Background

[0001] Field. This invention relates to the field of virtual reality and in particular to systems and methods which track object locations using colored tracking marker lights and a plurality of color cameras.

Description of Related Art

[0002] Conventional virtual reality systems which allow free-roaming for players use infrared tracking to determine the positions of players and other objects. Alternatively, a tracking system using colored marker lights has advantages in the ability to differentiate players and objects, however accurately tracking markers over a relatively broad space or other virtual reality environment is difficult without using a plurality of cameras. Using a plurality of cameras presents a challenge with respect to position calibration, coordination, and synchronization. Also, issues related to colored tracking markers conflicting with each other as players roam about a space used for virtual reality environment also present a challenge as markers with the same color may come within a close proximity to one another.

Summary

[0003] One approach to overcome the issues in the conventional art is to optimize the color assignment of the tracking market lights based on spatial proximity and to more accurately synchronize and calibrate the tracking cameras.

[0004] In light of the above, there is a need for systems and methods to calibrate and synchronize cameras while preventing conflicts between colored tracking markers in a virtual reality setting. Therefore, the inventors have developed a system, and method for operating a virtual reality as described below.

[0005] According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, a system for operating a virtual reality including at least one space includes at least one color camera configured to view the at least one space, at least one object, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object configured to be used as a tracking marker, at least one server configured to track movements of the at least one object during the virtual reality, a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions for tracking the movements of the at least one object; and a control system comprising a processor or processors coupled to the memory, the control system configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the control system to assign a color choice to each of the at least one colored light, wherein the assignment of the first color to the first colored light from among the at least one colored light is based on a spatial proximity of the first colored light to other colored lights in the at least one space, wherein during the virtual reality, if a second colored light, from among the at least one colored light, having the first color comes within a specified distance of the first colored light, the control system is further configured to change the assignment of color of one of the first colored light or the second colored lights to a color different that the first color.

[0006] According to another exemplary embodiment, if a total number of distinct assignable colors is greater than or equal to a total number of the at least one colored light, the control system is further configured to assign each of the at least one colored light a distinct color from among the total number of distinct assignable colors.

[0007] According to another exemplary embodiment, if a total number of distinct assignable colors is smaller than a total number of the at least one colored light, the control system is further configured to assign a distinct color from among the total number of distinct assignable colors to a first set of the at least one colored light, and assign a color to each colored light from among a second set of the at least one colored light based on spatial proximity of each colored light from among the second set of the at least one colored light to remaining colored lights with assigned colors.

[0008] According to another exemplary embodiment, the color choice for each of the at least one colored lights is one of White (R,G,B), Red (R), Blue (B), Green (G), Yellow (R,G), Cyan (B,G) and Magenta (R,B).

[0009] According to another exemplary embodiment, the color choice for each of the at least one colored lights further comprises half intensity secondary and tertiary colors.

[0010] According to another exemplary embodiment, the specified distance is 5 meters.

[0011] According to another aspect of an exemplary embodiment, a method for operating a virtual reality including at least one space, at least one color camera, at least one object, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object, at least one processor, and at least one server, the method includes viewing, using at least one of the at least one color camera, the at least one space, assigning, using at least one of said at least one processor, a first color to a first colored light from among the at least one colored light, within the at least one space based on a spatial proximity of the first colored light to other colored lights in the at least one space, tracking, using at least one of said at least one server, movements of the at least one object, and changing, using at least one of said at least one processor, if a second colored light, from among the at least one colored light, having the first color comes within a specified distance of the first colored light, the assignment of color of one of the first colored light or the second colored lights to a color different that the first color, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality.

[0012] According to another exemplary embodiment, if a total number of distinct assignable colors is greater than or equal to a total number of the at least one colored light, the assigning further includes assigning each of the at least one colored light a distinct color from among the total number of distinct assignable colors.

[0013] According to another exemplary embodiment, if a total number of distinct assignable colors is smaller than a total number of the at least one colored light, the assigning further includes assigning a distinct color from among the total number of distinct assignable colors to a first set of the at least one colored light, and assigning a color to each colored light from among a second set of the at least one colored light based on spatial proximity of each colored light from among the second set of the at least one colored light to remaining colored lights with assigned colors.

