BACKGROUND

10001] Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

[0002] A mountable device may be configured to monitor health-related information based on at least one anaivte detected from a user wearing the mountable device. In the instance where the mountable device is an eye-mountable device, the eye-mountable device may be in the form of a contact lens that includes a sensor apparatus configured to detect one or more anaiytes. The sensor apparatus may monitor health-related information of a user of the eye-mountable device, such as a glucose level. Further, the sensor apparatus may monitor various other types of health-related information.

SUMMARY

[0003] In one aspect, an example mountable device is disclosed. The mountable device includes a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface of the mountable device and a bio-compatibie structure embedded in the polymer. The bio-compatible structure includes a first side and a second side opposite the first side and comprises an electronic component and sensor electrodes electrically connected to the electronic component. A biocompatible material fully encapsulates the bio-compatible structure except for the sensor electrodes, and the bio-compatible structure has at least one opening in the second side over the sensor electrodes and at least one opening in the second side connected to the at least one opening in the second side.

[00Θ4] In another aspect, an example method for fabricating a mountable device is disclosed. The method involves fabricating a bio-compatible structure that includes an electronic component and a conductive pattern, in which the electronic component has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. Fabricating the bio-compatibie structure involves: forming a first layer of a bio-compatibie material, wherein the first layer of the bio-compatible material defines the first side of the bio-compatible structure; forming the conductive pattern on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, wherein the conductive pattern defines sensor electrodes, electrical contacts, and electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the electrical contacts; mounting the electrical component on the electrical contacts; forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material over the first layer of the bio-compatibie material, the conductive pattern, and the electronic component, wherein the second layer of the bio-compatible material defines the second side of the biocompatible structure; removing a portion of the second layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the second side of the bio-compatible structure and removing a portion of the first layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the first side of the bio-compatible structure, such that the sensor electrodes are exposed in the at feast one opening in the second side and the at least one opening in the first side is connected to the at least one opening in the second side; and surrounding the bio-compatible structure with a polymer. The polymer defines at least one mounting s urface of the mountable device.

[0005] In yet another aspect, an example method of fabricating a bio-compatibie structure is disclosed. The method involves: forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material, wherein the first layer of the bio-compatible material defines a first side of the bio- compatible structure; forming a conductive pattern on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, wherein the conductive pattern defines sensor electrodes, an antenna, first electrical contacts, second electrical contacts, first electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the first electrical contacts, and second electrical interconnects between the antenna and the second electrical contacts; mounting an electrical component on the first and the second electrical contacts: forming a second layer of a bio-compatible material over the first layer of the bio-compatible material, the conductive pattern, and the electrical component, wherein the second layer of the bio-compatible material defines a second side of the bio-compatible structure: removing a portion of the second layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the second side of the bio-compatible structure and removing a portion of the first layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the first side of the bio-compatible structure, such that the sensor electrodes are exposed in the at least one opening in the second side and the at least one opening in the first side is connected to the at least one opening in the second side; and annealing the first and second layers of the bio-compatible material to fully encapsulate the bio-compatible structure with the bio-compatible materials, except for the sensor electrodes.

[0006] These as well as other aspects, advantages, and alternatives, will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the following detailed description, with reference where appropriate to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example syste that includes an eye- mountable device in wireless communication with an external reader.

[0008] Figure 2 A is a bottom view of an example eye-mountable device.

[0009] Figure 2B is a side view of the example eye-mountable device of Figure 2A.

[0010] Figure 2C is a side cross-section view of the example eye-mountable device of

Figure 2A mounted to a corneal surface of an eye.

[0011] Figure 2D is an enlarged partial view of the cross-section of the example eye- mountable device shown, in Figure 2C.

[0012] Figures 3A-3N show stages of fabricating an example bio-compatible structure in which an electronics module is encapsulated in a bio-compatible material.

[0013] Figure 4A is a flowchart of an example process for fabricating a moimtable device.

[0014] Figure 4B is a flowchart of an example process for fabricating a biocompatible structure.

[0015] Figure 5 depicts a computer-readable medium configured according to an example embodiment.

DETAILED

[0016; The following detailed description describes various features and functions of the disclosed systems and methods with reference to the accompanying figures, in the figures, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described herein are not meant to be limiting. It will be readily understood that certain aspects of the present disclosure may be arranged and combined in a wide variety of different configurations, a ll of which are contemplat ed herein. i. Overview

[0017] A mountable device may be configured to monitor health-related information based on at least one analyte detected from a user wearing the mountable device. The mountable device may include a sensing platform configured to detect the at least one analyte. The sensing platform may include a sensor apparatus, control electronics, and an antenna, and may be at least partially embedded in a polymeric material that defines at least one mounting surface of the mountable device. The control electronics operate the sensor apparatus to perform readings indicative of concentrations of an analyte and operate the antenna to wirelessly communicate the readings to an external reader.

[0018] In some examples, the mountable device could be an eye-mountable device.

The eye-mountable device may be in the form of a round lens configured to mount to a corneal surface of an eye. The sensing platform may be embedded near the periphery of the eye-mountable device to avoid interference with incident light received closer to the central region of the cornea. As used throughout this disclosure, the anterior side of the eye- mountable device refers to the outward- facing side of the eye-mountable device that does not teach the eye of the wearer, whereas the posterior side of the eye-mountable device refers to the inward- facing side of the eye-mountable device that touches the eye of the wearer.

[0019] The sensor apparatus may be an electrochemical amperometric sensor, which measures a concentration of an analyte by measuring a current generated through electrochemical oxidation or reduction reactions of the analyte. The analyte can diffuse to a working electrode of the sensor and undergo an electrochemical reaction. A reduction reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from the working electrode to the analyte, whereas an oxidation reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from the analyte to the working electrode. The direction of electron transfer is dependent upon the electrical potentials applied to the working electrode. The response {i.e., analytical signal) of the sensor is the generated current that flows between the working electrode and a counter electrode and/or reference elects-ode, which is used to complete a circuit with the working electrode. When the working electrode is appropriately biased, the generated current can be proportional to the reaction rate, so as to provide a measure of the concentration of the analyte surrounding the working electrode.

[Θ028] In some examples, the sensing platform is in the form of a bio-compatibie structure. The bio- compatible structure may be encapsulated in a bio-compatible material, except for the sensor electrodes of the electrochemical sensor. The bio-compatible material can protect the electronics in the sensing platform from fluids or other materials in the surrounding environment without triggering an immune response, and the analyte can reach the exposed sensor electrodes.

