacement scale filed 1362B are not present.

No-Memory Access Instruction Templates - Full Round Control Type Operation

[0095] In the no memory access full round control type operation 1310 instruction template, the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a round control field 1354A, whose content(s) provide static rounding. While in the described embodiments of the invention the round control field 1354A includes a suppress all floating point exceptions (SAE) field 1356 and a round operation control field 1358, alternative embodiments may support may encode both these concepts into the same field or only have one or the other of these concepts/fields (e.g., may have only the round operation control field 1358).

[0096] SAE field 1356 - its content distinguishes whether or not to disable the exception event reporting; when the SAE field's 1356 content indicates suppression is enabled, a given instruction does not report any kind of floating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating point exception handler.

[0097] Round operation control field 1358 - its content distinguishes which one of a group of rounding operations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down, Round-towards-zero and Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operation control field 1358 allows for the changing of the rounding mode on a per instruction basis. In one embodiment of the invention where a processor includes a control register for specifying rounding modes, the round operation control field's 1350 content overrides that register value.

No Memory Access Instruction Templates - Data Transform Type Operation

[0098] In the no memory access data transform type operation 1315 instruction template, the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a data transform field 1354B, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of data transforms is to be performed (e.g., no data transform, swizzle, broadcast).

[0099] In the case of a memory access 1320 instruction template of class A, the alpha field 1352 is interpreted as an eviction hint field 1352B, whose content distinguishes which one of the eviction hints is to be used (in Figure 13A, temporal 1352B.1 and non-temporal 1352B.2 are respectively specified for the memory access, temporal 1325 instruction template and the memory access, non-temporal 1330 instruction template), while the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a data manipulation field 1354C, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of data manipulation operations (also known as primitives) is to be performed (e.g., no manipulation; broadcast; up conversion of a source; and down conversion of a destination). The memory access 1320 instruction templates include the scale field 1360, and optionally the displacement field 1362A or the displacement scale field 1362B.

[00100] Vector memory instructions perform vector loads from and vector stores to memory, with conversion support. As with regular vector instructions, vector memory instructions transfer data from/to memory in a data element- wise fashion, with the elements that are actually transferred is dictated by the contents of the vector mask that is selected as the write mask.

Memory Access Instruction Templates - Temporal

[0101] Temporal data is data likely to be reused soon enough to benefit from caching.

This is, however, a hint, and different processors may implement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.

Memory Access Instruction Templates - Non-Temporal

[0102] Non-temporal data is data unlikely to be reused soon enough to benefit from caching in the lst-level cache and should be given priority for eviction. This is, however, a hint, and different processors may implement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.

Instruction Templates of Class B

[0103] In the case of the instruction templates of class B, the alpha field 1352 is interpreted as a write mask control (Z) field 1352C, whose content distinguishes whether the write masking controlled by the write mask field 1370 should be a merging or a zeroing.

[0104] In the case of the non-memory access 1305 instruction templates of class B, part of the beta field 1354 is interpreted as an RL field 1357A, whose content distinguishes which one of the different augmentation operation types are to be performed (e.g., round 1357A.1 and vector length (VSIZE) 1357A.2 are respectively specified for the no memory access, write mask control, partial round control type operation 1312 instruction template and the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 1317 instruction template), while the rest of the beta field 1354 distinguishes which of the operations of the specified type is to be performed. In the no memory access 1305 instruction templates, the scale field 1360, the displacement field 1362A, and the displacement scale filed 1362B are not present.

[0105] In the no memory access, write mask control, partial round control type operation 1310 instruction template, the rest of the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a round operation field 1359A and exception event reporting is disabled (a given instruction does not report any kind of floating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating point exception handler).

[0106] Round operation control field 1359A - just as round operation control field

1358, its content distinguishes which one of a group of rounding operations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down, Round-towards-zero and Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operation control field 1359 A allows for the changing of the rounding mode on a per instruction basis. In one embodiment of the invention where a processor includes a control register for specifying rounding modes, the round operation control field's 1350 content overrides that register value.

[0107] In the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 1317 instruction template, the rest of the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a vector length field 1359B, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of data vector lengths is to be performed on (e.g., 128, 256, or 512 byte).

[0108] In the case of a memory access 1320 instruction template of class B, part of the beta field 1354 is interpreted as a broadcast field 1357B, whose content distinguishes whether or not the broadcast type data manipulation operation is to be performed, while the rest of the beta field 1354 is interpreted the vector length field 1359B. The memory access 1320 instruction templates include the scale field 1360, and optionally the displacement field 1362A or the displacement scale field 1362B.

[0109] With regard to the generic vector friendly instruction format 1300, a full opcode field 1374 is shown including the format field 1340, the base operation field 1342, and the data element width field 1364. While one embodiment is shown where the full opcode field 1374 includes all of these fields, the full opcode field 1374 includes less than all of these fields in embodiments that do not support all of them. The full opcode field 1374 provides the operation code (opcode).