[0014] According to another exemplary embodiment, the color choice for each of the at least one colored lights is one of White (R,G,B), Red (R), Blue (B), Green (G), Yellow (R,G), Cyan (B,G) and Magenta (R,B).

[0015] According to another exemplary embodiment, the color choice for each of the at least one colored lights further comprises half intensity secondary and tertiary colors.

[0016] According to another exemplary embodiment, the specified distance is 5 meters.

[0017] According to another aspect of an exemplary embodiment, a system for operating a virtual reality including at least one space includes at least one color camera configured to view the at least one space, at least one object, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object configured to be used as at least one tracking marker, a

communication link, at least one server, comprising a hierarchy of at least one slave server and a master server, configured to track movements of the at least one object during the virtual reality, a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions for tracking the movements of the at least one object, and a control system comprising a processor or processors coupled to the memory, the control system configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the control system to locate, using the at least one slave servers, the position of the at least one tracking marker within view of the at least one color camera, transmit, via the communication link, position of the at least one tracking marker to the master server, create, using the master server, a list of all intersection points where a position of a first tracking marker, from among the at least one tracking marker, seen by one of the at least one color camera matches a position of a second tracking marker, from among the at least one tracking marker, seen by another of the at least one color camera, and average, for each intersection point, the positions of the first tracking marker and the second tracking marker to create a processed position for the intersection point that represents a position of a composite tracking marker corresponding to both the first tracking marker and the second tracking markers.

[0018] According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, a method for operating a virtual reality including at least one space, at least one color camera, a communication link, at least one object, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object configured to be used as at least one tracking marker, at least one processor, and at least one server comprising a hierarchy of at least one slave server and a master server, the method includes viewing, using at least one of the at least one color camera, the at least one space, tracking, using at least one of said at least one server, movements of the at least one object, locating, using the at least one slave servers, the position of the at least one tracking marker within view of the at least one color camera, transmitting, via the communication link, position of the at least one tracking marker to the master server, creating, using the master server, a list of all intersection points where a position of a first tracking marker, from among the at least one tracking marker, seen by one of the at least one color camera matches a position of a second tracking marker, from among the at least one tracking marker, seen by another of the at least one color camera, and averaging, using at least one of said at least one processor, for each intersection point, the positions of the first tracking marker and the second tracking marker to create a processed position for the intersection point that represents a position of a composite tracking marker corresponding to both the first tracking marker and the second tracking markers, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality.

[0019] According to another aspect of an exemplary embodiment, a system for operating a virtual reality including at least one space includes at least one color camera configured to view the at least one space, at least one object, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object configured to be used as at least one tracking marker, at least one server configured to track movements of the at least one object during the virtual reality, a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions for tracking the movements of the at least one object, and a control system comprising a processor or processors coupled to the memory, the control system configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the control system to detect a calibration object placed in a space visible to each of the at least one color camera, wherein the calibration object comprises at least three colored calibration marker lights mounted in specified positions on the calibration object, and wherein the calibration object is placed in the space in a specified orientation relative to the at least one colored camera, determine in a captured image at each of the at least one color camera, a position of each of the at least three calibration marker lights, convert each of the determined positions to vectors relative to a zero origin, analyze the vectors to determine a best fit for a position of each calibration marker light, and convert the detected orientation of the calibration object into a position and orientation respective to at each of the at least one color camera for use thenceforth in operation of the virtual reality.

[0020] According to another exemplary embodiment, the calibration object is "L" shaped and comprises three colored calibration marker lights.

[0021] According to another exemplary embodiment, each leg of the "L" shape of the calibration object is 1 meter in length.

[0022] According to another exemplary embodiment, the three colored calibration marker lights are colored green, blue, and red.

[0023] According to another aspect of an exemplary embodiment, a method for operating a virtual reality including at least one space, at least one color camera, at least one object, at least one colored light attached to each of the at least one object, at least one processor, and at least one server, the method includes viewing, using at least one of the at least one color camera, the at least one space, tracking, using at least one of said at least one server, movements of the at least one object, detecting, using at least one of said at least one processor, a calibration object placed in a space visible to each of the at least one color camera, wherein the calibration object comprises at least three colored calibration marker lights mounted in specified positions on the calibration object, and wherein the calibration object is placed in the space in a specified orientation relative to the at least one colored camera, determining, using at least one of said at least one processor, in a captured image at each of the at least one color camera, a position of each of the at least three calibration marker lights, converting, using at least one of said at least one processor, each of the determined positions to vectors relative to a zero origin, analyzing, using at least one of said at least one processor, the vectors to determine a best fit for a position of each calibration marker light, and converting, using at least one of said at least one processor, the detected orientation of the calibration object into a position and orientation respective to at each of the at least one color camera for use thenceforth in operation of the virtual reality, wherein the at least one object comprises at least one of a player, a controller and a device related to the virtual reality.