[0021] The bio-compatible structure may be fabricated by forming first layer of biocompatible material, forming on the first layer a conductive pattern that defines sensor electrodes, an antenna, and respective electrical interconnects to respective electrical contacts on a first layer of bio-compatible material, mounting an electronic component on the electrical contacts, and forming a second layer of bio-compatible material over the electronic component and the conductive pattern. The first layer of bio-compatible material defines a first side of the bio-compatible structure, and the second layer of bio-compatibie material defines a second side of the bio-compatible structure. The sensor eiectrodes can be exposed by removing, such as by etching, a portion of the second layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the second side of the bio-compatible structure. The etching may further remove a portion of the first layer of the bio-compatible material under, so as to create at least one opening in the first side of the bio-compatible structure that is connected to the at least opening in the second side. With this arrangement of openings, analyses can reach the sensor eiectrodes from either the first side or the second side of the bio-compatibie structure.

IL Example Sensing Platform

[0022] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 that includes an eye-mountable device 110 in wireless communication with an external reader 120. The eye-mountable device 110 may be a polymeric material that may be appropriately shaped for mounting to a corneal surface and in which a sensing platform is at least partially embedded. The sensing platform may include a power supply 140, a controller 150, bio-interactive electronics 160, and an antenna 170.

[0023] In some example embodiments, the sensing platform may be positioned away from the center of the eye-mountable device 110 and thereby avoid interference with light transmission to the central, light-sensitive region of the eye. For example, where the eye- mountable device 110 is shaped as a curved disk, the sensing platform may be embedded around the periphery (e.g., near the outer circumference) of the disk. In other example embodiments, the sensing platform ma be positioned in or near the central region of the ey e- mountable device 110. For example, portions of the sensmg platform may be substantially transparent to incoming visible light to mitigate mterference with light transmission to the eye. Moreover, in some embodiments, the bio-interactive electronics 160 may include a pixel array 164 that emits and/or transmits light to be received by the eye according to display instructions. Thus, the bio-interactive electronics 160 may optionally be positioned in the center of the eye -mountable device so as to generate visual cues perceivable to a wearer of the eye-mountabie device 110, such as displaying information (e.g., characters, symbols, flashing patterns, etc.) on the pixel array 164.

[0024] The power supply 140 is configured to harvest ambient energy to power the controller 150 and bio-interactive electronics 160, and may include an energy harvesting antenna 142 and/or solar ceils 144, The energy- harvesting antenna 142 may capture energy from incident radio radiation. The solar cells 144 may comprise photovoltaic cells configured to capture energy from incoming ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared radiation.

[0025] A rectifier/regulator 146 may be used to condition the captured energy to a stable DC supply voltage 141 at a level suitable for operating the controller, and then supply the voltage to the controller 150. The rectifier/regulator 146 may include one or more energy- storage devices to mitigate high frequency variations in the ambient energy gathering antenna 142. and/or solar cell(s) 144. For example, one or more energy storage devices (e.g., a capacitor or an inductor) may be connected in parallel across the outputs of the rectifier 146 to regulate the DC supply voltage 141 and may be configured to function as a low-pass filter.

[0026] The controller 150 is configured to execute instructions to operate the bio- interactive electronics 160 and the antenna 170. The controller 150 includes logic circuitry configured to operate the bio-interactive electronics 160 so as to interact with a biological environment of the eye-mountable device 1 10. The interaction could involve the use of one or more components, such an analyte bio-sensor 162. in the bio-interactive electronics 160, to obtain input from the biological environment. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction could involve the use of one or more components, such as a pixel array 164, to provide an output to the biological environment.

[0027] In one example, the controller 150 includes a sensor interface module 152 that is configured to operate the analyte bio-sensor 162. The analyte bio-sensor 162 may be, for example, an amperometric electrochemical sensor that includes a working electrode and a reference electrode driven by a sensor interface. A voltage is applied between the working and reference electrodes to cause an analyte to undergo an electrochemical reaction (e.g., a reduction and/or oxidation reaction) at the working electrode. The electrochemical reaction generates an amperometric current that can be measured through the working electrode. The amperometric current can be dependent on the analyte concentration. Thus, the amount of the amperometric current that is measured through the working electrode can provide an indication of analyte concentration, in some embodiments, the sensor interface module 152 can be a potentiostat configured to apply a voltage difference between working and reference electrodes while measuring a current through the working electrode.

[0028] In some instances, a reagent may also be included to sensitize the electrochemical sensor to one or more desired analytes. For example, a layer of glucose oxidase ("GOD") proximal to the working electrode can catalyze glucose oxidation to generate hydrogen peroxide ! l I ·■<) ·■). The hydrogen peroxide can then be electro-oxidized at the working electrode, which releases electrons to the working electrode, resulting in an amperometric current that can be measured through the working electrode.

glucose + 0 ₂ ^(j< → H? 0 ? + giuconolactone

H ₂ 0 ₂ → 2 H ⁺ + 0 ₂ + 2 e ^"

[0029] ^' The current generated by either reduction or oxidation reactions is approximately proportionate to the reaction rate. Further, the reaction rate is dependent on the rate of analyte molecules reaching the electrochemical sensor electrodes to fuel the reduction or oxidation reactions, either directly or catalytically through a reagent, in a steady state, where analyte molecules diffuse to the electrochemical sensor electrodes from a sampled region at approximately the same rate that additional analyte molecules diffuse to the sampled region from surrounding regions, the reaction rate is approximately proportionate to the concentration of the analyte molecules. The current measured through the working electrode thus provides an indication of the analyte concentration.

[0038] The controller 150 may also include a display driver module 154 for operating a pixel array 164. The pixel array 164 is an array of separately programmable light transmiiting, light reflecting, and/or light emitting pixels arranged in rows and columns. The individual pixel circuits can optionally include liquid crystal technologies, microelectromechanical technologies, emissive diode technologies, etc. to selectively transmit, reflect, and'or emit light according to information from the display driver module 154. Such a pixel array 164 may also include more than one color of pixels (e.g., red, green, and blue pixels) to render visual content in color. The display driver module 154 can include, for example, one or more data lines providing programming information to the separately programmed pixels in the pixel array 164 and one or more addressing lines for setting groups of pixels to receive such programming information. Such a pixel array 64 situated on the eye can also include one or more lenses to direct light from the pixel array to a focal plane perceivable by the eye.