[0110] The augmentation operation field 1350, the data element width field 1364, and the write mask field 1370 allow these features to be specified on a per instruction basis in the generic vector friendly instruction format.

[0111] The combination of write mask field and data element width field create typed instructions in that they allow the mask to be applied based on different data element widths.

[0112] The various instruction templates found within class A and class B are beneficial in different situations. In some embodiments of the invention, different processors or different cores within a processor may support only class A, only class B, or both classes. For instance, a high performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general- purpose computing may support only class B, a core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing may support only class A, and a core intended for both may support both (of course, a core that has some mix of templates and instructions from both classes but not all templates and instructions from both classes is within the purview of the invention). Also, a single processor may include multiple cores, all of which support the same class or in which different cores support different class. For instance, in a processor with separate graphics and general purpose cores, one of the graphics cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific computing may support only class A, while one or more of the general purpose cores may be high performance general purpose cores with out of order execution and register renaming intended for general-purpose computing that support only class B. Another processor that does not have a separate graphics core, may include one more general purpose in-order or out-of-order cores that support both class A and class B. Of course, features from one class may also be implement in the other class in different embodiments of the invention. Programs written in a high level language would be put (e.g., just in time compiled or statically compiled) into an variety of different executable forms, including: 1) a form having only instructions of the class(es) supported by the target processor for execution; or 2) a form having alternative routines written using different combinations of the instructions of all classes and having control flow code that selects the routines to execute based on the instructions supported by the processor which is currently executing the code.

Exemplary Specific Vector Friendly Instruction Format

[0113] Figure 14 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary specific vector friendly instruction format according to embodiments of the invention. Figure 14 shows a specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 that is specific in the sense that it specifies the location, size, interpretation, and order of the fields, as well as values for some of those fields. The specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 may be used to extend the x86 instruction set, and thus some of the fields are similar or the same as those used in the existing x86 instruction set and extension thereof (e.g., AVX). This format remains consistent with the prefix encoding field, real opcode byte field, MOD R/M field, SIB field, displacement field, and immediate fields of the existing x86 instruction set with extensions. The fields from Figure 13 into which the fields from Figure 14 map are illustrated.

[0114] It should be understood that, although embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 in the context of the generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 for illustrative purposes, the invention is not limited to the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 except where claimed. For example, the generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 contemplates a variety of possible sizes for the various fields, while the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 is shown as having fields of specific sizes. By way of specific example, while the data element width field 1364 is illustrated as a one-bit field in the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400, the invention is not so limited (that is, the generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 contemplates other sizes of the data element width field 1364).

[0115] The generic vector friendly instruction format 1300 includes the following fields listed below in the order illustrated in Figure 14A.

[0116] EVEX Prefix (Bytes 0-3) 1402 - is encoded in a four-byte form.

[0117] Format Field 1340 (EVEX Byte 0, bits [7:0]) - the first byte (EVEX Byte 0) is the format field 1340 and it contains 0x62 (the unique value used for distinguishing the vector friendly instruction format in one embodiment of the invention).

[0118] The second-fourth bytes (EVEX Bytes 1-3) include a number of bit fields providing specific capability.

[0119] REX field 1405 (EVEX Byte 1, bits [7-5]) - consists of a EVEX.R bit field

(EVEX Byte 1, bit [7] - R), EVEX.X bit field (EVEX byte 1, bit [6] - X), and 1357BEX byte 1, bit[5] - B). The EVEX.R, EVEX.X, and EVEX.B bit fields provide the same

functionality as the corresponding VEX bit fields, and are encoded using Is complement form, i.e. ZMM0 is encoded as 111 IB, ZMM15 is encoded as 0000B. Other fields of the instructions encode the lower three bits of the register indexes as is known in the art (rrr, xxx, and bbb), so that Rrrr, Xxxx, and Bbbb may be formed by adding EVEX.R, EVEX.X, and EVEX.B.

[0120] REX' field 1310 - this is the first part of the REX' field 1310 and is the

EVEX.R' bit field (EVEX Byte 1, bit [4] - R') that is used to encode either the upper 16 or lower 16 of the extended 32 register set. In one embodiment of the invention, this bit, along with others as indicated below, is stored in bit inverted format to distinguish (in the well- known x86 32-bit mode) from the BOUND instruction, whose real opcode byte is 62, but does not accept in the MOD R/M field (described below) the value of 11 in the MOD field; alternative embodiments of the invention do not store this and the other indicated bits below in the inverted format. A value of 1 is used to encode the lower 16 registers. In other words, R'Rrrr is formed by combining EVEX.R', EVEX.R, and the other RRR from other fields.

