CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Nonprovisional Patent Application No. 18/065,721 , filed December 14, 2022, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/377,486, filed September 28, 2022, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/377,501 , filed September 28, 2022, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/377,512, filed September 28, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/378,601 , filed October 6, 2022, the entireties of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to systems and methods for controlling a phase switch for an inverter for an electric vehicle, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter for an electric vehicle.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Inverters, such as those used to drive a motor in an electric vehicle, for example, are responsible for converting High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) into Alternating Current (AC) to drive the motor. Pulse width modulation (PWM) signals in the inverter may be affected by system delays and electrical noise in the inverter, which affects the operation of the inverter.

[0004] The present disclosure is directed to overcoming one or more of these above- referenced challenges.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0005] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system including: an inverter configured to convert DC power from a battery to AC power to drive a motor, wherein the inverter includes: a galvanic isolator separating a high voltage area from a low voltage area; a low voltage phase controller in the low voltage area, the low voltage phase controller configured to receive a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal from an inverter controller and adjust the received PWM signal based on a feedback signal; and a high voltage phase controller in the high voltage area, the high voltage phase controller configured to receive the adjusted PWM signal from the low voltage phase controller, provide the adjusted PWM signal to a phase switch, and provide the feedback signal based on an on-time measurement of the phase switch.

[0006] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the high voltage phase controller includes a phase switch on-time detector configured to determine the on-time measurement of the phase switch based on a gate to source voltage of the phase switch and provide the feedback signal to the low voltage phase controller based on the determined on-time measurement.

[0007] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the phase switch on-time detector is further configured to determine the on- time measurement of the phase switch based on a gate to source voltage of the phase switch and a clock reference signal of the high voltage phase controller.

[0008] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the high voltage phase controller includes a clock calibrator configured to align the clock reference signal of the high voltage phase controller with a clock reference signal of the low voltage phase controller.

[0009] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the low voltage phase controller includes a clock reference sampler configured to align the clock reference signal of the low voltage phase controller with a clock reference signal of the inverter controller.

[0010] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the low voltage phase controller includes an on-time comparator configured to receive the feedback signal and compare the received feedback signal to the received PWM signal as a feedback comparison.

[0011] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the low voltage phase controller further includes a PWM on-time trimmer configured to adjust one or more of a rising edge or a falling edge of the received PWM signal based on the feedback comparison so that an actual duty cycle of the phase switch matches a commanded duty cycle of the phase switch. [0012] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the low voltage phase controller further includes a PWM delay trimmer configured to adjust a delay of the received PWM signal based on a delay for multiple phase controllers, including the low voltage phase controller, for the inverter.

[0013] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the high voltage phase controller includes a phase switch on-time detector configured to determine the on-time measurement of the phase switch based on a gate to source voltage of the phase switch and provide the feedback signal to the low voltage phase controller based on the determined on-time measurement.

[0014] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the inverter further includes a point-of-use phase controller in the high voltage area and configured to communicate with the high voltage phase controller, wherein the point-of-use phase controller is configured to provide the gate to source voltage of the phase switch to the high voltage phase controller.

[0015] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including: the battery configured to supply the DC power to the inverter; and the motor configured to receive the AC power from the inverter to drive the motor.

[0016] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method including: receiving, by a phase controller of an inverter for an electric vehicle, a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal from an inverter controller; receiving, by the phase controller, a gate to source voltage of a phase switch of the inverter; adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage; and providing, by the phase controller, the adjusted PWM signal to the phase switch.

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the providing, by the phase controller, the adjusted PWM signal to the phase switch includes transmitting, by the phase controller, the adjusted PWM signal across a galvanic isolator from a low voltage area of the phase controller to a high voltage area of the phase controller.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage further includes: determining, by the phase controller, an on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage; and adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the determined on-time measurement.

[0019] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the determining, by the phase controller, the on-time measurement of the phase switch further includes determining, by the phase controller, the on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage and a clock reference signal of the phase controller.

[0020] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, further including: aligning, by the phase controller, the clock reference signal of the phase controller with a clock reference signal of the inverter controller.

[0021] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage further includes: determining, by the phase controller, an on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage; and comparing, by the phase controller, the determined on-time measurement of the phase switch to the received PWM signal as a feedback comparison.

[0022] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage further includes: adjusting, by the phase controller, one or more of a rising edge or a falling edge of the received PWM signal based on the feedback comparison so that an actual duty cycle of the phase switch matches a commanded duty cycle of the phase switch.

[0023] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage further includes: adjusting, by the phase controller, a delay of the received PWM signal based on a delay for multiple phase controllers, including the phase controller, for the inverter.

[0024] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for controlling a phase switch for an inverter for an electric vehicle, the method including: providing, by a point-of-use phase controller of the phase switch, a gate to source voltage of the phase switch; receiving, by the point-of-use phase controller, an adjusted pulse width modulation (PWM) signal; and controlling, by the point-of- use phase controller, an operation of the phase switch based on the adjusted PWM signal, wherein the adjusted PWM signal was adjusted based on the provided gate to source voltage of the phase switch.

[0025] Additional objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosed embodiments. The objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

[0026] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed embodiments, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various exemplary embodiments and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for a vehicle including a combined inverter and converter, according to one or more embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the combined inverter and converter of FIG. 1 with a point-of-use switch controller, according to one or more embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the controller of FIG. 2, according to one or more embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the point-of-use switch controller of FIG. 2, according to one or more embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the upper power module of FIG. 4, according to one or more embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for an inverter with a phase switch timing controller, according to one or more embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary method for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter, according to one or more embodiments. [0035] FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary method for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter, according to one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0036] Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the features, as claimed. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes,” “including,” or other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. In this disclosure, unless stated otherwise, relative terms, such as, for example, “about,” “substantially,” and “approximately” are used to indicate a possible variation of ±10% in the stated value. In this disclosure, unless stated otherwise, any numeric value may include a possible variation of ±10% in the stated value.

[0037] The terminology used below may be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific examples of the present disclosure. Indeed, certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. For example, in the context of the disclosure, the switching devices may be described as switches or devices, but may refer to any device for controlling the flow of power in an electrical circuit. For example, switches may be metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or relays, for example, or any combination thereof, but are not limited thereto.

[0038] Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to systems and methods for controlling a phase switch for an inverter for an electric vehicle, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter for an electric vehicle.

[0039] Inverters, such as those used to drive a motor in an electric vehicle, for example, are responsible for converting High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) into Alternating Current (AC) to drive the motor. A three phase inverter may include a bridge with six power device switches (for example, power transistors such as IGBT or MOSFET) that are controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals generated by a controller. An inverter may include three half-H bridge switches to control the phase voltage, upper and lower gate drivers to control the switches, a PWM controller, and glue logic between the PWM controller and the gate drivers. The PWM controller may generate signals to define the intended states of the system. The gate drivers may send the signals from the PWM controller to the half-H bridge switches. The half-H bridge switches may drive the phase voltage. The inverter may include an isolation barrier between low voltage and high voltage planes. Signals may pass from the PWM controller to the half-H bridge switches by passing across the isolation barrier, which may employ optical, transformer-based, or capacitance-based isolation. PWM signals may be distorted when passing through the glue logic, which may include resistive, capacitive, or other types of filtering. PWM signals may be distorted when passing through the gate driver, due to the galvanic isolation barrier and other delays within the gate driver. PWM signals may be distorted when the signals processed by the half-H switch via the gate driver output.

[0040] Gate drivers may tolerate common-mode transients that occur during field-effect transistor (FET) switching and when one side of the floating high voltage terminal is shorted to ground or subject to an electro-static discharge. These voltage transients may result in fast edges, which may create bursts of common-mode current through the galvanic isolation. A gate driver may need to demonstrate common-mode transient immunity (CMTI) in order to be effective and safe.

[0041] Gate drivers may have a high-voltage domain in common to the voltage plane of an associated FET. Further, high-voltage planes may be supplied by a flyback converter that may be isolated through a transformer from the low-voltage plane. The high-voltage domain supply may be used to power circuits which source and sink gate current to drive the FET and which may detect FET faults so the faults can be acted upon and/or communicated to the low-voltage domain. Gate drivers may include a galvanic channel dedicated to FET commands, and one or more bidirectional or unidirectional galvanic channels dedicated to FET communications.

[0042] High current switching transients may create strong electro- magnetic (EM) fields that may couple into nearby metal traces. The magnitude and frequency of coupled currents may depend upon the layout of the FET packaging solution and the direction and length of metal traces between the FET and the control integrated circuit (IC). For example, typical values for coupled currents may be up to 1A at AC frequencies up to 100MHz. Typically, within a circuit, the gate driver IC may be placed far enough away from the FET that high EM fields do not couple directly into the internal metal traces within the gate driver IC. The gate driver is placed a distance from EM fields such that induced currents within the circuitry are below levels that will cause malfunction of the gate driver, or a metal shield is placed between the gate driver and the source of EM fields to protect the gate driver circuitry. The output terminals of the gate driver that connect to the FET are exposed to the EM fields at the point where the output terminals are no longer covered by a shield. The gate driver switches large currents (such as 5A to 15A, for example) through these exposed terminals. The switched large currents are generally greater in magnitude than the EM-induced currents. The gate driver is able to overdrive the induced currents to maintain control of the FETs. The high side of the gate drivers and the FET may share a common ground and a gate control signal trace, both of which may be susceptible to coupled currents.

[0043] Gate drivers may turn on low-resistance switches to source and sink gate currents. Series resistors may sometimes be added to limit gate current. Switched gate currents may be larger than coupled currents in order to maintain control of their respective FETs.

[0044] Gate drivers may be able to sense FET operating voltages or currents in order to provide feedback and react to faults. Over-current faults may typically be detected by sensing the FET drain to source voltage and comparing the sensed voltage to a reference value. Sensed voltages may be heavily filtered to reject coupled currents. Filtering may slow down the response to fault conditions, resulting in delays in response. For example, the rate of current increase due to a low resistance short circuit may reach damaging levels prior to being detected by the heavily filtered drain to source voltage detection strategy. The resulting short circuit may damage the FET or the vehicle, prior to being detected and shut off.

[0045] According to one or more embodiments, a FET driver circuit may provide rapid over-current detection by either shunt current sensing or by diverting a fraction of the load current through a parallel FET that may have a current sensing circuit. Utilizing either strategy may require a “point-of-use IC” where sensing circuitry is in close proximity to the FET. Even if a point-of-use IC and a remote controller are resistant to EM fields, communication between the point-of-use IC and remote controller remains susceptible to induced currents. Point-of-use ICs have been implemented in low EM field applications, such as smart FETs for automotive applications. However, point-of-use ICs have not been used in high EM field applications. A high EM field may be a field (i) that induces a current within an IC that is in excess of an operating current of the IC and leads to malfunction, or (ii) that induces a differential voltage within an IC which is in excess of the operating differential voltage and leads to malfunction. A high EM field may be a field that is greater than approximately 10A or approximately 100V, for example.

[0046] The switch-on and switch-off times, which are based on the PWM signals, of the half-H bridge switches may vary from device to device, may vary with operating temperature, and may vary with changes in the gate driver power supply. The sources of error may result in a phase voltage duty cycle that does not precisely align with an intended PWM duty cycle.

[0047] As inverters are scaled to higher currents and to shorter PWM periods, the switching times of the half-H bridge switches may be reduced in order to reduce switching losses. This reduction in switching times may lead to using parallel gate drivers to drive a single half-H switch, or may lead to parallel half-H switches, with each switch having a dedicated gate driver. Both solutions may require that the paralleled PWM command on and command off edges be synchronized so that the half-H bridge switches are switched on and off with optimal efficiency.

[0048] Some phase switches may separate PWM control, glue logic, and gate drivers into separate blocks, such that an absolute skew between paralleled PWM channels can only be guaranteed to the minimum and maximum specified tolerances of these individual blocks in an absolute worst-case manner. A potential consequence of this arrangement may be that paralleling of gate drivers, or paralleling of entire half-H switches and gate drivers, may result in one or the other gate driver or half-H switch turning on before the other device. This may be caused due to differences in the signal path delay between the paralleled devices.

[0049] A potential solution to this problem may be the absolute delay between all PWM channels being controlled to within an acceptable tolerance that allows for paralleling of gate drivers and or half-H switches to meet system requirements. Furthermore, the PWM skew may lead to the PWM duty cycle for and between the three phases being no better controlled than the absolute minimum and maximum variation of all components between the PWM controller and the output of the half-H bridge switch.

[0050] One or more embodiments of the disclosure may provide a gate driver where the phase voltage duty cycle matches the intended PWM duty cycle.

[0051] Some approaches of galvanic isolated circuits and PWM control methodologies may describe PWM control over a half-H architecture using galvanically isolated circuits. These circuits may include the non-overlap of PWM signals routed to high and low half-H switches that are controlled using centralized logic that uses the fed-back state of the half-H switches to prevent simultaneous command-on signals being sent to both high and low half-H switches. Some approaches may prevent non-overlap of high and low half-H switches by using feedback of the present state of the high and low switch gate state. These approaches may not account for feedback and correction of PWM duty cycle errors, which are accumulated due to delays on the signal path. As a result, in these approaches, the PWM duty cycle present at the half-H switches may contain uncorrected propagation delay errors. These errors are managed by providing sufficient tolerance for these errors within the control algorithm.

[0052] One exemplary technique of some approaches is the use of a nonoverlap time, or dead time, between the off command of one half-H bridge switch (upper or lower) and the on command of the opposing half-H bridge switch to provide the sufficient tolerance for the errors. Dead time may prevent a shoot-through event where both the upper and lower devices are simultaneously on, but creates inefficiency, because both devices may be off for a period of time during each switching period. Further, the dead time must be long enough to account for worst case difference in the total delay from the PWM rising and falling edges between the upper and lower half-H switch paths. As switching periods are reduced, the dead time may become an increasingly larger portion of the total period. This may lead to an increasing loss within the system.

[0053] One or more embodiments may solve the problem of PWM duty cycle distortion and PWM absolute delay between parallel gate drivers.

[0054] As described above, dead time enforcement in a half-H circuit must account for worst-case variation in the PWM to phase-voltage propagation delay. Paralleling of half-H phase switches is impractical when the propagation delay variation is too wide. One or more embodiments may provide a phase-switch timing control circuit where (1) an on-time of the phase voltage (Ton-phase) is trimmed to match the on-time of the PWM signal (Ton-pwm), and (2) a propagation delay from a PWM edge to a change in phase voltage is trimmed to a constant value for all phase-switches. As an example, the trim may be performed at final test or during initialization, as required.

[0055] One or more embodiments may include an isolated gate-driver with a low-voltage (LV) PWM signal domain and a high-voltage (HV) phase domain. One or more embodiments may include transceivers that allow communication between LV and HV domains. One or more embodiments may include a clock reference sampler to sample and align the LV domain to an external crystal clock reference, and may have less than a one percent error. One or more embodiments may include a clock calibrator to align the HV domain clock to the LV domain clock so that all timing is synchronized. One or more embodiments may include a phase switch (e.g. FET) on- time detector to measure the FET gate-source voltage (Vgs) on-time to represent the phase voltage on-time. One or more embodiments may include an on-time comparator to capture incoming PWM on-time and compare the incoming PWM on- time to the captured FET gate on-time. One or more embodiments may include a PWM on-time trimmer to delay a PWM rising or falling edge by a trim factor so that the FET on-time is equal to the PWM on-time. One or more embodiments may include a PWM delay trimmer to trim the PWM-edge to a phase-voltage edge to the same value for all gate drivers.

[0056] One or more embodiments may synchronize all voltage domains of a phase switch to an absolute clock reference that has less than one percent error. One or more embodiments may use clock synchronization for timing the trim, so that all phase switches have the same delay and minimum PWM skew.

[0057] One or more embodiments may optimize phase-switch timing for each gate driver. One or more embodiments may reduce dead time between PWM pulses. One or more embodiments may use small delays to trim a phase voltage waveform to match a PWM waveform, which may be contrary to some processes that describe reducing delays in the system.

[0058] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for a vehicle including a combined inverter and converter, according to one or more embodiments. In the context of this disclosure, the combined inverter and converter may be referred to as an inverter. As shown in FIG. 1 , electric vehicle 100 may include an inverter 110, a motor 190, and a battery 195. The inverter 110 may include components to receive electrical power from an external source and output electrical power to charge battery 195 of electric vehicle 100. The inverter 110 may convert DC power from battery 195 in electric vehicle 100 to AC power, to drive motor 190 of the electric vehicle 100, for example, but the embodiments are not limited thereto. The inverter 110 may be bidirectional, and may convert DC power to AC power, or convert AC power to DC power, such as during regenerative braking, for example. Inverter 110 may be a three-phase inverter, a single-phase inverter, or a multi-phase inverter.