[0031] The controller 150 may also include a communication circuit 156 for sending and/or receiving information via the antenna 170. The communication circuit 156 may include one or more oscillators, mixers, frequency injectors, or the like to modulate and/or demodulate information on a carrier frequency to be transmitted and/or received by ihe antenna 170. In some example embodiments, the eye-mountable device 110 is configured to indicate an output from a bio-sensor by modulating an impedance of the antenna 170 in a manner that is perceivable by the external reader 120. For example, the communication circuit 156 can cause variations in the amplitude, phase, and/or frequency of backscatter radiation from the antenna 170, and such variations may then be detected by the reader 12.0.

[0032] The controller 150 is connected to the bio-interactive electronics 160 and the antenna 170 via interconnects 151. The interconnects 151 may comprise a. patterned conductive material (e.g. , gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, copper, aluminum, silver, metals, any combinations of these, etc.).

[0033] It is noted that the block diagram shown in Figure 1 is described in connection with functional modules for convenience in description. However, embodiments of the eye- mountable device 110 can be arranged with one or more of the functional modules ("subsystems") implemented in a single chip, integrated circuit, and/or physical component.

[0034] Additionally or alternatively, the energy harvesting antenna 142 and the communication antenna 170 can be implemented in the same, dual-purpose antenna. For example, a loop antenna can both harvest incident radiation for power generation and communicate information via backscatter radiation.

[0035] The external reader 120 includes an antenna 128 (or group of more than one antennae) to send and receive wireless signals 171 to and from the eye-mountable device 110. The external reader 120 also includes a computing system with a processor 126 in communication with a memory 122. The memory 12.2 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium that can include, without limitation, magnetic disks, optical disks, organic memory, and/or any other volatile (e.g. RAM) or non-volatile (e.g. ROM) storage system readable by the processor 126. The memory 122. includes a data storage 123 to store indications of data, such as sensor readings (e.g., from the analyte bio-sensor 162), program settings (e.g. , to adjust behavior of the eye-mountable device 110 and/or external reader 120), etc. The memory 122 also includes program instructions 124 for execution by the processor 126. For example, the program instructions 12.4 may cause the external reader 120 to provide a user interface that allows for retrieving information communicated from the eye-mountable device 110 (e.g., sensor outputs from the analyte bio-sensor 162). The external reader 120 may also include one or more hardware components for operating the antenna 128 to send and receive the wireless signals 171 to and from the eye-mountable device 110. For example, oscillators, frequency injectors, encoders, decoders, amplifiers, and filters can drive the antenna 128 according to instructions from the processor 126,

[0036] The external reader 120 may be a smart phone, digital assistant, or other portable computing device with wireless connectivity sufficient to provide the wireless communication link 171. The external reader 120 may also be implemented as an antenna module that can be plugged in to a portable computing device, such as in an example where the communication link 171 operates at carrier frequencies not commonly employed in portable computing devices. In some instances, the external reader 120 is a special-purpose device configured to be worn relatively near a wearer's eye to allow the wireless communication link 171 to operate using little or low power. For example, the external reader 120 can be integrated in a piece of jewelry such as a necklace, earing, etc. or integrated in an article of clothing worn near the head, such as a hat, headband, etc.

[0037] In an example where the eye-mountable device 110 includes an analyte biosensor 162, the system 100 can be operated to monitor the analyte concentration in tear film on the surface of the eye. To perform a reading with the system 100 configured as a tear film analyte monitor, the external reader 120 can emit radio frequency radiation 171 that is harvested to power the eye-mountable device 110 via the power supply 140, Radio frequency electrical signals captured by the energy harvesting antenna 142 (and/or the communication antenna 170) are rectified and/or regulated in the rectifier/regulator 146 and a regulated DC supply voltage 147 is provided to the controller 150. The radio frequency radiation 171 thus turns on the electronic components within the eye-mountable device 110. Once turned on, the controller 150 operates the analyte bio-sensor 162 to measure an analyte concentration level. For example, the sensor interface module 152 can apply a voltage between a working electrode and a reference electrode in the analyte bio-sensor 162. The applied voltage can be sufficient to cause the analyte to undergo an electrochemical reaction at the working electrode and thereby generate an amperometric current that can be measured through the working electrode. The measured amperometric current can provide the sensor reading ("result") indicative of the analyte concentration. The controller 150 can operate the antenna 170 to communicate the sensor reading back to the external reader 120 (e.g., via the communication circuit 156).

[0038] In some embodiments, the system 100 can operate to non-continuously

(" ^■ intermittently") supply energy to the eye-mountable device 110 to power the controller 150 and electronics 160. For example, radio frequency radiation 171 can be supplied to power the eye-mountable device 110 long enough to cany out a tear film analyte concentration measurement and communicate the results. For example, the supplied radio frequency radiation can pro vide sufficient power to apply a potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode sufficient to induce electrochemical reactions at the working electrode, measure the resulting amperometric current, and modulate the antenna impedance to adjust the backscatter radiaiion in a manner indicative of the measured amperometric current. In such an example, the supplied radio frequency radiation 171 can be considered an interrogation signal from the external reader 120 to the eye-mountable device 1 10 to request a measurement. By periodically interrogating the eye-mountable device 110 (e.g., by supplying radio frequency radiation 171 to temporarily turn the device on) and storing the sensor results (e.g. , via the data storage 12.3), the external reader 12.0 can accumulate a set of analyte concentration measurements over time without continuously powering the eye- mountable device 110.

[0039] Figure 2A is a bottom view of an example eye-mountable device 2.10, Figure

2.B is an aspect view of the example eye-mountable device 2.10. It is noted that relative dimensions in Figures 2A and 2B are not necessarily to scale, but have been rendered for purposes of explanation only in describing the arrangement of the example eye-mountable device 210,

[0048] The eye-mountable device 210 may include a polymeric material 220, which may be a substantially transparent material to allow incident light to be transmitted to the eye.

The polymeric material 220 may include one or more bio-compaiible materials similar to those employed to form vision correction and/or cosmetic contact lenses in optometry, such as polyethylene ierephthalate ("PET"), polymethyl methacrylate ("PMMA"), polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate ("polyHEMA"), silicone hydrogels, or any combinations of these. Other polymeric materials may also be envisioned. The polymeric material 220 may include materials configured to moisturize the corneal surface, such as hydrogels and the like. In some embodiments, the polymeric material 220 is a deformable ("non-rigid") material to enhance wearer comfort.