[0121] Opcode map field 1415 (EVEX byte 1, bits [3:0] - mmmm) - its content encodes an implied leading opcode byte (OF, OF 38, or OF 3).

[0122] Data element width field 1364 (EVEX byte 2, bit [7] - W) - is represented by the notation EVEX.W. EVEX.W is used to define the granularity (size) of the datatype (either 32-bit data elements or 64-bit data elements). [0123] EVEX.vvvv 1420 (EVEX Byte 2, bits [6:3]-vvvv)- the role of EVEX.vvvv may include the following: 1) EVEX.vvvv encodes the first source register operand, specified in inverted (Is complement) form and is valid for instructions with 2 or more source operands; 2) EVEX.vvvv encodes the destination register operand, specified in Is

complement form for certain vector shifts; or 3) EVEX.vvvv does not encode any operand, the field is reserved and should contain 111 lb. Thus, EVEX.vvvv field 1420 encodes the 4 low-order bits of the first source register specifier stored in inverted (Is complement) form. Depending on the instruction, an extra different EVEX bit field is used to extend the specifier size to 32 registers.

[0124] EVEX.U 1368 Class field (EVEX byte 2, bit [2]-U) - If EVEX.U = 0, it indicates class A or EVEX.U0; if EVEX.U = 1, it indicates class B or EVEX.U 1.

[0125] Prefix encoding field 1425 (EVEX byte 2, bits [l:0]-pp) - provides additional bits for the base operation field. In addition to providing support for the legacy SSE instructions in the EVEX prefix format, this also has the benefit of compacting the SIMD prefix (rather than requiring a byte to express the SIMD prefix, the EVEX prefix requires only 2 bits). In one embodiment, to support legacy SSE instructions that use a SIMD prefix (66H, F2H, F3H) in both the legacy format and in the EVEX prefix format, these legacy SIMD prefixes are encoded into the SIMD prefix encoding field; and at runtime are expanded into the legacy SIMD prefix prior to being provided to the decoder's PLA (so the PLA can execute both the legacy and EVEX format of these legacy instructions without modification). Although newer instructions could use the EVEX prefix encoding field's content directly as an opcode extension, certain embodiments expand in a similar fashion for consistency but allow for different meanings to be specified by these legacy SIMD prefixes. An alternative embodiment may redesign the PLA to support the 2 bit SIMD prefix encodings, and thus not require the expansion.

[0126] Alpha field 1352 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7] - EH; also known as EVEX.EH,

EVEX.rs, EVEX.RL, EVEX.write mask control, and EVEX.N; also illustrated with a) - as previously described, this field is context specific.

[0127] Beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]-SSS, also known as EVEX.s ₂ -o,

EVEX.r ₂ _o, EVEXJTI, EVEX.LL0, EVEX.LLB; also illustrated with βββ) - as previously described, this field is context specific.

[0128] REX' field 1310 - this is the remainder of the REX' field and is the EVEX. V bit field (EVEX Byte 3, bit [3] - V) that may be used to encode either the upper 16 or lower 16 of the extended 32 register set. This bit is stored in bit inverted format. A value of 1 is used to encode the lower 16 registers. In other words, V'VVVV is formed by combining EVEX.V', EVEX.vvvv.

[0129] Write mask field 1370 (EVEX byte 3, bits [2:0] -kkk) - its content specifies the index of a register in the write mask registers as previously described. In one embodiment of the invention, the specific value EVEX.kkk=000 has a special behavior implying no write mask is used for the particular instruction (this may be implemented in a variety of ways including the use of a write mask hardwired to all ones or hardware that bypasses the masking hardware).

[0130] Real Opcode Field 1430 (Byte 4) is also known as the opcode byte. Part of the opcode is specified in this field.

[0131] MOD R/M Field 1440 (Byte 5) includes MOD field 1442, Reg field 1444, and

R/M field 1446. As previously described, the MOD field's 1442 content distinguishes between memory access and non-memory access operations. The role of Reg field 1444 can be summarized to two situations: encoding either the destination register operand or a source register operand, or be treated as an opcode extension and not used to encode any instruction operand. The role of R/M field 1446 may include the following: encoding the instruction operand that references a memory address, or encoding either the destination register operand or a source register operand.

[0132] Scale, Index, Base (SIB) Byte (Byte 6) - As previously described, the scale field's 1350 content is used for memory address generation. SIB.xxx 1454 and SIB.bbb 1456 - the contents of these fields have been previously referred to with regard to the register indexes Xxxx and Bbbb.

[0133] Displacement field 1362A (Bytes 7-10) - when MOD field 1442 contains 10, bytes 7-10 are the displacement field 1362A, and it works the same as the legacy 32-bit displacement (disp32) and works at byte granularity.