[0059] FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the inverter 110 of FIG. 1 with a point-of-use switch controller, according to one or more embodiments. Electric vehicle 100 may include inverter 110, motor 190, and battery 195. Inverter 110 may include an inverter controller 300 (shown in FIG. 3) to control the inverter 110. Inverter 110 may include a low voltage upper phase controller 120 separated from a high voltage upper phase controller 130 by a galvanic isolator 150, and an upper phase power module 140. Upper phase power module 140 may include a point-of-use upper phase controller 142 and upper phase switches 144. Inverter 110 may include a low voltage lower phase controller 125 separated from a high voltage lower phase controller 135 by galvanic isolator 150, and a lower phase power module 145. Lower phase power module 145 may include a point-of-use lower phase controller 146 and lower phase switches 148. Upper phase switches 144 and lower phase switches 148 may be connected to motor 190 and battery 195. Galvanic isolator 150 may be one or more of optical, transformer-based, or capacitance-based isolation. Galvanic isolator 150 may be one or more capacitors with a value from approximately 20fF to approximately 10OfF, with a breakdown voltage from approximately 6kV to approximately 12kV, for example. Galvanic isolator 150 may include a pair of capacitors, where one capacitor of the pair carries an inverse data signal from the other capacitor of the pair to create a differential signal for common-mode noise rejection. Galvanic isolator 150 may include more than one capacitor in series. Galvanic isolator 150 may include one capacitor located on a first IC, or may include a first capacitor located on a first IC and a second capacitor located on a second IC that communicates with the first IC.

[0060] Inverter 110 may include a low voltage area, where voltages are generally less than 5V, for example, and a high voltage area, where voltages may exceed 500V, for example. The low voltage area may be separated from the high voltage area by galvanic isolator 150. Inverter controller 300 may be in the low voltage area of inverter 110, and may send signals to and receive signals from low voltage upper phase controller 120. Low voltage upper phase controller 120 may be in the low voltage area of inverter 110, and may send signals to and receive signals from high voltage upper phase controller 130. Low voltage upper phase controller 120 may send signals to and receive signals from low voltage lower phase controller 125. High voltage upper phase controller 130 may be in the high voltage area of inverter 110. Accordingly, signals between low voltage upper phase controller 120 and high voltage upper phase controller 130 pass through galvanic isolator 150. High voltage upper phase controller 130 may send signals to and receive signals from point-of-use upper phase controller 142 in upper phase power module 140. Point-of- use upper phase controller 142 may send signals to and receive signals from upper phase switches 144. Upper phase switches 144 may be connected to motor 190 and battery 195. Upper phase switches 144 and lower phase switches 148 may be used to transfer energy from motor 190 to battery 195, from battery 195 to motor 190, from an external source to battery 195, or from battery 195 to an external source, for example. The lower phase system of inverter 110 may be similar to the upper phase system as described above.

[0061] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for inverter controller 300 of FIG. 2, according to one or more embodiments. Inverter controller 300 may include one or more controllers.

[0062] The inverter controller 300 may include a set of instructions that can be executed to cause the inverter controller 300 to perform any one or more of the methods or computer based functions disclosed herein. The inverter controller 300 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected, e.g., using a network, to other computer systems or peripheral devices.

[0063] In a networked deployment, the inverter controller 300 may operate in the capacity of a server or as a client in a server-client user network environment, or as a peer computer system in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The inverter controller 300 can also be implemented as or incorporated into various devices, such as a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile device, a palmtop computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a communications device, a wireless telephone, a land-line telephone, a control system, a camera, a scanner, a facsimile machine, a printer, a pager, a personal trusted device, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any other machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. In a particular implementation, the inverter controller 300 can be implemented using electronic devices that provide voice, video, or data communication. Further, while the inverter controller 300 is illustrated as a single system, the term “system” shall also be taken to include any collection of systems or sub-systems that individually or jointly execute a set, or multiple sets, of instructions to perform one or more computer functions.

[0064] As shown in FIG. 3, the inverter controller 300 may include a processor 302, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or both. The processor 302 may be a component in a variety of systems. For example, the processor 302 may be part of a standard inverter. The processor 302 may be one or more general processors, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, servers, networks, digital circuits, analog circuits, combinations thereof, or other now known or later developed devices for analyzing and processing data. The processor 302 may implement a software program, such as code generated manually (i.e. , programmed).

[0065] The inverter controller 300 may include a memory 304 that can communicate via a bus 308. The memory 304 may be a main memory, a static memory, or a dynamic memory. The memory 304 may include, but is not limited to computer readable storage media such as various types of volatile and non-volatile storage media, including but not limited to random access memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable read-only memory, flash memory, magnetic tape or disk, optical media and the like. In one implementation, the memory 304 includes a cache or random-access memory for the processor 302. In alternative implementations, the memory 304 is separate from the processor 302, such as a cache memory of a processor, the system memory, or other memory. The memory 304 may be an external storage device or database for storing data. Examples include a hard drive, compact disc (“CD”), digital video disc (“DVD”), memory card, memory stick, floppy disc, universal serial bus (“USB”) memory device, or any other device operative to store data. The memory 304 is operable to store instructions executable by the processor 302. The functions, acts or tasks illustrated in the figures or described herein may be performed by the processor 302 executing the instructions stored in the memory 304. The functions, acts or tasks are independent of the particular type of instructions set, storage media, processor or processing strategy and may be performed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firm-ware, micro-code and the like, operating alone or in combination. Likewise, processing strategies may include multiprocessing, multitasking, parallel processing and the like.

[0066] As shown, the inverter controller 300 may further include a display 310, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a flat panel display, a solid-state display, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a projector, a printer or other now known or later developed display device for outputting determined information. The display 310 may act as an interface for the user to see the functioning of the processor 302, or specifically as an interface with the software stored in the memory 304 or in the drive unit 306.

[0067] Additionally or alternatively, the inverter controller 300 may include an input device 312 configured to allow a user to interact with any of the components of inverter controller 300. The input device 312 may be a number pad, a keyboard, or a cursor control device, such as a mouse, or a joystick, touch screen display, remote control, or any other device operative to interact with the inverter controller 300.

[0068] The inverter controller 300 may also or alternatively include drive unit 306 implemented as a disk or optical drive. The drive unit 306 may include a computer-readable medium 322 in which one or more sets of instructions 324, e.g. software, can be embedded. Further, the instructions 324 may embody one or more of the methods or logic as described herein. The instructions 324 may reside completely or partially within the memory 304 and/or within the processor 302 during execution by the inverter controller 300. The memory 304 and the processor 302 also may include computer-readable media as discussed above.

[0069] In some systems, a computer-readable medium 322 includes instructions 324 or receives and executes instructions 324 responsive to a propagated signal so that a device connected to a network 370 can communicate voice, video, audio, images, or any other data over the network 370. Further, the instructions 324 may be transmitted or received over the network 370 via a communication port or interface 320, and/or using a bus 308. The communication port or interface 320 may be a part of the processor 302 or may be a separate component. The communication port or interface 320 may be created in software or may be a physical connection in hardware. The communication port or interface 320 may be configured to connect with a network 370, external media, the display 310, or any other components in inverter controller 300, or combinations thereof. The connection with the network 370 may be a physical connection, such as a wired Ethernet connection or may be established wirelessly as discussed below. Likewise, the additional connections with other components of the inverter controller 300 may be physical connections or may be established wirelessly. The network 370 may alternatively be directly connected to a bus 308.

[0070] While the computer-readable medium 322 is shown to be a single medium, the term "computer-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media, such as a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers that store one or more sets of instructions. The term "computer- readable medium" may also include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a processor or that cause a computer system to perform any one or more of the methods or operations disclosed herein. The computer-readable medium 322 may be non-transitory, and may be tangible.

[0071] The computer-readable medium 322 can include a solid-state memory such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more non-volatile readonly memories. The computer-readable medium 322 can be a random-access memory or other volatile re-writable memory. Additionally or alternatively, the computer-readable medium 322 can include a magneto-optical or optical medium, such as a disk or tapes or other storage device to capture carrier wave signals such as a signal communicated over a transmission medium. A digital file attachment to an e-mail or other self-contained information archive or set of archives may be considered a distribution medium that is a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a computer-readable medium or a distribution medium and other equivalents and successor media, in which data or instructions may be stored.

[0072] In an alternative implementation, dedicated hardware implementations, such as application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices, can be constructed to implement one or more of the methods described herein. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various implementations can broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. One or more implementations described herein may implement functions using two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals that can be communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Accordingly, the present system encompasses software, firmware, and hardware implementations.

[0073] The inverter controller 300 may be connected to a network 370. The network 370 may define one or more networks including wired or wireless networks. The wireless network may be a cellular telephone network, an 802.11 , 802.16, 802.20, or WiMAX network. Further, such networks may include a public network, such as the Internet, a private network, such as an intranet, or combinations thereof, and may utilize a variety of networking protocols now available or later developed including, but not limited to TCP/IP based networking protocols. The network 370 may include wide area networks (WAN), such as the Internet, local area networks (LAN), campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, a direct connection such as through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, or any other networks that may allow for data communication. The network 370 may be configured to couple one computing device to another computing device to enable communication of data between the devices. The network 370 may generally be enabled to employ any form of machine-readable media for communicating information from one device to another. The network 370 may include communication methods by which information may travel between computing devices. The network 370 may be divided into sub-networks. The sub-networks may allow access to all of the other components connected thereto or the sub-networks may restrict access between the components. The network 370 may be regarded as a public or private network connection and may include, for example, a virtual private network or an encryption or other security mechanism employed over the public Internet, or the like.

[0074] In accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure, the methods described herein may be implemented by software programs executable by a computer system. Further, in an exemplary, non-limited implementation, implementations can include distributed processing, component or object distributed processing, and parallel processing. Alternatively, virtual computer system processing can be constructed to implement one or more of the methods or functionality as described herein. [0075] Although the present specification describes components and functions that may be implemented in particular implementations with reference to particular standards and protocols, the disclosure is not limited to such standards and protocols. For example, standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, LIDP/IP, HTML, HTTP) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are periodically superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Accordingly, replacement standards and protocols having the same or similar functions as those disclosed herein are considered equivalents thereof.

[0076] It will be understood that the operations of methods discussed are performed in one embodiment by an appropriate processor (or processors) of a processing (i.e. , computer) system executing instructions (computer-readable code) stored in storage. It will also be understood that the disclosure is not limited to any particular implementation or programming technique and that the disclosure may be implemented using any appropriate techniques for implementing the functionality described herein. The disclosure is not limited to any particular programming language or operating system.

[0077] FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the point-of-use switch controller of FIG. 2, according to one or more embodiments. For a three- phase inverter, each of the upper phase and the lower phase may include three phases correlating with phases A, B, and C. For example, upper phase power module 140 may include upper phase power module 140A for upper phase A, upper phase power module 140B for upper phase B, and upper phase power module 140C for upper phase C. Upper phase power module 140A may include point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A and upper phase A switches 144A. Upper phase power module 140B may include point-of-use upper phase B controller 142B and upper phase B switches 144B. Upper phase power module 140C may include point-of-use upper phase C controller 142C and upper phase C switches 144C. Each of the upper phase A switches 144A, upper phase B switches 144B, and upper phase C switches 144C may be connected to motor 190 and battery 195. FIG. 4 depicts details of the upper phase power module 140. Although not shown, the lower phase power module 145 may include a similar structure as the upper phase power module 140 for lower phases A, B, and C. [0078] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for the upper power module of FIG. 4, according to one or more embodiments. For example, FIG. 5 provides additional details of upper phase power module 140A. Although not shown, upper phase power module 140B, upper phase power module 140C, and respective lower phase power modules of lower phase power module 145 may include a similar structure as the upper phase power module 140A shown in FIG. 5. Moreover, the terms upper, lower, north, and south used in the disclosure are merely for reference, do not limit the elements to a particular orientation, and are generally interchangeable throughout. For example, the upper phase power module 140 could be referred to a lower phase power module, a north phase power module, a south phase power module, a first phase power module, or a second phase power module.

[0079] Upper phase power module 140A may include point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A and upper phase A switches 144A. Upper phase A switches 144A may include one or more groups of switches. As shown in FIG. 5, upper phase A switches 144A may include upper phase A north switches 144A-N and upper phase A south switches 144A-S. Point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A may include one or more memories, controllers, or sensors. For example, point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A may include a communication manager 405, a functional safety controller 410, a testing interface and controller 415, a north thermal sensor 420A, a south thermal sensor 420B, a self-test controller 425, a command manager 430, a waveform adjuster 435, a memory 440, north switches control and diagnostics controller 450N, and south switches control and diagnostics controller 450S. Point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A may include more or less components than those shown in FIG. 5. For example, point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A may include more or less than two switch control and diagnostics controllers, and may include more than two thermal sensors.

[0080] Communication manager 405 may control inter-controller communications to and from point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A and/or may control intra-controller communications between components of point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A. Functional safety controller 410 may control safety functions of point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A. Testing interface and controller 415 may control testing functions of point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A, such as end-of-line testing in manufacturing, for example. North thermal sensor 420A may sense a temperature at a first location in point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A, and south thermal sensor 420B may sense a temperature at a second location in point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A. Self-test controller 425 may control a self-test function of point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A, such as during an initialization of the point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A following a power on event of inverter 110, for example. Command manager 430 may control commands received from communication manager 405 issued to the north switches control and diagnostics controller 450N and south switches control and diagnostics controller 450S. Waveform adjuster 435 may control a waveform timing and shape of commands received from communication manager 405 issued to the north switches control and diagnostics controller 450N and south switches control and diagnostics controller 450S. Memory 440 may include one or more volatile and non-volatile storage media for operation of point-of-use upper phase A controller 142A. North switches control and diagnostics controller 450N may send one or more signals to north switches 144A-N to control an operation of north switches 144A-N, and may receive one or more signals from north switches 144A-N that provide information about north switches 144A-N. South switches control and diagnostics controller 450S may send one or more signals to south switches 144A-S to control an operation of south switches 144A-S, and may receive one or more signals from south switches 144A-S that provide information about south switches 144A-S. As stated above, the terms north and south are merely used for reference, and north switches control and diagnostics controller 450N may send one or more signals to south switches 144A-S, and south switches control and diagnostics controller 450S may send one or more signals to south switches 144A-N.

[0081] FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary system infrastructure for an inverter with a phase switch timing controller, according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 6 may include an inverter 600 that includes a PWM controller 602, an upper gate driver 604, a lower gate driver 606, an upper phase switch 608, and a lower phase switch 609. Upper phase switch 608 and lower phase switch 609 may provide a switchable connection between battery 611 and phase connector 610, which may be connected to motor 190, for example, to drive motor 190. The PWM controller 602 may provide PWM signal 603 to upper gate driver 604, and may provide PWM signal 605 to lower gate driver 606.

[0082] The upper gate driver 604 may include a low voltage area 612 and a high voltage area 614, which are separated by a galvanic isolator 616. The low voltage area 612 may accept PWM signal 603 from the PWM controller 602, and transfer the PWM signal across the galvanic isolator 616 to the high voltage area 614, which may then drive upper phase switch 608. Here, upper gate driver 604 may drive upper phase switch 608, and lower gate driver 606 may drive lower phase switch 609.

[0083] The inverter 600 may be an implementation of inverter 110. PWM controller 602 may be an implementation of inverter controller 300. Upper gate driver 604 may be an implementation of low voltage upper phase controller 120 and one or more of high voltage upper phase controller 130 or point-of-use upper phase controller 142. Lower gate driver 606 may be an implementation of low voltage lower phase controller 125 and one or more of high voltage lower phase controller 135 or point-of-use lower phase controller 146. Upper phase switch 608 may be an implementation of upper phase switches 144. Lower phase switch 609 may be an implementation of lower phase switches 148. Low voltage area 612 may be an implementation of low voltage upper phase controller 120. High voltage area 614 may be an implementation of one or more of high voltage upper phase controller 130 or point-of-use upper phase controller 142. Galvanic isolator 616 may be an implementation of galvanic isolator 150.

[0084] The high voltage area 614 may include a phase switch on-time detector 618, which may measure and store the actual on-time of upper phase switch 608 and send this information, in the form of an encoded message, for example, to the low voltage area 612 of the upper gate driver 604. For example, phase switch on-time detector 618 may detect a number of pulses of a system clock that occurred while the upper phase switch 608 was detected to be turned on. Phase switch on-time detector 618 may measure on an actual on-time of upper phase switch 608 using a gate to source voltage, for example, of upper phase switch 608. Phase switch on-time detector 618 may measure on an actual on-time of upper phase switch 608 using the absolute value of the current, for example, through the upper phase switch 608. Phase switch on-time detector 618 may measure on an actual on-time of upper phase switch 608 using an absolute value of a drain to source voltage, for example, of upper phase switch 608, such as when the voltage is above a threshold value.

[0085] For the gate to source voltage, the gate to source waveform may be divided into three charge phases: (i) Qgs1 phase - switching charge needed reach the threshold voltage, (ii) Qgd phase - switching charge needed to switch the drain to source voltage, and (iii) Qgs2 phase - switching charge needed to reach full enhancement. The phase switch on-time detector 618 may detect each of these three phases by monitoring the gate to source voltage and gate to source current of upper phase switch 608. Shoot-through may be avoided if the upper phase switch 608, which is switching off, has reached the Qgs1/Qgd boundary before the lower phase switch 609, which is switching on, has started the Qgs1 phase. For example, the phase switch on-time detector 618 can start the on-time counter at the beginning of the Qgs1 turn-on phase and maintain the counter running while the upper phase switch 608 turns completely on through the end of the Qgs2 phase. The counter then continues to run after the upper phase switch 608 is commanded to turn off and stops counting when the upper phase switch 608 reaches the Qgd to Qgs1 boundary as upper phase switch 608 is commanded off. This defines "on-time" as the time where there is any possibility that the upper phase switch 608 can be conducting current and ensures that the on-time of opposing upper phase switch 608 and lower phase switch 609 do not overlap.

[0086] The low voltage area 612 may include an on-time comparator 628 configured to receive the information, such as in an encoded message providing a feedback signal, from the phase switch on-time detector 618, and compare the received feedback signal to the PWM signal 603 as a feedback comparison. The low voltage area 612 may include a PWM on-time trimmer 622, which may use the feedback comparison from on-time comparator 628 to generate a programmable delay of the rising or falling edges of PWM signal 603. The programmable delay may be generated so that the commanded duty cycle at the upper phase switch 608 is the same as the incoming PWM duty cycle from the PWM controller 602, as defined by PWM signal 603.

[0087] The low voltage area 612 may further include a PWM delay trimmer 620, which may trim the incoming signal such that the absolute delay of PWM edges is the same for parallel gate drivers, including upper gate driver 604. For example, PWM signal 603 may be sent to two upper phase gate drivers, so that the two upper phase receive PWM signal 603 in parallel. The two upper phase gate drivers may have propagation delays and other circuit characteristics that are different from one another. Therefore, without correction, the different circuit delays result in output phase switch switching times that are different from one another, even though the PWM signal 603 input to the circuits is the same. PWM delay trimmer 620 provides a trim operation to delay the PWM signal 603 by an individual amount for each phase gate driver so that the two upper phase gate drivers have the same output phase switch switching times based on PWM signal 603, even with different circuit characteristics.

[0088] The low voltage area 612 may further include a clock reference sampler 624, which samples an external clock reference to align the low voltage domain clock to an external precision reference. For example, clock reference sampler 624 may be configured to align the clock reference signal of the upper gate driver 604 with a clock reference signal of the PWM controller 602. Both the low voltage area 612 and high voltage area 614 may include a respective clock calibrator 626 to align the clocks of the low voltage area 612 and high voltage area 614. For example, clock reference sampler 624 may count the number of system clock pulses in one or more periods of the incoming reference clock signal, and compare that number to an expected value. The reference clock frequency may be a value from approximately 100Hz to approximately 10kHz, for example. The clock calibrator 626 in low voltage area 612 may increase or decrease the period of an internal oscillator in low voltage area 612 to align the system clock count to the expected value. The procedure may occur in a single operation or may be iterative such that successive reference clock samples brings the LV internal oscillator into alignment with the reference clock. The clock alignment may run periodically over time to make adjustments to account for drift that may occur due to aging of the circuit or changes in temperature, for example.

[0089] The clock calibrator 626 in low voltage area 612 may send updates to clock calibrator 626 in high voltage area 614 when adjustments to the clock calibrator 626 in low voltage area 612 are made so that the low and high voltage clocks are aligned. The clock calibrator 626 in high voltage area 614 may operate in a similar manner to clock calibrator 626 in low voltage area 612, and may receive a reference signal, compare the reference signal to an internally expected value, and make adjustments accordingly. The clock calibrator 626 in low voltage area 612 may send a data stream to the clock calibrator 626 in high voltage area 614, and the data stream may be a defined number of LV system clock pulses. For example, the defined number may be a defined number of LV system clock pulses to last for approximately 1mS. The clock calibrator 626 in high voltage area 614 may count the number of system clock pulses during this message time, compare the number to the reference value, and adjust an internal oscillator in the high voltage area 614 based on the comparison. The procedure may occur in a single operation or may be iterative such that successive LV clock samples brings the HV internal oscillator into alignment with the LV internal oscillator. The reference clock signal may be a signal from PWM controller 602, or may be generated by one of upper gate driver 604 or lower gate driver 606 for use by the other gate driver. For example, when a clock signal from PWM controller 602 is available, upper gate driver 604 may synchronize an internal clock to PWM controller 602, and lower gate driver 606 may synchronize an internal clock to upper gate driver 604. When a clock signal from PWM controller 602 is not available, lower gate driver 606 may continue to synchronize an internal clock to upper gate driver 604.

[0090] Due to this clock alignment, the feedback signal from phase switch on- time detector 618 may be used by the on-time comparator 628 without errors that would occur due to a difference between clocks in the low voltage area 612 and high voltage area 614. The clock alignment may further allow for PWM delay trimmer 620 to add a delay to PWM signal 603 on an individual phase gate driver basis so that all phase switches have the same total delay from the PWM input to the phase voltage output. A tester at end of line manufacturing may measure a time delay between a change of state in a PWM signal and a change of state in the phase voltage. This time delay may not be reduced due to inherent characteristics of the inverter 600. However, the time delay may be increased for individual components. The PWM delay trimmer 620 may be set for each individual phase gate driver based on the longest delay of any individual phase gate driver, so that the final trimmed delay from PWM edge to Phase edge is the same for all phase gate drivers in inverter 600. In this manner, transition times between upper and lower devices are standardized to reduce the possibility of shoot-through. This PWM delay trim may be performed at final end-of-line test, and the clock alignment may ensure that the delay trim remains valid for the life of the inverter 600. As shown in FIG. 6, the lower gate driver 606 may include all of the components and functions described herein for upper gate driver 604, and does therefore not include detailed labels in the drawings or a description herein.

[0091] The PWM on-time trim algorithm may require that an on-time pulse be sent to the input of PWM on-time trimmer 622, such as from the PWM controller 602 or by upper gate driver 604 itself in a test mode. This on-time pulse may be at least 5 pS, for example. The on-time comparator 628 may count the number of system clock pulses in the on-time pulse as the on-time pulse enters PWM on-time trimmer 622. The on-time pulse may pass through PWM on-time trimmer 622 and PWM delay trimmer 620 without alteration, and phase switch on-time detector 618 may count the number of clock pulses for the on-time pulse using one of the methods discussed above. Phase switch on-time detector 618 may send the clock count to on-time comparator 628, which compares the on-time comparator 628 count to the count received from phase switch on-time detector 618. On-time comparator 628 may adjust settings in PWM on-time trimmer 622 to match the two clock counts. The process may be repeated and the expected result may be that on-time comparator 628 will observe that phase switch on-time detector 618 has reported the correct value. A PWM delay trim may require that a tester observe a change (rising or falling) in the PWM signal 603 and observe a change (rising or falling) of a voltage at the phase connector 610. The delay between these two events may be the total propagation delay of the command signal. The tester may adjust the settings in PWM delay trimmer 620 to trim this delay to the same value on a part-by-part basis. For example, a delay trim value may be from approximately 100nS to approximately 500nS.

[0092] Some approaches may include a PWM command signal path from a PWM controller to the half-H switch, but do not include feedback from the high voltage side to the low voltage side for the purpose of fault feedback. Upper gate driver 604 of inverter 600 may include the addition of the phase switch on-time detector 618 in the high voltage area 614. Upper gate driver 604 may include a path for sending on-time data of upper phase switch 608 from high voltage area 614 to on-time comparator 628 in low voltage area 612. The path may pass through the galvanic isolator 616 of the upper gate driver 604. Upper gate driver 604 may include PWM on-time trimmer 622 that may use the on-time data to de-skew the PWM signal path from PWM signal 603 to the upper phase switch 608. Upper gate driver 604 may include a PWM delay trimmer 620 to adjust the absolute delay of PWM edges of PWM signal 603 so that all PWM signal paths within a given design are the same, regardless of circuit characteristics. Upper gate driver 604 may include a clock reference sampler 624 that may trim the low voltage domain clock to an external precision reference. Upper gate driver 604 may include a low voltage area 612 clock calibrator 626 that communicates with a high voltage area 614 clock calibrator 626 so that the low voltage and high voltage clocks are both aligned to an external reference, to ensure that the PWM on-time trimmer 622 and PWM delay trimmer 620 setpoints are stable over time and precisely set for individual paralleled gate drivers.

[0093] A respective PWM on-time trimmer 622 and PWM delay trimmer 620 may use a common timing reference for all low voltage and high voltage areas of all gate drivers to maintain timing alignment between all inverter gate drivers on a common phase or between adjacent phases. A respective phase switch on-time detector 618 in all gate drivers may allow the PWM on-time trimmer 622 to maintain the intended PWM duty cycle at the point of use for respective phase switches.

[0094] FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary method 700 for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter, according to one or more embodiments. Method 700 may include receiving, by a phase controller (e.g. upper gate driver 604) of an inverter (e.g. inverter 600) for an electric vehicle, a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal (e.g. PWM signal 605) from an inverter controller (e.g. PWM controller 602) (operation 705). Method 700 may include receiving, by the phase controller, a gate to source voltage of a phase switch (e.g. upper phase switch 608) of the inverter (operation 710). Method 700 may include adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the received gate to source voltage (operation 715). Method 700 may include providing, by the phase controller, the adjusted PWM signal to the phase switch (operation 720). Method 700 may include transmitting, by the phase controller, the adjusted PWM signal across a galvanic isolator (e.g. galvanic isolator 616) from a low voltage area (e.g. low voltage area 612) of the phase controller to a high voltage area (e.g. high voltage area 614) of the phase controller (operation 725). Method 700 may include determining, by the phase controller, an on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage, and adjusting, by the phase controller, the received PWM signal based on the determined on-time measurement (operation 730). Method 700 may include determining, by the phase controller, the on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage and a clock reference signal of the phase controller (operation 735). Method 700 may include aligning, by the phase controller, the clock reference signal of the phase controller with a clock reference signal of the inverter controller (operation 740). Method 700 may include determining, by the phase controller, an on-time measurement of the phase switch based on the received gate to source voltage, and comparing the determined on- time measurement of the phase switch to the received PWM signal as a feedback comparison (operation 745). Method 700 may include adjusting, by the phase controller, one or more of a rising edge or a falling edge of the received PWM signal based on the feedback comparison so that an actual duty cycle of the phase switch matches a commanded duty cycle of the phase switch (operation 750). Method 700 may include adjusting, by the phase controller, a delay of the received PWM signal based on a delay for multiple phase controllers, including the phase controller, for the inverter (operation 755).

[0095] FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary method 800 for controlling a timing of a pulse signal for a phase switch for an inverter, according to one or more embodiments. Method 800 may include providing, by a point-of-use phase controller (e.g. point-of-use upper phase controller 142) of the phase switch (upper phase switches 144), a gate to source voltage of the phase switch (operation 810). Method 800 may include receiving, by the point-of-use phase controller, an adjusted pulse width modulation (PWM) signal (operation 820). Method 800 may include controlling, by the point-of-use phase controller, an operation of the phase switch based on the adjusted PWM signal (operation 830). The adjusted PWM signal may have been adjusted based on the provided gate to source voltage of the phase switch.

[0096] One or more embodiments may optimize phase-switch timing for each gate driver. One or more embodiments may reduce dead time between PWM pulses. One or more embodiments may use small delays to trim a phase voltage waveform to match a PWM waveform, which may be contrary to some processes that describe reducing delays in the system.

[0097] Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.