[0041] To facilitate contact- mounting, the eye-mountable device 210 may comprise a concave surface 226 configured to adhere ("mount") to a moistened corneal surface (e.g., by capillary forces with a tear film coating the corneal surface). The bottom view in Figure 2A faces the concave surface 226. While mounted with the concave surface against the eye, a convex surface 224 of eye-mountable device 210 is formed so as not to interfere with eye-lid motion while the eye-mountable device 210 is mounted to the eye. From the bottom view shown in Figure 2A, an outer periphery 22.2, near the outer circumference of the eye- mountable device 210 has a concave curve shape, whereas a central region 221, near the center of the eye-mountable device 210, has a convex curve shape.

[0042] The eye-mountable device 210 can have dimensions similar to a vision correction and/or cosmetic contact lenses, such as a diameter of approximately 1 centimeter, and a thickness of about 0.1 to about 0.5 millimeters. However, the diameter and thickness values are pro vided for explanatory purposes only. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the eye-mountable device 210 may be selected according to the size and/or shape of the corneal surface of the wearer's eye. In some embodiments, the eye-mountable device 210 is shaped to provide a predetermined, vision-correcting optical power, such as provided by a prescription contact lens.

[0043] A sensing platform 230 is embedded in the eye-mountable device 210. The sensing platform 230 can be embedded to be situated near or along the outer periphery 222, away from the central region 221. Such a position ensures that the sensing platform 230 will not interfere with a wearer's vision when the eye-mountable device 2.10 is mounted on a wearer's eye, because it is positioned away from the central region 221 where incident light is transmitted to the eye-sensing portions of the eye. Moreover, portions of the sensing platform

230 can be formed of a transparent material to further mitigate effects on visual perception.

[0044] The sensing platform 230 may be shaped as a flat, circular ring (e.g., a disk with a centered hole). The flat surface of the sensing platform 230 (e.g., along the radial width) allows for mounting electronics such as chips (e.g., via flip-chip mounting) and for patterning conductive materials to form electrodes, antenna(e), and/or interconnections. The sensing platform 230 and the polymeric material 220 may be approximately cylindrically symmetric about a common central axis. The sensing platform 230 may have, for example, a diameter of about 10 millimeters, a radial width of about 1 millimeter (e.g., an outer radius 1 millimeter greater than an inner radius), and a thickness of about 50 micrometers. These dimensions are provided for example purposes only, and in no way limit the present disclosure.

[0045] A loop antenna 270, controller 250, and bio-interactive electronics 260 are included in the sensing platform 230, The controller 250 may be a chip including logic elements configured to operate the bio-interactive electronics 260 and the loop antenna 270, and may be the same as or similar to the controller 150 discussed in connection with Figure 1. The controller 250 is electrically connected to the loop antenna 270 by interconnects 257 also situated on the sensing platform 230, Similarly, the controller 250 is electrically connected to the bio-interactive electronics 260 by an interconnect 2.51. The interconnects 251 , 257, the loop antenna 270, and any conductive electrodes (e.g., for an electrochemical analyte biosensor, etc.) may be formed from any type of conductive material and may be patterned by any process that be used for patterning such materials, such as deposition or photolithography, for example. The conductive materials patterned on the sensing platform 230 may be, for example, gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, carbon, aluminum, copper, silver, silver- chloride, conductors formed from noble materials, metals, or any combinations of these materials. Other materials may also be envisioned.

[0046] As shown in Figure 2A, the bio-interactive electronics module 260 is on a side of the sensing platform 230 facing the convex surface 224. Where the bio -interactive electronics module 2.60 includes an analyte bio-sensor, for example, mounting such a biosensor on the sensing platform 230 to be close to the convex surface 224 allows the biosensor to sense analyte that has diffused through convex surface 224 or has reached the biosensor through a channel in the convex surface 224 (Figures 2C and 2D sho a channel 272), [0047] The loop antenna 2.70 is a layer of conductive material patterned along the flat surface of the sensing platform 230 to form a flat conductive ring. The loop antenna 270 may be the same as or similar to the antenna 170 described in connection with Figure 1. In some example embodiments, the loop antenna 270 does not form a complete loop. For example, the loop antenna 270 may include a cutout to allow room for the controller 250 and bio- interactive electronics 260, as illustrated in Figure 2A. However, in another example embodiment the loop antenna 270 can be arranged as a continuous strip of conductive material that wraps entirely around the sensing platform 230 one or more times. Interconnects between the ends of such a wound antenna (e.g. , the antenna leads) can connect to the controller 250 in the sensing platform 230.

[0048] The sensing platform 230 may be a bio-compatible structure in which some or ail of the components are encapsulated by a bio-compatible material. In one example, the controller 250, interconnects 251, 257, bio- interactive electronics 260, and the loop antenna 270 are fully encapsulated by bio-compatible material, except for the sensor electrodes in the bio-interactive electronics 260.

[0049] Figure 2C is a side cross-section vie of the example eye-mountable electronic device 210 mounted to a corneal surface 284 of an eye 280. Figure 2D is an enlarged partial view the cross-section of the example eye-mountable device shown in Figure 2C. It is noted that relative dimensions in Figures 2C and 2D are not necessarily to scale, but have been rendered for purposes of explanation only in describing the arrangement of the example eye-mountable electronic device 210. Some aspects are exaggerated to allow for illustration and to facilitate explanation.

[0058] The eye 280 includes a cornea 282 that is covered by bringing an upper eyelid

286 and a lower eyelid 288 together over the surface of the eye 280. Incident light is received by the eye 280 through the cornea 282, where light is optically directed to light sensing elements of the eye 280 to stimulate visual perception. The motion of the upper and lower eyelids 286, 288 distributes a tear film across the exposed corneal surface 284 of the eye 2.80. The tear film is an aqueous solution secreted by the lacrimal gland to protect and lubricate the eye 280. When the eye-mountable device 210 is mounted in the eye 280, the tear film coats both the concave and convex surfaces 224, 226, providing an inner layer 290 (along the concave surface 226) and an outer layer 292 (along the convex surface 224). The inner layer 290 on the corneal surface 284 also facilitates mounting the eye-mountable device 210 by capillary forces between the concave surface 226 and the corneal surface 284. In some embodiments, the eye-mountable device 210 can also be held over the eye 280 in part by vacuum forces against the corneal surface 284 due to the curvature of the concave surface 226. The tear film layers 290, 292 may be about 10 micrometers in thickness and together account for about 10 microliters of fluid.