[0134] Displacement factor field 1362B (Byte 7) - when MOD field 1442 contains

01, byte 7 is the displacement factor field 1362B. The location of this field is that same as that of the legacy x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement (disp8), which works at byte granularity. Since disp8 is sign extended, it can only address between -128 and 127 bytes offsets; in terms of 64 byte cache lines, disp8 uses 8 bits that can be set to only four really useful values -128, -64, 0, and 64; since a greater range is often needed, disp32 is used;

however, disp32 requires 4 bytes. In contrast to disp8 and disp32, the displacement factor field 1362B is a reinterpretation of disp8; when using displacement factor field 1362B, the actual displacement is determined by the content of the displacement factor field multiplied by the size of the memory operand access (N). This type of displacement is referred to as disp8*N. This reduces the average instruction length (a single byte of used for the displacement but with a much greater range). Such compressed displacement is based on the assumption that the effective displacement is multiple of the granularity of the memory access, and hence, the redundant low-order bits of the address offset do not need to be encoded. In other words, the displacement factor field 1362B substitutes the legacy x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement. Thus, the displacement factor field 1362B is encoded the same way as an x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement (so no changes in the ModRM/SIB encoding rules) with the only exception that disp8 is overloaded to disp8*N. In other words, there are no changes in the encoding rules or encoding lengths but only in the interpretation of the displacement value by hardware (which needs to scale the displacement by the size of the memory operand to obtain a byte- wise address offset). Immediate field 1372 operates as previously described.

Full Opcode Field

[0135] Figure 14B is a block diagram illustrating the fields of the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 that make up the full opcode field 1374 according to one embodiment of the invention. Specifically, the full opcode field 1374 includes the format field 1340, the base operation field 1342, and the data element width (W) field 1364. The base operation field 1342 includes the prefix encoding field 1425, the opcode map field 1415, and the real opcode field 1430.

Register Index Field

[0136] Figure 14C is a block diagram illustrating the fields of the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 that make up the register index field 1344 according to one embodiment of the invention. Specifically, the register index field 1344 includes the REX field 1405, the REX' field 1410, the MODR/M.reg field 1444, the MODR/M.r/m field 1446, the WW field 1420, xxx field 1454, and the bbb field 1456.

Augmentation Operation Field

[0137] Figure 14D is a block diagram illustrating the fields of the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 that make up the augmentation operation field 1350 according to one embodiment of the invention. When the class (U) field 1368 contains 0, it signifies EVEX.U0 (class A 1368A); when it contains 1, it signifies EVEX.U1 (class B 1368B). When U=0 and the MOD field 1442 contains 11 (signifying a no memory access operation), the alpha field 1352 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7] - EH) is interpreted as the rs field 1352A. When the rs field 1352A contains a 1 (round 1352A.1), the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]- SSS) is interpreted as the round control field 1354A. The round control field 1354A includes a one bit SAE field 1356 and a two bit round operation field 1358. When the rs field 1352A contains a 0 (data transform 1352A.2), the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]- SSS) is interpreted as a three bit data transform field 1354B. When U=0 and the MOD field 1442 contains 00, 01, or 10 (signifying a memory access operation), the alpha field 1352 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7] - EH) is interpreted as the eviction hint (EH) field 1352B and the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]- SSS) is interpreted as a three bit data manipulation field 1354C.

[0138] When U=l, the alpha field 1352 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7] - EH) is interpreted as the write mask control (Z) field 1352C. When U=l and the MOD field 1442 contains 11 (signifying a no memory access operation), part of the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bit [4]- So) is interpreted as the RL field 1357A; when it contains a 1 (round 1357A.1) the rest of the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]- S2-1) is interpreted as the round operation field 1359A, while when the RL field 1357A contains a 0 (VSIZE 1357.A2) the rest of the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]- S2-1) is interpreted as the vector length field 1359B (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]- Li_ ₀ ). When U=l and the MOD field 1442 contains 00, 01, or 10 (signifying a memory access operation), the beta field 1354 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]- SSS) is interpreted as the vector length field 1359B (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]- L1-0) and the broadcast field 1357B (EVEX byte 3, bit [4]- B).

Exemplary Register Architecture

[0139] Figure 15 is a block diagram of a register architecture 1500 according to one embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment illustrated, there are 32 vector registers 1510 that are 512 bits wide; these registers are referenced as zmmO through zmm31. The lower order 256 bits of the lower 16 zmm registers are overlaid on registers ymmO-16. The lower order 128 bits of the lower 16 zmm registers (the lower order 128 bits of the ymm registers) are overlaid on registers xmm0-15. The specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 operates on these overlaid register file as illustrated in the below tables. Instruction Templates A (Figure 1310, 1315, zmm registers (the vector length is that do not include the 13A; 1325, 1330 64 byte)

vector length field U=0)

1359B

B (Figure 1312 zmm registers (the vector length is

13B; 64 byte)

