AGENTS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to the filing date of U.S.

Provisional Patent Application No. 62/332,878, filed on May 6, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant Number

56000234 NNX15A124H awarded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The government has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD

[0003] This invention relates to systems and methods for sensing inhalational anesthetic agents, conserving anesthetic agents, and, in exemplary aspects, to systems and methods for determining the concentration of inhalational anesthetic agents within a breathing circuit, as well as systems and methods for conserving anesthetic gases.

BACKGROUND

[0004] Measuring the concentration of volatile anesthetics is important in anesthesia care. Current technology uses side stream infrared analysis to determine anesthetic agent concentration with high accuracy, but this technique is cost prohibitive in both small practice environments and low resource areas.

[0005] Anesthesiologists in low-income and low-resource areas are often challenged by the lack of medical equipment available. Many developing countries rely on donor aid, with upwards of 80% of the medical equipment provided by international donors and foreign govemments. However, due to the inherent complexity of anesthetic equipment, maintenance and repair is difficult and results in as little as 10% of devices becoming operational. See Gatrad AR et al. Anaesthesia. 2007. vol. 62, 90-95. [0006] Thus, there is a need for low-cost, robust, and portable anesthesia delivery systems that are suited for these environments and that are capable of accurately and reliably determining the concentration of volatile anesthetic gas in a rebreathing circuit.

SUMMARY

[0007] Described herein, in various aspects, are systems and methods for sensing inhalational anesthetic agents within a breathing circuit. An exemplary system can have a vaporizer configured to deliver a gaseous anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit; a blower assembly configured to circulate gas within the breathing circuit; and a flow sensing assembly configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit. An exemplary method can include delivering a gaseous anesthetic agent to a breathing circuit; circulating gas within the breathing circuit; and using a flow sensing assembly to produce a measurement signal indicative of the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit. Optionally, the system can have a reflector assembly for capturing anesthetic agent and then selectively returning the captured anesthetic agent to a breathing circuit as disclosed herein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0008] FIG. 1 A is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary system for sensing inhalational anesthetic agents as disclosed herein. FIG. IB is a schematic diagram depicting another exemplary system for sensing inhalational anesthetic agents as disclosed herein. FIG. IB differs from FIG. 1 A in that the system depicted in FIG. IB includes a charcoal reflector for recycling (capturing and reflecting) anesthetic agents for further use by the system. FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary arrangement of the controller and other components of the system that can be controlled by the controller. FIG. ID is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary controller provided in the form of a computing device.

[0009] FIG. 2 is a transparent perspective view of an exemplary flow sensor as disclosed herein.

[00010] FIG. 3 is a graph comparing an actual anesthetic gas concentration measured by a gas analyzer to an estimated anesthetic gas concentration determined by a system comprising a combined thermal and differential pressure sensor as disclosed herein. [00011] FIG. 4 is another graph comparing an actual anesthetic gas concentration measured by a gas analyzer to an estimated anesthetic gas concentration determined by a system comprising a combined thermal and differential pressure sensor as disclosed herein.

[00012] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the observed concentration of isoflurane leaving the vessel containing 40 grams of saturated activated charcoal as the flow was reversed at 2 liters per minute as disclosed herein. As shown, the activated charcoal (black) allowed for the gradual release of isoflurane compared to the control (grey), which contained no activated charcoal.

[00013] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the observed concentration of isoflurane during ventilation between the vessel of 10 grams of activated charcoal and the test lung as disclosed herein. Similar to FIG. 5, the activated charcoal (dark grey) allowed for the gradual release of isoflurane compared to the control (light grey), which contained no activated charcoal. A running average is shown for both the activated charcoal (black) and the control (grey).

[00014] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagraph depicting an exemplary system comprising a combined differential pressure and thermal flow sensor in conjunction with a radial blower as disclosed herein.

[00015] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of a flow sensor comprising a bypass channel. As shown, a thermal flow sensor can be situated within the bypass channel.

[00016] FIG. 9 is a graph comparing an anesthetic gas concentration measured by an infrared spectroscopy gas analyzer to an anesthetic gas concentration determined by a system comprising a combined differential pressure and thermal flow sensor as disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00017] The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description, examples, drawings, and claims, and their previous and following description. However, before the present devices, systems, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices, systems, and/or methods disclosed unless otherwise specified, as such can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. [00018] The following description of the invention is provided as an enabling teaching of the invention in its best, currently known embodiment. To this end, those skilled in the relevant art will recognize and appreciate that many changes can be made to the various aspects of the invention described herein, while still obtaining the beneficial results of the present invention. It will also be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the present invention can be obtained by selecting some of the features of the present invention without utilizing other features. Accordingly, those who work in the art will recognize that many modifications and adaptations to the present invention are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances and are a part of the present invention. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the present invention and not in limitation thereof.

[00019] As used throughout, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" comprise plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "an anesthetic agent" can comprise two or more such anesthetic agents unless the context indicates otherwise.

[00020] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect comprises from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[00021] As used herein, the terms "optional" or "optionally" mean that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description comprises instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

[00022] The word "or" as used herein means any one member of a particular list and also comprises any combination of members of that list.

[00023] As used herein, the terms "line" and "circuit" are indicative of structures that permit gas flow as disclosed herein. Thus, it is contemplated that such "lines" and "circuits" can comprise tubing, conduits, valves, couplings, and the like that are conventionally used for permitting gas flow as disclosed herein. [00024] Modern inhalational anesthetic machines are designed to provide a variety of functions in the administration of anesthesia - delivery of fresh gas flow of oxygen and anesthetic vapor to a patient through a breathing circuit, sensing and monitoring of these gas concentrations, and ventilating the patient either though spontaneous, manual, or mechanical means. An ideal anesthesia machine would allow for instantaneous control and manipulation of these parameters, with little to no risk to the patient. Sensing and delivery of anesthetic agents has greatly improved, allowing for highly controllable systems. Still, anesthetic equipment remains cost-and resource-prohibitive for many applications. Thus, there remains a need for compact, efficient, and low cost anesthesia administration technologies that retain the precision and accuracy of current methods.

[00025] Accurate dosing of anesthetic vapors is the central function of any anesthetic machine and fundamental to the practice of anesthesia. When anesthetics are delivered inaccurately or inappropriately, adverse side effects can lead to inadequate sedation, postoperative complications, or even mortality. Most modern anesthetics are liquid at room temperature but are highly volatile, allowing for easy vaporization and subsequent inhalation. Delivery of these anesthetics is achieved via controlled vaporization into a carrier gas, most often oxygen. Because different anesthetic agents have varying physiological and physical characteristics, controlled dosing is challenging. To address the issues of varying physiological effects of each anesthetic agent, the notion of minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was introduced to standardize anesthetic potency. Specifically, MAC is the exhaled concentration of anesthetic gas needed to prevent patient movement in response to a skin incision on 50% of the population.