[0024] According to another exemplary embodiment, the calibration object is "L" shaped and comprises three colored calibration marker lights.

[0025] According to another exemplary embodiment, each leg of the "L" shape of the calibration object is 1 meter in length.

[0026] According to another exemplary embodiment, the three colored calibration marker lights are colored green, blue, and red.

Brief Description of Drawings

[0027] FIG. 1 depicts a system comprising a plurality of cameras which track objects such as players and controllers with tracking markers attached thereto, according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0028] FIG. 2 depicts a flowchart for initial color assignment before play as well as dynamic reassignment of colors during game play, according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0029] FIG. 3 depicts a system comprising a plurality of cameras, players, and controllers connected to a hierarchical server architecture, according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0030] FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart for synchronizing a plurality of cameras with consistent and accurate location of game objects, according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0031] FIG. 5 depicts a system for position calibration of each of a plurality of cameras using a calibration object, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0032] FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart for initial position calibration of each of a plurality of cameras using a calibration object, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0033] FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of a system of a plurality of cameras communicating with a server, according to another exemplary embodiment.

Detailed Description

[0034] Embodiments will be described below in more detail with reference to the

accompanying drawings. The following detailed descriptions are provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein and equivalent modifications thereof. Accordingly, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness. [0035] The terms used in the description are intended to describe embodiments only, and shall by no means be restrictive. Unless clearly used otherwise, expressions in a singular from include a meaning of a plural form. In the present description, an expression such as "comprising" or "including" is intended to designate a characteristic, a number, a step, an operation, an element, a part or combinations thereof, and shall not be construed to preclude any presence or possibility of one or more other characteristics, numbers, steps, operations, elements, parts or combinations thereof.

[0036] Systems and methods are disclosed for operating, calibrating, and dynamically optimizing a system for a virtual reality environment where colored marker lights are attached to objects.

[0037] The objects may include players, controllers, and devices related to the game or another virtual reality experience.

[0038] One or more color cameras are used to view one or more spaces, and track positions and orientations of players and other objects according to the attached marker lights. A

hierarchical system of servers is used to process positions and orientations of objects and provide controls as necessary for the system. A method for color assignment is described as well as a calibration process, and a dynamic optimization process. A synchronization process is also described that ensures that a plurality of cameras and attached servers are properly coordinated. Head-mounted devices may also be used in conjunction with marker lights to provide information regarding players.

[0039] FIG. 1 depicts a system comprising a plurality of cameras which track objects such as players and controllers with tracking markers attached thereto, according to an exemplary embodiment. For instance, pictured in FIG. 1 is a plurality of color cameras 102 viewing one or more spaces 104 of a virtual reality. A plurality of spaces or other virtual reality environments in the same physical space are supported by a logical or virtual division of the physical space into a plurality of virtual spaces where a single game may be operated in one of the plurality of virtual spaces or other virtual reality environments. Cameras 102 or other optical detectors suitable of detecting radiation from tracking markers 108, including infrared detectors, RGB cameras, hyperspectral sensors, and others.

[0040] The space/spaces being viewed by the camera, as described above and hereafter throughout the specification may include any kind of space used by a user/player to participate in the virtual reality experience, the virtual reality experience comprising a virtual reality game or any other form of virtual reality experience. [0041] Typically, at least two cameras 102 are utilized to observe the one or more spaces 104 or other virtual reality environments, however the limit to the number of cameras 102 is not limited thereto and only a single camera or more than two cameras may be utilized to observe the one or more spaces 103. Cameras 102 may be connected to a hierarchical server architecture 1 10 which analyzes images viewed by cameras 102 and communicates with players 106 and other objects such as game controllers, simulated weapons etc., all of which include tracking markers 108 for observation by cameras 102. The hierarchical server architecture 1 10 will be described in more detail below, with reference to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.