U=l)

Instruction templates B (Figure 1317, 1327 zmm, ymm, or xmm registers (the that do include the 13B; vector length is 64 byte, 32 byte, or vector length field U=l) 16 byte) depending on the vector 1359B length field 1359B

[0140] In other words, the vector length field 1359B selects between a maximum length and one or more other shorter lengths, where each such shorter length is half the length of the preceding length; and instructions templates without the vector length field 1359B operate on the maximum vector length. Further, in one embodiment, the class B instruction templates of the specific vector friendly instruction format 1400 operate on packed or scalar single/double-precision floating point data and packed or scalar integer data. Scalar operations are operations performed on the lowest order data element position in an zmm/ymm/xmm register; the higher order data element positions are either left the same as they were prior to the instruction or zeroed depending on the embodiment.

[0141] Write mask registers 1515 - in the embodiment illustrated, there are 8 write mask registers (kO through k7), each 64 bits in size. In an alternate embodiment, the write mask registers 1515 are 16 bits in size. As previously described, in one embodiment of the invention, the vector mask register kO cannot be used as a write mask; when the encoding that would normally indicate kO is used for a write mask, it selects a hardwired write mask of OxFFFF, effectively disabling write masking for that instruction.

[0142] General-purpose registers 1525 - in the embodiment illustrated, there are sixteen 64-bit general-purpose registers that are used along with the existing x86 addressing modes to address memory operands. These registers are referenced by the names RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RBP, RSI, RDI, RSP, and R8 through R15.

[0143] Scalar floating point stack register file (x87 stack) 1545, on which is aliased the MMX packed integer flat register file 1550 - in the embodiment illustrated, the x87 stack is an eight-element stack used to perform scalar floating-point operations on 32/64/80-bit floating point data using the x87 instruction set extension; while the MMX registers are used to perform operations on 64-bit packed integer data, as well as to hold operands for some operations performed between the MMX and XMM registers.

[0144] Alternative embodiments of the invention may use wider or narrower registers. Additionally, alternative embodiments of the invention may use more, less, or different register files and registers.

Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures

[0145] Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for different purposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations of such cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a special purpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing.

Implementations of different processors may include: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order cores intended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more general purpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and 2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such different processors lead to different computer system architectures, which may include: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) the coprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) the coprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessor is sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purpose cores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die the described CPU

(sometimes referred to as the application core(s) or application processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, and additional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are described next, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computer architectures.

Exemplary Core Architectures

In-order and out-of-order core block diagram

[0146] Figure 16A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-order pipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention. Figure 16B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of an in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in a processor according to embodiments of the invention. The solid lined boxes in Figures 16A-B illustrate the in-order pipeline and in-order core, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates the register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline and core. Given that the in-order aspect is a subset of the out-of-order aspect, the out-of-order aspect will be described.

[0147] In Figure 16A, a processor pipeline 1600 includes a fetch stage 1602, a length decode stage 1604, a decode stage 1606, an allocation stage 1608, a renaming stage 1610, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue) stage 1612, a register read/memory read stage 1614, an execute stage 1616, a write back/memory write stage 1618, an exception handling stage 1622, and a commit stage 1624.

[0148] Figure 16B shows processor core 1690 including a front end unit 1630 coupled to an execution engine unit 1650, and both are coupled to a memory unit 1670. The core 1690 may be a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) core, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) core, a very long instruction word (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternative core type. As yet another option, the core 1690 may be a special-purpose core, such as, for example, a network or communication core, compression engine, coprocessor core, general purpose computing graphics processing unit (GPGPU) core, graphics core, or the like.

[0149] The front end unit 1630 includes a branch prediction unit 1632 coupled to an instruction cache unit 1634, which is coupled to an instruction translation lookaside buffer (TLB) 1636, which is coupled to an instruction fetch unit 1638, which is coupled to a decode unit 1640. The decode unit 1640 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate as an output one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points, microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, which are decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, the original instructions. The decode unit 1640 may be implemented using various different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include, but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs), etc. In one embodiment, the core 1690 includes a microcode ROM or other medium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., in decode unit 1640 or otherwise within the front end unit 1630). The decode unit 1640 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 1652 in the execution engine unit 1650.