[0051] The tear film is in contact with the blood supply through capillaries in the structure of the eye and includes many biomarkers found in blood that are analyzed to diagnose health states of an individual. For example, tear film includes glucose, calcium, sodium, cholesterol, potassium, other biomarkers, etc. The biomarker concentrations in tear film can be systematically different than the corresponding concentrations of the biomarkers in the blood, but a relationship between the two concentration levels can be established to map tear film biomarker concentration values to blood concentration levels. For example, the tear film concentration of glucose can be established (e.g., empirically determined) to be approximately one tenth the corresponding blood glucose concentration. Although another ratio relationship and/or a non-ratio relationship may be used. Thus, measuring tear film analyte concentration levels provides a non-invasive technique for monitoring biomarker levels in comparison to blood sampling techniques performed by lancing a volume of blood to be analyzed outside a person's body.

[0052] As shown in the cross-sectional views in Figures 2C and 2D, the sensing platform 230 can be inclined so as to be approximately parallel to the adjacent portion of the convex surface 224. As described above, the sensing platform 230 is a flattened ring with an inward- facing surface 232 (closer to the concave surface 226 of the polymeric material 220) and an outward-facing surface 234 (closer to the convex surface 224). The sensing platform 230 can include electronic components and/or patterned conductive materials adjacent to either or both surfaces 232, 234.

[0053] As shown in Figure 2D, the bio-interactive electronics 260, the controller 250, and the conductive interconnect 25.1 are mounted on the outward- facing surface 234 such that the bio-interactive electronics 260 are facing the convex surface 224. With this arrangement, the bio-interactive electronics 260 can receive analyte concentrations in the tear film 292 through the channel 272. However, in other examples, the bio-interactive electronics 260 may be mounted on the inward-facing surface 232 of the sensing platform 230 such that the bio-interactive electronics 260 are facing the concave surface 226.

III. Fabrication of an Example Bio-Compatible Structure

[0054] Figures 3 .-3N illustrate stages in a process for fabricating a bio-compatible structure, such as the sensing platform 230. The illustrations shown in Figure 3A-3N are generally shown in cross-sectional views to illustrate sequentially formed layers developed to create the bio-compatible structure that encapsulates electronics. The layers can be developed by microfabrication and/or manufacturing techniques such as, for example, electroplating, photolithography, deposition, and/or evaporation fabrication processes and the like. The various materials may be formed according to patterns using photoresists and/or masks to pattern materials in particular arrangements, such as to form wires, electrodes, connection pads, etc. Additionally, electroplating techniques may also he employed to coat an arrangement of electrodes with a metallic plating. For example, an arrangement of conductive material formed by a deposition and/or photolithography process can be plated with a metallic material to create a conductive structure with a desired thickness. However, the dimensions, including relative thicknesses, of the various layers illustrated and described in connection with Figures 3A--3N to create an encapsulated electronics structure are not illustrated to scale. Instead, the drawings in Figures 3A-3N schematically illustrate the ordering of the various layers for purposes of explanation only.

[0055] Figure 3 A illustrates a working substrate 302 coated with a first layer of biocompatible material 310. The working substrate 302 may be any flat surface on which the layers of the encapsulated electronics structure can be assembled. For example, the working substrate 302 may be a wafer (e.g., a silicon wafer) similar to those used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices and/or microelectronics.

[0056] The first layer of bio-compatible material 310 may include a polymeric material such as parylene C (e.g., dichlorodi-p-xylyiene), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a poiydimethysiioxane (PDMS), other silicone elastomers, and/or another bio-compatible polymeric material. Bio-compatibility refers generally to the ability of a material or device to co-exist with a biological host. Bio-compatible materials are generally those that do not bring about a host response (such as an immune response) that results in deleterious effects to either the biological host or the material, in addition to being bio-compatible, the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 may be an electrically insulating material to isolate the encapsulated electronics from the surrounding environment (e.g., from current-carrying particles and/or fluids).

[0057] The first layer of bio-compatible material 310 may be formed by a mierofabricatk process such as vapor deposition on top of the working substrate 302, and provides a surface on which the encapsulated electronics structure can be formed. The first layer of bio- compatible material 310 may be deposited onto the working substrate 302 with a substantially uniform thickness such that the surface of the bio-compatible material 310 opposite the working substrate 302 forms a flat surface. The first layer of bio-compatible material 310 may have a thickness in the range of 1 - 10 micrometers, in one example embodiment, and may have sufficient structural rigidity to be used as a substrate for assembling various components, as will be discussed below.

[0058] As shown in Figure 3B, a first sacrificial layer 320 may be patterned over the first lay er of bio-compatible material 310 to form the shape of components such as one or more sensor apparatuses. In some examples, the first sacrificial layer 320 is a photoresist. The one or more sensor apparatuses may comprise a number of types of sensors, such as a sensor array, for example.

[0059] Next, a first metal layer 325 is deposited over both the patterned first sacrificial layer 320 and the exposed portions of the first layer of bio-compatible material 310, as shown in Figure 3C. The metal layer 325 may comprise conductive materials such as gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, carbon, aluminum, copper, silver, silver-chloride, conductors formed from noble materials, or any combinations of these materials. Other conductive materials may also be envisioned that are not metals.

[0060] The first sacrificial layer 320 is then removed. The first sacrificial layer 320 may be removed using a lift-off method, such as photolithography, for example. Portions of the first metal layer 325 formed directly over the sacrificial layer 320 are removed along with the sacrificial layer 320 in the lift-off process. Thus, remaining on the first layer of biocompatible material 310 are portions of the first metal layer 325 that were not formed over the patterned sacrificial layer 320. These portions of the first metal layer 325 form one or more sensor electrodes 326, as shown in Figure 3D.

[0061] Next, a seed layer 330 may be deposited over both the first layer of biocompatible material 310 and the one or more sensor electrodes 326, as shown in Figure 3E. Such a seed layer 330 can be used to adhere to both the first layer of bio-compatible material 310, the one or more sensor electrodes 326, and any additional metal structure that is patterned over the seed layer 330, as will be described below. For example, the seed layer 330 may comprise a material that both adheres well to the bio-compatible material and serves as a guide to electroplate the remainder of the metal structure that forms a component. The seed layer 330 may be a layer of gold, in one example embodiment. In some example, a chrome adhesion layer (not shown) may additionally be used to adhere the seed layer 330 to the bio-compatible material.