[00026] Expired concentration of anesthetic is one of the best measurable indicators of how deeply a patient is anesthetized as it directly correlates to the concentration in the body. However, this still leaves the challenge of varying physical properties of each anesthetic, notably the differing vapor pressure. As a result of this, anesthetic machines typically contain multiple vaporizers that are calibrated and designed for the different properties of each gas, allowing for the specific titration of each individual anesthetic. This, in and of itself, causes a large amount of redundancy in anesthetic machines making them incredibly large and bulky.

[00027] Despite the fact that specialized anesthetic vaporizers are needed for every unique agent, changes in pressure, flow rates, and temperature can still affect vaporization. This results in discrepancies of set delivered concentrations and actual delivered concentrations. Monitoring the inspiratory concentration of anesthetic is critical to ensure an appropriate and safe amount of anesthetic is being delivered to the patient. Measuring the expiratory concentration also helps to determine the current depth of anesthesia. Monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is also required during anesthetic maintenance. Oxygen concentration needs to be sustained above a certain level and monitored to avoid delivering hypoxic mixtures to the patient. Carbon dioxide must also be measured to determine pulmonary perfusion, alveolar ventilation, respiratory patterns, and appropriate elimination of carbon dioxide from the breathing circuit. The current technology uses side stream infrared analysis to determine anesthetic agent and carbon dioxide concentration with high accuracy as each anesthetic gas absorbs different wavelengths of infrared light. Oxygen is sensed using galvanic, polarographic, or paramagnetic techniques. The paramagnetic method is most commonly used in modem anesthesia devices, and takes advantage of interactions between the free electron pair in oxygen and magnetic fields to determine concentration.

[00028] Another side effect of anesthetic drugs is depressing the patient's respiratory drive and ultimately causing apnea, a fatal condition if left untreated. Ventilators are required to mechanically move gases, including oxygen and anesthetic vapors, into the lungs and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. Most anesthetic machines contain automatic ventilators to relieve the anesthesiologist from having to physically squeeze manual ventilators. Gases are forced into the lungs by bellows, pistons, or blowers creating changes in pressure. Various parameters can be controlled in these ventilator systems, including tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and respiratory rate. These parameters are adjusted and controlled through a combination of pressure and flow sensors. Smart technologies in these ventilators allow for detection in attempted spontaneous breathing in patients who are not fully apneic. Ventilators are designed to support patients' spontaneous breathing efforts and to match patient's natural physiological respiratory drive.

[00029] With the incorporation of feedback control into anesthesia machines, the limiting factor is most often the accuracy and precision of the gas sensor. The gas analysis components also constitute some of the more expensive features in anesthetic machines.

[00030] Described herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-2 are systems and methods for sensing inhalational anesthetic agents. In use, the disclosed systems can be employed in low-cost anesthesia machines, which can optionally be used in office-based environments and/or in low-resource environments. [00031] As further disclosed herein, flow sensors that measure a multitude of physical and chemical property differences between anesthetic gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can provide opportunities for measuring gas concentration based on property differences beyond those that are conventionally used. In various aspects, it is contemplated that a thermal sensor can be used to measure gas flow. For example, it is contemplated that a hot wire anemometer can use convective heat transfer to measure gas flow. In this example, as fluid flows across a heated resistive wire, the filament is cooled, with higher fluid velocities yielding increased cooling. Therefore, measurement of the required voltage to maintain a constant temperature in the filament is directly proportional to the fluid velocity. Given a known flow rate, hot-wire anemometry (and other thermal sensors) can also be used to determine the concentration of fluids with different heat capacities. See Libby, P. A., Way, J. (1970) "Hot-wire probes for measuring velocity and concentration in helium-air mixtures" AIAA Journal 8(5): 976-978, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As further disclosed herein, it is contemplated that the use of thermal sensors, such as hot-wire anemometers, to measure anesthetic agent concentrations inline can yield an inexpensive, simple, and compact alternative to infrared analysis of gases. Although hot-wire anemometers are specifically disclosed as an example of a thermal sensor, it is contemplated that other thermal sensors can be used. However, it is understood that the principles of operation of such thermal sensors can be generally the same as those of the hot-wire anemometer; that is, the thermal sensors can rely on the rate of heat being pulled off of a filament and correlate that rate to other parameters of a liquid or gas, such as velocity, heat coefficient, and the like.

[00032] In addition, or in the alternative, to the use of a thermal sensor, it is contemplated that the disclosed system 100 can further comprise a differential pressure sensor. In use, it is contemplated that flow measured by differential pressure through on orifice can be sensitive to changes in anesthetic concentration. Specifically, because of the disparity in density of anesthetic gases to their carrier gases (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc) the influence on the differential pressure can vary significantly based on concentration due to Bernoulli's principle.

[00033] In exemplary aspects, as shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, an anesthesia system 100 can define a breathing circuit 2, which, as further disclosed herein, can be configured to provide closed-loop control of the delivery of gaseous anesthetic agents. In these aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can comprise a vaporizer 10 configured to deliver a gaseous anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit 2. The vaporizer 10 can be a conventional vaporizer as is known in the art for delivering anesthetic agents to a breathing circuit. Thus, in some aspects, the vaporizer 10 can rely on a "drawover" technique as is known the art. In these aspects, it is contemplated that the vaporizer 10 can comprise a bypass valve that is configured to direct incoming fresh oxygen over a liquid anesthetic, which then quickly evaporates. Alternatively, in other aspects, the vaporizer 10 can use an injector-type design (e.g., a direct liquid injection vaporizer design) to deliver anesthetic agents to the breathing circuit 2.

[00034] In another aspect, the anesthesia system can comprise a blower assembly 80 configured to circulate gas within the breathing circuit. Optionally, it is contemplated that the blower assembly can comprise a motorized blower (e.g., a turbine blower) as is known in the art. However, it is contemplated that any conventional means for circulating gas within a breathing circuit can be used.

[00035] In further aspects, and with reference to FIGS. 1A-2, the anesthesia system 100 can comprise a flow sensing assembly 20, which can comprise a thermal sensor (e.g., a hot-wire anemometer), a differential pressure sensor, or combinations thereof. The flow sensing assembly 20 can be configured to produce a measurement signal (optionally, a plurality of measurement signals) indicative of the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit 2. Although specific sensors are described herein, it is contemplated that the flow sensing assembly 20 can comprise other sensors that are likewise capable of producing a measurement signal as disclosed herein. In use, and as further disclosed herein, the sensor(s) of the flow sensing assembly 20 can be calibrated to a base flow rate as further disclosed herein, and as an anesthetic agent is delivered to the breathing circuit 2, any change in the output of the sensor(s) of the flow sensing assembly can be indicative of a change in flow rate as a result of the added anesthetic agent.

[00036] In additional aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can comprise processing circuitry 32 that is communicatively coupled to the flow sensing assembly 20. In these aspects, the processing circuitry 32 can be configured to receive the measurement signal(s) produced by the flow sensing assembly and to determine the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit 2. Optionally, the processing circuitry 32 can be provided as the processing unit of a controller 30. In exemplary aspects, the processing circuitry 32 (e.g., processing unit) of the controller 30 can be communicatively coupled to a memory that stores program instructions, modules, data, and the like that can be retrieved to permit performance of the processing circuitry 32 as disclosed herein. Optionally, the controller 30 can be provided as a computing device 101 as further disclosed herein.

[00037] In exemplary aspects, the flow sensing assembly 20 can comprise a thermal sensor 22. In these aspects, the thermal sensor 22 can be configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in temperature within the breathing circuit 2. In these aspects, the processing circuitry 32 of the controller can be configured to correlate the measured change in temperature to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit. Optionally, in some aspects, the thermal sensor can comprise a hot-wire anemometer having a heated resistive wire. In these aspects, the hot-wire anemometer can be configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a voltage required to maintain a temperature of the heated resistive wire as gas in communication with the flow sensor flows within the breathing circuit 2. It is contemplated that the processing circuitry 32 can be configured to correlate the required voltage to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[00038] In further exemplary aspects, the flow sensing assembly 20 can comprise a differential pressure sensor 24. In these aspects, the differential pressure sensor can be configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in pressure within the breathing circuit 2. It is contemplated that the processing circuitry 32 can be configured to correlate the measured change in pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow within the breathing circuit 2 and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[00039] In still further exemplary aspects, the flow sensing assembly 20 can comprise both a thermal pressure sensor 22 and a differential pressure sensor 24 (or a combined thermal and differential pressure sensor). In these aspects, the thermal and differential pressure sensors can be configured to produce at least one measurement signal indicative of changes in temperature and pressure within the breathing circuit. It is contemplated that the processing circuitry can be configured to correlate the measured changes in temperature and pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit. [00040] As shown in FIGS. 1 A-1B, it is contemplated that the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a patient line 5 positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2. In exemplary aspects, the patient line 5 can be located downstream of the vaporizer 10 (i.e., be positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2 at a location that is downstream of the vaporizer). In use, the patient line 5 can direct gas to the patient 200. Optionally, the patient line 5 can comprise an air-moisture exchanger 40 or heat-moisture exchanger as are known in the art.

[00041] In exemplary aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a charcoal filter 50 positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2. Optionally, in these aspects, the charcoal filter 50 can be positioned between the vaporizer 10 and the patient line 5.

[00042] In further aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a carbon dioxide scrubber 60 positioned within (in fluid communication with) the breathing circuit 2. Optionally, in these aspects, the carbon dioxide scrubber 60 can be positioned between the patient line 5 and the flow sensing assembly 20. Optionally, the breathing circuit 2 can comprise a bypass line (not shown) that is configured to allow gas flowing within the breathing circuit to selectively bypass the carbon dioxide scrubber 60. It is contemplated that the bypass line can be positioned in selective fluid communication with a fluid control valve positioned upstream of the carbon dioxide scrubber to selectively permit or restrict passage of gas through the carbon dioxide scrubber. It is further contemplated that the fluid control valve can be selectively moveable to a bypass position in which gas flow is diverted through the bypass line and does not pass through the carbon dioxide scrubber. In exemplary aspects, the processing circuitry 32 can be configured to selectively adjust the position of the fluid control valve to control the flow profile of gas within the breathing circuit.

[00043] Optionally, the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a reservoir 70 positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2 between the patient line 5 and the carbon dioxide scrubber 60. In exemplary aspects, the reservoir 70 can comprise a reservoir bag as is known in the art.

[00044] In exemplary aspects, the blower motor of the blower assembly can be communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry. Optionally, in other exemplary aspects, the blower assembly can be positioned upstream of the flow sensor. [00045] In further aspects, and as shown in FIG. IB, the anesthesia machine can further comprise a gas inlet-scavenge line 6 positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2. Optionally, in these aspects, the gas inlet-scavenge line 6 can be positioned between the carbon dioxide scrubber 60 and the flow sensing assembly 20 (i.e., the gas inlet-scavenge line can be positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2 at a location between the scrubber and the flow sensing assembly).

[00046] Optionally, in further exemplary aspects and as shown in FIG. IB, the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a reflector assembly 90 positioned in selective fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2. In these aspects, it is contemplated that the reflector assembly 90 can be positioned in selective fluid communication with the breathing circuit 2 through the gas inlet-scavenge line 6. In these aspects, the reflector assembly can comprise an anesthetic agent reflector 92 that is configured to capture gaseous anesthetic agent that exits the breathing circuit and to return the captured anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit. In one exemplary aspect, the anesthetic agent reflector 92 can optionally comprise activated carbon (e.g., charcoal); however, it is contemplated that any porous medium (e.g., zeolites, polymer matrices, and the like) can be selected for particular applications.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. IB, the reflector assembly 90 can be positioned between first and second fluid control valves 94, 96 positioned on respective downstream and upstream sides of the reflector assembly. Optionally, the second fluid control valve can be positioned between the anesthetic agent reflector 92 and the breathing circuit 2. In exemplary aspects, the first and second fluid control (flow control) valves 94, 96 can be communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry.

[00047] In exemplary aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise a gas inlet

7 positioned in fluid communication with the first fluid control valve 94. In these aspects, the gas inlet can be configured to receive fresh gas flow from a gas source 98. In further exemplary aspects, the anesthesia system 100 can comprise a scavenge outlet 8 positioned in fluid communication with the first fluid control valve 94. In these aspects, it is contemplated that the scavenger outlet 8 can receive discarded carbon dioxide and oxygen gas that passes through the anesthetic agent reflector 92 (moving away from the breathing circuit 2).

[00048] In use, the first and second fluid control valves 94, 96 can be moveable about and between a first position and a second position. In exemplary aspects, the processing circuitry can be configured to selectively move the first and second fluid control valves about and between the first position and the second position. In exemplary aspects, the first position of the first fluid control valve 94 can correspond to a gas-receiving position in which fresh gas flow from gas source 98 is allowed to pass through the first fluid control valve, and the second position of the first fluid control valve can correspond to a scavenge position in which fresh gas flow is blocked from entering the first fluid control valve but the first fluid control valve permits passage of gas into the scavenger outlet 8. In further exemplary aspects, the first position of the second fluid control valve 96 can correspond to an open position (that permits gas flow through the valve), and the second position of the second fluid control valve 96 can correspond to a closed position (that blocks gas flow through the valve). In exemplary aspects, the processing circuitry can be configured to move the first and second valves 94, 96 to define an open breathing circuit configuration, a closed breathing circuit configuration, or a partially closed breathing circuit configuration, wherein in the open breathing circuit configuration, the first and second valves are positioned in the first position, wherein in the partially open breathing circuit configuration, the first valve is positioned in the gas-receiving position and the second valve is positioned in the open position, and wherein in the closed breathing circuit configuration, the second valve is positioned in the closed position. With the breathing circuit in the partially open breathing circuit configuration, the anesthetic agent reflector 92 can collect anesthetic agent that passes through the reflector assembly (via gas inlet-scavenge line 6). After anesthetic agent is collected on the reflector 92, the processing circuitry can be configured to sequentially move the first and second valves from the partially closed breathing circuit configuration to the open breathing circuit configuration, thereby allowing for the flow of fresh gas to enter the reflector assembly 90 and guide the captured anesthetic agent back to the breathing circuit 2. Optionally, it is contemplated that the anesthesia system 100 can further comprise means for measuring or sensing saturation of the reflector 92. For example, in some optional aspects, the means for measuring or sensing saturation of the reflector can comprise a scale that is configured to weigh the reflector and to deliver an output to the processor 32 of the controller. In other optional aspects, the means for measuring or sensing saturation of the reflector can comprise a camera or another imaging device that is configured to capture an image of the reflector. In these aspects, it is contemplated that the camera can transmit captured images to the processor 32 of the controller 30 (or another, separate processing unit), which can then run imaging software to determine changes in the shape or appearance of the reflector 92 in comparison to a baseline image of the reflector before collection of anesthetic agent on the reflector. It is further contemplated that, using the processor, these changes in shape or appearance can be correlated to a corresponding quantity of anesthetic agent that has been collected on the reflector 92.

[00049] It is further contemplated that the anesthesia system can further comprise conventional equipment (valves, ports, and the like) for providing selective fluid

communication between the breathing circuit and a subject or patient.

[00050] Optionally, the breathing circuit 2 can comprise a flow pathway adjuster 3 positioned between the flow sensing assembly 20 and the patient line 5 (downstream of the sensing assembly 20 but upstream of the patient line). As shown in FIGS. 1 A-1B, in exemplary aspects, the breathing circuit 2 can comprise a plurality of flow lines that are in fluid communication with the patient line 5. In these aspects, the flow pathway adjuster 3 can be configured to provide selective fluid communication between the gas exiting the sensing assembly 20 and each of the respective flow lines. Optionally, the flow lines can comprise: a vaporizer line 12 that provides selective fluid communication between the gas exiting the sensing assembly 20 and the vaporizer 10; a filter line 52 that provides selective fluid communication between the gas exiting the sensing assembly and the charcoal filter 50; and a direct flow line 9 that permits direct fluid communication between the gas exiting the sensing assembly and the patient line 5. In exemplary aspects, the flow pathway adjuster 3 can comprise a valve assembly having at least one valve (optionally, a plurality of valves) that is moveable among a plurality of positions to selectively adjust the flow pathway of gas between the sensing assembly and the patient line 5. In these aspects, the valve assembly can be communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry 32, and the processing circuitry 32 can be configured to selectively adjust the position of each valve of the valve assembly to thereby produce the desired flow pathway arrangement. Alternatively, in other aspects, the flow pathway adjuster 3 can comprise an actuator that is communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry 32, with the processing circuitry being configured to selectively adjust the position (axial, rotational, angular, or combinations therof) of at least one of the flow lines or a portion of the patient line exiting the sensing assembly 20 to provide a desired flow pathway between the sensing assembly and the patient line 5.

[00051 ] In use, when additional anesthetic agent is needed (based upon, for example, the sensed concentration of anesthetic agent), it is contemplated that the flow pathway adjuster 3, in response to instructions from the processing circuitry 32, can effect fluid communication between the gas passing through the sensing assembly and the vaporizer. When too much anesthetic agent is present within the breathing circuit (based upon, for example, the sensed concentration of anesthetic agent), it is contemplated that the flow pathway adjuster 3, in response to instructions from the processing circuitry 32, can effect fluid communication between the gas passing through the sensing assembly and the charcoal filter, allowing the filter to reduce the anesthetic agent concentration. When the anesthetic agent is present at a desired or acceptable concentration (based upon, for example, the sensed concentration of anesthetic agent), the flow pathway adjuster 3, in response to instructions from the processing circuitry 32, can effect fluid communication between the gas passing through the sensing assembly and the direct flow line 9.

[00052] As further disclosed herein, it is contemplated that the anesthesia system can comprise at least one controller (e.g., computer, smartphone, tablet, programmable logic controller, and the like) for selectively controlling activation and/or performance of the various components of the system. For example, it is contemplated that a controller can be communicatively coupled to the blowing assembly for selective controlling the activation and/or performance parameters of the blowing assembly. In further exemplary aspects, it is contemplated that the hot-wire anemometer or other flow sensors of the flow sensing assembly can be communicatively coupled to the processor of the controller to receive outputs from the hot-wire anemometer or other flow sensors. In further exemplary aspects, when the system comprises a reflector assembly, it is contemplated that a controller can be provided to selectively open and close valves to permit or restrict fluid communication between the reflector assembly and the breathing circuit.

[00053] In further exemplary aspects, and with reference to FIG. 2, it is contemplated that the flow sensing assembly disclosed herein can be used in other applications outside an anesthesia machine. In these aspects, it is contemplated that the sensing assembly 20 can be provided as a freestanding component of a system for measuring gaseous agent concentration within a gas or fluid line, such as, for example and without limitation, an application in which the sensing assembly functions as an anesthetic agent concentration sensing assembly.

Optionally, the sensing assembly can comprise a housing 26 that defines an inlet opening 29a, an outlet opening 29b, and a central channel 28 extending between the inlet and outlet openings. In use, it is contemplated that the central channel 28 can be configured to be positioned in alignment and fluid communication with a gas flow line. In exemplary aspects, the sensors of the flow sensing assembly as disclosed herein can be positioned in communication with the central channel 28 to permit measurement of properties within a continuous gas flow pathway from the gas flow line through the central channel. For example, in some optional aspects, the flow sensing assembly can comprise a thermal sensor and a differential pressure sensor that are positioned in communication with the central channel and configured to produce respective measurement signals indicative of changes in temperature and pressure within the central channel. Optionally, as further disclosed herein, the sensing assembly 20 can be provided within processing circuitry that is communicatively coupled to the sensor(s) (e.g., the thermal sensor and the differential pressure sensor). In use, the processing circuitry can be configured to: receive the measurement signals from the thermal sensor and the differential pressure sensor; and correlate the measured changes in temperature and pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of a gaseous anesthetic agent within the gas flow line.

[00054] In operation, a method of using the system can comprise delivering a gaseous anesthetic agent to a breathing circuit. Optionally, the processing circuitry can receive an input indicative of the type of anesthetic agent(s) delivered to the breathing circuit. Such an input can be provided manually by a user through a user interface or can be received by a separate computing device. The method can further comprise circulating gas within the breathing circuit. Additionally, the method can further comprise using the flow sensing assembly to produce at least one measurement signal indicative of the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit. Optionally, when the system comprises a reflector assembly, the method can further comprise capturing gaseous anesthetic agent that exits the breathing circuit and returning the captured anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit.

[00055] Optionally, the blower assembly (e.g., electrical blower motor) can have a tachometer or other sensor for providing an output (e.g., revolutions per minute) that can be correlated to gas flow. During calibration, it is contemplated that the output of the tachometer or other sensor can be correlated to the output of the flow sensing assembly . It is contemplated that the outputs of the tachometer (or other sensor) and the flow sensing assembly can be affected by the concentration of volatile anesthetic agent (AA) within the breathing circuit. However, they are affected in different ways. In operation, the flow sensing assembly (which can optionally comprise a hot-wire anemometer) can be calibrated to estimate the tachometer (or other sensor) reading at 0% AA concentration. The difference between the tachometer (or other sensor) reading and the output of the flow sensing assembly can be used to indicate the AA concentration in the breathing circuit. It is contemplated that this approach can be generalized to using a different type of flow sensor, or to using two different types of flow sensors (i.e., instead of using the tachometer reading, use a flow sensor of a different principle than the other flow sensor). It is further contemplated that this approach can be further generalized by using additional sensors to compensate for the effects of humidity, temperature, or pressure in the breathing circuit. Thus, it is contemplated that the disclosed system can include any combination of sensors that permits realization of these calibration/estimation differences. For example, the disclosed methods can be based on linear regressions, nonlinear regressions, multi-variate regressions, or other approaches for estimating multi-variate relationships (e.g., wavelets, artificial neural networks, lookup tables, models of the underlying physics). In exemplary aspects, the disclosed systems and methods can permit monitoring of the effects of transitioning between different flow types (e.g., laminar vs. turbulent) based on the size of the breathing circuit and/or the flow in the breathing circuit.

[00056] Optionally, it is contemplated that the processor can determine an estimate of agent concentration and flow based on velocity from a using an empirical linear regression model based on the outputs received from a hot-wire anemometer or tachometer, as well as the measured differential pressure difference. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor can make use of look-up tables that can be referenced to correlate measured parameters (e.g., the outputs of the disclosed sensors) to agent concentrations and flow rates. Regardless of the specific method used to estimate agent concentration or flow, the underlying principle is the use of a flow sensor that is concentration-dependent (e.g., a differential pressure sensor that changes with fluid density) and another sensor that is concentration-independent (e.g., a hot-wire anemometer that can be tuned to measure only flow, regardless of fluid density). When a differential pressure sensor is used, the cause for the pressure difference is Bernoulli's principle, which states that the pressure difference through an orifice is equal to fluid velocity x fluid density (ΔΡ = (1/2)ρΔν). Thus, if the pressure difference and the velocity are known, the processor can be used to determine fluid density, which is proportional to the concentrations of the carrier gas (less dense) and the anesthetic (more dense).

[00057] The disclosed systems can replace expensive anesthetic gas benches as an anesthetic agent monitor with a system that contains few additional hardware components. Additionally, the disclosed systems can obviate the need for a side-stream monitor by making the use of a mainstream carbon dioxide (C02) monitor economically feasible. [00058] As one will appreciate, the disclosed anesthesia systems offer a number of significant advantages, and function in a fundamentally different way, in comparison to conventional anesthesia systems and machines. For example, the disclosed system can provide for closed-loop control of the concentration of anesthetic agent delivered to a patient. Additionally, the presence of an in-line charcoal filter within the breathing circuit can rapidly reduce agent concentration when necessary. Further, the disclosed systems provide for a decoupling of fresh gas flow from anesthetic agent delivery. In contrast, current anesthesia machines couple the delivery of anesthetic and oxygen such that the anesthetic and oxygen must be delivered at the same time. Thus, in these existing anesthesia machines, if the patient needs more anesthetic but the concentration of oxygen is acceptable, it is necessary to add both new anesthetic and oxygen. During use of the disclosed system, the presence of the vaporizer in the rebreathing circuit allows for the addition of anesthetic without the need for adding additional oxygen to the breathing circuit.

[00059] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the disclosed devices, methods, and systems may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the methods and systems may take the form of a computer program product on a

computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program instructions (e.g., computer software) embodied in the storage medium. More particularly, the present methods and systems may take the form of web-implemented computer software. Any suitable computer-readable storage medium may be utilized including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices.

[00060] Embodiments of the methods and systems are described below with reference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods, systems, apparatuses and computer program products. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create a means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. [00061] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including computer-readable instructions for implementing the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.

[00062] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[00063] One skilled in the art will appreciate that provided herein is a functional description and that the respective functions can be performed by software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. In an exemplary aspect, the methods and systems can be implemented, at least in part, on a computing device 101 as illustrated in FIG. ID and described below. By way of example, the controller 30 can be a computing device 101 , and the processor 32, 103 described herein can be part of the computing device 101 as illustrated in FIG. ID. Similarly, the methods and systems disclosed can utilize one or more computing devices (e.g., computers, smartphones, or tablets) to perform one or more functions in one or more locations.

[00064] FIG. ID is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary operating environment for performing at least a portion of the disclosed methods. This exemplary operating environment is only an example of an operating environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of operating environment architecture.

Neither should the operating environment be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment.

[00065] The present methods and systems can be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations.

Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that can be suitable for use with the systems and methods comprise, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, laptop devices, and multiprocessor systems. Additional examples comprise set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that comprise any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

[00066] The processing of the disclosed methods and systems can be performed by software components. The disclosed systems and methods can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules comprise computer code, routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The disclosed methods can also be practiced in grid-based and distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.

[00067] Further, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the systems and methods disclosed herein can be implemented via a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computing device 101. The components of the computing device 101 can comprise, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 103, a system memory 112, and a system bus 113 that couples various system components including the processor 103 to the system memory 112. In the case of multiple processing units 103, the system can utilize parallel computing.

[00068] The system bus 1 13 represents one or more of several possible types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures can comprise an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus, and a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI), a PCI-Express bus, a Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (PCMCIA), Universal Serial Bus (USB) and the like. The bus 113, and all buses specified in this description can also be implemented over a wired or wireless network connection and each of the subsystems, including the processor 103, a mass storage device 104, an operating system 105, control processing software 106, control processing data 107, a network adapter 108, system memory 112, an Input/Output Interface 110, a display adapter 109, a display device 111, and a human machine interface 102, can be contained within one or more remote computing devices 114a,b,c at physically separate locations, connected through buses of this form, in effect implementing a fully distributed system.

[00069] The computing device 101 typically comprises a variety of computer readable media. Exemplary readable media can be any available media that is accessible by the computing device 101 and comprises, for example and not meant to be limiting, both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. The system memory 112 comprises computer readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM). The system memory 112 typically contains data such as control processing data 107 and/or program modules such as operating system 105 and control processing software 106 that are immediately accessible to and/or are presently operated on by the processing unit 103.

[00070] In another aspect, the computing device 101 can also comprise other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. By way of example, a mass storage device 104 can provide non-volatile storage of computer code, computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for the computing device 101. For example and not meant to be limiting, a mass storage device 104 can be a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk, a removable optical disk, magnetic cassettes or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory cards, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, random access memories (RAM), read only memories (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and the like.

[00071] Optionally, any number of program modules can be stored on the mass storage device 104, including by way of example, an operating system 105 and control processing software 106. Each of the operating system 105 and control processing software 106 (or some combination thereof) can comprise elements of the programming and the control processing software 106. Control processing data 107 can also be stored on the mass storage device 104. Control processing data 107 can be stored in any of one or more databases known in the art. Examples of such databases comprise, DB2®, Microsoft® Access, Microsoft® SQL Server, Oracle®, mySQL, PostgreSQL, and the like. The databases can be centralized or distributed across multiple systems.

[00072] In another aspect, the user can enter commands and information into the computing device 101 via an input device, such as, without limitation, a keyboard, pointing device (e.g., a "mouse"), a microphone, a joystick, a scanner, tactile input devices such as gloves, and other body coverings, and the like. These and other input devices can be connected to the processing unit 103 via a human machine interface that is coupled to the system bus 113, but can be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, an IEEE 1394 Port (also known as a Firewire port), a serial port, a universal serial bus (USB), or an Intel® Thunderbolt.

[00073] Optionally, in exemplary aspects, the processor 32, 103 of the controller 30 disclosed herein can receive manual inputs from a user or other individual supervising the delivery of anesthetic agents to a patient. Such manual inputs can correspond to an identity of a delivered agent, desired agent concentrations or concentration limits, desired flow rates, desired flow pathway configurations (including instructions regarding opening, closing, or adjusting of the positions of any valves disclosed herein), or patient information (physical condition, age, weight, and the like). It is further contemplated that the processor 32, 103 can be communicatively coupled to other components, such as a heart rate monitor or other monitoring device that provides physiological feedback (e.g. heart rate) or other parameter measurements to the processor 32, 103. It is still further contemplated that the processor 32, 103 can be communicatively coupled to a memory as further disclosed herein that stores a pre-set profile corresponding to the patient or to a particular anesthesia administration protocol. In operation, the processor 32, 103 can make use of these instructions to provide a customized anesthesia delivery profile for the patient and ensure that any adjustments to the anesthesia delivery parameters or system configuration are consistent with the instructions.

[00074] In yet another aspect, the display device 1 11 can also be connected to the system bus 1 13 via an interface, such as a display adapter 109. It is contemplated that the computing device 101 can have more than one display adapter 109 and the computing device 101 can have more than one display device 11 1. For example, a display device can be a monitor, an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), or a projector. In addition to the display device 11 1, other output peripheral devices can comprise components such as speakers (not shown) and a printer (not shown) which can be connected to the computing device 101 via Input/Output Interface 1 10. Any step and/or result of the methods can be output in any form to an output device. Such output can be any form of visual representation, including, but not limited to, textual, graphical, animation, audio, tactile, and the like. The display 1 11 and computing device 101 can be part of one device, or separate devices.

[00075] The computing device 101 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computing devices 1 14a,b,c. By way of example, a remote computing device can be a personal computer, portable computer, smartphone, a tablet, a server, a router, a network computer, a peer device or other common network node, and so on. In exemplary aspects, a remote computing device can be operated by a clinician involved with the administration (or supervision of the administration) of anesthesia to the patient. Logical connections between the computing device 101 and a remote computing device 114a,b,c can be made via a network 115, such as a local area network (LAN) and/or a general wide area network (WAN). Such network connections can be through a network adapter 108. A network adapter 108 can be implemented in both wired and wireless environments. Such networking environments are conventional and commonplace in dwellings, offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet.

[00076] For purposes of illustration, application programs and other executable program components such as the operating system 105 are illustrated herein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computing device 101 , and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer. An implementation of control processing software 106 can be stored on or transmitted across some form of computer readable media. Any of the disclosed methods can be performed by computer readable instructions embodied on computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example and not meant to be limiting, computer readable media can comprise "computer storage media" and "communications media." "Computer storage media" comprise volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any methods or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Exemplary computer storage media comprises, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, solid state, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer.

[00077] The methods and systems can employ Artificial Intelligence techniques such as machine learning and iterative learning. Examples of such techniques include, but are not limited to, expert systems, case based reasoning, Bayesian networks, behavior based AI, neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computation (e.g. genetic algorithms), swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms), and hybrid intelligent systems (e.g. Expert inference rules generated through a neural network or production rules from statistical learning).

[00078] The above-described system components may be local to one of the devices (e.g., a computing device, such as a tablet or smartphone) or remote (e.g. servers in a remote data center, or "the cloud"). In exemplary aspects, it is contemplated that many of the system components can be provided in a "cloud" configuration.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES

[00079] The presently described technology and its advantages will be better understood by reference to the following examples. These examples are provided to describe non-exhaustive embodiments of the present technology. By providing these examples, the scope of the presently described and claimed technology is not limited in spirit or scope. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the full scope of the presently described technology encompasses at least the subject matter defined by the claims appending this specification, and any alterations, modifications, derivatives, combinations, or equivalents of those claims. Further, the citations provided herein are hereby incorporated by reference for the cited subject matter Example One

[00080] METHODS

[00081] A hot wire anemometer (AWM700 Series Airflow Sensor, Honeywell, Golden

Valley, MN) was placed inline of a fresh gas flow outlet at known flow rates ranging from 2-12 liters per minute (measured using VT-Plus Gas Flow Analyzer, Fluke Corp., Everett, WA). This gas flow contained 0-3.25% isoflurane (measured using an infrared gas bench,

Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland) and a balance of oxygen. Baseline measurements were used to calibrate the hot wire anemometer voltage at 0% isoflurane. When isoflurane was introduced into the system, deviations from this baseline voltage were attributed to changes in the isoflurane concentration.

[00082] RESULTS

[00083] A total of fort -two isoflurane estimations were obtained. The estimated isoflurane concentration was highly correlative with the measured Datex-Ohmeda Gas Analyzer isoflurane concentration with an average error of 0% isoflurane and standard deviation of 0.04% isoflurane (FIG. 3).

[00084] These preliminary results suggest that hot wire anemometry can be an effective mainstream method to measure volatile anesthetic gas concentration, thereby allowing the creation of a cheaper anesthetic machine with improved feedback control properties.

Example Two

[00085] METHODS

[00086] An air-oxygen mixture was circulated through a custom rebreathing circuit using a radial blower (U51DL-012KK-4 Miniature Radial Blower with Integrated Electronics, Micronel, Tagelswangen, Switzerland) with flows ranging from 10-70 liters per minute (measured using the integrated electronics of the radial blower, independently verified using a VT-Plus Gas Flow Analyzer, Fluke Corp., Everett, WA). Isoflurane (Piramal Healthcare Limited, Andhra Pradesh, India) was introduced to the rebreathing circuit with a custom vaporizer, at concentration ranging from 0-3.5% measured using a standard side stream infrared gas bench (Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland). Placed inline of this gas flow was a hot wire anemometer (AWM700 Series Airflow Sensor, Honeywell, Golden Valley, MN). Baseline measurements at all flow rates were used to calibrate the hot wire anemometer. As isoflurane was introduced to the rebreathing circuit, deviations from this baseline were attributed to changes in the isoflurane concentration. A model was generated to estimate the isoflurane concentration and compared to actual isoflurane concentrations.

[00087] RESULTS

[00088] Isoflurane concentration estimations were highly correlative to measured isoflurane concentrations (R2=0.97). In a sample size of N=1560, the mean error was -0.01 % isoflurane with a standard deviation of 0.13% isoflurane (Figure 4).

[00089] Results show that monitoring heat capacity is an adequate, low-cost, and robust method to measure volatile anesthetic gas concentration.

Example Three

[00090] METHODS

[00091] A 5 liter per minute flow of oxygen and 5% isoflurane (Piramal Healthcare

Limited, Andhra Pradesh, India) was delivered through a cylindrical vessel containing approximately 40 grams of activated charcoal (Oxpure 1220C-75, Oxbow Activated Carbon, West Palm Beach, FL) until 0.5% isoflurane pushed through the charcoal. Flow was then reversed through the vessel at 2 liters per minute with pure oxygen, and the concentration of isoflurane leaving the vessel was monitored using a standard side stream infrared gas bench (Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland). Additionally, a smaller vessel containing 10 grams of activated charcoal was saturated and placed medially of a rebreathing Y-piece and test lung. The test lung was then driven using a ventilator at 0% isoflurane and the concentration of isoflurane was monitored. A control vessel containing inert non-porous beads was used in both studies.

[00092] RESULTS

[00093] Isoflurane was released at concentrations suitable for anesthesia maintenance for approximately 10 minutes. Once saturated, the activated charcoal had absorbed approximately 60% of its total weight in isoflurane, and was capable of repeatedly reflecting 10% of its total weight in isoflurane or about 3.2 mL of liquid isoflurane. For the larger vessel, (approximately 40 grams of activated charcoal), the volume of isoflurane that was capable of being reflected can achieve anesthesia maintenance at 1 MAC for 1 hour at a fresh gas flow rate of 1 liter per minute. (See FIGS. 5-6).

[00094] These results show that activated charcoal can be a feasible material in reflecting and conserving anesthetic gases.

Example Four

[00095] METHODS

[00096] An exemplary configuration of an anesthesia system utilizing a combination differential pressure and thermal flow sensor in conjunction with a radial blower motor was used to determine isoflurane gas concentrations in a test breathing circuit, as shown in FIG. 7. A radial blower can provide a continuous gas flow as well as the changes in pressure to ventilate a test lung. The radial blower can also provide instantaneous flow rate, which can be later used to determine gas concentration. The anesthetic gas sensor, a combination of a differential pressure and thermal flow sensor, can determine anesthetic concentrations by sensing the changes in gas density. The gas density can be determined by comparing the sensed flow rate to the precise flow rate provided by the radial blower. A heat and moisture exchanger ("HME") can be placed in front of the patient, or rather a test lung, to isolate the patient from the rebreathing circuit. A fluid resistor can allow for the radial blower to not only provide different flow rates, but also a range of standard clinical pressures to ventilate the test lung. A custom vaporizer can introduce anesthetic gas into the rebreathing circuit. The flow sensor can comprise a bypass channel, as shown in FIG. 8, which depends on the differential pressure generated by an orifice and a thermal flow sensor within that channel. Bernoulli's equation (provided below) shows that if the fluid velocity is known (controlled from the radial blower), then the density of the gas can be determined by measuring the pressure drop through a constriction. Bernoulli's equation is as follows:

[00097] RESULTS

[00098] While a test lung was ventilated under standard clinical pressures, the anesthetic gas concentration was measured alongside a standard infrared gas bench. The mean difference in measured isoflurane concentration was -0.025% isoflurane with a standard deviation of 0.091% isoflurane (FIG. 9). The preliminary data shows that the described method of measuring anesthetic gas concentration can also be used with a hot-wire anemometer as an alternative to the radial blower.

[00099] The results show that use of an anesthesia system that utilizes a combination of a differential pressure and thermal flow sensor in conjunction with a radial blower motor can provide an accurate, low-cost, versatile, and portable method to measure anesthetic gas concentration.

Exemplary Aspects

[000100] In view of the described devices, systems, and methods and variations thereof, herein below are described certain more particularly described aspects of the invention. These particularly recited aspects should not however be interpreted to have any limiting effect on any different claims containing different or more general teachings described herein, or that the "particular" aspects are somehow limited in some way other than the inherent meanings of the language literally used therein.

[000101] Aspect 1 : An anesthesia system defining a breathing circuit and comprising: a vaporizer configured to deliver a gaseous anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit; a flow sensing assembly configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a velocity of gas flow within the breathing circuit; and processing circuitry that is communicatively coupled to the flow sensing assembly, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to receive the measurement signal produced by the flow sensing assembly and to determine the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000102] Aspect 2: The system of aspect 1 , further comprising a patient line positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit, wherein the patient line is located downstream of the vaporizer.