[0150] The execution engine unit 1650 includes the rename/allocator unit 1652 coupled to a retirement unit 1654 and a set of one or more scheduler unit(s) 1656. The scheduler unit(s) 1656 represents any number of different schedulers, including reservations stations, central instruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 1656 is coupled to the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658. Each of the physical register file(s) units 1658 represents one or more physical register files, different ones of which store one or more different data types, such as scalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point,, status (e.g., an instruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to be executed), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit 1658 comprises a vector registers unit, a write mask registers unit, and a scalar registers unit. These register units may provide architectural vector registers, vector mask registers, and general purpose registers. The physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658 is overlapped by the retirement unit 1654 to illustrate various ways in which register renaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using a reorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s); using a future file(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using a register maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit 1654 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658 are coupled to the execution cluster(s) 1660. The execution cluster(s) 1660 includes a set of one or more execution units 1662 and a set of one or more memory access units 1664. The execution units 1662 may perform various operations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and on various types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). While some embodiments may include a number of execution units dedicated to specific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may include only one execution unit or multiple execution units that all perform all functions. The scheduler unit(s) 1656, physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658, and execution cluster(s) 1660 are shown as being possibly plural because certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain types of data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floating point/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vector floating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each have their own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/or execution cluster - and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline, certain embodiments are

implemented in which only the execution cluster of this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 1664). It should also be understood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of these pipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.

[0151] The set of memory access units 1664 is coupled to the memory unit 1670, which includes a data TLB unit 1672 coupled to a data cache unit 1674 coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1676. In one exemplary embodiment, the memory access units 1664 may include a load unit, a store address unit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLB unit 1672 in the memory unit 1670. The instruction cache unit 1634 is further coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1676 in the memory unit 1670. The L2 cache unit 1676 is coupled to one or more other levels of cache and eventually to a main memory.

[0152] By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-order

issue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 1600 as follows: 1) the instruction fetch 1638 performs the fetch and length decoding stages 1602 and 1604; 2) the decode unit 1640 performs the decode stage 1606; 3) the rename/allocator unit 1652 performs the allocation stage 1608 and renaming stage 1610; 4) the scheduler unit(s) 1656 performs the schedule stage 1612; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658 and the memory unit 1670 perform the register read/memory read stage 1614; the execution cluster 1660 perform the execute stage 1616; 6) the memory unit 1670 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658 perform the write back/memory write stage 1618; 7) various units may be involved in the exception handling stage 1622; and 8) the retirement unit 1654 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1658 perform the commit stage 1624.

[0153] The core 1690 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newer versions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, CA; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensions such as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, CA), including the instruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 1690 includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g., AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimedia applications to be performed using packed data.

[0154] It should be understood that the core may support multithreading (executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and may do so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading, simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides a logical core for each of the threads that physical core is simultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., time sliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereafter such as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

[0155] While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-order execution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used in an in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of the processor also includes separate instruction and data cache units 1634/1674 and a shared L2 cache unit 1676, alternative embodiments may have a single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as, for example, a Level 1 (LI) internal cache, or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the system may include a combination of an internal cache and an external cache that is external to the core and/or the processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may be external to the core and/or the processor.

Specific Exemplary In-Order Core Architecture

[0156] Figures 17A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplary in- order core architecture, which core would be one of several logic blocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types) in a chip. The logic blocks communicate through a high-bandwidth interconnect network (e.g., a ring network) with some fixed function logic, memory I/O interfaces, and other necessary I/O logic, depending on the application.

[0157] Figure 17A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with its connection to the on-die interconnect network 1702 and with its local subset of the Level 2 (L2) cache 1704, according to embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, an instruction decoder 1700 supports the x86 instruction set with a packed data instruction set extension. An LI cache 1706 allows low-latency accesses to cache memory into the scalar and vector units. While in one embodiment (to simplify the design), a scalar unit 1708 and a vector unit 1710 use separate register sets (respectively, scalar registers 1712 and vector registers 1714) and data transferred between them is written to memory and then read back in from a level 1 (LI) cache 1706, alternative embodiments of the invention may use a different approach (e.g., use a single register set or include a communication path that allow data to be transferred between the two register files without being written and read back).

[0158] The local subset of the L2 cache 1704 is part of a global L2 cache that is divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Each processor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of the L2 cache 1704. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cache subset 1704 and can be accessed quickly, in parallel with other processor cores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data written by a processor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 1704 and is flushed from other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensures coherency for shared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allow agents such as processor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks to communicate with each other within the chip. Each ring data-path is 1012-bits wide per direction.

[0159] Figure 17B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in Figure 17A according to embodiments of the invention. Figure 17B includes an LI data cache 1706A part of the LI cache 1704, as well as more detail regarding the vector unit 1710 and the vector registers 1714. Specifically, the vector unit 1710 is a 16-wide vector processing unit (VPU) (see the 16-wide ALU 1728), which executes one or more of integer, single-precision float, and double-precision float instructions. The VPU supports swizzling the register inputs with swizzle unit 1720, numeric conversion with numeric convert units 1722A-B, and replication with replication unit 1724 on the memory input. Write mask registers 1726 allow predicating resulting vector writes.