[0062] As shown in Figure 3F, a second sacrificial layer 340 may be patterned over the seed layer 330 to leave exposed areas that are filled with a second metal layer 350. The second metal layer 350 may be electroplated onto the first metal layer 330. The thickness of the second metal layer 350 may be in the range of about 5 - 20 micrometers, in some example embodiments. The second metal layer 350 forms components including contact pads 352, an antenna 354, and interconnects connecting the contact pads 352 to the antenna 354 and the sensor electrodes 326, respectively. The second metal layer 350 may comprise a conductive material such as platinum, silver, gold, palladium, titanium, copper, chromium, nickel, aluminum, other metals or conductive materials, and combinations thereof. Some example embodiments may employ a substantially transparent conductive material for at least some of the components (e.g., a material such as indium tin oxide).

[0063] The antenna 354 may comprise a number of types of antenna designs, for example, single turn, multi turn, star pattern, etc.

[0064] Next, the second sacrificial layer 340 is removed and the seed layer 330 is etched, leaving only the electroplated portions, as shown in Figure 3G. The second sacrificial layer 340 may be removed using a lift-off method similar to the lift-off method used to remove the first sacrificial layer 320, such as photolithography, for example.

[0065] Also shown in Figure 5G, a chip 360 is mounted to the connection pads 352.

The chip 360 could include, for example, one or more integrated circuits (ICs) and/or one or more discrete electronic components, such as a controller similar to the controller 150 of Figure 1. Heat, pressure, a pick-and-place tool and a bonding medium (anisotropic conductive paste (ACP), anisotropic conductive film (ACF), solder and flux, solder paste, solder followed by underfill, etc.), or a flip-chip bonder, for example, may be used to adhere a first surface 362 of the chip 360 to the connection pads 352. The chip 360 has a second surface 364 opposite the fsrst surface 362.

[0066] As shown in Figure 3H, a second layer of bio-compatible material 370 is then formed over all the components as well as any exposed portions of the first layer of biocompatible material 310. The second layer of bio-compatible material 370 can be formed of the same or substantially similar material to the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 or can optionally be a different polymeric material that is both bio-compatible and electrically insulating. The second layer of bio-compatible material 370 thus serves to seal and insulate the components. The deposition of the second layer of bio-compatible material 370 results in a conformal coating over the assembled electronic components. in some example embodiments, the second layer of bio-compatible material 370 may be in the range of about 1 - 20 micrometers thick.

[0067] The second layer of bio-compatible material 370 is preferably deposited to create a continuous layer that spans the entirety of the assembled electronic components. The second layer of bio-compatible material 370 can span a region that extends beyond a footprint of the assembled electronic components. As a result, the electronic components can be surrounded by portions of the second layer of bio-compatible material 370 that rests directly on the first layer of bio-compatible material 310.

[0068] As illustrated in Figure 31, a masking layer 380 is then deposited over the second layer of bio-compatible material 370 and is covered with a patterned third sacrificial layer 385. The masking layer 380 is a metal mask and may comprise aluminum, titanium, or another type of metal, for example. In some examples, the masking layer 380 may be made using photolithography or metal deposition (evaporation or sputtering). The pattern of the third sacrificial layer 385 leaves areas that expose the masking layer 380. For example, at least a portion of the area directly above the sensor electrodes 326 is not covered by the sacrificial layer 385 and is depicted as area 382. Additionally, areas adjacent the sensor electrodes 326 (not shown) may not be covered by the third sacrificial layer 385. The third sacrificial layer 385 may also form the shape of a flattened ring, for example, similar to the shape of the sensing platform 230 illustrated and described in connection with Figure 2.A above.

[0069] The exposed portions of the masking layer 380 (i.e., the portions that are not covered by the third sacrificial layer 385) are then etched. After the etching process is complete, the third sacrificial layer 385 is stripped to reveal the masking layer 380 formed in the same pattern as the third sacrificial layer 385, as shown in Figure 3 J. Thus, Figure 3 J shows that the area 382, which was left exposed to be etched, has been etched through the masking layer 380.

[0078] The working substrate 302 and materials on the working substrate 302 are then exposed to a plasma. The plasma may comprise a plasma asher, a reactive ion etcher, inductively coupled plasma, etc. The plasma will etch through any exposed layers of biocompatible material, through such layers down to the working substrate 302; however, the plasma will not etch the masking layer 380 or the sensor electrodes 326. The masking layer 380 thus serves to block the applied plasma from etching anything directly underneath the masking layer 380, and the sensor electrodes 32.6 serve as a mask as well, also preventing the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 underneath the sensor electrodes from being etched.

[0071] As shown in Figitre 3K, in the area 382, the plasma has etched through the second layer of bio -compatible material 370, down to the sensor electrodes 326, to form an opening 384. Thus, sensor electrodes 326 can serve as an etch stop that prevents the portions of the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 covered by sensor electrodes 326 from being etched by the plasma. However, there are also portions of the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 that are not covered by sensor electrodes 326. For example, sensor electrodes 326 are made up of multiple individual electrodes (e.g., a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode) that are formed on the first layer of bio-compatible material 310. The spaces between the individual electrodes in sensor electrodes 326 leave portions of the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 exposed, which portions are removed by the etching to form additional openings 386. As shown in Figure 3N, the additional openings 386 in the first layer of the bio-compatible material 310 are connected to the opening 384 in the second layer of the bio-compatible material 370, Thus, the etching process creates opening 384 corresponding to the portion of the second layer of the biocompatible material 370 exposed by the masking layer 380 and creates the additional openings 386 corresponding to the portions of the first layer of the bio-compatible material 310 that are exposed by the masking layer 380 and not covered by the sensor electrodes 326.

[0072] Next, the masking layer 380 is removed using a wet etch and the resulting biocompatible structure is released from the working substrate 302, as shown in Figure 3L. in one example, the bio-compatible structure can be peeled away from the working substrate 302 following the annealing process. The bio-compatible structure may also be etched (e.g., application of an oxygen plasma) to remove excess bio-compatible material prior to peeling away the structure. For example, bio-compatible material may at least partially wrap around the working substrate 302 either during the deposition process or the annealing process or both.