[0042] Connections 1 12 between cameras 102 and server architecture 1 10 may be either hardwired such as Ethernet, or alternately wirelessly connected such as, for example, Wi-Fi connectivity. However, the form of connection 112 is not limited thereto and other forms of establishing a network may be used. Communication between server architecture 1 10 and players 106 and other game objects for both control and sensing purposes may be performed through wireless connectivity 1 14 which may include Wi-Fi connectivity or other forms of wireless connectivity.

[0043] According to another embodiment, communication between the server architecture 1 10 and players 106 may be performed through a wired connection. For some embodiments of the invention, players 106 may carry a form of backpack PC 1 16 which may interface electronically with a form of head-mounted device and/or a controller or simulated weapon device carried by the player. Alternately, backpack PC 1 16 may communicate wirelessly and directly with the head- mounted device and or the controller or simulated weapon device carried by the player, however this form of communication is not limited thereto and the communication may be performed via a wired connection.

[0044] An example process for initial color assignment for the tracking marker lights 108 before play, and for dynamic color reassignment for the marker lights 108 during play, is shown in FIG. 2. In step S202, a first marker light 108 is set to white, then is viewed by one or more cameras 102, and is located in the tracking system of depicted in FIG. 1. The first marker light 108 is then changed to a first color, for example red. Next, in step S204 a next marker light 108 is set to white and located by the tracking system in the same manner as step S202. Subsequently, this next marker light 108 is changed to a different available color, for example green.

[0045] In other examples, the tracking marker lights 108 may be other light or radiation sources, including fluorescent light sources, infrared bulbs, or other types of light sources.

[0046] At this point, it is determined, per step S206, if all assignable colors have been assigned to marker lights 108. If not, step S204 is executed again with a next marker light 108 and changed to a next available color which might be, for example, blue, since red and green have been assigned. If all assignable colors have been assigned to marker lights 108 the process proceeds to step S208. Note that an exemplary list of assignable colors may comprise White (R,G,B), Red (R), Blue (B), Green (G), Yellow (R,G), Cyan (B,G), Magenta (R,B). This list of assignable colors is merely exemplary and color variations in-between the listed available colors are also possible.

[0047] In step S208, the process starts assigning colors to new unassigned marker lights 108 where the color has been previously assigned to at least one other marker light 108. As such, the system considers the distance from the new unassigned marker light 108 to the previously assigned marker lights 108 in making a color choice. Per step S208, a next unassigned marker light 108 is set to white and located in the tracking system. Subsequently its color is changed to be the same as whichever tracking marker, previously assigned with a color, is farthest from this next unassigned marker light 108. In step S210 it is determined if all tracking marker lights 108 have been assigned a color. If not, step S208 is repeated until all marker lights 108 have been assigned a color.

Otherwise, the process proceeds to cover dynamic color reassignment during operation of a game.

[0048] Per step S212, whenever during a game a tracking marker 108 is determined to have moved within a specified minimum distance of another tracking marker 108 having the same light color, the color of one of the two tracking markers is changed to another color such that distances between markers having the same color is maximized. The specified distance may vary based on the size of the game arena. As such, one of the tasks of the server architecture 1 10 is to keep track of all distances between tracking markers 108 having the same color, and compare those distances with the specified minimum distance.

[0049] FIG. 3 depicts a system comprising a plurality of cameras, players, and controllers connected to a hierarchical server architecture, according to an exemplary embodiment. Here, one bank of color cameras 302 connects with slave tracking server 306, while another bank of color cameras 304 connects with slave tracking server 308. Positions and movements of game objects tracked by slave tracking servers 306 and 308 are consolidated in master server 310 which may optionally have one or more local cameras 312 connected to it. Note that calibration of tracking marker 108 positions may be performed locally on the server(s) observing that tracking marker. The number of slave tracking servers and master server depicted in FIG. 3 is merely exemplary and not limited thereto. Furthermore, the functionality of the slave tracking server and the master tracking server may be combined into a single server, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0050] When a slave tracking server such as 306 or 308 receives an image, they immediately process the image to identify any tracking markers in the optical data of the image. The slave tracking server 308 immediately sends the processed data to the master server 310 and performs no further processing on that particular image, according to an exemplary embodiment. This may include identifying a pixel row and column location of the tracking marker 108, including with a time stamp camera identification.

[0051] Master server 310 interfaces with game server 314 which communicates wirelessly 316 with players 106 and other devices 318 which may include for example any of controller devices including simulated weapons, according to one exemplary embodiment. The communication may even be conducted via a wired connection, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0052] The Master server 310 collects all the processed data from both local cameras 312 and slave servers 306 and 308. It continues to store all this information until it has a complete set of data from each camera in the system or until it receives repeated data from the same camera. Once the data set is considered complete, it performs the next stage of processing on each individual camera image to create a list of all the intersections of the data points from the cameras where the tracking marker is a match. Positions of these intersection points are then averaged out to create the final processed position for each tracking marker. Where not enough information is available to create an accurate intersection or the information conflicts within a threshold, the information may be optionally discarded.

[0053] FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart illustrating this process for synchronizing a plurality of cameras with consistent and accurate locations of objects, according to an exemplary embodiment. In step S402, tracking markers in the space are located using cameras 302 and 304 communicating with slave servers 306, 308. In step S404, positions of tracking markers are communicated from the various slave servers 306, 308 to master server 310. In step S406 a process operating on the master server creates a list of all intersection points where a position of a first marker seen by one camera matches a position of a second marker seen by another camera. Then in step S408, for each intersection point in the list of intersection points, the positions of the first and second tracking markers are averaged to create a processed position for that intersection point, and represents a position of a composite tracking marker corresponding to both the first and second tracking markers that will be used thenceforth in operation of the game.

[0054] The master server 310 and the slave servers 306,308 are exemplary embodiment forming part of the hierarchy server where the master server 310 may have unidirectional control over the slave servers 306, 308. However, the master and the slave servers may be incorporated into a single server which performs the below defined functions of both the master server 310 and the slave server 306, 308, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0055] Before game begins, it is important to calibrate the system such that cameras observing a space or other virtual reality environment are accurately coordinated with respect to positions of game objects. FIG. 5 depicts a system performing an initial calibration using a calibration object 502.

[0056] When the system is initially set up, all the cameras are plugged in and nothing is configured for the space. It is important that the tracking servers are programmed with position with the position and orientation of the cameras in 3D space.

[0057] To do this, one exemplary calibration configuration according to the invention involves laying out a 1 meter grid on the flat ground. This could be achieved using masking tape or other available means. This grid is visible to the cameras. The grid serves as a guide for where the virtual space will be defined, and a center point is chosen in the room to be the center in the virtual space (x:0, y:0, z:0).

[0058] Then, a calibration device 502 is placed on the 1 -meter grid. One exemplary configuration for the calibration device is an L-shape (90 degree angle) with arms each measuring 1 meter long (dimension "d" 504), with a colored ball or calibration marker light 506 at each end of the arm and also at the center. The length mentioned above is merely exemplary and a different shape and size of calibration device with a different number of marker lights 506 may be used.

[0059] These colored balls or calibration marker lights 506 may be powered, and set to fixed colors. An exemplary configuration would include Green in the center, Blue on one arm and Red on the other, however different colors may be used. By placing the calibration device in the grid at the center of the space, with the blue arm oriented in a specific direction, the calibration software can automatically detect the location of the cameras which can see all 3 colored markers on the calibration device.

[0060] The calibration process allows the operator to select a camera, and perform the following process:

1) Detect the 3 colored markers are in the next image to come from the camera and record their positions in the image.

2) Convert the positions in the image to vectors from a zero origin, pointing to the recorded position.

3) The vectors are analyzed to find the 'best fit' which would allow the markers to show up in that position.

4) When the right fit is found, the detected orientation of the calibration device is converted into a position and orientation for the camera.

5) The position and orientation is associated with the camera.

[0061] This initial calibration process is further described in the flowchart of FIG. 6 where step S602 describes placing a calibration object in a space so it is visible to a plurality of one or more color cameras, the calibration object comprising at least three colored calibration marker lights 506 mounted in a specified orientation on the calibration object, and wherein the calibration object is placed in the space in a specified orientation relative to the one or more cameras. Per step S604, for each camera, a position of each of the calibration marker lights is determined in a captured image, and each of these positions is converted to vectors relative to a zero origin. Then per step S606, the vectors are analyzed to determine a best fit for the position of each calibration marker light and the detected orientation of the calibration object is converted into a position and orientation respective of the camera for use thenceforth in operation of the game.