[0160] Figure 18 is a block diagram of a processor 1800 that may have more than one core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention. The solid lined boxes in Figure 18 illustrate a processor 1800 with a single core 1802A, a system agent 1810, a set of one or more bus controller units 1816, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates an alternative processor 1800 with multiple cores 1802A-N, a set of one or more integrated memory controller unit(s) 1814 in the system agent unit 1810, and special purpose logic 1808.

[0161] Thus, different implementations of the processor 1800 may include: 1) a CPU with the special purpose logic 1808 being integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), and the cores 1802A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., general purpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, a combination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 1802A-N being a large number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific

(throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores 1802A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus, the processor 1800 may be a general -purpose processor, coprocessor or special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU (general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput many integrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embedded processor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or more chips. The processor 1800 may be a part of and/or may be implemented on one or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies, such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

[0162] The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within the cores, a set or one or more shared cache units 1806, and external memory (not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units 1814. The set of shared cache units 1806 may include one or more mid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. While in one embodiment a ring based interconnect unit 1812 interconnects the integrated graphics logic 1808, the set of shared cache units 1806, and the system agent unit 1810/integrated memory controller unit(s) 1814, alternative embodiments may use any number of well-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment, coherency is maintained between one or more cache units 1806 and cores 1802-A-N.

[0163] In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 1802A-N are capable of multi-threading. The system agent 1810 includes those components coordinating and operating cores 1802A-N. The system agent unit 1810 may include for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. The PCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating the power state of the cores 1802A-N and the integrated graphics logic 1808. The display unit is for driving one or more externally connected displays.

[0164] The cores 1802A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms of architecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 1802A-N may be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others may be capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or a different instruction set.

Exemplary Computer Architectures

[0165] Figures 19-22 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures.

Other system designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops, desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineering workstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embedded processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, video game devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portable media players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices, are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronic devices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other execution logic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.

[0166] Referring now to Figure 19, shown is a block diagram of a system 1900 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 1900 may include one or more processors 1910, 1915, which are coupled to a controller hub 1920. In one embodiment the controller hub 1920 includes a graphics memory controller hub (GMCH) 1990 and an Input/Output Hub (IOH) 1950 (which may be on separate chips); the GMCH 1990 includes memory and graphics controllers to which are coupled memory 1940 and a coprocessor 1945; the IOH 1950 is couples input/output (I/O) devices 1960 to the GMCH 1990. Alternatively, one or both of the memory and graphics controllers are integrated within the processor (as described herein), the memory 1940 and the coprocessor 1945 are coupled directly to the processor 1910, and the controller hub 1920 in a single chip with the IOH 1950.

[0167] The optional nature of additional processors 1915 is denoted in Figure 19 with broken lines. Each processor 1910, 1915 may include one or more of the processing cores described herein and may be some version of the processor 1800.

[0168] The memory 1940 may be, for example, dynamic random access memory

(DRAM), phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For at least one embodiment, the controller hub 1920 communicates with the processor(s) 1910, 1915 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus (FSB), point-to-point interface such as QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), or similar connection 1995.

[0169] In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1945 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 1920 may include an integrated graphics accelerator.

[0170] There can be a variety of differences between the physical resources 1910,

1915 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit including architectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumption characteristics, and the like.

[0171] In one embodiment, the processor 1910 executes instructions that control data processing operations of a general type. Embedded within the instructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 1910 recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that should be executed by the attached coprocessor 1945. Accordingly, the processor 1910 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signals representing coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or other interconnect, to coprocessor 1945. Coprocessor(s) 1945 accept and execute the received coprocessor instructions.

[0172] Referring now to Figure 20, shown is a block diagram of a first more specific exemplary system 2000 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 20, multiprocessor system 2000 is a point-to-point interconnect system, and includes a first processor 2070 and a second processor 2080 coupled via a point-to-point interconnect 2050. Each of processors 2070 and 2080 may be some version of the processor 1800. In one embodiment of the invention, processors 2070 and 2080 are respectively processors 1910 and 1915, while coprocessor 2038 is coprocessor 1945. In another embodiment, processors 2070 and 2080 are respectively processor 1910 coprocessor 1945.

[0173] Processors 2070 and 2080 are shown including integrated memory controller

(IMC) units 2072 and 2082, respectively. Processor 2070 also includes as part of its bus controller units point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 2076 and 2078; similarly, second processor 2080 includes P-P interfaces 2086 and 2088. Processors 2070, 2080 may exchange information via a point-to-point (P-P) interface 2050 using P-P interface circuits 2078, 2088. As shown in Figure 20, IMCs 2072 and 2082 couple the processors to respective memories, namely a memory 2032 and a memory 2034, which may be portions of main memory locally attached to the respective processors.

[0174] Processors 2070, 2080 may each exchange information with a chipset 2090 via individual P-P interfaces 2052, 2054 using point to point interface circuits 2076, 2094, 2086, 2098. Chipset 2090 may optionally exchange information with the coprocessor 2038 via a high-performance interface 2039. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 2038 is a special- purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.