[000103] Aspect 3 : The system of aspect 2, wherein the patient line comprises an air-moisture exchanger.

[000104] Aspect 4: The system of aspect 2, further comprising a charcoal filter positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit between the vaporizer and the patient line. [000105] Aspect 5: The system of aspect 4, further comprising a carbon dioxide scrubber positioned within the breathing circuit and between the patient line and the flow sensor.

[000106] Aspect 6: The system of aspect 5, further comprising a reservoir positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit between the patient line and the carbon dioxide scrubber.

[000107] Aspect 7: The system of aspect 5, further comprising a bypass line configured to permit selective bypassing of the carbon dioxide scrubber.

[000108] Aspect 8: The system of aspect 1, further comprising a blower assembly configured to circulate gas within the breathing circuit, wherein the blower assembly comprises a blower motor that is communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry, and wherein the blower assembly is positioned upstream of the flow sensor.

[000109] Aspect 9: The system of aspect 5, further comprising a gas inlet-scavenge line positioned in fluid communication with the breathing circuit, wherein the gas inlet-scavenge line is positioned between the carbon dioxide scrubber and the flow sensor.

[000110] Aspect 10: The system of aspect 9, further comprising a reflector assembly positioned in selective fluid communication with the breathing circuit through the gas inlet-scavenge line, wherein the reflector assembly comprises an anesthetic agent reflector configured to capture gaseous anesthetic agent that exits the breathing circuit through the gas inlet-scavenge line, and wherein the reflector assembly is configured to return the captured anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit.

[000111] Aspect 11 : The system of aspect 10, wherein the reflector assembly further comprises first and second fluid control valves positioned on opposing upstream and downstream sides of the anesthetic agent reflector, wherein the second fluid control valve is positioned between the anesthetic agent reflector and the breathing circuit, and wherein the first and second fluid control valves are communicatively coupled to the processing circuitry.

[000112] Aspect 12: The system of aspect 11, further comprising a gas inlet positioned in fluid communication with the first fluid control valve, wherein the gas inlet is configured to receive fresh gas flow from a gas source.

[000113] Aspect 13: The system of aspect 12, further comprising a scavenge outlet positioned in fluid communication with the first fluid control valve. [000114] Aspect 14: The system of aspect 13, wherein the first and second fluid control valves are moveable about and between respective first and second positions, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to selectively move the first and second fluid control valves about and between the first position and the second position, wherein the first position of the first fluid control valve corresponds to a gas-receiving position in which fresh gas flow from the gas inlet is allowed to pass through the first fluid control valve, wherein the second position of the first fluid control valve corresponds to a scavenge position in which fresh gas flow is blocked from entering the first fluid control valve but the first fluid control valve permits passage of gas into the scavenger outlet, wherein the first position of the second fluid control valve corresponds to an open position that permits gas flow through the valve, and wherein the second position of the second fluid control valve corresponds to a closed position that blocks gas flow through the valve.

[000115] Aspect 15: The system of aspect 14, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to move the first and second valves to define an open breathing circuit configuration, a closed breathing circuit configuration, or a partially closed breathing circuit configuration, wherein in the open breathing circuit configuration, the first and second valves are respectively positioned in the gas-receiving and open positions, wherein in the partially open breathing circuit configuration, the first valve is positioned in the scavenge position and the second valve is positioned in the open position, and wherein in the closed breathing circuit configuration, the second valve is positioned in the closed position.

[000116] Aspect 16: The system of aspect 15, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to sequentially move the first and second valves from the partially closed breathing circuit configuration to the open breathing circuit configuration.

[000117] Aspect 17: The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the flow sensing assembly comprises a thermal sensor, wherein the thermal sensor is configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in temperature within the breathing circuit, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to correlate the measured change in temperature to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000118] Aspect 18: The system of aspect 17, wherein the thermal sensor comprises a hot-wire anemometer having a heated resistive wire, wherein the hot-wire anemometer is configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a voltage required to maintain a temperature of the heated resistive wire as gas in communication with the flow sensor flows within the breathing circuit, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to correlate the required voltage to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000119] Aspect 19: The system of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the flow sensing assembly comprises a differential pressure sensor, wherein the differential pressure sensor is configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in pressure within the breathing circuit, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to correlate the measured change in pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow within the breathing circuit and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000120] Aspect 20: The system of any one of aspects 1-16, wherein the flow sensing assembly comprises a thermal sensor and a differential pressure sensor, wherein the thermal and differential pressure sensors are configured to produce at least one measurement signal indicative of changes in temperature and pressure within the breathing circuit, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to correlate the measured changes in temperature and pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000121] Aspect 21 : An anesthetic gas concentration sensing assembly comprising: a housing defining an inlet opening, an outlet opening, and a central channel extending between the inlet and outlet openings and being configured to be positioned in alignment and fluid communication with a gas flow line; a thermal sensor positioned within the central channel and configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in temperature within the central channel; and a differential pressure sensor positioned within the central channel and configured to produce a measurement signal indicative of a change in pressure within the central channel.

[000122] Aspect 22: The anesthetic gas concentration sensing assembly of aspect 21 , further comprising processing circuitry that is communicatively coupled to the thermal sensor and the differential pressure sensor, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: receive the measurement signals from the thermal sensor and the differential pressure sensor; and correlate the measured changes in temperature and pressure to a change in the velocity of gas flow and to the concentration of a gaseous anesthetic agent within the gas flow line. [000123] Aspect 23 : A method of administering anesthesia to a subject, comprising:

delivering a gaseous anesthetic agent to a breathing circuit of the anesthesia system of any one of aspects 1-20; and using the processing circuitry to determine the concentration of the gaseous anesthetic agent within the breathing circuit.

[000124] Aspect 24: The method of aspect 23, wherein the anesthesia system comprises a reflector assembly positioned in selective fluid communication with the breathing circuit, the reflector assembly comprising an anesthetic agent reflector, the method further comprising: using the anesthetic agent reflector to capture gaseous anesthetic agent that exits the breathing circuit; and directing gas through the reflector assembly to return the captured anesthetic agent to the breathing circuit.

[000125] Aspect 25 : An anesthesia system having a vaporizer and a fresh gas input line that are decoupled from one another as disclosed herein.

[000126] Aspect 26: An anesthesia system having a reflector assembly as disclosed herein.

[000127] Although several embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in the foregoing specification, it is understood by those skilled in the art that many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to which the invention pertains, having the benefit of the teaching presented in the foregoing description and associated drawings. It is thus understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed hereinabove, and that many modifications and other embodiments are intended to be comprised within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, although specific terms are employed herein, as well as in the claims which follow, they are used only in a generic and descriptive sense, and not for the purposes of limiting the described invention, nor the claims which follow.