[0062] The detected calibration for the camera can be validated by the operator as the system may also draw a dotted line over the video feed to show where it believes the grid on the floor should be. In the instance where the calibration device is not available, the cameras may be configured manually using the dotted line overlay. All camera calibration data is then stored on the tracking system server that the cameras are connected to (be it a slave server, master server or a combination of the two).

[0063] FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of a gaming system 700, according to another exemplary embodiment. The system 700 includes Cameras 702 and 704 and VR server 724. The cameras, 702 and 704, may be capable of accessing the VR server 724 either directly or indirectly over a network 714. The cameras, 702 and 704, may access the VR server 724 over the network 714 using wireless or wired connections supporting one or more point-to-point links, shared local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), or other access technologies. These cameras 702 and 704 may be transmitting video, audio or other kinds of data to the VR server 724.

[0064] According to the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, the VR system 700 is a type of system that provides tracking of marker lights on players or their controllers or other game objects using cameras 702 and 704 using storage devices 728, 730 and multiple processors 718. However, it should be appreciated that alternate embodiments of the VR system 700 may use a single processor and storage device and the depicted embodiment is merely exemplary.

Furthermore, although FIG. 7 depicts a single server 724, the VR system may comprise multiple servers splitting up the functionalities which are performed by the depicted server 724, as described in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1.

[0065] In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, the VR server 724 may receive the location information and other action/state information regarding a user holding a controller, colors assigned to the tracking lights on the controller or other game objects etc. in a space using the cameras 702 and 704. The VR server 724 may be realized as a software program stored in a memory and executing on a central processing unit (CPU). [0066] The VR server 724 may use video images from the tracking cameras 702,704. In some embodiments, the VR server 724 receives video images over video cables connected to the cameras, however the images may be transferred wirelessly. Possible video cable types include analog formats such as composite video, S-Video and VGA; and digital formats such as HDMI and DVI, however these are mere exemplary embodiments and the possibilities are not limited thereto. In another embodiment, the slave server receives video images over a wireless communication connection.

[0067] The VR server 724 may follow the procedures described in FIG. 2, FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 for assignment and reassignment of colors to the tracking marker lights, and synchronization and calibration of the cameras 702,704.

[0068] The present disclosure emulates a real-world experience for players, and as such the experience players have is quite real, just as pilots in flight simulators experience all the aspects of flying a real airplane. The disclosure is deeply intertwined with computer and networking technology without which it would not be possible. In fact, the functions described herein have an extremely time-sensitive nature to their operation in order to achieve a true virtual reality experience, and without an intimate integration with the described hardware would not function properly, if at all.

[0069] The dynamic reassignment of colors during a game based on changing distances between light markers having the same color is a function grounded in reality. The use of a physical calibration device to calibrate distances for each camera as well as the process for synchronizing positions among a plurality of cameras, are all concrete functionalities

[0070] The embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage unit or computer readable medium. The application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture.

[0071] Preferably, the servers are implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units ("CPUs"), one or more memories, and one or more input/output interfaces. The computer platform may also include an operating system and microinstruction code. The various processes and functions described herein may be either part of the micro-instruction code or part of the application program, or any combination thereof, which may be executed by a CPU, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown. In addition, various other peripheral units may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage unit and a printing unit. [0072] Although a number of possible implementations have been mentioned, these are presented merely for the sake of explanation and teaching, and are not limitative. Moreover, an implementation of an apparatus that falls within the inventive concept does not necessarily achieve any of the possible benefits outlined above: such benefits are dependent on the specific use case and specific implementation, and the possible benefits mentioned above are simply examples.

[0073] Although the concepts have been described above with respect to the various embodiments, it is noted that there can be a variety of permutations and modifications of the described features by those who are familiar with this field, only some of which have been presented above, without departing from the technical ideas and scope of the features, which is defined by the appended claims.

[0074] Further, while this specification contains many features, the features should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or the appended claims. Certain features described in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination.

Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0075] Although the drawings describe operations in a specific order and/or show specific arrangements of components, and are described in the context of access segments of data centers, one should not interpret that such specific order and/or arrangements are limited, or that all the operations performed and the components disclosed are needed to obtain a desired result. There are numerous hardware and software devices that can be configured to forward data units in the manner described in the present disclosure with respect to various embodiments. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.