[0175] A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor or outside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-P interconnect, such that either or both processors' local cache information may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placed into a low power mode.

[0176] Chipset 2090 may be coupled to a first bus 2016 via an interface 2096. In one embodiment, first bus 2016 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or another third generation I O interconnect bus, although the scope of the present invention is not so limited.

[0177] As shown in Figure 20, various I/O devices 2014 may be coupled to first bus

2016, along with a bus bridge 2018 which couples first bus 2016 to a second bus 2020. In one embodiment, one or more additional processor(s) 2015, such as coprocessors, high- throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's, accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signal processing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any other processor, are coupled to first bus 2016. In one embodiment, second bus 2020 may be a low pin count (LPC) bus. Various devices may be coupled to a second bus 2020 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 2022, communication devices 2027 and a storage unit 2028 such as a disk drive or other mass storage device which may include instructions/code and data 2030, in one embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 2024 may be coupled to the second bus 2020. Note that other architectures are possible. For example, instead of the point-to- point architecture of Figure 20, a system may implement a multi-drop bus or other such architecture. [0178] Referring now to Figure 21, shown is a block diagram of a second more specific exemplary system 2100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Like elements in Figures 20 and 21 bear like reference numerals, and certain aspects of Figure 20 have been omitted from Figure 21 in order to avoid obscuring other aspects of Figure 21.

[0179] Figure 21 illustrates that the processors 2070, 2080 may include integrated memory and I/O control logic ("CL") 2072 and 2082, respectively. Thus, the CL 2072, 2082 include integrated memory controller units and include I/O control logic. Figure 21

illustrates that not only are the memories 2032, 2034 coupled to the CL 2072, 2082, but also that I O devices 2114 are also coupled to the control logic 2072, 2082. Legacy I/O devices 2115 are coupled to the chipset 2090.

[0180] Referring now to Figure 22, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 2200 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elements in Figure 18 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes are optional features on more advanced SoCs. In Figure 22, an interconnect unit(s) 2202 is coupled to: an application processor 2210 which includes a set of one or more cores 202A-N and shared cache unit(s) 1806; a system agent unit 1810; a bus controller unit(s) 1816; an integrated memory controller unit(s) 1814; a set or one or more coprocessors 2220 which may include integrated graphics logic, an image processor, an audio processor, and a video processor; an static random access memory (SRAM) unit 2230; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 2232; and a display unit 2240 for coupling to one or more external displays. In one embodiment, the coprocessor(s) 2220 include a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, GPGPU, a high-throughput MIC processor, embedded processor, or the like.

[0181] Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementation approaches.

Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computer programs or program code executing on programmable systems comprising at least one processor, a storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.

[0182] Program code, such as code 2030 illustrated in Figure 20, may be applied to input instructions to perform the functions described herein and generate output information. The output information may be applied to one or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of this application, a processing system includes any system that has a processor, such as, for example; a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a microprocessor.

[0183] The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a processing system. The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In fact, the

mechanisms described herein are not limited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

[0184] One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine -readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as "IP cores" may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor.

[0185] Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation, non- transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formed by a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, any other type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable' s (CD- RWs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory (PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.

[0186] Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory, tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containing design data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which defines structures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system features described herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as program products.

Emulation (including binary translation, code morphing, etc.)

[0187] In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert an instruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set. For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using static binary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamic compilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to one or more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instruction converter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, off processor, or part on and part off processor.

[0188] Figure 23 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instruction converter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set to binary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instruction converter is a software instruction converter, although alternatively the instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or various combinations thereof. Figure 23 shows a program in a high level language 2302 may be compiled using an x86 compiler 2304 to generate x86 binary code 2306 that may be natively executed by a processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 2316. The processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 2316 represents any processor that can perform substantially the same functions as an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core by compatibly executing or otherwise processing (1) a substantial portion of the instruction set of the Intel x86 instruction set core or (2) object code versions of applications or other software targeted to run on an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core, in order to achieve substantially the same result as an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core. The x86 compiler 2304 represents a compiler that is operable to generate x86 binary code 2306 (e.g., object code) that can, with or without additional linkage processing, be executed on the processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 2316. Similarly, Figure 23 shows the program in the high level language 2302 may be compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 2308 to generate alternative instruction set binary code 2310 that may be natively executed by a processor without at least one x86 instruction set core 2314 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, CA and/or that execute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, CA). The instruction converter 2312 is used to convert the x86 binary code 2306 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without an x86 instruction set core 2314. This converted code is not likely to be the same as the alternative instruction set binary code 2310 because an instruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, the converted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up of instructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instruction converter 2312 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allows a processor or other electronic device that does not have an x86 instruction set processor or core to execute the x86 binary code 2306.