[0073] As shown in Figure 3L, the device comprises a thin, flexible circuit with embedded electrical components. The second layer of bio-compatible material 370 covers the components on one side, except for an opening 384 over at least a portion of the sensor electrodes 326, and the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 covers the components on the other side, except for the additional opening 386. Additionally, as discussed above, the second sacrificial layer formed the masking layer 380 in a flattened ring shape and thus various layers of bio-compatible material that did not form the ring shape and did not have metal components directly above were removed by the plasma.

[0074] ^' To encapsulate the bio-compatible structure in the bio-compatible material, the first layer 310 and the second layer 370 of the bio-compatible material can be annealed so that the layers seal together. The annealing can be performed by placing the entire assembled structure, including the working substrate 302, in an oven at a temperature sufficient to anneal the bio-compatible material in the first and second layers 310 and 370. For example, parylene C (e.g., dichlorodi-p-xylyiene) can be annealed at a temperature of approximately 150 to 200 degrees Celsius. Other bio-compatible polymeric materials (such as PET, PDMS, etc.) may require higher or lower annealing temperatures. Once cooled, the result is a biocompatible structure in which a sealed, continuous layer of bio-compatible material encapsulates the assembled electronics within, except for the sensor electrodes 326. [0075] An example top view of a possible resulting ring shape of the device is shown as the bio-compatible structure 390 in Figure 3M. The bio-compatibie structure 390 may be a platform such as the sensing platform 230 as described with reference to Figures 2 A- 2D. As shown in Figure 3M, the sensing bio-compatible structure 390 is in the shape of a flattened ring.

[0076] Figure 3N shows an enlarged, cross-sectional view of the bio-compatibie stracture 390 of Figure 3M, taken at cross-section A-A. Figure 3 shows the first layer of bio-compatible material 310, the second layer of bio-compatible material 370, three sensor electrodes 326, and a chip 360. Also shown are openings 386 in a first side of the biocompatible stracture 390 (the side defined by the first layer of bio-compatible material 310) connected to opening 384 in a second side of the bio-compatible structure 390 (the side defined by the second layer of bio-compatible material 370). This arrangement of openings allows analyte to reach the sensor electrodes 326 from either the first side of the biocompatible stracture 390, via openings 386, or the second side of the bio-compatible stracture 390, via opening 384.

[0077] In some examples, a reagent layer may be formed proximal to the sensor electrodes 326 (e.g., covering at least the working electrode in sensor electrodes 326). The reagent layer may include a substance used to sensitize the sensor electrodes 326 to a particular analyte. For example, the reagent layer may include glucose oxidase for detection of glucose. As shown in Figure 3N, a reagent layer 328 covers the sensor electrodes 326 in opening 384 and also extends into openings 386.

[0078] The bio-compatible structure is suitable for incorporation into a biological environment, such as within an eye-niountable device or an implantable medical device, for example. Due to the encapsulating bio-compatible material, the surrounding environment is sealed from the embedded electronics. For example, if the structure is implanted in a biological host, or placed in an eye-mountable device to be exposed to tear fluid, the structure is able to be exposed to fluids of the biological host (e.g., tear fluid, blood, etc.), because the entire exterior surface is coated with bio-compatible material, except that the sensor electrodes 340 are exposed to allow detection of one or more analytes in the fluid.

[0079] The description in Figures 3A-3N describes one example of a process for fabricating a bio-compatible stracture that can be embedded in an eye-mountable device.

However, the process described with reference to Figures 3A-3N may be employed to create bio-compatibie structures for other applications, such as other implantable electronic medical device applications. Such implantable electronic medical devices may include an antenna for communicating information (e.g., sensor results) and/or inductively harvesting energy (e.g., radio frequency radiation). Implantable electronic medical devices may also include electrochemical sensors or they may include other electronic devices. The process described with reference to Figures 3A-3N may be used to create bio-compatible structures suitable to be mounted on or in another part of the body, such as the skin or in the mouth, for example. For example, bio-compatible structures may be mounted on or implanted under the skin, such as in the abdomen or the upper arm, on a tissue in the mouth, or in the brain to read electrical signals. The bio-compatibie structure described above may be applied to any implantable device that detects bio-markers.

[0080] The bio-compatible structure may include electronics that are configured to perform functions in addition to, or as alternatives to, those described above. For example, the bio-compatible structure may include a light sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or other sensors useful for detecting diagnostically relevant information in an ophthalmic and/or implantable application. The electronics may, for example, obtain a temperature reading and then communicate the temperature information or use the temperature information to modify a measurement procedure with the electrochemical sensor. Moreover, the electronics may include a combination of capacitors, switches, etc., to regulate voltage levels and/or control connections with other electronics modules.

[0081] Figure 4A is a flowchart of an example method 400 for fabricating a mountabie device. The mountable device could be an eye-mountable device, such as the eye- mountable device 110 shown in Figure 1 or the eye-mountable device 210 shown in Figures 2A - 2D.

[0082] The example method 400 involves fabricating a bio-compatible structure that includes an electronic component and a conductive pattern (block 402). The bio-compatibie structure may be fabricated as described above with reference to Figures 3.A-3N or described below with reference to Figure 4B.

[0083] The method then includes surrounding the bio-compatible structure with a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface (block 404). For an eye-mountable device, the polymer could be a transparent polymer and may take the form of a disk or lens, as described with reference to Figures 2A-2D. Thus, the polymer could define a concave surface that is configured to be mounted to a corneal surface. In other examples, the polymer may define a surface configured to be mounted on the skin or on a tissue in the mouth. Other types of mounting surfaces are possible as well.

[0084] The bio- compatible structure could be surrounded by the polymer in various ways. In one example, a two-step injection molding process may be used. In the first step, a first layer of the polymer is formed in a mold, and ihe bio- compatible structure is placed on the first polymer layer. In the second step, a second layer of the polymer is formed in a mold so as to cover the bio-compatible structure on the first polymer layer. Other methods for surrounding the bio-compatible structure with polymer are possible as well.

[0085] Figure 4B is a flowchart of an example method 410 for fabricating a biocompatible structure. Once fabricated, the bio-compatible structure could be surrounded by a polymer that defines a mounting surface, as described above with reference to Figure 4A. Alternatively, the bio-compatible structure could be used in an implantable device or used in other ways.

[0086] In the example method 410, the bio-compatible structure includes an electronic component and a conductive pattern. The electronic component could be an integrated circuit, a discrete component (such as a transistor, resistor, or capacitor), or some other type of electronic component. The electronic component may be the controller 150 described with reference to Figure 1, for example, in this example, the electronic component has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, such as the chip 320 described with reference to Figures 3G-3L.

