CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This Application claims benefit pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation in part of U.S Application Serial No. 12/328,219, filed December 4, 2008, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/992,256, filed December 4, 2007, and 60/022,998, filed January 23, 2008. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Disclosure

[0002] Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods for collecting and processing rainwater. More specifically, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for collecting rainwater from hardscape and processing the collected water to removed contaminants therefrom. More specifically still, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for collecting rainwater from multiple nodes, processing the collected rainwater at a central processing location and storing the water for later use.

Background Art

[0003] Environmental liability arising from damage to ecological systems typically includes damage to the land, water and air. However, environmental liability may also arise from other natural resource damages, such as injury to fish, wildlife, biota, groundwater, drinking water, etc. Damage to the environment, and thus environmental liability, may occur as a result of general pollution or specific events, such as oil spills, mining operations, construction, and industrial processes.

[0004] Traditionally, compensation for damage to the environment was pursued under resource damage claims under authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA"), the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ("OP A"), and various state statutes. Claims brought under the traditional methods primarily sought compensation for injury to surface water, sediments, fish, and wildlife resources, and were normally only brought if the environmental impact spanned a large area.

[0005] Until recently, claims brought under the authority of CERCLA, and other traditional methods, addressed damage liability from a site cleanup/remediation perspective. However, recently, environmental liability has transitioned to include not only site cleanup, but also to include Natural Resource Damages ("NRD") and the costs of restoration. The objective of NRD is to make the public whole through restoration. Generally, NRD includes both primary and compensatory restoration. Primary restoration returns injured natural resources and services to a base level, and may include, for example, restoration, replacement, rehabilitation, or acquisition of resources equivalent to the injured natural resources or services. Compensatory restoration includes the losses from the date of the incident until natural resources are restored to the base level. Said another way, the economics of NRD include the costs of assessing the damages, the value of lost services, and costs to restore the injured natural resources.

[0006] One emerging trend in NRD claims is to seek compensation for actual and potential damages due to groundwater contamination. Generally, groundwater NRD claims provide that a groundwater source has been damaged by a release of a hazardous substance on to the land and these hazardous substances have migrated to the groundwater. As such, the responsible party must compensate a trustee of the groundwater for the damages. Even if the responsible party is actively remediating the land and groundwater, thereby returning the resource to base level, the responsible party must still compensate the trustee for damage to and loss of the groundwater while the contamination existed. Additionally, because remediation may take many years, the responsible party may remain liable to the trustee for damages to the resource until remediation is complete.

[0007] Due to the large scale damages that may accrue, settlements made between responsible parties and trustees often range between thousands and millions of dollars. Recently, during settlement, an industrial company agreed to set aside more than 1800 acres of land, pay over 1.8 million dollars for tree planting, and directly pay the trustee 500,000 dollars to compensate the trustee for groundwater damage at several sites. Typical methods for the quantification of damages include simple computations. For example, in a basic groundwater claim, a typical method of assigning a value to the damaged groundwater is to determine the extent of the damage, in terms of area, and multiply the area by an annual recharge rate, such that a volume of water for each year that the damage exists is determined. The volume of damaged groundwater is then multiplied by the duration of the damage to determine the total volume of affected water. The total volume of affected water is then multiplied by the rates charged for potable water to determine a total dollar value for the claim.

[0008] While historically the methods for assigning a value to a claim focused on monetary compensation, service-to-service restoration is another option. For example, in service-to-service restoration, rather than monetary remuneration, specific resources may be replaced. In the example provided above, the 1800 acres of set aside land may offset groundwater lost due to damages. Thus, to replace at least a portion of the lost groundwater, a responsible party may, for example, set aside a portion of land containing an aquifer to at least partially offset the loss by allowing passive recharge of the groundwater.

[0009] While service-to-service restoration has the added benefit of replacement of the lost resource while offsetting the monetary damages, such restoration techniques have other limitations. Because a service-to-service project often requires compensatory sites, in many jurisdictions within the same region as the damaged environment, land values have increased exponentially. As such, the cost of providing for the passive recharge of a resource by setting aside land has also increased exponentially. In some regions, land for passive recharge is now so scarce, that settling land aside as a contribution toward restoration is virtually unfeasible. However, because buying out of the claim is not an option, responsible parties are locked into an inefficient and expensive system that is practically unsustainable.

[0010] Accordingly, there exists a need for systems and methods for collecting and processing resources, such as water, to be storage and/or reuse.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0011] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for processing rainwater, the system comprising a separation unit configured to receive a flow of rainwater from hardscape; a storage tank in fluid communication with the separation unit; a primary filtration unit in fluid communication with the storage tank; a secondary filtration unit in fluid communication with the primary filtration unit; an adsorption unit in fluid communication with the secondary filtration unit; and a disinfection unit in fluid communication with the adsorption unit.

[0012] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for processing rainwater, the method including collecting rainwater from hardscape; transferring the rainwater to a processing unit; separating the rainwater into an effluent portion and a solids portion; removing particulates greater than 0.45 micron from the effluent portion; removing dissolved organic chemicals from the effluent portion; and removing pathogens from the effluent portion.

[0013] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for retrofitting a location for rainwater processing, the method including disposing rainwater collection conduits in fluid communication with the hardscape; connecting fluidly the rainwater collection conduits with a primary separation unit; disposing a storage tank adjacent the hardscape and in fluid communication with the primary separation unit; and installing a secondary separation unit at the hardscape location, wherein the secondary separation unit is in fluid communication with the storage tank.

[0014] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for processing water, the system including a water treatment site configured to process contaminated water from a plurality of water collection sites; a first water collection site in fluid communication with the water treatment site, wherein the first water collection site is configured to collect contaminated water from rooftops; and a second water collection site in fluid communication with the water treatment site, wherein the second water collection site is configured to collect contaminated water.

[0015] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for processing water, the method including collecting contaminated water from a first water collection site; collecting contaminated water from a second water collection site; transferring the contaminated water collected from the first and second water collection sites to a water treatment site; and processing the contaminated water to produce a processed water. [0016] Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 is a flowchart of a method of creating environmental credits according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 2 is a flowchart of a method of valuing environmental credits according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 3 is a flowchart of a method of addressing environmental liability according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 4 is a flowchart of a method of prospect development according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 5 is a flowchart of a metric of liability according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 6 is a flowchart of a financial model according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 7 is a flowchart of a financial model according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 8 is a graph of credit generation over time according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 9 is a graph of credit generation over time according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 10 is a graph of credit stacking according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 11 is a computer generated visual representation of modeled calculations according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 12 is a computer generated visual representation of modeled quantitative factors according to embodiments of the present disclosure. [0029] Figure 13 is a computer generated visual representation of modeled qualitative factors according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 14 shows a computer system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 15 is a schematic representation of a distributive water system according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 16 is a schematic representation of a water collection system according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 17 is a schematic representation of a water treatment system according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods for collecting and processing rainwater. In other aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for collecting rainwater from hardscape and processing the collected water to removed contaminants therefrom. In still other aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for collecting rainwater from multiple nodes, processing the collected rainwater at a central processing location and storing the water for later use.

[0035] As discussed above, environmental liability is created when a party causes damage to an ecological system. Generally, the injury is a type of damage to the ecosystem, and may include, for example, loss of groundwater, habitation, wildlife, resources, etc. The injury is typically the result of an event that resulted in an environmental impact. Exemplary events that result in environmental impacts may include manufacturing, oil spills, construction, and general industrial activity. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that varied types of events may occur, thereby causing varied environmental impacts germane to the specific event that occurred. Certain events may be one time events, such as an oil spill, while other events may be substantially continuous for long periods of time, such as industrial activity and manufacturing. Additionally, the range of impact is not area dependent. For example, an event, such as an oil spill, may result in tens of thousands of barrels of oil being spilled in a large area. The oil may then continue to spread due to settlement in the water and drift due to currents. The environmental impact may thus include all areas affected by the event (i.e., the oil spill), not merely the initial site.

[0036] Similarly, in an industrial manufacturing event, a manufacturer may damage groundwater due to years of dumping and chemical seepage during ordinary operations. Contamination of the groundwater may thus spread to include damage to an entire aquifer, ecosystem, ecotone, or other definable area. In such a circumstance, the event and resulting environmental impact may include the entire affected area, not simply the land onto which the chemicals were deposited.

[0037] When an event occurs that results in an environmental impact, a plume is created. A plume includes an area of air, water, or land that contains pollutants released from a central source. The plume may further the spread of the pollutants into the environment due the wind, currents, gravity, or other natural action. The plume thus represents a definable area containing pollutants do to an event, as described above. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that while a plume is generally a definable area, in certain aspects disclosed herein, a plume may also represent an area believed to be impacted by an event. For example, in certain aspects, an assessment may be provided by a responsible party or a trustee when determining the area defined by the plume. As such, the plume may include both actual and perceived areas of injury.

[0038] After an event occurs, a trustee of land injured by an environmental impact may bring a claim against the responsible party in accordance with, for example, CERCLA, OP A, or specific state statutes. The responsible party, upon a finding of liability, may then be held accountable for cleaning up the plume, as well as compensating the trustee for the resources lost during the time that the plume existed. Formulas, such as those discussed above, may be useful in determining the value of the land and the resources. After the value of the land and resources is calculated, the responsible party must compensate the trustee in terms of both monies and resources for the damages incurred during the existence of the plume. While the monetary portion is generally a lump sum amount owed to the trustee, the resource replacements provides unique challenges to the responsible party. [0039] Generally, in one embodiment, an event occurs, thereby resulting in an environmental impact. Either immediately or over time, the environmental impact may result in an injury to the environment. The injury may include damage to the land itself or damage to another natural resource encompassed by the land. Additionally, the injury may stem from both direct and indirect environmental impacts. For example, a chemical spill may directly injure a water source and wildlife that come into contact with the chemical. However, the chemical spill may also seep into aquifers, lakes, rivers, or the ocean, thereby indirectly injuring foreign water sources and wildlife that rely on the water sources. When defining the range of the injury, the entire affected area may be considered.

[0040] After the event occurs, the injury caused by the event is determined. The determination of the injury may include an environmental site assessment to identify the extent of contaminants at a specific site. In certain embodiments, the determination of the injury may alternatively include receipt of a prior site assessment indicating the extent of the injury. The determination may include factors such as an area of land affected and a volume of resources affected. In certain embodiments, the determination may also include the residual effects of loss of the resource or land on humans, loss of efficiency as a result of the loss of the use, and other social and cultural impacts.

[0041] When the extent of the injury is determined, the injury may then be quantified.

Quantification of the injury may include determination of monetary damages and resource damages. Monetary damages include the lost monetary value of the land, while resource damages include the damage to the resources affected by the plume. The calculation of resource damages is generally more difficult than the calculation of monetary damages, at least in part, because resource damages may include damages that change over time.

[0042] The determination of the injury may thereinafter lead to an environmental liability for the party responsible for the plume. Creation of the environmental liability may thus necessitate remediation and restoration of the area affected by the plume, as well as compensation for injury to the area during the presence of the plume. The compensation may require, among other things, replacement of lost resources caused by the plume. [0043] The below described embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods for valuing and replacing the resources owed by the responsible party to the trustee. Additionally, the present disclosure provides methods for creating credits usable to settle the environmental liability incurred by the responsible party. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that while the below embodiments will be discussed with specific reference to groundwater contamination, the general methodology disclosed herein may be applicable in any environmental liability context. For example, in other embodiments, the methods of creating environmental credits and valuing resources may be used in environmental liability actions caused by oil spills, chemical spills, industrial waste, deforestation, etc.

[0044] Referring to Figure 1, a flowchart showing a method of creating environmental credits according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, a damage (i.e., a loss of use) caused by an environmental injury is determined 100. The damage may include both monetary and resource damages; however, for clarity, only the resource damages will be discussed with regard to Figure 1. Additionally, the resource damage may include both direct and indirect damages, such as injury to wildlife, water sources, air, etc.

[0045] After the damage has been determined 100, a solution to the damage is determined 101. The solution to the damage may include generation of a product capable of replacing the resource damaged by the environmental injury. For example, if the damage includes contaminated groundwater, the solution could include replacement water produced via active processes. In one embodiment, the solution may include rainwater collected off of rooftops and parking lots on developed properties. The water may also be treated and pumped into an aquifer via injection for storage. The solution thereby becomes a replacement product capable of replacing the damaged resource, but not requiring the purchase of land, as would be required according to current methods of replacing damaged resources.

[0046] Additionally, the solution may occur either within the same watershed as the damage, if local regulations require, or may occur in a different location and be transported to the watershed. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in certain embodiments, certain aspects of the solution may occur at the watershed, while other aspects of the solution occur away from the watershed. The determination of where the solution is generated may be decided based on factors such as the cost of transportation, the availability of necessary resources, infrastructure of the region, and the requirements of the statute under which the claim is based.

[0047] After the solution is determined 101, the solution is monetized 102 into a credit that replaces the damage. The monetization 102 of the solution allows for the credit to represent a certain quantity of damage. For example, with reference to the groundwater example above, the collection of water from rooftops may be collected in sufficient volume to substitute for a damage (e.g., when the damage includes a calculated volume of groundwater). As such, the process of actively collecting, treating, and storing water provides for a volume of water capable of offsetting a determined volume of damaged groundwater.

[0048] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that monetization 102 generally refers to the conversion of the solution or product into a credit. As such, the solution or product is tradable at a price as determined by the value of the representative resource. For example, the active collection of water may be monetized 102 into an environmental credit that replaces the damaged groundwater. As such, the credit becomes valued in terms of the environmental injury, in this case, the damaged groundwater.

[0049] In another embodiment, monetization 102 may refer to the conversion of the solution or product into a credit representative of an equivalent solution. For example, the active collection of water may be monetized 102 into an environmental credit that replaces the damaged groundwater, but is valued as compared to a specified volume of water that would otherwise be collected from a passive recharge area. In either embodiment, the valuation of the credit allows the credit to be sold to a responsible party without requiring the responsible party to purchase the land (i.e., the passive recharge area).

[0050] The monetization 102 of the credit may also include valuation 103 of the credit. Valuation 103 of the credit includes determining 104 a value of the credit based on, for example, a baseline calculation, a recharge efficiency, a scarcity, a nexus factor, a time factor, a public good factor, or combinations of the above. Valuation in terms of a recharge efficiency may include valuing the credit as compared to an alternative to the solution. For example, a credit monetized from an active water collection solution may be valued based on an acre or volumetric comparison of the collected water to water credits available from a passive recharge area. In such an embodiment, the passive recharge area provides a baseline for valuing the credit monetized from the active solution.

[0051] Valuation 103 in terms of a recharge efficiency allows for the comparison of the efficiency of the solution when compared to the efficiency of an alternative to the solution. For example, the credit for actively collected groundwater may be valued in terms of its efficiency as compared to the efficiency of the passive recharge area. In this embodiment, because active recharge may provide for a greater volume of water collected per acre than the passive recharge area, the recharge efficiency may serve as a multiplier to the value of the credit. The recharge efficiency may also be used to determine whether the solution is more efficient than an alternative to the solution. If the alternative to the solution is more efficient than the solution, a credit generator/analyzer may determine that the solution should not be pursued. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that depending on the specific factors used in the valuation, a solution that is less efficient than an alternative to the solution may still be selected as a viable option. Such an option may occur because the net value of the credit may still be greater than the value provided by the alternative to the solution.

[0052] In another embodiment, valuation 103 may include consideration of a scarcity factor. Scarcity may refer to the scarcity of both a means to produce a solution and/or the scarcity of the alternative to the solution. For example, scarcity in terms of the means to produce the solution may be a negative consideration when land or appropriate infrastructure does not exist to allow for the collection of water. However, when the means to collect water is abundant, scarcity may be a net positive consideration. Similarly, scarcity may be a consideration with respect to the alternative to the solution. For example, in a region where passive recharge land is not available, scarcity may be a positive consideration for the solution, and thus a positive consideration for the valuation. However, in a region where passive recharge land is abundantly available, scarcity may be a negative consideration for the solution. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that scarcity may also be considered in terms of both the solution and the alternative to the solution together, in accordance with the methods disclosed above.

[0053] In other embodiments, a nexus factor may be considered during valuation 103.

Nexus may include an evaluation of the connection of the damage to the solution. For example, the damage refers to the shortages of groundwater, and the damage is determined based on both the volume of groundwater and the location of the groundwater. Thus, an evaluation of nexus may provide for an incentive to produce a solution, such as collected water, in proximity to the damage. In another embodiment, nexus may be used to provide for increased value when the solution is procured from a location that has greater efficiency, such as from an active collection site collecting an optimal volume of water. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nexus may vary according to the specific credit being valued, but generally induces a net positive consideration for more efficiently developed solutions.

[0054] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nexus may also include connectivity. Connectivity describes the additive value of habitats that are situated in proximity to one another. For example, habitat that is located in close proximity or connected to other viable habitat may be more functional in promoting and/or providing a solution to the environmental damage. Thus, value of the solution may be increased as a result of the connectivity because a more closely connected solution may provide subsidiary benefit to the ecosystem. Similarly, a solution distinct from the environmental damage either due to proximity of the location or other intervening factors may have low connectivity. Accordingly, low connectivity solutions may have lower value. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that connectivity may be determined independently or in connection with a nexus determination. As such, in certain embodiments, proximity, efficiency, locality, and other factors known to those of skill in the art may be determined in a nexus and/or connectivity determination.

[0055] Valuation 103 may be determined based on a time factor. The time factor may include consideration of the time it takes for a solution to reach a damage location, or may alternatively refer to the time it takes for the solution to reach a receiving area. For example, a time factor may be used in the valuation of a groundwater credit to take into account the time it takes for collected water to be injected, and subsequently reach the damaged aquifer. In other embodiments, time may be used as a consideration for the time it takes for collected water to enter the potable water supply.

[0056] In certain embodiments, a general public good factor may be considered during valuation 103. The public good benefit factor may be used as an incentive for private sector development, and may also be used as an incentive to encourage the development of solutions on public lands, such as schools, parks, and public right-of- ways. As such, both private and public entities may use existing infrastructure in the production of a solution. For example, the public good factor may be used during valuation to provide an incentive for a school to collect water. In another embodiment, a private business, such as a parking garage may be encouraged to collect water.

[0057] In still other embodiments, a contaminant reduction factor may be considered during valuation 103. Contaminant reduction includes consideration for the removal of pollutants necessarily remediated during the production of the solution. For example, for water collected in urban areas, prior to injection into an aquifer, the water is treated, necessarily removing oils, greases, and contaminants entrained therein that would otherwise enter the water supply. Such a contaminant removal may also provide for a compounded, or stacked credit. In such an embodiment, removal of the petroleum from road oils provides a direct credit attributable to the OPA for the natural resource damage restoration portion that responsible parties must settle on a pound-for-pound basis. Thus, the removal of the oil may provide for a secondary credit, thereby increasing the value of the first credit. Other examples of stackable credits available in certain operations may include removal of contaminants, such as nitrogen and organics chemicals.

[0058] In still other embodiments, other factors may be used during the valuation 203 of the credit. Additional factors may include specific environmental benefit factors and other factors as may be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, all of the above listed factors may be considered in a single valuation to produce a definable value for a credit. In such an embodiment, each factor may be assigned a weighted value according to the importance of the value to a specific type of credit. The determination of the weighting may vary, but the use of the factors may therein provide a scientifically determined value for the credit.

[0059] In one embodiment, the value of the credit may be determined through use of an efficiency multiplier 105. The efficiency multiplier may include any of the factors discussed above, such as, a scarcity factor, a nexus factor, a time factor, a baseline factor, a public good factor, a contaminant removal factor, or an environmental benefit. After defining the efficiency multiplier, the multiplier may be used to determine a value for the credit. Examples of use of the multiplier may include assigning one or more of the above listed factors qualitative and quantitative modifiers, such that a value in terms of the considerations embodied by the factors is determined. Thus, in one embodiment, an efficiency multiplier may include assigning a scarcity factor a modifier making it twice as important as the contaminant removal factor. Such weighting may thereby allow for valuation of a credit in terms of both scarcity and contaminant removal, such that scarcity defines the priority consideration. In other embodiments, a plurality of both factors and associated modifiers may be used when assigning/determining a value of a credit.

[0060] After the credit is created 106, monetized 102, and/or valued 103, the credit may be exchanged 107 in replacement for a liability. In such an aspect, a responsible party may transfer rights of the credit to a trustee holding a claim against them, thereby providing for the settlement 108 of a claim, or a portion of the claim.

[0061] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other types of credits may be created in accordance with the methods disclosed herein. For example, in one embodiment, the credit may be an ecological credit. In such an embodiment, the event may be a contaminated river, and the injury may include destruction of the habitat of a specific species. Thus, the liability is derived from the impact on the species. An ecological credit could be created and valued in terms of the habitat, such that the solution would be the creation of a habitat for the type of species affected by the contamination of the river. Such ecological credits may promote the creation of habitats for species that may otherwise be lost.

[0062] In other embodiments, the credit may be a cultural credit. In such an embodiment, a group of individuals may have had rights to a species, but an event impacted the species. Thus, a cultural damage was created due to the individuals' inability to harvest the species. A cultural credit could thus be created to compensate the individuals for loss of the species.

[0063] Cultural credits also include credits that may be transacted to offset damage to a natural resource that occurred as a result of the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. Such a cultural credit may thus be used to compensate an individual or group of peoples for the loss of use of the natural resource. Projects that may form solutions to the lost natural resource include providing access to usual and accustomed hunting grounds, fishing and gathering grounds, and restoration of cultural activities connected to the damaged resource. In still other embodiments, lifestyle changes to an affected group of peoples, including economic restoration, may be accounted for with the creating and subsequent transacting of cultural credits. In still other embodiments, solutions that result in cultural credits may include developments allowing for the group of people affected by the lost natural resource to provide replacement resources and/or promote knowledge about the resources. Thus, the cultural credit may include a valuation of both a present and a future benefit of the solution.

[0064] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in certain embodiments, cultural credits may be created through programs that preserve or enhance cultural practices. For example, in one embodiment, a group of Native Americans may have lost the ability to use a natural resource (e.g., the ability to hunt a certain species) as a result of an environmental damage. The loss of the resource further resulted in certain customs that the group of people developed over hundred of years (e.g., customary hunting methods and practices) to be impacted. To offset the loss of the customs of the Native Americans, a cultural credit may be created by providing a solution to support and/or maintain traditional Native American cultural practices. In one aspect, the solution may include creation of a cultural center so that Native Americans, as well as other members of the population, may continue to experience and learn about the customary practices. As such, the solution to the loss of use of the resource may provide a tangible focus to an otherwise intangible impact caused by the environmental damage. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in other embodiments, the solution may include activities such as species repopulation, cultural education, and other methods of preventing the loss of cultural practices. [0065] In still other embodiments, a credit may include a social credit. Social credits may include a credit created and valued based on, for example, the distribution of environmental goods and services across income and demographic groups. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one form of a social credit may include value of a credit in terms of environmental justice. The social credit may thus include valuation of a solution in terms of a benefit to a group of peoples. Because solutions to environmental damages often have disparate impact on different groups of people, solutions that lower the impact on a group of people, or otherwise provide a solution having a lower net impact on the peoples may be valued. A credit may then be created based on the value of the benefit of the solution as opposed to the damage to the group of people that may otherwise occur.

[0066] In other embodiments, a social credit valued in terms of environmental justice may have innate value based on an expected or realized benefit of the solution on a group of peoples' lives. In an exemplary embodiment, a solution may be valued in terms of a comparison between a baseline demographic condition and an expected demographic condition after implementation of the solution. The comparative analysis may initially include the creation of a baseline through compiling socioeconomic variables such as income, ethnicity, and employment/unemployment data. The baseline may then be compared to an expected change in the demographic condition, and value to the change may be monetized in terms of a social credit.

[0067] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that benefits that may be monetized in creation of the credit include direct investment expenditures, innate savings, and a reduction in expected damages. Examples of direct investment expenditures include actual or estimated tangible monetary contributions to a specified region. Innate savings include a cost savings calculation that may result from the implementation of the solution. The cost savings may thereby represent a measurable economic benefit for a specific community, government, or region. A reduction in expected damages includes valuing the credit in terms of a reduction in the likelihood of an anticipated future damage. For example, by changing a flooding potential of a locality as a result of implementing an active water collection solution, the solution may include a social value (i.e., the value of the locality not flooding). Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that additional benefits may considered in the monetization of a social credit. Other benefits may include benefits associated with changes in employment patterns, sustainable infrastructure, land value, tax savings, and other quantifiable changes generated either directly or indirectly by the solution.

[0068] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any type of credit used in addressing environmental liability may benefit from aspects of the present disclosure. Parties using credits created according to embodiments disclosed herein may further benefit from the methods of valuation, transacting, and settlement opportunities.

[0069] Referring to Figure 2, a flowchart of a method of valuing environmental credits according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that embodiments of the methods disclosed in Figure 2 may be assisted via use of a computer. As such, the values, factors, and multipliers discussed below may be input into a computer system, such that a value of a credit may be determined. In this embodiment, an event occurs 200 that causes an environmental injury. Compensation for the environmental injury is then claimed against the responsible party, and a liability is created 201. After the liability is created 201, the method of credit valuation may be used to determine the value of a solution to a damaged resource as compared to either the value of the resource or the cost associated with an alternative to the solution (e.g., a passive recharge area).

[0070] Initially, the valuation 202 of a credit begins with the determination 203 of a solution to the environmental damage. The determination may include analyzing the type of damage, and either implementing a program to produce an equivalent or replacement product, or otherwise using an existing solution. For example, in one embodiment, a solution may be selected from an existing set of known solutions, such as an existing recharge or groundwater collection operation. However, in other embodiments, a solution may not exist that meets the requirements of the liability. In such an embodiment, the valuation may be based on a newly designed solution, such as the establishment of a new recharge operation. As such, the determination 203 of the solution may also include identification of an appropriate solution for the environmental damage.

[0071] After a solution has been determined 203, the solution is monetized 204 into a credit. Monetization 204 may include creating a tradable financial product based on a solution, as discussed above. Exemplary types of credits include environmental credits, ecological credits, cultural credits, social credits, and other types of credits as would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a single credit may include aspects of multiple credits, so that a solution may effectively provide a replacement product for multiple damages. In such an embodiment, a primarily environmental credit may also include aspects of an ecological credit, and similarly, a primarily cultural credit may include aspects of an ecological credit.

[0072] After monetization 204 of the solution into a credit, the credit may be valued

205 based on the environmental benefits of the solution. Examples of environmental benefits may include, for example, the type of damage being replaced, the value of the resource, and the efficiency of the process used to create the solution. In certain embodiments, valuation 205 may include quantifying 206 the credit based on the environmental benefits. Examples of quantifying 206 credits may include measuring the value of the credit relative to an alternative to the solution, or otherwise measuring the value of the credit relative to the damage value of the lost resource. More specifically, quantifying 206 may include defining 207 an efficiency multiplier and determining the value of the credit based on the efficiency factor. Examples of efficiency factors include baseline calculations, recharge efficiencies, scarcities, nexus, time calculations, public good, contaminant removal, and environmental benefits, as discussed in detail above. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in certain embodiments, the efficiency multiplier may use several or even all of the above listed factors when quantifying the credit. Furthermore, depending on the types of resources being replaced, the credit may gain value at least in part due to the stacking of the credits. Credit stacking would thus allow for the valuation 205 of the credit to include intrinsic value associated with the production of a solution.

[0073] After the credit is valued 205, the valuation may be output 208 by a computer.

The output 208 may include displaying the valuation numerically, visually, graphically, textually, or otherwise on a monitor. Alternatively, the output may include printing the valuation, storing the valuation in a database, transferring the valuation through use of a network, or otherwise transmitting the data. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the methods of valuing environmental credits discussed above may include additional steps not discussed in detail, such as implementation of a recharge operation capable of producing the solution. Additionally, after valuation of the credit, the credit may be used as a financial product that is purchasable and tradable in the elimination of environmental liability.

[0074] Referring to Figure 3, a flowchart of a method of addressing environmental liability according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Initially, a prospect development 300 is identified. The prospect development identification 300 includes defining an environmental liability and analyzing an environmental injury caused by an event. The identification of the prospect development 300 may further provide information about the types of resources that have been affected, the time the resources have been affected, and other site specific information regarding the land and/or resource damage. If the prospect development 300 includes a damage for which a credit may be applicable, a responsible party, or organization that creates environmental credits may choose to go forward (indicated as a Yes option in decision box 301) with research into solutions and financials models for the credit. Upon deciding to proceed with evaluating the prospect 300, the credit organization may evaluate the resource damage and corresponding credit in terms of identifying a metric of liability 302, improvement over the baseline 303, normalization of liability to restoration 304, and the creation of a financial model 305.

[0075] Referring now to Figure 4, a flowchart of a prospect development according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the methodology described with respect to Figure 4 may be manually performed by humans, or may alternatively be performed through the use of a computer. The term "analyzer," as used herein, is germane to both human and computer generated analysis. As such, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any outcomes, determinations, calculations, or decisions may be output and displayed for a user to interpret and use.

[0076] In this embodiment, an analyzer first identifies a broad geographic region containing a liability 400. After identifying the region containing the liability 400, the analyzer may then identify a case specific liability 401, including for example, a specific damage to a resource. Both the identification of the region 400 and the identification of the specific liability 401 may thus be used in determining whether the project may be used for credit generation in the particular region for the specific liability. If either the region does not accept the credits or the specific liability is not replaceable, an analyzer may choose to terminate the investigation. However, if the region accepts the credit and the resource is replaceable, then the analyzer may then proceed to identify a potential project for a case specific settlement 402 or proceed to considering the metric of liability (illustrated in detail in Figure 5).

[0077] If the analyzer decides to identify a case specific settlement 402, the analyzer then identifies a baseline 403 representative of, for example, a passive recharge area. After identification of the baseline 403, the analyzer determines damage restoration to produce a robust factor 404. Determination of the damage restoration for a robust factor 404 includes the determination of how much of a replacement resource must be produced to offset the liability. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that robustness may specifically refer to the viability of a solution in reaching a fungible outcome. Thus, in one embodiment, a robust factor may be defined as the likelihood that a specific solution results in a positive fungible outcome.

[0078] After the determination of the damage restoration for a robust factor 404, the analyzer calculates the robust value 405. The robust is defined as a value of the produced solution that at least meets the stated demand of the liability. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that if the value of the produced solution does not meet the stated demand, then the project does not have the requisite value to proceed. However, in situations where the robust factor is greater than the stated demand, the project may go forward, because the value of the produced solution at least covers the requirements of the demand.

[0079] After the calculation of the robust value 405, the analyzer proceeds with site selection and site optimization 406. The selection and optimization may thus iteratively determine the specifics of the site that will result in the highest robust value calculation 405. As such, the analyzer may repeat the steps of identifying specifics of the settlement 402, re-identifying baselines 403, determining damage restoration 404, and re-calculating the robust value 405. In addition to the above, the analyzer may identify multiple solutions and compare the solutions such that an optimal site or a site that is optimized is produced. After optimization of the specifics of the project, the analyzer may either output the results, such that an optimized plan is produced, or the optimized plan (including the specifics of the plan) may be further analyzed comparatively with the case specific liability 407.

[0080] An optimized plan may then be analyzed with regard to an improvement over the baseline (303 of Figure 3). The improvement over the baseline may include characterizing the sites, defining and measuring improvements, and tracking a development of the improvement. As such, the analyzer may determine whether the project is an improvement over the baseline, and if it is an improvement, may quantify the improvement in terms of resources produced and/or the efficiency factors discussed above.

[0081] During the identification of the site specific liability 401, the analyzer may determine the liability according to the metric of liability (302 of Figure 3). Referring to Figure 5, a flowchart for identifying a metric of liability according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, the metric of liability includes analysis of primary liability drivers 500 and secondary liability drivers 501. Primary liability drivers 500 may include species injury, contaminant damage, habitat scarcity, habitat service loss, cultural service loss, resource scarcity, and any of the liabilities of importance. Secondary liability drivers 501 may include water quality, carbon emissions, social justice, wetland loss, anthropogenic altercations, or other liabilities that may occur. After the primary and secondary liabilities 500 and 501 are identified, the liabilities may be defined 503 and ranked according to importance and/or weighted with regard to a specific resource or case specific liability. Thus, the analyzer may determine a weighted list of liabilities impacted by the proposed plan.

[0082] Referring back to Figure 3, parallel to or in series with the determinations made concerning the metric of liability 302 and the improvement of the baseline 303, the normalization of liability to restoration 304 determination may be performed. The normalization 304 includes a determination as to whether the restoration and/or produced solution is at least economically viable, and is at least fungible to the damaged resource. If the solution is not economically viable or not at least fungible to the damaged resource, the solution is not a robust solution, and the project will not offset the damage to the resource. [0083] Along with the metric of liability 302, improvement of the baseline 303, and the normalization of the liability to restoration 304, a financial model 305 is generated. Referring to Figure 6, a flowchart of a financial model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, the liability is defined in terms of the demand for resources 600, and the project is defined in terms of the supply of a replacement product 601. The demand 600 and the supply 601 are input into the analyzer, and the analyzer performs a monetization of the cost of the supply in units supported by the demand 602. As such, the analyzer may determine the necessary supply needed to satisfy the demand, and may thus determine the required supply of products 603. The supply of products, or the products produced by the solution may then be analyzed to determine costs associated with the production of the products. For example, costs 604 may include costs for construction, operation, market place, regulatory acceptance, communication, certainty, sales risk, performance, capital administration, and other required costs to produce the supply. Such costs may be output by the analyzer for consideration prior to production.

[0084] Referring to Figure 7, a flowchart of a financial model for revenue according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, the liability is defined in terms of a liability being equal to a demand 700 and a project being equal to a supply 701, as described above. The demand 700 and supply 701 are then monetized 702 by the analyzer to produce an estimated project revenue. The project revenue may include a calculation of all income associated with the project, including the value of the resources produced. Additionally, the value of the revenue may be defined in terms of an improvement over baseline liability drivers 703. Such a calculation may use the efficiency multiplier, as explained in detail above, to determine a value of a product (or solution).

[0085] Moreover, the product may be grouped into units, representative of alternatives to the product (or solution), such that the units may be monetized into a single product (e.g., a credit) 704 and sold accordingly. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the value of revenue may be defined in terms of an individual product, or in terms of a unit representing a plurality of products. For example, with respect to the groundwater example from above, a unit may be defined as including a volume of water equivalent to the amount of water produced by a passive recharge area. Thus, the product or the unit may be valued in terms of an alternative to the product or solution.

[0086] Referring back to Figure 3, after the creation of the financial model 305, the analyzer determines whether the project is viable (as indicated by 306). The decision may include weighting the stated demand in view of the value of the credit, and then determining if the development of a solution and/or production of a product is economically viable. Other factors that may be considered are short-term versus long-term considerations, value of the credits and/or products generated, future marketability of the credits, and need for such a credit in the marketplace. If the analyzer determines that the project is economically viable, the project may then be approved 307. Going forward with the project may include the procurement of existing resources, the creation of resources using active recharge processes (e.g., collection of rainwater), or other methods of creating solutions and products as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modifications to the above described procedures may occur without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, in certain embodiments, the project analysis may include additional determinations to, for example, account for credit valuation differences over time.

[0087] The decision to proceed with a project may thereby allow for the elimination of environmental liability. For example, in one embodiment, environmental liability may be eliminated by determining an environmental liability based on an injury to an environment. A recharge operation, capable of producing a solution or product, as discussed above, may then be selected. After the operation is selected, the product of the operation may be quantified by translating the product of the operation into a monetized solution. The quantifying may further include determining an effect of the recharge operation and translating the effect into a second monetized solution. For example, in one embodiment, the defect of the recharge operation may be that as ground water is collected and treated, oils are removed from the water (as explained with respect to credit stacking). The effect (i.e., the removal of oil from the water), may then be translated into a second monetized solution, such as a second credit.

[0088] In another embodiment, the quantifying of the product may include determining a second product of the operation and translating the second product into a second monetized solution. In such an embodiment, the second product may thus be used in the creation of a second credit, thereby increasing the net value of the operation.

[0089] After the one or more products have been quantified, and translated into a monetized solution, the operation is implemented. The implementation of the operation may thereby result in the production of a product that is converted into a credit, which may be traded or purchased on the open market. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the monetized solution may thus be transacted and used to offset an environmental liability.

[0090] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the solution and/or credits may be secured to increase a value of the credits upon transaction. Generally, after a damage caused by an environmental injury is determined and a solution to the damage is determined, the solution may be monetized into a credit that replaces the damage. The monetized credit may then be secured in the form of a financial instrument. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that exemplary financial instruments include surety bonds, trusts, finite risk policies, and guaranteed investment policies. Such financial instruments may thereby provide a guarantee that aspects of the solution and/or the value of the credit will be maintained over time.

[0091] Securing a credit with a financial instrument may include insuring a value of a credit for a period of time or insuring a value of a solution for a period of time. For example, in one embodiment in accordance with the above discussion, a solution may include the collection of water from hardscape. Securing the credit may include insuring the value of the credit by insuring that a certain volume of water will be generated in a certain period of time. Likewise, securing the credit may include insuring the solution, such that the infrastructure used to collect, process, and/or remediate the water is guaranteed. Examples of such insurance may include insuring implementation, operability, maintenance, and up-time of the infrastructure. In still other embodiments, insurance may secure the infrastructure from natural disasters, political insecurities, or other events that may disrupt the collection of a product produced by the solution, or otherwise damage the solution directly.

[0092] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the value of credits used to replace environmental damage may find particular benefit in being secured. Solutions used to offset environmental liability may operate over periods of time, such that credits are accrued during the operation of the solution. Thus, the value of the credits and/or solutions may be directly impacted based on the ability of the credits and solutions to be secured. Referring to Figure 8, a graph of credits generated by a solution over time, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown. In this embodiment, the y-axis of the graph represents the number of credits generated by a determined solution, while the x-axis represents time. As illustrated, a curve 801 representing the number of credits generated at a point in time increases the longer the project is operational. As such, an area under the curve, represented at 802, defines the net credits generated during the life of the solution.

[0093] Securing the credits generated by the operation thereby provides insurance that should an event occur that decreases the generation of credits, the value of the credits may be maintained. For example, if an event, such as a natural disaster (represented at 803), destroys or damages the solution, such that credit production decreases 804, the security interest maintains the value of the credits because the solution may be repaired. In terms of the water collection process described above, if an earthquake damaged collection and/or remediation operations of the solution, the security of the solution would fund repair of the operation. Said another way, securing the solution provides a guarantee for the net credits generated (i.e., the area under the graph 802).

[0094] Referring briefly to Figure 10, a graph of stacked credits according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In certain embodiments, as described in detail above, a single solution may provide multiple benefits, thereby resulting in multiple credits being generated by the single solution. For example, in the water collection solution, the collected water may provide a recharge efficiency credit valued in terms of acres replace. However, the same solution may also remove contaminants (e.g., oil) from the water, thereby resulting in a stormwater mitigation credit valued in terms of pounds of contaminants removed. In certain situations, the same solution may further provide for investment in a community, thereby producing an environmental justice credit valued monetarily. Another type of credit that may be stacked includes a credit associated with a volumetric reduction in stormwater during periods of high rainfall, thereby decreasing the number of flood claims that would otherwise be paid out. Finally, Figure 10 shows that a scarcity of supply credit may be stacked to account for the scarcity of a resource that may otherwise be destroyed or not provided for. The above list of stackable credits is exemplary in nature and those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other types of credits may be stacked to further increase the value associated with a solution.

[0095] As Figure 10 illustrates, each credit generated by a solution may be valued in its own terms. For example, a recharge efficiency credit may be valued in terms of acres of land replaced, while contaminant removal may be valued in terms of a mass of contaminant removed. Still other credits may be valued in economic terms, such as a net amount of dollars generated, donated, or saved, while in other embodiments, credits may be valued in specific terms, such as an amount of information provided or a quantity of species saved. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each credit generated by a solution may thereby be measured scientifically/economically, or otherwise quantified in their own terms.

[0096] Additionally, stacking may include a solution providing multiple benefits in separate and discrete terms. Thus, assets from a single solution may be created separately, but valued together. Such valuation may then be monetized, such that the credits are additive in nature. For example, Figure 10 provides a total ecological value as being the sum of five stacked credits (i.e., scarcity of supply, stormwater volume reduction, environmental justice, stormwater mitigation, and recharge efficiency). Thus, the ecological value of a particular solution may include valuing separate credits or outcomes together as a net ecological value. Alternatively, the value of independent credits, for example, recharge efficiency, could be valued independently, as described above. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the slope and relative absolute values of ecological valuation curves (i.e., Figure 10) may vary based on the specific solution used. As such, the graphical outcome of a measurement of ecological value may vary accordingly.

[0097] Furthermore, the security of the operation may innately increase the value of the credit. Because the credit is backed by a security interest, when credits are transacted based on the production of a solution, an organization purchasing the credits has financial assurance for the value of the credits. As such, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that valuation of a credit may include determining a baseline calculation, recharge efficiency, scarcity, nexus, time, public good, contaminant removal, environmental benefit, and a security interest. The relative value of each of the above factors may thereby be used to calculate an initial value of a credit. Additionally, a security interest factor may insure that a solution achieves a specified contaminant removal, environmental benefit, recharge efficiency, etc.

[0098] Referring to Figure 9, another graph of credits generated by a solution over time, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown. In this embodiment, a credit generation solution may result in a credit production level 901 that is substantially stagnant over time. In such an embodiment, should an event occur (represented at 903) that causes the production of credits to drop-off or cease to exist 904, an area under the curve 902, representing the net volume of credits generated, may be insured. In such an embodiment including a solution having a substantially linear credit generation, securing the solution may allow for the creation, valuation, and transacting of credits. Because the number of credits collected over time is substantially constant, a value of credits may be pre-collected and transacted, thereby allowing for a credit representing a future service to be transacted before the credit is actually generated. The pre-selling of credits based on a future performance of the solution may thereby be sold to offset existing environmental liability. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that linear solutions may include solutions that have a constant credit generation over time, such as illustrated in Figure 9, as well as credit generation that is linear with a positive or negative slope, thereby increasing or decreasing in a predictable manner with respect to time.

[0099] The guarantee of the credit based on the security interest in the solution may also allow for the credit to be valued at the time of sale on a future basis. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the future value of the credit may include existing or expected credit valuation factors, such as, a baseline calculation, recharge efficiency, scarcity, nexus, time, public good, contaminant removal, environmental benefit, and security interest.

[00100] While embodiments including solutions that result in a substantially linear production of credits may be especially desirable to pre-sell, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that because the area under the curve 902 (802 of Figure 8) represents the net production of credits, non-linear credit production solutions may also gain benefit from pre-selling. For example, referring back to Figure 8, in one embodiment, the credits produced 801 may become substantially linear as the solution matures, so as to allow for an accurate estimation of the number of credits produced. In other embodiments, the production of credits 801 may become relatively predictable, such that the number of credits generated for a period of time may be accurately estimated. In such embodiments, the estimated credits may then be presold to offset environmental liability according to the same methods described above.

[00101] In any of the above methods including securing the value of the credits or solutions, the credits may be transacted. For example, in one embodiment, a credit may be created based on a monetized solution that offsets damage caused by an environmental injury. The value of the credit may then be guaranteed by a financial instrument. After the solution has produced a certain number of accrued credits over time, the credits may then be transacted in the open market. As such, a plurality of accrued credits may be transacted to offset a financial liability incurred as a result of an environmental liability, or may otherwise be used to directly remove an environmental liability.

[00102] In still other embodiments, a secured solution may no longer be required to offset an environmental liability. For example, the solution may have produced an agreed upon net quantity of credits, or the solution may no longer be required. In such a situation, the financial instrument used to secure the solution and/or credits may be transacted, such that the security interest is sold directly. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that credits, solutions, and financial instruments, as disclosed herein, may be transacted individually or in combination. As such, environmental or financial liability may be offset due to producing and transacting in the credits, solutions, and financial instruments securing the operation.

[00103] Referring briefly back to Figure 1, in an embodiment including a financial assurance model, as described above, the credit may be secured after creation 106 and prior to exchange 107 or claim settlement 108. In other embodiments, the security of the credit may be used in the valuation 104 of the credit, as a parameter to increase the value. In still other embodiments, credit security may be used as a multiplier 105 to increase the value of the credit and/or the solution.

[00104] Example [00105] In one aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein may be used in developing a restoration program that is commensurate with damages, which an agency, such as a state or federal agency, seek compensation. In this example, a method of establishing a credit-based approach to monetize a rainwater collection operation is analyzed. Methods according to the present disclosure, such as the following example, may include computer generated models and calculations used to determine the effectiveness of a particular operation at creating a monetized solution for a compensatory claim. The models may thereby be used to determine whether particular operations generate credits that meet the requirements of the claim. The methods disclosed herein may use computer modeling, computer networks, localized networks, etc. to gather, analyze, and determine the effectiveness of a particular solution to a claim.

[00106] The present example was generated to analyze solutions to satisfy an NRD claim for damage to groundwater sources. In establishing a model to determine the effectiveness of a solution, various quantity and quality factors were analyzed. The results of the solution were then analyzed in terms of water supply factors, stormwater mitigation factors, social factors, etc. The following factors may be used to analyze the benefit of creating usable water: recharge efficiency, scarcity of recharge, scarcity of supply, and distance to beneficial receptor. The recharge efficiency refers to an additional quantity of water on a per acre basis, which may be introduced into an aquifer through treated stormwater injection relative to the volume that may be attributed to natural recharge through open space protection. The scarcity of recharge refers to the benefit of providing recharge in more developed locations, where a higher proportion of impervious surfaces makes natural recharge less available. Scarcity of supply refers to the benefit of augmenting groundwater supplies in areas where clean groundwater is scarce due to water quality or availability issues. Distance to beneficial receptor refers to the added benefit of providing groundwater recharge in the immediate vicinity of a water supply well in comparison to the protection of natural recharge at a more distant location.

[00107] Additionally, the water supply benefits may be modeled. Water supply benefits may be modeled according to factors such as contaminant reduction, stream impairment mitigation, infrastructure damage mitigation, and distance to sensitive receptor/mitigation of stormwater injury. Contaminant reduction refers to benefits associated with stormwater treatment and injection of reducing the quantity of pollutants entrained in stormwater runoff. Thus, to determine contaminant reduction, the incremental benefit may be measured relative to the pollutant runoff that is avoided by protecting open space that might otherwise be developed. Stream impairment mitigation refers to the benefit of reducing stormwater runoff into streams that are relatively sensitive to flood-related impacts such as erosion. Infrastructure damage mitigation refers to the benefit of reducing stormwater runoff in areas that are relatively sensitive to flood-related impacts, such as road washout, culvert failure, and public and private structure inundation.

[00108] Social factors were also analyzed and modeled. Social factors may include public good and social benefits associated with providing a solution in a particular environment. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the particular factors and benefits that are modeled may depend on the type of solution considered. Thus, the particular factors and benefits discussed in this example are not a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure.

[00109] To further clarify how particular solutions may be modeled, the above described exemplary factors and benefits will be described in detail below. The recharge efficiency factor equals the product of a base recharge efficiency factor and an adjustment factor, which captures the value that an open space acre provides a recharge benefit when it prevents development and the development that would otherwise have occurred fails to ensure no net loss of recharge. The base recharge efficiency factor is calculated according to the following equation:

Stormwater injection volume per unit acre = P · E, Equation (1) where P is the annual precipitation, determined in millions of gallons per acre per year, and Ej is the injection efficiency (i.e., the percentage of he total precipitation volume that is injected). The injection efficiency sub-factor accounts for a solution not treating 100% of the total annual precipitation due to collection, treatment, and injection inefficiencies and/or limitations.

[00110] A base recharge efficiency factor for a specific site is then calculated by dividing the net annual stormwater injection volume by the average natural recharge volume. After the base recharge efficiency factor is determined, the factor requires adjustment to account for specifics of a particular site and/or solution. One method of adjusting the base recharge efficiency includes the calculation of adjusted benefits according to the following equation:

JV-l N-i-y

Adjusted benefits = T [N - 1 - y]p p _y ^D Equation

(2)

where N is the total number of years to be assessed, y is the index denoting year number, t is the index denoting the number of years after development, p ^F _t is the probability of recharge maintenance failure during year t after development, and p ^D _y is the probability of development during year y. Thus, the adjusted benefits equation may be used to determine the amount of benefit that would accrue to a protected open space acre if it were developed in a particular year, taking into account the probability of recharge maintenance failure each year. Finally, the base recharge efficiency factor is multiplied by the adjustment factor to determine the overall recharge efficiency factor.

[00111] Additionally, the scarcity of recharge factor may be determined and modeled.

To determine the scarcity of recharge for a particular solution at a given site, a relationship of the degree of development in the vicinity of a project location relative to the degree of development in the broader region within which open space protection may occur as an alternative means to replace ground water is determined. Using a geographic information system ("GIS"), the total acres of a site and corresponding watershed region, as wel as the total areas within each that are classified as impervious surface, open water, or wetlands, is determined. The scarcity of recharge factor is thus the ratio of the percent non-recharge area" at a site to the watershed region.

[00112] The contaminant reduction factor may also be determined and modeled. One method of modeling the contaminant reduction factor includes using a total suspended solids value as a proxy contaminant, assuming that the solution will eliminate all offsite runoff of the solids, assume that the development that would otherwise occur in an open space is the same as at the project site, and assume that in absence of development the solids runoff from an open space would be zero. This ratio is then modified according to local regulations that define the reduction of solid loads, such as an 80% reduction, at certain locations. Thus, for a location requiring an 80% reduction in solids loads, the credit factor ratio for contaminant reduction is:

(Prevented contaminant runoff project) / (0.2 · Avoided contaminant runoff _op en space) Equation

(3)

Thus, for the present solution, according to local regulations, the credit factor will equal 5. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in other project solutions, the credit factor may vary according to the amount of information specific to the site that may be collected. For example, in certain aspects, the model may be modified by determining a volume of contaminant actually removed. Thus, the model may be supplemented with actual known data, when available.

[00113] Additionally, a discounted recharge efficiency may be calculated and modeled. An example of a discounted recharge efficiency may result as temporal limits to the benefits of a solution for a particular location are exhausted. Because open space, as opposed to a particular solution, may provide benefits for a particular period, as opposed to perpetuity, the temporal factor may resulted in a discounted recharge efficiency. To determine the disclosed recharge efficiency, the effective recharge acres calculated by the preceding factors in the present solution are discounted by 65%. Thus, for a particular time period of use of a solution, the benefits are reduced. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the particular type of solution, and the type of site in which the solution is used may result in different discounted efficiency calculations, and the discount rate of 65%, of the present example, is only an illustration of one possible discount.

[00114] To determine the discounted multiple factor weighted average, a system of weighting each of the above discussed factors may be used. In the present example, each of the factors was assigned a relative value based on the benefit of each category. For example, the recharge efficiency may be assigned a value of five, which the contaminant reduction is assigned a value of two, and the recharge scarcity is assigned a value of one. Such relative weighting methods may thereby ensure that an estimated credit calculated understates the benefits of a particular solution, and thereby results in an overcompensation to the public relative to the original injury. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the type of solution may result in different weighted averages, and as such, the values assigned to each factor in the present example are an illustration of the type of weighted averages that may be applied.

[00115] After determining a discounted multiple factor weighted average, the total area that may be used may be multiplied with the discounted multiple factor weighted average to determine a total available acres. Additionally, a total available acreage, based on the discounted recharge efficiency may be calculated by multiplying the total impervious area by the discounted recharge efficiency. Examples of such calculations for the particular example are summarized in Figure 1 1.

[00116] Thus, in certain embodiments, a computer model may be outputted as a visual representation on a computer. The model may be displayed as a graphical representation of numerical data, such as in tabular form, or in other embodiments, may be displayed as a graphical representation. Additionally, read and writable media may be used to save software instructions for processing and/or generating the models. Examples of read and writable media may include CDs, DVDs, or other memory components that may be a part of or used with a computer system.

[00117] In analyzing the data displayed in Figure 11, a computer or human may quantitatively interpret the data, to determine if a proposed solution provides a desired benefit. In addition to interpreting the qualitative data in Figure 11, the computer or human may qualitatively interpret additional factors, to decide if the solution provides benefits beyond the qualitative interpretation. Examples of qualitative factors that may be interpreted include stream impairment, infrastructure damage, sensitive receptor benefits, travel time benefits, water supply, and/or public good factors. Analyzing the above factors may occur as described above, and when a computer model is generated, additional data, such as GIS data, may be analyzed to determine other potential benefits of a solution.

[00118] Computer generated models may thereby provide for a solution that creates an optimal benefit for a specific solution. Referring briefly to Figures 12 and 13, computer generated data representing quantitative and qualitative factors, respectively, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, are shown. As discussed with respect to the example, quantified factors for site groups A through I may be calculated to determine whether a particular solution provides the requisite value for the creation of a financial product, such as a credit (Figure 12). Similarly, qualitative factors for site groups A through I may be evaluated to see if any additional benefits may be realized (Figure 13).

[00119] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented on virtually any type of computer regardless of the platform being used. For example, as shown in Figure 14, a computer system 1000 includes one or more processor(s) 1002, associated memory 1004 (e.g., random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory, etc.), a storage device 1006 (e.g., a hard disk, an optical drive such as a compact disk drive or digital video disk (DVD) drive, a flash memory stick, etc.), and numerous other elements and functionalities typical of today's computers (not shown). The computer 1000 may also include input means, such as a keyboard 1008, a mouse 1010, or a microphone (not shown).

[00120] Further, the computer 1000 may include output means, such as a monitor 1012 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, or cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor). The computer system 1000 may be connected to a network 1014 (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, or any other similar type of network) via a network interface connection (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different types of computer systems exist, and the aforementioned input and output means may take other forms. Generally speaking, the computer system 1000 includes at least the minimal processing, input, and/or output means necessary to practice embodiments of the invention.

[00121] Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more elements of the aforementioned computer system 1000 may be located at a remote location and connected to the other elements over a network. Further, embodiments of the invention may be implemented on a distributed system having a plurality of nodes, where each portion of the invention (e.g., data repository, signature generator, signature analyzer, etc.) may be located on a different node within the distributed system. In one embodiment of the invention, the node corresponds to a computer system. Alternatively, the node may correspond to a processor with associated physical memory. The node may alternatively correspond to a processor with shared memory and/or resources. Further, software instructions to perform embodiments of the invention may be stored on a computer readable medium such as a compact disc (CD), a diskette, a tape, a file, or any other computer readable storage device.

[00122] The methods of monetizing a resource, as described above may be used with multiple types of resources. One example of a resource that may be collected and valuated and/or monetized is water. Accordingly, systems and methods for collecting water, such as rainwater from hardscape (e.g., roofs, parking lots, etc.), and processing the water, such that the water may be reused, may thereby create a positive water volume that may not otherwise have existed, ultimately allowing the positive water volume to be converted into a credit, such as the credits described above. The following section describes systems and methods that may be used in the collection and processing of water, thereby allowing for a positive water balance, allowing for credit creation, offsets, and the like.

[00123] Referring to Figure 15, a schematic representation of a distributed water system including multiple water collection locations in a locality 1500 according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, four nodes 1501, 1502, 1503, and 1504, are shown. Nodes generally refer to areas that are capable of allowing rainwater to be collected, for example, hardscapes, such as parking lots, rooftops of large warehouses, and the like, and may be used as individual collection locations. Nodes 1501 and 1502 are illustrated as including single collection locations 1505 and 1506, respectively. In this schematic, the single collection locations may either be the same, i.e., collection locations may both be like types of hardscapes, such as roof tops, or the collection locations may be different, i.e., collection location 1505 may be a roof top while collection location 1506 is a parking lot.

[00124] In addition to nodes 1501 and 1502, locality 1500 also includes nodes 1503 and 1504. Unlike node 1501 and 1502, nodes 1503 and 1504 include multiple collection locations 1507-1512. For example, node 1503 includes collection locations 1507 and 1508, which may be adjacent parking lots, while node 1504 includes collection 1509-1512, which may be four adjacent warehouses. In certain embodiments, the different nodes 1501-1504 may all be located within one area, such as for example a manufacturing facility, groupings of warehouses, production facilities, etc., while in other embodiments, nodes 1501-1504 may be located in separate and otherwise discrete locations. An example of separate and discrete locations may include facilities owned by different companies that do not normally share a water supply. Additionally, nodes 1501-1504 may all be located within a single locality 1500, as is illustrated in Figure 15, or in alternate embodiments, nodes 1501-1504 may be located in separate localities (not shown) but fluidly connected so as to create a distributed water system.

[00125] Each node 1501-1504, having respective collection locations 1505-1512, are in fluid communication with a central processing location 1513. The connections between the nodes 1501-1504 and central processing location 1513 may include above ground or below ground conduits, such as piping, sized to match the amount of water anticipated to be collected at each respective node 1501-1504. In certain embodiments, the connections between the nodes 1501-1504 and central processing location 1513 may be similar, such as all connections being disposed underground, while in other embodiments, certain connections may be different from others. Additionally, in certain embodiments, central processing location 1513 may be located adjacent or within one of the specific nodes 1501-1504. For example, central processing location 1513 may be located within node 1501, and in such an embodiment, water collected from nodes 1502-1504 would be transferred to node 1501 for processing. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the central processing location 1513 refers to the location where collected water is processed rather than a geographic location.

[00126] Central processing location 1513 may include multiple types of processing equipment, such as separators, filters, polishing units, injection pumps, etc. configured to process collected water into reusable water. Various configurations of such processing equipment are within the scope of the present disclosure, and examples of such configurations will be discussed in detail below. However, prior to discussion of such configurations, the operation of a distributive water system, as discussed above, is discussed.

[00127] During the operation of a distributive water system, a water treatment site, such as a central processing location, will be established to process contaminated water from one or more water collection sites. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that numerous water collection sites may be tied into a single water treatment site or alternatively, a number of water collection sites may be tied into several water treatment sites. Such a water processing system also includes a first water collection site in fluid communication with the water treatment site, such that as water is collected off of rooftops at the first water collection site, the water may be transferred to the water treatment site. The system also includes a second water collection site in fluid communication with the water treatment site, such that water collected at the second water collections site may also be transferred to the water treatment site. At the water treatment site, the collected water, which may be contaminated by, for example, particulate matter, chemicals from the hardscape from which the water was collected, etc., may be processed to remove the particulate matter and other contaminants.

[00128] In certain embodiments, prior to transferring the collected water from the water collection sites, the collected water is stored in a contaminated water storage vessel. The contaminated water storage vessel may be any type of container capable of holding water for a period of time, and the storage vessel may be disposed above or below ground. During times of high water collection, such as during rainstorms producing several inches of water, the volume of collected water may overwhelm the treatment system. As such, having a storage system fluidly disposed between the water collection sites and the treatment site provides a buffer, allowing for a greater volume of water to be both collected and processed. Depending on the proximity of the water collection sites, in certain embodiments, the water storage vessel may collect water from one or more water collection sites, and in certain embodiments, if the hardscape from which the water collected is large enough, a single water collection site may have more than one water storage vessel.

[00129] In addition to a water storage vessel, the system may also be in relatively close proximity to a natural water feature, such as a river, lake, reservoir, aquifer, etc. Thus, in certain embodiments, water that is collected and treated may be stored in a geologic reservoir or an aquifer for a period of time, after which the water may be reused or otherwise introduced into another natural water feature, such as a river or lake.

[00130] Reuse of the treated water may include use in an industrial process, use as potable water at a local facility (depending on the type of treatment used), use at recreational facilities, such as golf courses, etc. Additionally, the water may be used locally so that natural water features are recharged as the water is reused.

[00131] Referring to Figure 16, a schematic representation of a storage vessel and treatment facility according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, in a distributive water system, a storage vessel 1600 is configured to receive a flow of water from one or more collection sites. Storage vessel 1600 may include surface water impoundments, infrastructure tanks, expandable bladders, etc. Depending on the expected volume of water collected during a rainstorm, the size of storage vessel 1600 may be adjusted and/or multiple storage vessels 1600 may be used. In certain embodiments storage vessels 1600 may be disposed on the ground, while in other embodiments, storage vessels 1600 may be disposed below ground or on rooftops, depending on the structural integrity of the buildings. In still other embodiments, storage vessels 1600 may be disposed on property adjacent the collection site or the water treatment facility. As such, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various configurations of storage vessels 1600 are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[00132] After the water has been collected, the water may be transferred from storage vessel 1600 to a treatment facility 1601 via conduit 1602. Treatment facility 1601 is configured to treat collected rainwater to meet specific requirements of a locality or region. In certain embodiments, the water quality, after treatment, may be to effectively process contaminated water and produce potable water; however, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the specific water quality standards may vary based on the requirements of a particular area. Components of the treatment process may include, for example, pre-treatment units, purification units, filtration units, activated carbon adsorption units, ultraviolet light disinfection units, membrane filters, reverse osmosis systems, etc. The specific configuration of the treatment facility 1601 may be adjusted based on water quality standard requirements.

[00133] After the water is processed at treatment facility 1601, the water may be transferred via conduit 1603 to a well, water course, or consumer, depending on whether the water is going to be reused or stored for reuse at a later time. Specific storage options are discussed in detail below, but generally, the water may be stored in constructed wells, natural aquifers, above or below ground storage vessels, or the like.

[00134] Referring to Figure 17, a schematic representation of an exemplary system for processing collected water according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment, collected rainwater is transferred from hardscape to a separation unit 1700. Separation unit 1700 may include one or more steps, and may be configured to remove suspended solids from the collected rainwater, as well as remove oil, grease, hydrocarbons, or the like prior to storage. Examples of separators may include weir devices, dredge tanks, and stormwater treatment structures using cortex separation and settling. The separation unit 1700 is thus configured to remove large particles and debris from the collected water so that the large particles do not interfere with storage or transference of the water to downstream separation steps.

[00135] After the collected water passes through separation unit 1700, the effluent phase, primarily including water, is transferred through conduits to a storage tank 1701 in fluid communication therewith. Storage tank 1701 may include various types of vessels capable of storing water, and may be disposed above or below ground. In certain embodiments, above ground elevated storage tanks 1701 may be preferable due to the positive pressure gradients that may be maintained though all downstream treatment units, thereby removing the need for additional pumping equipment. In other embodiments, ground or subsurface storage tanks 1701 may be used. In such systems, the ground or subsurface tanks 1701 may require additional pumps (not shown) and/or hydro pneumatic systems to transport the stored water though the remainder of the system. Based on the requirements of the specific operation, the design of the tanks may be modified. For example, the tanks may be constructed of steel, concrete, fiberglass/polymers, or other materials, and may be sized to allow for the storage of, between 50,000 and 750,000 gallons of water. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in certain embodiments, storage tanks of greater or lesser capacity may be used, as well as multiple tanks may be used. In certain embodiments it may be beneficial to use a plurality of smaller tanks, for example, a tank associated with each water collection site in the system, as described in detail above.

[00136] When the collected water is ready to be treated, the collected water may be transferred from storage tank 1701 to a primary filtration unit 1702 in fluid communication with storage tank 1701. Various types of primary filtration units 1702 may be used, such as, for example, hydrocyclones, centrifuges, and disc filters. During primary separation, the collected water is separated into a solids phase and an effluent, whereby the solids phase may be discarded and the effluent may be allowed to pass through primary filtration unit 1702 to other aspects of the system. In certain embodiments, primary filtration unit 1702 may be configured to remove particles 20 microns or greater in diameter. In an embodiment using a disc filtration system, a series of polymer discs having grooves on both sides are stacked and compressed on a spine. When stacked, the grooves on top run opposite the grooves on the bottom, thereby creating a filtration element with a series of valleys and traps for solids. The stack may then be enclosed in corrosion and pressure resistant housing. Such systems may be capable of processing, for example, 130 gallons or more of the contaminated water per minute, thus, the number of such filters used should be optimized based on the desired flow rate for the entire system. In certain embodiments, a single 130 gpm primary filtration unit 1702 may be sufficient, however, in other embodiments, two or more units may allow a greater volume of water to be processed. The use of multiple units may be especially beneficial in areas that experience high levels of rainfall or that have limited storage capacity.

[00137] After the primary separation, the water, now generally including particulate matter less than 20 microns in diameter may be transferred to a secondary separation unit 1703. Secondary separation unit 1703 is configured to remove substantially all of the remaining solid particulate matter from the water, and thus produces a solids phase and a second effluent. Depending on the requirements of the operation, the amount of acceptable solids particles, as well as the size of the remaining solids in the second effluent may vary. In certain embodiments, about 99% of all solids should be removed from the system, while remaining solids are less than 0.5 micron in diameter. However, in other embodiments, the percentage of total solids may be greater or less, and the size of the remaining solids may vary, for example, in certain embodiments, second separation unit 1703 may be configured to remove solids greater than 0.45 micron in diameter.

[00138] Examples of secondary separation units 1703 may include additional hydrocyclones, centrifuges, and disc filters, as well as granular media filters. In a system using a granular media filter, individual beads of media are disposed in a vessel, so that as a flow of water passes through the vessel, contaminants are trapped between the individual beads of media. As the void spaces are filled with particulates, the pressure differential across the media increases. Once the pressure difference reaches a predefined level, a backwash is initiated. During the backwash, a flow of water enters below the media, thereby forcing the particulate matter out of the media, where the particulates may be trapped and disposed. Depending on the specific type of secondary separation unit 1703 that is selected the flow rates allowable therethrough may vary. For example, a granular separation unit may allow for maximum flow rates of about 180 gpm. As such, the number of units used for a particular operation may be adjusted based on anticipated maximum flow rates, as explained above.

[00139] After the water is processed by second separation unit 1703, the second effluent may be transferred to an adsorption unit 1704. An example of an adsorption unit 1704 that may be used is an activated carbon adsorption unit. In such a system, the second effluent would be transferred from secondary filtration unit 1703 to adsorption unit 1704 via a conduit. The second effluent may then be exposed to activated carbon to remove dissolved organic matter. Other types of media, other than or in addition to activated carbon that may be used include, but are not limited to peat, zeolites, and synthetic resins. As explained with respect to the primary and secondary separation units 1702 and 1703, respectively, the number of adsorption units 1704 may be varied based on the anticipated flow rates through the system, as well as the different media types used. For example, in certain embodiments, two or more adsorption units 1704 may be used if the anticipated flow rate is higher than one unit can handle, or if two or more media types are used. In such an embodiment, two or more adsorption units 1704 may be configured to process a flow of water in parallel or in series. Thus, a system using multiple adsorption units 1704 may include one more adsorption units 1704 configured to provide a redundant treatment step.

[00140] After the water is processed by adsorption unit 1704, the water may be transferred to a disinfection unit 1705. Disinfection unit 1705 may include various types of water treatment units that remove pathogens from water including, for example, ultraviolet light disinfection units, as well as anti-microbial units configured to dose the water with particular anti-microbials.

[00141] After disinfection, the water may be pumped to a treated water storage vessel or directly to a facility for use. In particular embodiments, other types of filtration and/or treatment units may also be used. For example, in certain embodiments, reverse osmosis or membrane filters may be used to further remove both fine solid particulate matter and large chemical/microbes. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the water, in either a treated or contaminated state, may pass though a pH adjustment unit, as well as chemical addition units, such as surfactant or flocculant addition units.

[00142] The treated water may be stored in various types of storage vessels including, for example, above ground storage tanks, subsurface storage tanks, and drilled wells, as well as geologic formations, such as natural aquifers. In embodiments where a well is selected, a well may be drilled to a selected depth, wherein the depth of the well is selected based on the geology of the region. For example, in certain embodiments, a relatively shallow (e.g., about 50 feet deep) large diameter well may be drilled, while in other embodiments a relatively deep (e.g., 500 feet deep) small diameter well may be drilled. The well may then be cased with, for example, stainless steel casing that is cemented into place, or in the case of shallow wells, reinforced with cement alone.

[00143] In certain embodiments, an injection well may be selected. Injection wells are typically deep wells several hundred feet deep, thereby allowing processed water to be injected into an aquifer zone. In embodiments using an injection well, initially a borehole is drilled to a predetermined depth. After the borehole is drilled, casing, such as stainless steel casing is cemented into place, thereby preventing the drilled formation from collapsing. Typically, a packer is then run-in-hole to allow for the upper section of the well to be sealed from the aquifer zone. An injection pipe may then be run into the borehole into engagement with the packer, thereby providing fluid communication between the surface and the aquifer zone.

[00144] At the wellhead, an injection pump in fluid communication with a storage tank holding processed water is disposed. The injection pump is configured to draw processed water from the storage tank and inject the water into the aquifer zone at a selected pressure. The required pressure may vary based on the geology of the aquifer zone, and the pump may be selected taking into consideration the diameter of the piping leading to the aquifer zone, the type of packers used, etc.

[00145] During injection, processed water may be transferred from a storage tank through a series of conduits and pumped into an aquifer zone. When the water is subsequently required for reuse, the water may be extracted from the aquifer zone using submersible pumps, such as electric submersible pumps, disposed in the wellbore. Thus, injection wells may provide for storage of processed water when more water is being processed than is required.

[00146] In certain embodiments, a multi-directional valve may be used to allow processed water to be routed in multiple directions. For example, in one embodiment, processed water may be directed to three different locations. Water may be transferred to an injection well for storage, thereby allowing a third party, such as a municipal water supplier, to withdraw the water as required. Water may also be transferred to a reservoir to, for example, increase the water volume and/or quality of water flowing into the reservoir, or alternatively, the water may be directed to recharge a particular environment, such as a wetland or habitat for endangered species. The ability to direct water to multiple locations may also provide for a system that can adapt over time or in response to changing environmental conditions. For example, in times of high rainfall, water may be stored for use at a later time, while in times of low rainfall, water may be reused rather than stored.

[00147] In addition to installing new collection systems, a hardscape location may be retrofitted using the systems described above. For example, after a hardscape location is selected, rainwater collection conduits may be installed at the hardscape location, thereby allowing for water to be collected. The collection conduits may then be connected to a primary separation unit, as described above, thereby allowing rainwater to be transferred from the hardscape to the primary separator. A storage tank for holding collected water prior to treatment may then be disposed adjacent the hardscape and in fluid communication with the primary separator. The storage tank may be disposed either at the surface or subsurface, depending on the space available and the size of tank required to hold collected water during periods of high rainfall. A secondary separation unit may also be installed in fluid communication with the storage tank, thereby allowing water to be treated, and thereafter either transferred for reuse, stored, or injected into a subterranean formation, as described above.

[00148] In certain embodiments, one or more components of a retrofitted system may be installed underground, thereby allowing the system to process collected water while not interfering with day-to-day operations at the hardscape location. For example, one or more components of the system may be installed under the surface of a parking lot, on the roof of a building, or adjacent the collection location, if such space is available. The modularity of the system also allows the retrofitting of an existing facility to be customized depending on, for example, the size of the hardscape, the space available, the type of contaminants in the collected water, and the type of reuse expected. During retrofitting operations, collection conduits and other piping used in, for example, a distributive water system, may be installed by directionally drilling boreholes under surface features, thereby allowing the system to be installed while minimizing the surface impact. Thus, existing infrastructure may be retrofitted with such water processing systems without interfering with the operation of a particular facility.

[00149] Advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure may allow for the installation of water collection and processing systems, thereby allowing rainwater to be collected and treated. The treated water may then be reused in various operations, such as being reused in the operations at a particular facility, being used to recharge an environmental feature, or being reused at a local recreational facility. Also, the systems and methods described herein may allow rainwater that would otherwise contaminate the local environment due to contaminants collected by the rainwater as it flows over hardscape, to be collected and treated. Thus, the collected rainwater may prevent additional damage to the environment, while at the same time providing potable water for reused and/or reintroduction into the local ecology.

[00150] Also advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure may allow an entity to generate a positive water offset. During operation of a business, water in various forms may be used, for example, water used during manufacturing, water collected from sinks, water stored in piping for fire response systems, etc. However, businesses do not typically generate water, and as such, running a business necessarily results in a negative water balance. The systems and methods described herein provide businesses a way to offset the negative balance by collecting rainwater, processing the rainwater, and then using the processed water at their respective facilities. The systems and methods described herein may further provide certain entities with a positive water balance, as the volume of water collected may be greater than the volume of water used at the facility (e.g., large warehouses, parking garages, etc.)- Such entities may thereby use the positive water volume in the generation of credits, as explained in detail above. Thus, the systems and methods described herein may provide entities the ability to generate additional revenue, thereby increasing the profitability of the entity.

[00151] Advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure may allow for the creation of credits usable in offsetting environmental liability. Security of the credits by financial instruments may increase the likelihood that a solution is enacted, such that credits are created. Additionally, guaranteeing the credits may be used in the valuation and transacting of the credits to insure the value of the credit or the solution over a period of time. In certain embodiments, the security of the solution may also allow credit transactions to include the pre-selling of credits based on future performance models of the solution, thereby increasing the value of the credits and/or the solution.

[00152] Creation of the credits may also allow for the provision of replacement resources, thereby allowing natural resource damage claims to be settled efficiently. Because the credits may be valued in terms of the damage or alternative solutions, the credits may be purchased, held, or sold. Thus, the credits may be readily available, such that the processes of compensating a trustee for an environmental injury may be more efficient.

[00153] Also advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure may promote the production of solutions and products in the private sector that may be purchased by responsible parties to offset the environmental liability. Because solutions, such as rainwater collected on buildings, belong to private citizens, not the state, the private citizens may be more active in promoting the solutions, thereby further increasing the pool of credits available to responsible parties. As the pool of credits increases, the efficiency of compensation may be further increased. [00154] Additionally, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a scientifically determinable method for valuing the created credits. Because the method of valuation is based on the value of the resource, rather than the value of the land, the credit is more closely related to the injury model. Specifically, the purpose of the resource compensation is to make whole a trustee of land for the damage incurred to the land by a responsible party. Methods of valuation disclosed herein allow for the compensation to be commensurate to the injury, thereby promoting the integrity of the compensation schema.

[00155] Advantageously, embodiments disclosed herein may promote the creation of additional resources not previously available. Because the traditional compensation scheme required the purchase of land, and because the land would be recharging naturally anyway, the compensation maintained status quo resources. Embodiments disclosed herein provide an additional resource, such as actively collected water that would otherwise go uncollected, and thus unused. The creation of this additional resource may thereby promote resource conservation and environmental sustainability.

[00156] While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be limited only by the attached claims. In particular, although select embodiments discuss injury/pollution/damage to groundwater, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that methods disclosed herein pertain to any environmental damage.