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Patent Searching and Data


Title:
TAMPER-EVIDENT CLOSURE AND CONTAINER PROVIDED WITH THE SAME
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2019/007653
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
The invention relates to a tamper-evident closure (1) for a container (2), comprising a circumferential body (4) and a lid (6), wherein the circumferential body (4) is attachable to the container (2), and the lid (6) is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container (2) through the circumferential body (4), wherein the closure (1) includes a skirt (8), which is connected to the circumferential body (4) and is arranged for extending beyond an externally extending rim (18) of the container (2), wherein the skirt (8) includes a portion having, when mounted to the container (2), an inner circumference that is smaller than an outer circumference of the rim (18), wherein the skirt (8) includes at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection (10), wherein the closure (1) further comprises means for increasing the inner circumference of the skirt (8) when the closure (1) is moved in a direction to remove it from the container (2), and wherein the skirt (8) is configured to deform when its inner circumference is increased such that at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection (10) breaks or tears.

Inventors:
KAYSERILIOGLU ILKAY (NL)
KNAPEN FRANSISCUS JOHANNES (NL)
VEREIJKEN JOHANNES MARTINUS PETRUS LEONARDUS (NL)
Application Number:
PCT/EP2018/065644
Publication Date:
January 10, 2019
Filing Date:
June 13, 2018
Export Citation:
Click for automatic bibliography generation   Help
Assignee:
FRIESLANDCAMPINA NEDERLAND BV (NL)
International Classes:
B65D41/34; B65D41/36; B65D41/48; B65D47/08
Foreign References:
US5207783A1993-05-04
US6068151A2000-05-30
US6116441A2000-09-12
US4401227A1983-08-30
US20110100948A12011-05-05
US5810207A1998-09-22
Other References:
None
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
FRIESLANDCAMPINA NEDERLAND B.V. (NL)
Download PDF:
Claims:
Claims

1. A tamper- evident closure for a container, comprising a circumferential body and a lid, wherein the circumferential body is attachable to the container, and the lid is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container through the circumferential body,

wherein the closure includes a skirt, which is connected to the circumferential body and is arranged for extending beyond an externally extending rim of the container, wherein the skirt includes a portion having, when mounted to the container, an inner circumference that is smaller than an outer circumference of the rim,

wherein the skirt includes at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection, wherein the closure further comprises means for increasing the inner

circumference of the skirt when the closure is moved in a direction to remove it from the container, and

wherein the skirt is configured to deform when its inner circumference is increased such that at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection breaks or tears.

2. The closure of claim 1, wherein the at least one frangible connection is arranged in a circumferential direction of the skirt.

3. The closure of claim 2, wherein the frangible connection includes a non- frangible flap interposed in the frangible connection. 4. The closure of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the skirt forms a closed circumference by means of the at least one frangible connection.

5. The closure of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one frangible connection includes a frangible connection connecting the skirt to the circumferential body.

6. The closure of claim 5, wherein the skirt is further connected to the circumferential body by a non-frangible connection.

7. The closure of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the skirt extends downwardly and has an inwardly and upwardly turned retaining flange which is arranged for engagement with the rim arranged on the circumference of the container upon removal of the closure from the container.

8. The closure of claim 7, wherein the retaining flange is arranged such that during movement of the closure in a direction to remove it from the container, the retaining flange is hinged from a first position, in which the inner circumference of the skirt is smaller than the threshold circumference for tearing and/or breaking at least one frangible connection, to a second position, in which the inner circumference of the skirt is larger than the threshold circumference for breaking and/or tearing at least one frangible connection.

9. The closure of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of frangible connections are distributed over the circumference of the skirt.

10. The closure of claim 9, wherein the plurality of frangible connections are evenly or unevenly distributed over the circumference of the skirt. 11. The closure of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the number of frangible connections is in the range of one to eight.

12. Tamper- evident package comprising a container provided with the closure according to any one of the claims 1-11.

13. A method for manufacturing a tamper- evident package, comprising:

providing a container having an externally extending rim;

providing a closure, comprising a circumferential body and a lid, wherein the lid is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container through the circumferential body, wherein the closure includes a skirt which includes at least one frangible connection for indicating tampering of the closure and which is connected to the circumferential body; attaching the circumferential body of the closure to the container such that the skirt extends beyond the rim of the container, and that a portion of the skirt has an inner circumference that is smaller than an outer circumference of the rim. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one frangible connection is arranged in a circumferential direction of the skirt.

Description:
Title: Tamper-evident closure and container provided with the same

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a tamper-evident closure for a container and a tamper- evident package comprising said closure.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Tamper- evident closures for containers are generally known in the art. The use of tamper indicating closures has become widely accepted in packaging of consumer goods. Many product packages or closures include some kind of a tamper-evident mechanism for visually indicating whether a package has already been opened in the past, which evidently allows the producer of the product inside the package to guarantee the quality to some extent. One of the simplest forms of a tamper -evident closure is obtained by employing a cap and a tamper-indicating lower ring or belt, wherein the two parts are linked together in an axial direction by weak breakable portions that will break at opening the container. Such simple tamper- evident closures are widely employed by the packaging industry, e.g. in plastic caps for drink bottles.

Some packages comprise a container, e.g. a tubular tin can, having an opening at the top, typically sealed with a foil. Above the foil a cap, e.g. from plastic, is arranged over the container, wherein the cap usually has a rim and a lid hingedly attached to the rim. The rim of the cap can be arranged to click on the container by means of a snap fit connection for attachment. The product inside the container can be extracted by opening the lid. Afterwards, the lid may be closed again, for example for storage until the next use. A single use cap is also possible. One of the known tampering activities involves removing the cap in its entirety for obtaining access to the content of the container, such as to i.a. steal at least a portion of the content of the package, add other content in the package, mixing content with other products for obtaining more content, at least partially changing the content in the package, etc. By putting the cap back on the container the tampering can be concealed, since the container is conventionally accessed through the lid of the cap which may remain untampered.

Preventing such tampering is in particular important for containers including products with high demands, such as infant formula package (e.g. including powdered infant formula), drugs, food, etc.

It is desired to employ a packaging that is both efficient and economical at the same time. Tamper- evident packages or closures satisfying such requirements are needed. Further, it is desired that the closures are structurally simple while being able to make evident the fact that the content of the container was accessed without permission.

There is a need for a packaging system having a closure which can effectively prevent fraud, or when fraud has occurred clearly provide an indication for intended people.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide for a tamper- evident closure that obviates at least one of the above mentioned drawbacks.

Alternatively, or additionally, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved tamper- evident closure.

Thereto, the invention provides for a tamper- evident closure for a container, comprising a circumferential body and a lid, wherein the circumferential body is attachable to the container, and the lid is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container through the circumferential body,

wherein the closure includes a skirt, which is connected to the circumferential body and is arranged for extending beyond an externally extending rim of the container, wherein the skirt includes a portion having, when mounted to the container, an inner circumference that is smaller than an outer circumference of the rim,

wherein the skirt includes at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection, wherein the closure further comprises means for increasing the inner

circumference of the skirt when the closure is moved in a direction to remove it from the container, and

wherein the skirt is configured to deform when its inner circumference is increased such that at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection breaks or tears.

By utilizing the configuration as described herein the skirt, through the frangible connection(s), provides the closure with a clear indication for tampering which allows a user to notice whether the package containing such closure has been opened before the intended time. Such tamper indicating-function would equally include an anti- counterfeit measure and, in fact, an indication for any kind of manipulation of -or attempt to manipulate- the package comprising the closure of the present invention. It may, accordingly, be possible to notice if an attempt has been made to open the package by removing the closure from the container. The closure comprises at least one frangible connection which may form a segmented weak portion which is arranged to break or tear if the closure is separated from the container of the package. For example, a deformed and/or clearly missing portion on the closure may clearly provide an indication that the package has been opened. Hence, whenever reference is made to "tamper-indicating" or similar wording in relation to frangible connection(s) included in the closure of the present invention it is intended to refer to the function of such frangible connection(s) as a means for indicating any kind of manipulation, attempted manipulation or

unauthorized copying, by way of counterfeit or otherwise, of the package comprising the closure of the present invention.

A tamper-indicating frangible connection may be formed such that it is sufficiently strong such that it does not tear or break during placement of the closure onto the container. Placement may be performed using dedicated tools to prevent tearing or breaking of the frangible connection. Also advantageous forms of the frangible connection may be employed. The frangible connection is arranged to break or tear reliably when the package is manipulated and in the event that the closure is removed from the container for the first time, or when an attempt has been made to open the container by removing the closure in its entirety. It may thus be desirable to obtain a sensitive frangible connection which can easily become damaged in case of an attempt of manipulation.

The circumferential body of the closure may suitably be shaped so as to fit over the container in a fitting way. Removal of the closure from the container may be resisted or prevented by the externally extending rim of the container, which may be arranged on a neck of the container. The tamper- evident closure including the one or more tamper- indicating frangible connections may be constructed and arranged to be fitted over the externally extending rim of the container which can effectively retain the closure on the container. The closure may thus, at least partially, have a mating shape to easily fit over the container. It is, however, preferred that the circumferential body of the closure has a fully mating shape. The circumferential body can be constructed and arranged to engage the externally extending rim of the container.

Naturally, through appropriate shaping, an externally extending rim can be formed by a recess in the outer surface of the container. The recess can be surrounded by one or more protruding surfaces forming a rim on the container.

The closure can be readily manufactured and provides an effective indication of tampering or removal of the closure. The closure comprises means for securably fastening it to the container. The closure can be arranged to snap over and engage over at least a portion of the rim of the container. Preferably, the rim on the container is integral with the container. However, a non-unitary container may also be used.

The tamper-indicating frangible connection can completely surround the container or container neck, or alternatively extend merely over a part of the circumference of the container.

A plurality of frangible connections may be arranged around the skirt, wherein it is possible to observe the broken condition of one or more frangible connections which may provide evidence that the closure has already been tampered with.

Optionally, the tamper-indicating frangible connection on the skirt is annularly formed.

Optionally, the skirt is made up of several segments formed together into a unitary piece.

Optionally, the frangible connection includes one or more bridge elements arranged in circumferential direction of the skirt.

Optionally, the frangible connection comprises one or more weakened portions defining a line of severing.

Optionally, the at least one frangible connection is arranged in a circumferential direction of the skirt. The frangible connection arranged in the circumferential direction of the skirt is arranged to break when stressed in the circumferential direction of the skirt. Hence, an increase in circumference of the skirt when attempting to remove the circumferential body from the container will break one or more frangible connections.

The frangible connection in circumferential direction may also form a connecting bridge which can tear or break so as to indicate the opening, when the closure is removed from the container.

Optionally, the skirt forms a closed loop arranged for surrounding the container, wherein the closed loop includes one or more frangible connections arranged in the circumferential direction of the skirt.

Optionally, the closure is manufactured in one piece by means of plastic injection molding process. Compression molding may also be employed for manufacturing the closure. Cutting tools, such as laser cutting tools, can also be employed for obtaining a frangible connection on the skirt. Other ways are also possible for obtaining material weakening in the closure, for example by means of milling, welding connecting bridges, etc.

A frangible connection may be formed by a relatively weak connecting bridge positioned in a gap in a circumferential direction of the skirt. The frangible connection may be arranged to break when the closure is removed from the container neck as a result of the deformation of the skirt thereby increasing its inner circumference such that at least one frangible connection breaks or tears. In this way, an effective tamper- evident means can be obtained about the periphery of the closure and the container.

Optionally, a separating line at which the tamper indicating frangible connection tears can be vertical as a result of the circumferentially arranged frangible connection.

Optionally, the frangible connection includes a non-frangible flap interposed in the frangible connection. The frangible connection can include a flap having frangible bridges on both sides in the circumferential direction of the skirt.

The skirt may comprise weakened and unweakened zones, wherein the weakened zones are used for defining one or more frangible connections. The frangible connection may further comprise non-frangible flaps, tabs or plates connected to said unweakened zones of the skirt by means of weakened frangible connections, e.g. bridges, arranged in circumferential direction. Upon removal of the closure from the container, the diameter of the skirt may expand and/or the circumference of the skirt may increase so that the frangible bridges of the tamper evident frangible connection may break or tear. Such a non-frangible flap can, at least partially, detach when the frangible connection on the skirt has been severed, improving the visual indication. Furthermore, in this way, for example, concealment of a broken frangible connection can be prevented or made more difficult. Optionally, a visual indication is provided behind the non-frangible flap, drawing more attention to the user.

An increase in the circumference of the skirt may result in an increase in the diameter of the skirt. An increase in the diameter of the skirt may also result in an increase of the circumference of the skirt. In many cases where the diameter increases, the circumference may also increase, or vice versa. Therefore where in this description a circumference increase is mentioned, a diameter increase may be implied, or vice versa. A diameter is not be interpreted in a strict sense as a circle or cylinder diameter only. More generally, a diameter can be regarded as a cross-sectional distance between two points at the circumference of a body (e.g. skirt), a distance along a line connecting two points at the circumference of a body wherein line passes through a centre of the surface enclosed by the body, a width of a body or a chord. Other known interpretations are also possible.

Optionally, the skirt forms a closed circumference by means of the at least one frangible connection. The frangible connection can thus effectively form the weakest link for the skirt in the circumferential direction. Optionally, the frangible connection is arranged to become fractured by

circumferential forces during removal of the closure.

Optionally, the at least one frangible connection includes a frangible connection connecting the skirt to the circumferential body. Optionally, the frangible connection connects the skirt to the circumferential body in an axial direction of the circumferential body. The frangible connection arranged in the axial direction of the circumferential body is arranged to break when stressed in the axial direction of the circumferential body.

Advantageously, a tamper-evident closure is provided wherein at least two portions of the skirt are linked by means of a frangible connection in circumferential direction.

Optionally, the skirt is further connected to the circumferential body by a non- frangible connection.

The skirt of the closure may have unweakened zones and one or more weakened zones at frangible connections, such that the weakened zones will more likely break when the closure is removed from the container.

Optionally, the frangible connection is formed by a segmented portion, wherein at opposite sides of the segmented portion at least one frangible connection, such as a bridge segment, is arranged in circumferential direction.

In this way, a breakage location is provided, at which the tamper-indicating frangible connection of the skirt of the closure can tear circumferentially and/or horizontally.

In order to achieve breaking or tearing of one or more of the frangible connections, the closure comprises means for increasing the inner circumference of the skirt when the closure is moved in a direction to remove it from the container, wherein the skirt is configured to deform when its inner circumference is increased such that at least one frangible connection breaks or tears. The at least one frangible connection can break or tear when a threshold circumference for breaking the at least one frangible connection is reached. As explained above, the circumference increase may imply a diameter increase, or vice versa, where a diameter is not to be interpreted in a strict sense as referring to a circle or cylinder diameter only, but more generally, to a cross-sectional distance between two points at the circumference of a body.

As a result of the increasing circumference (and/or diameter— see above), at least a portion of the skirt may become stretched resulting in breaking of a frangible connection, e.g. a frangible bridge. The skirt can be arranged to facilitate radial expansion of the skirt upon removal of the closure from the container, causing breaking of the frangible connection. Breaking or tearing of the frangible connection may leave visible traces around the skirt, which may easily be spotted by a user of the package.

Optionally, as a means for increasing the inner diameter of the skirt, the closure comprises a hook member arranged on the skirt or circumferential body, e.g. by means of a preferably integral hinge, wherein the hook member further comprises a flange arranged for abutting the rim of the container when the closure is moved in a direction to remove it from the container. The hook member can be arranged to sever at least one frangible connection when the closure is removed from the container. By means of a hinged connection, the diameter of the skirt can be increased as a result of further movement in a direction to remove the closure from the container. The hook member can be adapted and/or dimensioned such that the diameter of the skirt is sufficiently increased for causing separation or breaking of the at least one frangible connection when the closure is initially removed. Optionally, the hook member is unitary with the closure.

Optionally, the skirt extends downwardly and has an inwardly and upwardly turned retaining flange which is arranged for engagement with the rim arranged on the circumference of the container upon removal of the closure from the container.

The rim of the container may be formed by an annular projection which is shaped to form an groove for receiving the, e.g. annular, retaining flange. Such annular, retaining flange may be shaped to be located concentrically within the groove formed by the rim of the container. Optionally, the annular retaining flange may be arranged to cooperate with the rim of the container to form a seal.

After placement of the closure onto the container, the flange may be located beneath the rim. The flange may have a retaining surface oriented towards a locking surface of the rim. During removal of the closure from the container, the locking surface of the rim engages with the retaining surface of the retaining flange of the container, such that the annular flange can be pivoted outwards. As a result, an increased inner circumference (and/or internal diameter— see above) of the skirt can be obtained. As a result of such increased inner circumference one or more of the tamper-indicating frangible connections break or tear. The flange, which is preferably annular, can be connected with the remainder of the skirt by means of an integral hinge. However, the annular flange may have one or more interruptions. The integral hinge or hinged portion of the skirt may when the closure is attached to the container enclose an angle smaller than 60 degrees, preferably smaller than 45 degrees, more preferably smaller than 30 degrees. The closure may comprise a circumferential frangible connection line so that a portion of the skirt below the frangible connection line can be torn off when the closure is removed from the container. In this way, the closure cannot be removed without damaging the frangible connections, thereby preventing any tampering with the container contents. A lower band of the skirt can then be, at least partially, torn away when the closure is removed. Alternatively or additionally, a circumferential tear tab can be formed with weakened frangible connections in circumferential direction to allow easy tearing.

Optionally, the hook member is arranged such that during movement of the closure in a direction to remove it from the container, the retaining flange is hinged from a first position, in which the inner circumference of the skirt is smaller than the threshold circumference for tearing and/or breaking at least one frangible connection, to a second position, in which the inner circumference of the skirt is larger than the threshold circumference for breaking and/or tearing at least one frangible connection.

The hinged retaining flange allows an effective and reliable increase of the effective circumference and/or diameter of the skirt when removing, or attempting to remove, the closure from the container. The forces exerted on the frangible connection during decoupling of the closure from the container are significant enough to fracture it, because of the increased effective diameter of the skirt as a result of the engagement of the retaining flange with the rim of the container. When the closure is reapplied, first use is obvious due to the fractured frangible connection.

Optionally, a plurality of frangible connections are distributed over the

circumference of the skirt. The relative positions of the (weakened) frangible connections may ensure an even, predictable opening sequence about the periphery of the closure and the container neck.

Optionally, the plurality of frangible connections are evenly or unevenly

distributed over the circumference of the skirt.

Optionally, the number of frangible connections is in the range of one to eight. A higher number of frangible connections may result in a lower stress concentration at the frangible connections when the closure is removed from the container. Preferably two frangible connections are arranged at opposite sides of the skirt.

Optionally, the closure is made from a suitable material such as a synthetic plastic. The closure may be formed employing conventional methods. The closure may comprise means to resist its removal from the container.

Optionally, the closure is arranged to seal off the container when placed on the container. For this purpose, the rim may form a tight fit with the closure.

The closure can provide an improved package which has tamper indicating means for providing visual indication when the associated container has been tampered with.

According to an aspect is provided a method for manufacturing a tamper-evident package, comprising:

providing a container having an externally extending rim;

providing a closure, comprising a circumferential body and a lid, wherein the lid is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container through the circumferential body, wherein the closure includes a skirt which includes at least one frangible connection for indicating tampering of the closure and which is connected to the circumferential body;

attaching the circumferential body of the closure to the container such that the skirt extends beyond the rim of the container, and that a portion of the skirt has an inner circumference that is smaller than an outer circumference of the rim.

Optionally, the at least one frangible connection is arranged in a circumferential direction of the skirt.

It will also be clear that any one or more of the above aspects, features and options can be combined.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The invention will further be elucidated on the basis of exemplary embodiments which are represented in a drawing. The exemplary embodiments are given by way of non-limitative illustration. It is noted that the figures are only schematic

representations of embodiments of the invention that are given by way of non-limiting example.

In the drawing:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure; Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure; Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a cross section of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure;

Fig. 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a hook member; Fig. 6 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a hook member in different positions;

Fig. 7 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure; Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure; Fig. 9 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure;

Fig. 10 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure; Fig. 11 shows a top cross sectional view of skirt members of a tamper- evident closure; and

Fig. 12 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure. Fig. 13 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure 1 for a container 2 comprising a circumferential body 4 and a lid 6. In this example, the lid 6 can be opened for gaining access to the inside of the container 2. The lid 6 of the closure may further have tamper-evident means for indicating tampering. The circumferential body 4 is attachable to the container 2, and the lid 6 is arranged for providing a closable entrance to the container 2 through the circumferential body 4. The lid 6 can for example be hinged such that it can be reclosed after use. However, other mechanisms are also envisaged. For example, the lid 6 may be removable from the closure during use. Optionally, the lid may also be for single use only. Further, the closure 1 includes a skirt 8, connected to the circumferential body 4, arranged for extending beyond an externally extending rim of the container 2. The skirt 8 includes a portion having, when mounted to the container 2, an inner diameter that is smaller than an outer diameter of the rim. Furthermore, the skirt 8 includes a frangible connection 10. When the closure is removed from the container for the first time, the tamper indicating frangible connection 10 can be at least partly torn. Through tearing it can be made clear to the user that the container 2 of the package has already been opened. The tamper indicating closure allows to ensure consumer confidence in the integrity of the packaged product and to instill a sense of quality.

The closure 1 may be integrally formed, for example by a single molding operation without the need for subsequent operations.

Advantageously, the frangible connection 10 may be arranged to frangibly link two portions of the skirt 8 in circumferential direction. The frangible connection 10 may provide a weakened portion which can easily be broken when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2.

Fig 2 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure 1. The circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 comprises means for engaging with a portion of the neck of the container 2, thus restricting axial movement of the circumferential body from the neck of the container 2 once placed on the neck. As a result of the increasing circumference and/or diameter of at least a portion of the skirt 8, the tamper- indicating frangible connection 10 forming a weakened bridge, can break or become stretched until it breaks, upon removal of the closure from the container 2. In the shown example, only one frangible connection 10 is shown. However, the annular skirt 8 may also comprise a plurality or a series of frangible connections 10, for example equally spaced about the circumference thereof.

By means of the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10, a differing tear strength can be obtained in the skirt 8 of the closure 1. In case the closure 1 is pulled away from the container 2, the circumference and/or diameter of the skirt can effectively expand such that a frangible connection 10 can break or tear first, since it forms the weakest connection or link in the skirt 8. This may then effectively provide an indication of tampering to the user.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1. The tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 further includes a non-frangible flap 12 interposed in the frangible connection 10. The non-frangible flap 12 may form a splitting structure, which can become detached when the frangible connection 10 becomes severed. In this way, a segmented portion may be obtained by means of the frangible connection 10, wherein at opposite sides of the segmented portion a frangible bridge segment 14 is arranged in circumferential direction. The bridge segments 14 form a weak connection and at least one of them will break when the circumference and/or diameter of the skirt is expanded when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2. In this way, an effective tamper-indicating band can be obtained by means of the skirt 8.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1. The closure 1 may permit quick installation on a container and is therefore suitable for use in typical packaging production lines. In this example, the closure 1 is a snap-on closure, wherein the closure can be attached to the container 2 by applying an axial force to the closure 1 (downwards direction in the shown figure). The circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 in this example has a seat 16 arranged to rest on a top surface of the container, here a top surface of a locking element, e.g. an externally extending rim 18, of the container 2. The rim 18 may extend entirely around the exterior wall surface of the container 2. The skirt 8 is in this example formed and shaped such that it can be snapped to interlock over the locking element 18 (rim) on the neck of the container 2. The tamper evidencing skirt 8 is connected to the circumferential body, here along substantially its full circumference. The skirt 8 comprises a tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 or tamper-indicating frangible attachment 10 (not shown in fig. 4).

The closure 1 may be formed from a resilient and moderately flexible plastic material such that it can deform slightly in order to allow the closure 1 to snap on the container 2 around the circumferential rim 18 of the container 2. The invention permits connecting the closure 1 to the container 2 by employing other connection mechanisms. Many variants are possible. Therefore, the closure 1 can be suitable for use with various other types of containers 2. For example, the closure can be attached to the container by means of other types of snap fastening or a bayonet fastening. Many attachment mechanisms can be employed without departing from the framework of the invention.

In this example, the skirt 8 includes a first wall portion 25 dimensioned to surround the rim 18 of the container 2. The skirt includes a second wall portion 24 extending beyond, here below, the rim 18. The skirt 8 comprises a flange 20 which may be tongue, flap, hook, etc. shaped. The flange 20 in this example is hingedly connected to the second wall portion 24. The flange 20 can be provided as retaining elements for mechanical engagement of the skirt 8 onto the rim 18 arranged on the neck of the container 2. The flange 20 can be present at, e.g. substantially, the entire circumference of the skirt 8. It is also possible that the flange includes a plurality of partial flanges along the circumference of the skirt. The flange 20 can engage the rim 18 of the container 2 resulting in an increase of the circumference of the skirt upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. This increased circumference can break or tear the frangible connection 10 on the skirt 8.

In this example, a part of the skirt forms a hook member 22. The hook member 22 is located at a lower portion of the skirt 8. The, here hooked, flange 20 of the hook member 22 can be adapted to be folded or flexed upward along a hinge line when the closure 1 is attached to the container 2. The annular flange 20 of the hook member 22 can pivot about the integral hinge as a point of rotation, so that the effective (internal) diameter of the skirt 8 enlarges and the tamper indicating frangible connection can tear, break or become damaged when the hook member 22 is passed over the rim 18 of the container 2. The rim 18 of the container 2 may be shaped to allow effective engagement during removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. For this purpose, the rim 18 may have a compatible shape such that the free end 26 of the flange can easily mate with an engagement portion 18a the rim 18 in a complementary intended fashion.

Fig. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a hook member 22 of the closure 1. Advantageously, the hook member 22 allows the closure 1 to be initially installed on the container 2 without breaking the at least one frangible connection 10. The closure 1 comprises means for increasing a circumference of the skirt 8 when the closure 1 is moved in a direction to remove it from the container 2, wherein the skirt 8 is configured to deform when its effective outer diameter is increased such that at least one tamper- indicating frangible connection 10 breaks or tears. The at least one frangible connection can break or tear when a threshold diameter for breaking the at least one frangible connection 10 is reached. For this purpose, according to this example, the closure 1 comprises a hook member 22 formed by the skirt 8. The skirt extends downwardly and has an inwardly and upwardly turned retaining flange. In this way, a hook member 22 is formed, wherein the skirt 8 is arranged to form an integral hinge 28. The flange 20 is arranged for abutting the rim of the container 2 when the closure 1 is moved in a direction to remove it from the container 2. The flange 20 is arranged such that during movement of the closure 1 in a direction to remove it from the container 2, it is hinged from a first position, in which the effective diameter of the skirt 8 is smaller than the threshold diameter for tearing and/or breaking at least one frangible connection 10, to a second position, in which the effective diameter of the skirt 8 is larger than the threshold diameter for breaking and/or tearing at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 arranged on the skirt 8.

In this example, the inwardly-upwardly directed flange 20 of the skirt 8 has an upper free edge 26. The flange 20 can pivot around the integral hinge 28 providing a hinge-like connection between the flange 20 and the rest of the skirt 8, thereby allowing the effective diameter of the skirt 8 defined by the free edge 26 of the flange 20 to expand upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. The retaining flange 20 of the skirt 8 is adapted to engage the annular rim 18 of the container 2. Optionally, the retaining flange 20 forms a stiffened rib with an outer free end 26 for engaging the rim of the container. The stiffened rib may provide an enhanced interaction with the container rim when the closure is removed from the container.

The tamper evident closure 1 may allow a relatively easy and quick installation onto a container 2 without rupturing the at least one frangible connection 10 on the skirt 8 of the closure 1, while providing a reliable indication of an initial opening of the container 2.

In this example, the flange 20 forms an integral part of the skirt 8 and is connected to second wall portion 24 of the skirt 8. Preferably, at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 is disposed at or near the wall 24. The second wall portion 24 has a cross-sectional thickness Dl. The flange 20 has a cross-sectional thickness of D2 at its free end 26. In this example, the first wall portion 25 of the skirt 8 from which the second wall portion 24 depends has a cross-sectional thickness D3. In this example, the second wall portion 25 is dimensioned to surround the rim 18 of the container 2.

Advantageously, the hook member 22 is arranged such that the thickness D3 is smaller than the sum of the thicknesses Dl and D2, i.e. D3 < Dl + D2. In this way, it can be made more difficult for using a special tools for removing the closure 1 from the container 2 without breaking the at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection 10. If for example the flange 20 is pushed against the wall 24, a portion of the free end 26 of the flange 20 can still protrude inwardly of the portion 25, such that it can hook against the rim 18 of the container 2 and still result in an increased effective diameter of the skirt 8 when the closure 1 is moved away from the container 2 for removal, or at least when an attempt is made for doing so. In this way, it may be prevented that the closure 1 is successfully removed from the container 2 without damaging the weakened frangible connection 10. Advantageously, the closure 1 may accommodate a varying degree of dimension tolerances, such as the inner diameter of the second wall portion 25, which may depend on the manufacturing process.

Typically, the container 2 and closure 1 may have tolerances in the range of 0.2-0.3 mm (for example on the diameter or height). At the location where the closure 1 is attached on the rim 18 of the container 2, a press fit can be obtained (friction clamping). The tolerances in radial direction are acceptable and may result in more or less friction while the closure 1 can remain attached on the container 2. Because the flange 20 of the hook member 22 is folded (along hinge line) also a certain degree of tolerance in the height direction is acceptable. Hence the closure 1 can effectively allow more

manufacturing flexibility.

Fig. 6 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a hook member 22 with the flange 20 hinged to different positions (a)-(d). The flange 20 of the hook member 22 is flexibly connected to a bottom edge of the second wall portion 24 of the annular skirt 8 which forms a flexible hinge member 28. The free end 26 of the flange 20 can be rotated between a downwardly extending (e.g. as molded) position (cf. position (a)), and an upwardly and inwardly extending engagement position (cf. position (d)). The engagement position is obtained when the closure 1 is fitted on the container 2. In the engagement position the free end 26 is disposed in the engagement position for engaging the circumferential rim 18 of the container 2 to restrict upward movement of the

circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 during removal of the closure 1. Thus, the package with the closure 1 and the container 2 comprises two cooperating protrusions which are arranged to engage for resulting in a localized increase of the effective diameter of the skirt 8 upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2, causing the tamper- indicating flangible connection 10 on the skirt 8 to sever as a result. In this way, a tamper proof closure for containers can be obtained which provides an effective visual indication of tampering.

The external rim 18 of the container 2 may form a radial locking surface protruding outwardly. The rim 18 may also be formed as a result of a recess arranged on the container 2. In order to be able to carry out the retaining function by means of the flange 20 of the hook member 22, the flange 20 can be formed such as to be relatively rigid. In this way, the flange can more firmly push against the rim 18, possibly enhancing the interaction when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1. The rim 18 of the container is a circumferential rounded protrusion extending from an exterior surface or wall 30 of the container 2. The skirt 8 further comprises a

circumferential protrusion 32 extending from an interior surface. Upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2, the circumferential protrusion may result in an at least local increase in the circumference (and/or diameter) of the skirt 8, resulting in breaking or tearing of the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 arranged on the skirt 8. Preferably, the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 is arranged in circumferential direction. Advantageously, the closure 1 can be manufactured in one piece.

The closure 1 comprises a circumferential body 4 and a skirt 8 depending therefrom. The skirt 8 may for example by a cylindrical skirt. The annular flange 20 of the hook member 22 may be dimensioned to create a wedge effect offering resistance to the skirt 8 when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2. In the shown

embodiment of fig. 7, the annular skirt 8 comprises a wedge 32 extending towards the container 2. Moving the circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 upwards can result in an interaction between the wedge 32 and the rim 18 of the container 2. As a result of the interaction, the skirt 8 can be deformed and an effective diameter can be effectively increased, resulting in breaking or tearing of the frangible connection arranged on the skirt 8.

The container 2 may have an annular convex surface projecting radially outwardly from the exterior wall forming an annular rim 18. The skirt 8 may have a threshold circumference at which the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 is arranged to break. When removing the closure 1 from the container 2, the diameter can continuously increase until the threshold circumference is reached. Alternatively, the closure 1 may also include means to incrementally or selectively increase the diameter. For example, the container 2 may have a plurality of rims 18 each resulting in another diameter of the skirt 8 as a result of the interaction with the circumferential protrusion 32. This is also envisaged for an embodiment with a hook member comprising a flange 20 hingedly connected to the skirt 8.

Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1. The tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 is arranged to become severed upon initial removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. The separation of the tamper- indicating frangible connection 10 is visible and can effectively indicate to the consumer prior usage. The skirt 8 comprises a hook member 22 with an upwardly- inwardly extending annular flange 20 including a free edge 26 which is arranged to ultimately engage a lower surface of the container rim 18 upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. In a stressed state as a result of forcefully moving the closure 1 from the container 2 for removal, the skirt 8 can diametrically expand while travelling over the rim 18 of the container 2 during upward urging.

The hook member 22 may form an annular band on the skirt 8. The annular band may be interrupted at the position of the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10. When the closure 1 is applied to the container 2, the annular hook member 22 may be folded radially inward and up towards an upper end of the closure 1.

When the diameter (and/or circumference) of the skirt 8 is expanded (e.g. radial expansion of the skirt 8), at least one of the bridge segments 14 can break. Hence, the non-frangible flap 12 may become detached from the skirt 8, at least on one side of the flap 12. In this example, the non-frangible flap 12 also comprises a hook member 22 attached thereto. Upon removal of the closure 1 from the container 2, the hook member 22 can abut underneath the peripheral rim 18 to create resistance for removing the closure 1 from the container 2. The hook member 22 and the rim 18 are caused to engage with one another. Further removal of the closure 1 causes the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 to sever. The non-frangible flap 12 can be pushed outward because the free end 26 of the flange 20 is pushed against the container. The flap 12 being pushed outwards makes the tampering more evident to a user.

Furthermore, the hook member 22 can be arranged along the periphery of the rest of the skirt 8, also forming an annular flap-like structure which folds up along an inner surface of the skirt 8 when the closure 1 is applied to a container 2. When an attempt is made to forcefully detach the closure from the container, the skirt is effectively retained by the annular flange 20 of the hook member 22 which abuts under a portion of an annular rim 18 arranged on the neck of the container 2. By arranging the tamper- indicating frangible connection 10 in circumferential direction, it becomes more difficult to manipulate the flaps of the hook member 22 in order to remove the closure 1 without activating the tamper mechanism.

Fig. 9 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1. A slit 34 is arranged along the periphery of the skirt 8 above the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10. The slit 34 can provide an increased stress concentration at the tamper- indicating frangible connection 10. In this example, the non-frangible flap 12 is not directly connected to a hook member 22. In this example, the tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 forms a circumferential weakened section. When at least one of the bridge segments 14 is broken, the non-frangible flap 12 moves from its original position, indicating tampering. Optionally the container 2 may be provided with an indication of tampering that becomes visible after, at least partial, moving of the non- frangible flap from its original position.

Fig. 10 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure 1, wherein the non-frangible flap 12 is recessed in the skirt 8. Additionally or alternatively, the non-frangible flap 12 may be provided in a recess arranged in the skirt 8. In this example, the non-frangible flap 12 is included in the annular flange 20 via the frangible bridges 14. In this example, the non-frangible flap 12 forms part of the flange 20. The flange 20 also extends along the rest of the skirt 8. The rim 18 on the container 2 and the flange 20 on the skirt 8 (forming hook member) can interact and lock together as removal of the closure is initiated. When the closure is moved away from the container, the annular flange 20 of the annular hook member 22 is pushed against the rim 18 of the container 2 substantially preventing the closure 1 from (further) axial movement. As a result of the pressure or force caused by the engagement, the effective diameter of the skirt 8 can increase, so that the at least one tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 may be caused to expand and fracture, thereby exposing the skirt 8 of the closure 1 to evidence of tampering or removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. Fig. 11 shows a top cross sectional view of different skirts 8 comprising a different number of tamper-indicating frangible connections 10. In fig. 11(a), the skirt 8 comprises only one frangible connection 10 extending only over a portion of the circumference of the skirt 8. In fig. 11 (b) and (c) a plurality of frangible connections 10 are distributed over the circumference of the skirt 8. The relative positions of the tamper-indicating frangible connections 10 on the circumference of the skirt 8 may enable a more even or more predictable opening location (due to tear or break) about the periphery of the closure 1 and the container neck. Advantageously, the plurality of tamper-indicating frangible connections 10 may be evenly distributed over the circumference of the skirt 8. In fig. 11 (b) two tamper-indicating frangible connections 10a, 10b are arranged on opposite sides of the skirt 8. In fig. 11 (c) four tamper-indicating frangible connections 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd are evenly disposed on the skirt 8, wherein tamper-indicating frangible connections 10a, 10b and frangible connections 10c, lOd are arranged on opposite sides of the skirt 8, respectively. If too many tamper-indicating frangible connections 10 are arranged along the circumference of the skirt 8, the increase in stress at the frangible connections may be reduced when attempting to remove the closure from the container. Preferably, the number of frangible connections is in the range of 1 to 8.

It may also be possible that the tamper-indicating frangible connections 10 are unevenly distributed over the circumference of the skirt 8.

Fig. 12 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper-evident closure

1. The closure 1 also comprises a top wall comprising a lid 6 allowing access to the container when it is opened. The lid 6 itself may also comprise tamper- evident means for indicating prior opening. Typically, one or more frangible bridges are employed as tamper- evident means for the lid 6.

A folded band is arranged on the closure 1 which serves as a hook so as to more strongly hold on to container 2. It also includes segmented portions which have weakened points, wherein the hook provides resistance for separation when a force is applied for separating the container 2 and closure 1, ultimately breaking the weakened points. Broken pieces provides clear missing parts on total closure which makes it visible that somebody tried to separate closure and container before the intended user. In this example, additionally, a highlighted/differentiated color print 36 is provided on container

2, being initially covered by the closure 1. Once the weakened points break, the highlighted/differentiated color print 36 may become visible to make sure that attention is drawn to the missing piece of the closure 1. Additionally or alternatively, a "do not use if seal is broken"- text or the like may be provided which becomes visible only when a detachable part 38 of the skirt 8 comes off as a result of tampering. Other means can be employed for visually drawing more attention to the user.

Also in this example, the annular flange 20 of the hook member 22 is hingedly connected at a hingeline 28 of the annular band or skirt 8. The flange 20 is adapted to engage a peripheral rim 18 on the neck of the container 2. The annular flange 20 may be pointing downwards initially and be flipped upwards upon attachment of the closure 1 to the container 2 (cf. fig. 6). The hook member may resemble a V, U, Y or J shape. Once the closure 1 is attached to the container 2, the hook member 22 can hook against the rim 18 of the container 2 when the closure 1 is pried upward. In this way, the tamper- indicating frangible connection 10 on the skirt 8 can be effectively severed when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2, thus indeed providing a clear indication to the user of a potential tampering to the container.

Fig. 13 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a tamper- evident closure 1 with a closable lid 6. In this embodiment, the lid 6 can be hingedly opened for providing access to the product inside the container. As a consumer, it is not required to remove the circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 from the container 2 in order to gain access to the product inside of the container. The closure is designed with the intention that the product inside the container 2 is solely retrieved by means of the lid 6 of the closure 1. The closure 1 further comprises means for indicating removal of the closure 1 from the container 2. The closure 1 is substantially coaxial with respect to the container 2.

Further, the closure 1 surrounds an upper portion of the container 2. Optionally, the closable lid 6 may further have a lock (not shown) comprising tamper- evident means formed by example by weakened bridges. Such a lock may be hingedly arranged on the circumferential body 4 of the closure 1 by means of hinge bridges so that the lid 6 can be locked again (e.g. after use). The tamper-evident means of the lock may indicate tampering or first use.

In this embodiment, the skirt 8 comprises weakened lines 44 which form a frangible connection. The skirt 8 may be an integral part of the closure 1 and depend from the circumferential body 4 of the closure 1. In this example, a plurality of weakened lines 44 are arranged along the periphery of the skirt 8 of the closure 1 in

circumferential direction such as to form a weakened frangible annular line. In this example, the weakened lines 44 are axial frangible connections, forming a connection between the circumferential body 4 and the skirt 8 in an axial direction of the circumferential body 4. If the circumferential body 4 is pulled upwards, a part of the skirt at a bottom side of the closure 1 can tear off. The weakened zones obtained by means of the plurality of weakened lines 44 which extend in circumferential direction (horizontal in figure) can result in tearing or breaking when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2. Tearing or breaking may occur in different ways. The tearing or breaking may occur in axial direction, however, it is possible that a tear propagates in a substantial circumferential direction of the closure 1. The closure 1 and/or container may provide visible indication as to whether the contents of a container have been tampered with. Alternatively or additionally, at least a number of the weakened lines 44 are replaced by longitudinal through-slits.

The weakened lines 44 can be broken or severed when attempts are made to remove the closure from the container. The weakened lines 44 are arranged to be fractured or severed because of an increased effective diameter of the skirt 8 when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2.

In this example, a line of weakness is formed along the circumference of the skirt 8, which is intended to be severed only when the closure is detached from the closure (e.g. for removal).

In this example, vertical cut-outs or notches 46 are arranged in the skirt 8. In this way, once the frangible weakened lines 44 are broken or torn off, at least a piece of the skirt 8 may come off, such that tampering may become more visible or clear to the consumer. Said piece of the skirt may then be missing, or projecting from the

circumferential body 4. In an example where the vertical cut-outs or notches 46 are missing, even if the weakened lines 44 are broken or torn off, said piece of the skirt 8 would not come off completely or project less, so that it would be less visible for the consumer that the package has been tampered with.

Further, by means of the cut-outs 46 an adequate load distribution can be achieved. Circumferential frangible connections may be provided bridging the cut-outs 46.

The cut-outs can make sure that the vertical force exerted on the lower part of the skirt 8, when the closure 1 is removed from the container 2, results in tearing. When the closure 1 is pulled upwards, it is the downward force on the skirt that results in tearing of the weakened lines 44, such that a part of the skirt 8 can break loose from the circumferential body 4.

The weakened lines 44 may form a discontinuity on the periphery of the skirt 8 which is more sensitive to an increase of the effective diameter of the skirt 8. In this way predictable breaking or tearing locations on the skirt 8 can be obtained, in case closure 1 is removed from the container 2. The weakened lines 44 may form a tamper-proof strip or a breakable/tearable bridge.

In the example, the container 2 has a cylindrical exterior wall. The mating closure 1 has a cylindrical exterior wall surrounding an aperture defined in the container.

Optionally, the aperture of the container is further sealed by means of a seal member (e.g. aluminium foil).

If the weakened lines 44 possess a thinner cross section, it can permit only a slight expansion of the material before it breaks or tears. In case of unauthorized

manipulation, the frangible connection will be more easily damaged or destroyed than the rest of the skirt.

It is appreciated that a frangible connection may be an integral bridge portion. Furthermore, the annular skirt may also be an integral with the circumferential body of the closure.

The closure 1 is suitable for all types of containers 2 having a peripheral rim, recess and/or protrusion, including containers 2 made of tin, plastic, glass, metal, etc. The shape and dimensions of the container 2 may depend on an industry standard if standard containers 2 are employed. The closure 1 is preferably made out of plastic. However, also other materials can be used.

The annular hook member 22 may have various shapes and forms. For example, the hook member can be substantially V, U, Y or J- shaped having in its transverse cross section an annular flange 20 which extends underneath the peripheral rim 18 of the container 2 upon final attachment of the closure 1 to the container 2. Such a shape may for example enable simple and rapid removal of the tamper indicating closure 1 from an injection casting tool.

The closure 1 may be a one-piece molded plastic closure 1. However, alternatively, it may also comprise a plurality of parts connected with respect to each other. Plastic materials such as polypropylene, polyethylene have a useful degree of elasticity. Other plastic materials such as polystyrene, polyvinyl, chloride, polyacrylates, polyamides, styrene, etc. can also be employed.

The tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 may be of a variety of types, such as for example a bridge element, a frangible link, a frangible bridge portion, a frangible zone of reduced thickness, e.g. joining two portions of the skirt, an interruption in the skirt 8 forming a weakened portion, circumferentially spaced bridge elements, severable ribs, material webs, etc. The tamper-indicating frangible connection 10 typically has appropriately thin dimensions in order to tear during removal of the closure from the container. It would also be conceivable to provide segments or a continuous ring of thin material membrane which tears under load or stress.

The hook member 22 may form a continuous annular flange or discontinuous annular flange along the periphery of the skirt 8. The annular flange 20 of the hook member 22 may extend axially upwardly and inwardly from the second wall portion 24 of the tamper indicating skirt 8 toward the wall 66 of the container 2. The annular flange 20 may be connected to the second wall portion 24 of the skirt 8 by a hinge portion. The annular flange 20 may have a free end 26 arranged to engage beneath the rim 18 on the container 2. Also the rim 18 may be continuous or discontinuous.

The closure can be used with many types of containers. For this purpose the container 2 comprises a circumferential rim 18. The circumferential rim 18 can also be formed by a portion of the container wall above an annular recess in the outer diameter of the container 2. A circumferential inwardly extending protrusion or recess arranged on the closure can be adapted to pass through or about an corresponding circumferential recess or protrusion arranged on the container 2. The circumferential recess or protrusion arranged on the container 2 may form a rim on the neck of the container. The closure 1 can for example be fitted onto the container 2.

The container and closure can take a wide variety of designs. The shown embodiments have a cylindrical form. However other shapes are also possible, such as oval, rectangular, polygonal, etc.

Herein, the invention is described with reference to specific examples of embodiments of the invention. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein, without departing from the essence of the invention. For the purpose of clarity and a concise description features are described herein as part of the same or separate examples or embodiments, however, alternative embodiments having combinations of all or some of the features described in these separate embodiments are also envisaged and understood to fall within the framework of the invention as outlined by the claims. The specifications, figures and examples are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than in a restrictive sense. The invention is intended to embrace all alternatives, modifications and variations which fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Further, many of the elements that are described are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, in any suitable combination and location. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word 'comprising' does not exclude the presence of other features or steps than those listed in a claim. Furthermore, the words 'a' and 'an' shall not be construed as limited to 'only one', but instead are used to mean 'at least one', and do not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to an advantage.