[0087] The example method 4.10 includes forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material (block 412). The first layer of the bio-compatible material defines the first side of the bio-compatible structure. The first layer of the bio-compatible material may be the same as or similar to the first layer of bio-compatible material 310 as described with reference to Figures 3 A-3L, for example. In one example embodiment, the first layer of bio-compatible material may be formed on a working substrate such as the working substrate 302 as described with reference to Figures 3A-3K.

[0088] The method 410 further includes forming the conductive pattern on the first layer of the bio-compatible material (block 414), wherein the conductive pattern defines sensor electrodes, electrical contacts, and electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the electrical contacts. The conductive pattern may also define an antenna and electrical interconnects between the antenna and additional electrical contacts on the electronic componeni. The conductive pattern may define other types of interconnects, wires, or conductive structures as well. The conductive pattern may be formed as shown as described with reference to Figures 3B-3F.

[0089] The conductive pattern may be formed using any of the methods described herein. The sensor electrodes may be similar to the sensor electrodes on the sensor electrodes 326, as described with reference to Figures 3D-3L. The electrical interconnects may be the same or similar to the interconnects described with reference to Figures 3F-3L. Additional components may also be positioned on the first layer of bio-compatible material, such as the antenna 354 described above with reference to Figures 3F-3L.

[0098] The method 410 further includes mounting the electrical component on the electrical contacts (block 416). The electrical component may be mounted as shown and described with reference to Figure 5G.

[0091] The method 410 further includes forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material over the first layer of the bio-compatibie material, the conductive pattern, and the electronic component (block 4 8). The second layer of the bio-compatible material defines the second side of the bio-compatible structure and may be the same as or similar to second layer of bio-compatible material 370 as described with reference to Figures 3H-3L, for example,

[0092] The method 410 further includes removing a porti on of the second layer of the bio-compatible material to create at least one opening in the second side of the biocompatible structure and removing a portion of the first layer of the bio-compatibie material to create at least one opening in the first side of the bio-compatible structure (block 420). The sensor electrodes and thereby exposed in the at least one opening in the second side and the at least one opening in the first side is connected to the at least one opening in the second side. Removing a portion of the second layer of the bio-com atible material may comprise applying a metal mask to certain portions of the structure, such as the metal mask 385 described with reference to Figures 3J-3K, and then subjecting the structure to a plasma to remove any exposed portions of the second layer. The exposed sensor electrodes serve to block removal of the first layer of the bio-compatible material by the plasma under the sensor electrodes. Exposed portions of the first and the second layers of bio-compatible material create openings on one or more sides of the sensor electrodes, providing for analytes to reach the sensor electrodes from either the first side or the second side of the bio-compatibie structure.

[0093] The method 410 further includes surrounding the bio-compatible structure with a polymer (block 422). The polymer defines at least one mounting surface of the mountable device. Annealing processes may seal the three layers of bio-compatible material to fully encapsulate the bio-compatible structure, as described above.

[0094] Additionally, the assembled encapsulated structure may be etched to create a ring-shaped structure, via a metal mask and ensuing plasma application as described with reference to Figures 3I-3L. For example, the encapsulated structure may be etched to create a flattened-ring- shape similar to the ring-shaped sensing platform 230 shown and described in connection with Figures 2A-2D above. The encapsulated structure may also be etched in another shape, such as a rectangle, a circle (e.g., a disc), an oval, etc. to create a generally flat structure in which assembled electronics are encapsulated by sealed bio-compatible material.

[0095] The bio-compatible structure can then be embedded into polymeric material of a mountable device. Where the bio-compatible structure is given a flattened-ring shape, the structure can be embedded around the peripheral region of a generally circular polymeric material shaped to be contact-mounted to an eye, for example. Such a polymeric material may have, for example, a concave surface configured to be mounted over a corneal surface of an eye and a convex surface opposite the concave surface configured to be compatible with eyelid motion while mounted to the corneal surface. For example, a hydrogel material (or other polymeric material) can be formed around the bio-compatible structure in an injection molding process.

[0096] in other embodiments, the released encapsulated structure may be embedded into a mountable device to be mounted to another part of the body, such as the skin or in the mouth, for example. For example, bio-compatible structures may be mounted on or implanted under the skin, such as in the abdomen or the upper arm, on a tissue in the mouth, or in the brain to read electrical signals. The bio-compatible structure described above may ^¬ be applied to any implantable device that detects bio-markers,

[0097] Figure 5 depicts a computer-readable medium configured according to an example embodiment. In example embodiments, the example system can include one or more processors, one or more forms of memory, one or more input devices/interfaces, one or more output devices/interfaces, and machine-readable instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the system to carry out the various functions, tasks, capabilities, etc., described above.

[0098] In some embodiments, the disclosed techniques can be implemented by computer program instructions encoded on a non-transitory computer-readable storage media in a machine-readable format, or on other non-transitory media or articles of manufacture. Figure 5 is a schematic illustrating a conceptual partial view of an example computer program product that includes a computer program for executing a computer process on a computing device, to perform any of the methods describe herein.

[0099] In one embodiment, the example computer program product 500 is provided using a signal bearing medium 502, The signal bearing medium 502 may include one or more programming instructions 504 that, when executed by one or more processors may provide functionality or portions of the functionality described above with respect to Figures 1-4B. n some examples, the signal bearing medium 502 can include a non- transitory computer-readable medium 506, such as, but not limited to, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, memory, etc. In some implementations, the signal bearing medium 502 can be a computer recordable medium 508, such as, but not limited to, memory, read/write (R/W) CDs, R/W DVDs, etc. In some implementations, the signal bearing medium 502 can be a communications medium 510, such as, but not limited to, a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). Thus, for example, the signal bearing medium 502 can be conveyed by a wireless form of the communications medium 510.

[0018(5] The one or more programming instructions 504 can be, for example, computer executable and/or logic implemented instructions. In some examples, a computing device is configured to provide various operations, functions, or actions in response to the programming instructions 504 conveyed to the computing device by one or more of the computer readable medium 506, the computer recordable medium 508, and/or the communications medium 5.10.

[00181] The non-transitory computer readable medium 506 can also be distributed among multiple data storage elements, which could be remotely located from each other. The computing device that executes some or all of the stored instructions can be a microfabrication controller, or another computing platform. Alternatively, the computing device that executes some or all of the stored instructions could be remotely locaied computer system, such as a server.

[00182] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims.