TARGETED ANTIMICROBIAL MOIETIES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of and priority to USSN 61/142,830, filed

January 6, 2009, USSN 61/151,445, filed February 10, 2009, USSN 61/243,905, filed September 18, 2009, and USSN 61/243,930, filed September 18, 2009, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT [ Not Applicable ]

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to novel targeting peptides, novel antimicrobial peptides, chimeric moieties comprising novel targeting and/or novel antimicrobial peptides and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Antibiotic research at the industrial level was originally focused on the identification of refined variants of already existing drugs. This resulted example, in the development of antibiotics such as newer penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones .

[0004] However, resistance to old and newer antibiotics among bacterial pathogens is evolving rapidly, as exemplified by extended beta-lactamase (ESBL) and quinolone resistant gram- negatives, multi-resistant gonococci, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), penicillin non- susceptible pneumococci (PNSP) and macrolide resistant pneumococci and streptococci {see, e.g., Panlilo et al. (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemio., 13: 582-586; Morris et al. (1995) Ann Intern Me., d 123: 250-259, and the like). An overuse, or improper use, of antibiotics is believed to be of great importance for triggering and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Microbes have, in many cases, adapted and are resistant to antibiotics due to constant exposure and improper use of the drugs.

[0005] Drug resistant pathogens represent a major economic burden for health-care systems. For example, postoperative and other nosocomial infections will prolong the need for hospital care and increase antibiotic drug expenses. It is estimated that the annual cost of treating drug resistant infections in the United States is approximately $5 billion.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In certain embodiments, novel targeting moieties (e.g., peptides) that specifically/preferentially bind to microorganisms (e.g., certain bacteria, yeasts, fungi, molds, viruses, algae, protozoa, and the like) are provided. The targeting moieties can be attached to effectors (e.g., detectable labels, drugs, antimicrobial peptides, etc.) to form chimeric constructs for specifically/preferentially delivering the effector to and/or into the target organism. In certain embodiments novel antimicrobial peptides that can be used to inhibit (e.g., kill and/or inhibit growth and/or proliferation) of certain microorganisms (e.g., certain bacteria, yeasts, fungi, molds, viruses, algae, protozoa, and the like) are provided.

[0007] Accordingly, in certain embodiments, a chimeric construct (chimeric moiety) is provided comprising: an effector attached to a peptide targeting moiety comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 3 and/or Table 12; and/or an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 4 and/or Table 5 attached to a targeting moiety. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a peptide found one or more of Table 3 and Table 12. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is a peptide comprising two or more amino acid sequences of a peptide found one or more of Table 3 and Table 12. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is a peptide whose amino acid sequence consists of the amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3.

[0008] In various embodiments the effector comprises a moiety selected from the group consisting of an antimicrobial peptide, an antibiotic, a ligand, a lipid or liposome, a agent that physically disrupts the extracellular matrix within a community of microorganisms, and a polymeric particle. In certain embodiments the effector comprises an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in one or more of Tables 4, 5, 14, and Table 15. In certain embodiments the effector comprises an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in one or more of Tables 4, and 5. In certain embodiments the effector comprises an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence characterized by a motif selected from the group consisting of KIF, FIK, KIH, HIK, and KIV (e.g., as identified in Table 7). In certain embodiments the construct comprises a targeting peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 3 attached to an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 4 and/or Table 5. In certain embodiments the construct comprises an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 4 attached to a targeting moiety comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 3 and/or Table 10, and/or Table 12. In certain embodiments the construct comprises a targeting peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 3 attached to an antimicrobial peptide comprising an amino acid sequence found in Table 4.

[0009] In various embodiments the targeting moiety is chemically conjugated to the effector (directly or via a linker). In certain embodiments the liker comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is chemically conjugated to the effector via a non-peptide linker found in Table 16. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is linked to the effector via a peptide linkage. In certain embodiments the effector comprises an antimicrobial peptide and the construct is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety is attached to the effector by a peptide linker comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence found in Table 16. In certain embodiments any of the constructs and/or peptides described herein bears one or more protecting groups. In certain embodiments the one or more protecting groups are independently selected from the group consisting of acetyl, amide, 3 to 20 carbon alkyl groups, fmoc, tboc, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-l-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, xanthyl (Xan), trityl (Trt), A- methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-benzenesulphonyl (Mtr), mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl (Mbh), tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethyl chroman-6- sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl (MeBzI), A- methoxybenzyl (MeOBzI), benzyloxy (BzIO), benzyl (BzI), benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2- pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), l-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6- dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl-Z), 2- bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br-Z), benzyloxymethyl (Bom), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO), t-butoxymethyl (Bum), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), and trifluoroacetyl (TFA). In certain embodiments the peptide and/or construct comprises a protecting group at a carboxyl and/or amino terminus. In certain embodiments the carboxyl terminus is amidated and/or the amino terminus is acetylated. In various embodiments the chimeric construct and/or peptide is functionalized with a polymer {e.g., comprises polyethylene glycol, cellulose, modified cellulose, dextrin, etc.) to increase serum halflife. [0010] In certain embodiments pharmaceutical compositions are provided. In various embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a chimeric construct as described herein (e.g., a chimeric construct according to any of claims 1-26) and/or an antimicrobial peptide as described herein, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments the composition is formulated as a unit dosage formulation. In certain embodiments the composition is formulated for administration by a modality selected from the group consisting of intraperitoneal administration, topical administration, oral administration, inhalation administration, transdermal administration, subdermal depot administration, systemic IV application, ocular administration, and rectal administration. [0011] In certain embodiments isolated antimicrobial peptides are provided. In various embodiments the peptides comprise one or more sequences selected from the amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 (and/or the retro, inverso, retroinverso, or beta forms). In various embodiments the antimicrobial peptide bears one or more protecting groups e.g., as described herein. [0012] In certain embodiments a composition effective to kill or to inhibit the growth and/or of a microorganism and/or the formation and/or maintenance of a biofilm is provided. The composition typically comprises one or more isolated antimicrobial peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 (and/or their retro, inverso, or retroinverso forms). In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a yeast or fungus, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified (e.g., in those tables) as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a yeast or fungus. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of Aspergillus niger and the composition comprises one or more peptides, , the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of Aspergillus niger. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. albicans and the composition comprises one or more peptides, , the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. albicans. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of T. rubrum and the composition comprises one or more peptides, , the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of T. rubrum. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a bacterium, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a bacterium. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram positive bacterium, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram positive bacterium. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. naeslundii, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. naeslundii. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of B. subtilis, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of B. subtilis. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. difficile, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. difficile. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jeikeium, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jeikeium. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. faecalis, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. faecalis. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of M. luteus, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of M. luteus. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of MRSA, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of MRSA. In certain embodiments composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. epidermidis, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. epidermidis. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. mutans, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. mutans. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. pneumoniae, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. pneumoniae. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram negative bacterium, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram negative bacterium. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. baumannii, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. baumannii. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jejuni, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jejuni. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. coli, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. coli. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of F. nucleatum, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of F. nucleatum. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. coli, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of M. xanthus. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. aeruginosa, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. aeruginosa. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. gingivalis, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. gingivalis. In certain embodiments the composition is effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. mirabilis, and the composition comprises one or more peptides, the amino acid sequences of the peptides comprising one or more sequences selected from the group of amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 and/or Table 5 identified as effective to effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. mirabilis.

[0013] In various embodiments one or more of the peptides comprising the composition comprise all "L" amino acids or all "D" amino acids, or a mixture of "L" and "D" amino acids. In various embodiments one or more of the peptides comprising the composition are β peptides. In various embodiments one or more of the peptides comprising the composition comprise one or more protecting groups {e.g. protected carboxyl and/or amino termini). In various embodiments one or more of the peptides comprising the composition comprise an amide on the carboxyl terminus and/or an acetyl on the amino terminus. In various embodiments the peptides comprising the composition are in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments the carrier is suitable for administration via a route selected from the group consisting of topical administration, aerosol administration, administration via inhalation, oral administration, and/or rectal administration.

[0014] In various embodiments methods are provided for killing and/or inhibiting the growth and/or proliferation of a microorganism and or for disrupting and/or inhibiting the growth and/or maintenance of a biofilm, the method comprising contacting the microorganism (or a biofilm comprising the microorganism) with a chimeric construct as described herein {e.g., see description above, and/or a chimeric construct according to any one of claims 1-29), or with an antimicrobial peptide as described herein, and/or with a composition as described herein {e.g., a composition according to any one of claims 30-65). In certain embodiments the microorganism is a yeast or fungus and the chimeric construct or composition is a chimeric construct comprising an effector identified as killing a yeast or fungus, or a composition comprising an antimicrobial peptide described herein as killing a yeast or fungus. In certain embodiments the microorganism is a bacterium {e.g., gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium) and the chimeric construct or composition is a chimeric construct comprising an effector identified as killing a bacterium {e.g., gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium), or a composition comprising an antimicrobial peptide described herein as killing a gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium. In certain embodiments the effector is an antimicrobial peptide. In certain embodiments he microorganism is S. mutans, and the chimeric construct or composition is applied to the oral cavity of an animal or human, e.g., to reduces the incidence or severity of dental caries and/or periodontal disease). In certain embodiments the chimeric construct or composition preferentially targets Corynebacterium spp. and the chimeric construct or composition is applied to the skin surface of an animal or human {e.g., to reduce body odor).

[0015] Methods are also provided for disinfecting a surface. The methods typically involve contacting the surface with one or more chimeric constructs described herein {e.g. a construct according to any one of claims 1-29), or a composition as described herein {e.g., a composition according to any one of claims 30-65). In certain embodiments, the surface comprises a surface of a prosthesis or medical implant. In certain embodiments the surface comprises a surface of a medical device. In certain embodiments the surface comprises a surface of a plant or foodstuff. In certain embodiments the chimeric construct and/or the antimicrobial peptide(s) are combined with a second disinfectant selected from the group consisting of other antimicrobial agent is a disinfectant selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic, formic, propionic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, phenol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hypochlorites, chlorine dioxide, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, chloramine- T, iodine, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and benzalkonium chloride.

[0016] In various embodiments the use of a chimeric construct described herein and/or an antimicrobial composition as described herein {e.g., a chimeric construct according to any one of claims 1-29, or a composition according to any one of claims 30- 65) in the manufacture of a medicament for killing and/or inhibiting the growth and/or proliferation of a microorganism and/or inhibiting the growth and/or maintenance of a biofilm comprising the microorganism is provided. In certain embodiments the microorganism is a yeast or fungus and the chimeric construct or composition is a chimeric construct comprising an effector identified as killing a yeast or fungus, or a composition comprising an antimicrobial peptide described herein as killing a yeast or fungus. In certain embodiments the microorganism is a bacterium {e.g., gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium) and the chimeric construct or composition is a chimeric construct comprising an effector identified as killing a bacterium {e.g., gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium), or a composition comprising an antimicrobial peptide described herein as killing a gram negative and/or gram positive bacterium. In certain embodiments the effector is an antimicrobial peptide.

[0017] In various embodiments methods are also provided for of detecting a bacterium and/or a bacterial film (e.g., a biofilm comprising the bacteria). The methods typically involve contacting the bacterium or bacterial film with a composition comprising a detectable label attached to a targeting peptide comprising one or more amino acid sequences found Table 3 and/or Table 12; and detecting the detectable label where the quantity and/or location of the detectable label is an indicator of the presence of the bacterium and/or bacterial film. In certain embodiments the targeting peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3 (and/or the retro, inverso, retroin verso form of the sequence). In certain embodiments the detectable label is a label selected from the group consisting of a radioactive label, a radio-opaque label, a fluorescent dye, a fluorescent protein, an enzymatic label, a colorimetric label, and a quantum dot.

[0018] Certain compositions are also provided comprising a photosensitizing or photoactivatable agent attached to a targeting peptide (e.g., a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3 and/or Table 12). In certain embodiments the targeting peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is an agent selected from the group consisting of a porphyrinic macrocycle, a porphyrin, a chlorine, a crown ether, an acridine, an azine, a phthalocyanine, a cyanine, a psoralen, a cucumin, and a perylenequinonoid. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent comprises one or more agents agent shown in any of Figures 1-12. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is attached to the targeting peptide by a non-peptide linker (e.g., a polyethylene glycol (PEG)). In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is attached to the targeting peptide by a non-peptide linker found in Table 16.

[0019] In various embodiments methods are provided for killing and/or for inhibiting the growth and/or proliferation of a microorganism or a biofilm comprising a microorganism, where the methods involve contacting the microorganism or biofilm with a composition comprising a photosensitizing or photoactivatable agent attached to a targeting peptide (e.g., a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3 and/or Table 12). In certain embodiments the targeting peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence of a peptide found in Table 3. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is an agent selected from the group consisting of a porphyrinic macrocycle, a porphyrin, a chlorine, a crown ether, an acridine, an azine, a phthalocyanine, a cyanine, a psoralen, a cucumin, and a perylenequinonoid. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent comprises one or more agents agent shown in any of Figures 1-12. In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is attached to the targeting peptide by a non-peptide linker (e.g., a polyethylene glycol (PEG)). In certain embodiments the photosensitizing agent is attached to the targeting peptide by a non-peptide linker found in Table 16. In certain embodiments the method further comprises exposing the microorganism or biofilm to a light source. In certain embodiments the microorganism is a microorganism selected from the group consisting of a bacterium (e.g., a gram positive and/or a gram negative bacterium), a yeast, a fungus, a protozoan, and a virus. In certain embodiments the biofilm comprises a bacterial film. In certain embodiments the biofilm is a biofilm on an implanted or implantable medical device. In certain embodiments the microorganism or biofilm is an organism or biofilm in an oral cavity.

[0020] In various embodiments certain formulations are provided. Typical formulations include, but are not limited to a targeting peptide, an antimicrobial peptide, and/or a STAMP; and a salt at a concentration comparable to that found in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) ranging from about 0.5 X PBS to about 2.5 X PBS. In certain embodiments the formulation comprises a targeting peptide found in Tables 3 or 10. In certain embodiments the formulation comprises an anύ-S. mutαns peptide targeting peptide (e.g., as identified in Tables 3 or 12). In certain embodiments the anti-5. mutαns targeting peptide has the amino acid sequence TFFRLFNRSFTQALGK (SEQ ID NO:1). In certain embodiments the anti-5. mutαns targeting peptide is attached to an antimicrobial peptide. In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptide is a peptide found in Tables 4, 5, or 14. In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptide has the amino acid sequence KNLRIIRKGIHIIKKY (SEQ ID NO:3082). In certain embodiments the formulation comprises the amino acid sequence of the C16G2 STAMP

(TFFRLFNRSFTQALGKGGGKNLRIIRKGIHIIKKY, (SEQ ID NO:2). In various embodiments the targeting peptide, antimicrobial peptide, and/or a STAMP bears one or more protecting groups. In certain embodiments the protecting group(s) are independently selected from the group consisting of acetyl, amide, 3 to 20 carbon alkyl groups, Fmoc, Tboc, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9- fluorenone-1-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, Xanthyl (Xan), Trityl (Trt), 4- methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-benzenesulphonyl (Mtr), Mesitylene-2- sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl (Mbh),Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethyl chroman-6-sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl (MeBzI), A- methoxybenzyl (MeOBzI), Benzyloxy (BzIO), Benzyl (BzI), Benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2- pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), l-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6- dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl-Z), 2- bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br-Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Bom), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO),t-butoxymethyl (Bum), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), and Trifluoroacetyl (TFA). In certain embodiments the targeting peptide, antimicrobial peptide, and/or a STAMP is amidated at the carboxyl terminus and/or bears an acetyl group at the amino terminus. In certain embodiments the pH of the formulation ranges from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.5. In certain embodiments the pH is about pH 7.4. In various embodiments the salt is at a concentration comparable to that found in IX PBS. In certain embodiments the formulation comprises PBS. In certain embodiments the formulation of further comprising ethanol, and/or glycerin, and/or polyethylene glycol, and/or fluoride.

DEFINITIONS

[0021] The term "peptide" as used herein refers to a polymer of amino acid residues typically ranging in length from 2 to about 50 or about 60 residues. In certain embodiments the peptide ranges in length from about 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, or 11 residues to about 60, 50, 45, 40, 45, 30, 25, 20, or 15 residues. In certain embodiments the peptide ranges in length from about 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 residues to about 15, 20 or 25 residues. In certain embodiments the amino acid residues comprising the peptide are "L-form" amino acid residues, however, it is recognized that in various embodiments, "D" amino acids can be incorporated into the peptide. Peptides also include amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. In addition, the term applies to amino acids joined by a peptide linkage or by other, "modified linkages" (e.g., where the peptide bond is replaced by an α-ester, a β-ester, a thioamide, phosphonamide, carbomate, hydroxylate, and the like (see, e.g., Spatola, (1983) Chem. Biochem. Amino Acids and Proteins 7: 267-357), where the amide is replaced with a saturated amine (see, e.g., Skiles et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,542, which is incorporated herein by reference, and Kaltenbronn et al., (1990) Pp. 969-970 in Proc. 11th American Peptide Symposium, ESCOM Science Publishers, The Netherlands, and the like)). [0022] The term "residue"" as used herein refers to natural, synthetic, or modified amino acids. Various amino acid analogues include, but are not limited to 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine (beta-aminopropionic acid), 2-aminobutyric acid, A- aminobutyric acid, piperidinic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2- aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4 diaminobutyric acid, desmosine, 2,2'-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, n-ethylglycine, n- ethylasparagine, hydroxylysine, allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, n-methylglycine, sarcosine, n-methylisoleucine, 6-n- methyllysine, n-methylvaline, norvaline, norleucine, ornithine, and the like. These modified amino acids are illustrative and not intended to be limiting.

[0023] "β-peptides" comprise of "β amino acids", which have their amino group bonded to the β carbon rather than the α-carbon as in the 20 standard biological amino acids. The only commonly naturally occurring β amino acid is β-alanine.

[0024] Peptoids, or ^-substituted glycines, are a specific subclass of peptidomimetics. They are closely related to their natural peptide counterparts, but differ chemically in that their side chains are appended to nitrogen atoms along the molecule's backbone, rather than to the α-carbons (as they are in natural amino acids).

[0025] The terms "conventional" and "natural" as applied to peptides herein refer to peptides, constructed only from the naturally-occurring amino acids: Ala, Cys, Asp, GIu, GIu, Phe, GIy, His, He, Lys, Leu, Met, Asn, Pro, GIn, Arg, Ser, Thr, VaI, Trp, and Tyr. A compound of the invention "corresponds" to a natural peptide if it elicits a biological activity (e.g., antimicrobial activity) related to the biological activity and/or specificity of the naturally occurring peptide. The elicited activity may be the same as, greater than or less than that of the natural peptide. In general, such a peptoid will have an essentially corresponding monomer sequence, where a natural amino acid is replaced by an N- substituted glycine derivative, if the N-substituted glycine derivative resembles the original amino acid in hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, polarity, etc. The following are illustrative, but non-limiting N-substituted glycine replacements: N-(l-methylprop-l-yl)glycine substituted for isoleucine (lie), N-(prop-2-yl)glycine for valine (VaI), N-benzylglycine for phenylanlaine (Phe), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine for serine (Ser), and the like. In certain embodiments substitutions need not be "exact". Thus for example, in certain embodiments N-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine may substitute for Ser, Thr, Cys, and/or Met; N-(2-methylprop- l-yl)glycine may substitute for VaI, Leu, and/or He. In certain embodiments N-(2- hydroxyethyl)glycine can be used to substitute for Thr and Ser, despite the structural differences: the side chain in N-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine is one methylene group longer than that of Ser, and differs from Thr in the site of hydroxy- substitution. In general, one may use an N-hydroxyalkyl-substituted glycine to substitute for any polar amino acid, an N-benzyl- or N-aralkyl-substituted glycine to replace any aromatic amino acid (e.g., Phe, Trp, etc.), an N-alkyl-substituted glycine such as N-butylglycine to replace any nonpolar amino acid (e.g., Leu, VaI, He, etc.), and an N-(aminoalkyl)glycine derivative to replace any basic polar amino acid (e.g., Lys and Arg).

[0026] Where an amino acid sequence is provided herein, L-, D-, or beta amino acid versions of the sequence are also contemplated as well as retro, inversion, and retro- inversion isoforms. In addition, conservative substitutions (e.g., in the binding peptide, and/or antimicrobial peptide, and/or linker peptide) are contemplated. Non-protein backbones, such as PEG, alkane, ethylene bridged, ester backbones, and other backbones are also contemplated. Also fragments ranging in length from about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 amino acids up to the full length minus one amino acid of the peptide are contemplated where the fragment retains at least 50%, preferably at least 60% 70% or 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or at least 100% of the activity (e.g., binding specificity and/or avidity, antimicrobial activity, etc.) of the full length peptide are contemplated. [0027] A "compound antimicrobial peptide" or "compound AMP" refers to a construct comprising two or more AMPs joined together. The AMPs can be joined directly or through a linker. They can be chemically conjugated or, where joined directly together or through a peptide linker can comprise a fusion protein.

[0028] In certain embodiments, conservative substitutions of the amino acids comprising any of the sequences described herein are contemplated. In various embodiments one, two, three, four, or five different residues are substituted. The term "conservative substitution" is used to reflect amino acid substitutions that do not substantially alter the activity (e.g., antimicrobial activity and/or specificity) of the molecule. Typically conservative amino acid substitutions involve substitution one amino acid for another amino acid with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity). Certain conservative substitutions include "analog substitutions" where a standard amino acid is replaced by a non-standard (e.g., rare, synthetic, etc) amino acid differing minimally from the parental residue. Amino acid analogs are considered to be derived synthetically from the standard amino acids without sufficient change to the structure of the parent, are isomers, or are metabolite precursors. Examples of such "analog substitutions" include, but are not limited to, 1) Lys-Orn, 2) Leu-Norleucine, 3) Lys- Lys[TFA], 4) Phe-Phe[Gly], and 5) δ-amino butylglycine-ξ-amino hexylglycine, where Phe[gly] refers to phenylglycine(a Phe derivative with a H rather than CH ₃ component in the R group), and Lys[TFA] refers to a Lys where a negatively charged ion (e.g., TFA) is attached to the amine R group. Other conservative substitutions include "functional substitutions" where the general chemistries of the two residues are similar, and can be sufficient to mimic or partially recover the function of the native peptide. Strong functional substitutions include, but are not limited to 1) Gly/Ala, 2) Arg/Lys, 3) Ser/Tyr/Thr, 4) Leu/ϋe/Val, 5) Asp/Glu, 6) Gln/Asn, and 7) Phe/Trp/Tyr, while other functional substitutions include, but are not limited to 8) GIy/ Ala/Pro, 9) Tyr/His, 10) Arg/Lys/His, 11) Ser/Thr/Cys, 12) Leu/Ile/Val/Met, and 13) Met/Lys (special case under hydrophobic conditions). Various "broad conservative substations" include substitutions where amino acids replace other amino acids from the same biochemical or biophysical grouping. This is similarity at a basic level and stems from efforts to classify the original 20 natural amino acids. Such substitutions include 1) nonpolar side chains: Gly/Ala/Val/Leu/Ile/Met/Pro/Phe/Trp, and/or 2) uncharged polar side chains Ser/Thr/Asn/Gln/Tyr/Cys. In certain embodiments broad -level substitutions can also occur as paired substitutions. For example, Any hydrophilic neutral pair [Ser, Thr, GIn, Asn, Tyr, Cys] + [Ser, Thr, GIn, Asn, Tyr, Cys] can may be replaced by a charge-neutral charged pair [Arg, Lys, His] + [Asp, GIu]. The following six groups each contain amino acids that, in certain embodiments, are typical conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K), Histidine (H); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W). Where amino acid sequences are disclosed herein, amino acid sequences comprising, one or more of the above-identified conservative substitutions are also contemplated.

[0029] In certain embodiments, targeting peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and/or STAMPs compromising at least 80%, preferably at least 85% or 90%, and more preferably at least 95% or 98% sequence identity with any of the sequences described herein are also contemplated. The terms "identical" or percent "identity," refer to two or more sequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. With respect to the peptides of this invention sequence identity is determined over the full length of the peptide. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch (1970) /. MoL Biol. 48: 443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL, USA, 85: 2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI), or by visual inspection.

[0030] The term "specificity" when used with respect to the antimicrobial activity of a peptide indicates that the peptide preferentially inhibits growth and/or proliferation and/or kills a particular microbial species as compared to other related and/or unrelated microbes. In certain embodiments the preferential inhibition or killing is at least 10% greater (e.g.,

LD ₅₀ is 10% lower), preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%, more preferably at least 2- fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold greater for the target species.

[0031] "Treating" or "treatment" of a condition as used herein may refer to preventing the condition, slowing the onset or rate of development of the condition, reducing the risk of developing the condition, preventing or delaying the development of symptoms associated with the condition, reducing or ending symptoms associated with the condition, generating a complete or partial regression of the condition, or some combination thereof.

[0032] The term "consisting essentially of" when used with respect to an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) or AMP motif as described herein, indicates that the peptide or peptides encompassed by the library or variants, analogues, or derivatives thereof possess substantially the same or greater antimicrobial activity and/or specificity as the referenced peptide. In certain embodiments substantially the same or greater antimicrobial activity indicates at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the anti microbial activity of the referenced peptide(s) against a particular bacterial species (e.g., S. mutans).

[0033] The term "porphyrinic macrocycle" refers to a porphyrin or porphyrin derivative. Such derivatives include porphyrins with extra rings ortho-fused, or orthoperifused, to the porphyrin nucleus, porphyrins having a replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the porphyrin ring by an atom of another element (skeletal replacement), derivatives having a replacement of a nitrogen atom of the porphyrin ring by an atom of another element (skeletal replacement of nitrogen), derivatives having substituents other than hydrogen located at the peripheral (meso-, .beta.-) or core atoms of the porphyrin, derivatives with saturation of one or more bonds of the porphyrin (hydroporphyrins, e.g., chlorins, bacteriochlorins, isobacteriochlorins, decahydroporphyrins, corphins, pyrrocorphins, etc.), derivatives obtained by coordination of one or more metals to one or more porphyrin atoms (metalloporphyrins), derivatives having one or more atoms, including pyrrolic and pyrromethenyl units, inserted in the porphyrin ring (expanded porphyrins), derivatives having one or more groups removed from the porphyrin ring (contracted porphyrins, e.g., corrin, corrole) and combinations of the foregoing derivatives (e.g. phthalocyanines, porphyrazines, naphthalocyanines, subphthalocyanines, and porphyrin isomers). Certain porphyrinic macrocycles comprise at least one 5-membered ring. [0034] As used herein, an "antibody" refers to a protein consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes or fragments of immunoglobulin genes. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.

[0035] A typical immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit is known to comprise a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kD) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kD). The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms variable light chain (V _L ) and variable heavy chain (V _H ) refer to these light and heavy chains respectively. [0036] Antibodies exist as intact immunoglobulins or as a number of well characterized fragments produced by digestion with various peptidases. Thus, for example, pepsin digests an antibody below the disulfide linkages in the hinge region to produce F(ab)' ₂ , a dimer of Fab which itself is a light chain joined to V _H -C _H I by a disulfide bond. The F(ab)' ₂ may be reduced under mild conditions to break the disulfide linkage in the hinge region thereby converting the (Fab') ₂ dimer into an Fab' monomer. The Fab' monomer is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, Fundamental Immunology, W.E. Paul, ed., Raven Press, N. Y. (1993), for a more detailed description of other antibody fragments). While various antibody fragments are defined in terms of the digestion of an intact antibody, one of skill will appreciate that such Fab' fragments may be synthesized de novo either chemically or by utilizing recombinant DNA methodology. Thus, the term antibody, as used herein also includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies, including, but are not limited to, Fab' ₂ , IgG, IgM, IgA, scFv, dAb, nanobodies, unibodies, and diabodies.

[0037] In certain embodiments antibodies and fragments of the present invention can be bispecific. Bispecific antibodies or fragments can be of several configurations. For example, bispecific antibodies may resemble single antibodies (or antibody fragments) but have two different antigen binding sites (variable regions). In various embodiments bispecific antibodies can be produced by chemical techniques (Kranz et al. (198 \)Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL, USA, 78: 5807), by "polydoma" techniques (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,893), or by recombinant DNA techniques. In certain embodiments bispecific antibodies of the present invention can have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes, at least one of which is an epitope of a microbial organism.. The microbial binding antibodies and fragments can also be heteroantibodies. Heteroantibodies are two or more antibodies, or antibody binding fragments (e.g., Fab) linked together, each antibody or fragment having a different specificity.

[0038] The term "STAMP" refers to Specifically Targeted Anti-Microbial Peptides.

In various embodiments, a STAMP comprises one or more peptide targeting moieties attached to one or more antimicrobial moieties (e.g.., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)). An MH-STAMP is a STAMP bearing two or more targeting domains (i.e., a multi-headed STAMP). [0039] The terms "isolated" "purified" or "biologically pure" refer to material which is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany it as found in its native state. In the case of a peptide, an isolated (naturally occurring) peptide is typically substantially free of components with which it is associated in the cell, tissue, or organism. The term isolated also indicates that the peptide is not present in a phage display, yeast display, or other peptide library.

[0040] In various embodiments the amino acid abbreviations shown in Table 1 are used herein.

Table 1. Amino acid abbreviations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Figure 1 shows some illustrative porphyrins (compounds 92-99) suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors.

[0042] Figure 2 shows some illustrative porphyrins (compounds 100-118) suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors.

[0043] Figure 3 shows some illustrative porphyrins (in particular phthalocyanines)

(compounds 119-128) suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors.

[0044] Figure 4 illustrates the structures of two phthalocyanines, Monoastral Fast

Blue B and Monoastral Fast Blue G suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors.

[0045] Figure 5 illustrates certain azine photosensitizers suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein.

[0046] Figure 6 shows illustrative cyanine suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein. [0047] Figure 7 shows illustrative psoralen (angelicin) photosensitizers suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein.

[0048] Figure 8 shows illustrative hypericin and the perylenequinonoid pigments suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein.

[0049] Figure 9 shows illustrative acridines suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein.

[0050] Figure 10 illustrates the structure of the acridine Rose Bengal.

[0051] Figure 11 illustrates various crown ethers suitable for use as targeting moieties and/or antimicrobial effectors in the compositions and methods described herein.

[0052] Figure 12 illustrates the structure of cumin. [0053] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a targeted light- activated porphyrin we have constructed: C16-P18 comprising a porphyrin coupled to a C16 (SEQ ID NO:3) targeting sequence.

[0054] Figure 14 schematically shows some illustrative configurations for chimeric constructs described herein. A: Shows a single targeting moiety Tl attached to a single effector El by a linker/spacer L. B: Shows multiple targeting moieties Tl, T2, T3 attached directly to each other and attached by a linker L to a single effector El. In various embodiments Tl, T2, and T3, can be domains in a fusion protein. C: Shows multiple targeting moieties Tl, T2, T3 attached to each other by linkers L and attached by a linker L to a single effector El. In various embodiments Tl, T2, and T3, can be domains in a fusion protein. D: Shows a single targeting moiety Tl attached by a linker L to multiple effectors El, E2, and E3 joined directly to each other. E: Shows a single targeting moiety Tl attached by a linker L to multiple effectors El, E2, and E3 joined to each other by linkers L. F: Shows multiple targeting moieties joined directly to each other and by a linker L to multiple effectors joined to each other by linkers L. G: Shows multiple targeting moieties joined to each other by linkers L and by a linker L to multiple effectors joined to each other by linkers L. In various embodiments Tl, T2, and T3, and/or El, E2, and E3 can be domains in a fusion protein. H: Illustrates a branched configuration where multiple targeting moieties are linked to a single effector. I: Illustrates a dual branched configuration where multiple targeting moieties are linked to multiple effectors. J: Illustrates a branched configuration where multiple targeting moieties are linked to multiple effectors where the effectors are joined to each other in a linear configuration.

[0055] Figure 15 illustrates various MH-STAMPs used in Example 1. The design, sequence, and observed mass (m/z) for M8(KH)-20 (SEQ ID NOs:4, 5, and 6), BL(KH)-20 (SEQ ID 7, 8, and 9), and M8(BL)-20 (SEQ ID 10, 11, and 12).

[0056] Figures 16A and 16B show HPLC and MS spectra of M8(KH)-20. The quality of the completed MH-STAMP was analyzed by HPLC (Fig. 16A) and MALDI mass spectroscopy (Fig. 16B). At UV absorbance 215 nm (260 and 280 nm are also plotted), a single major product was detected by HPLC (* retention volume 11.04 mL). After fraction collection, the correct mass (m/z) for single-charged M8(KH)-20, 4884.91 (marked by *), was observed for this peak. Y-axis: 16A, mAU miliabsorbance units; 16B, percent intensity. [0057] Figure 17A-17E show growth inhibitory activity of MH-STAMPs.

Monocultures of S. mutans (Fig. 17A); P. aeruginosa (Fig. 17B); S. epidermidis (Fig. 17C); S. aureus (Fig. 17D); or E. coli (Fig. 17E); were treated with peptides (as indicated in the figure) for 10 min. Agent was then removed and fresh media returned. Culture recovery was measured over time (OD600). Plots represent the average of at least 3 independent experiments with standard deviations.

[0058] Figure 18 illustrates the selective activity of dual-targeted and single-targeted

MH-STAMPs in mixed culture. A mixture of P. aeruginosa (Pa), S. mutans (Sm), E. coli (Ec), and S. epidermidis (Se) planktonic cells were mixed with MH-STAMPs (as indicated in the figure) and treated 24 h. After incubation, cfu/mL of remaining constituent species were quantitated after plating to selective media. * indicates under 200 surviving cfu/mL recovered.

[0059] Figures 19A and 19B illustrate Rose Bengal (Fig. 19A) and synthesis scheme for C16-RB, halides and side-chains omitted for clarity (Fig. 19B). [0060] Figure 20 shows LC/MS profile C 16-RB. Purity and molecular mass of

C16-RB was confirmed by LC/MS. A single product was observed at 11.92 min with mass species at 1040.8 and 1560.25 daltons. Expected C16-RB mas: m/z = 3118, m ²⁺ /z = 1559, m ³⁺ /z = 1039.

[0061] Figure 21 illustrates activity of RB and C16-RB against single-species S. mutans biofilms. * indicates fewer than 100 cfu/mL recovered

[0062] Figure 22 shows S. mu tans- specific C 16-RB activity. C 16-RB, and not RB alone, preferentially eliminated S. mutans, and not other oral streptococci, after blue light illumination.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0063] In various embodiments, novel "targeting" peptides are identified that specifically or preferentially bind particular microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, yeasts, fungi, etc.). These peptides can be used alone to bind/capture and thereby identify and/or isolate particular target microorganisms, or they can be attached to one or more effectors (e.g., drugs, labels, etc.) and used as targeting moieties thereby providing a chimeric moiety that preferentially or specifically delivers the effector to a target microorganism, a population of target microorganisms, a microbial film, a biofilm, and the like. [0064] In various embodiments novel peptides having antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and/or viruses and/or having activity that inhibits the growth or maintenance of biofilms comprising such microorganisms are provided. The AMPs can be used to inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a microbial species and/or the growth and/formation and/or maintenance of a biofilm comprising the microbial species.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the targeting moieties can be attached to antimicrobial peptides to form Specifically Targeted Anti-Microbial Peptides (STAMPs). In certain embodiments attachment of one or more targeting moieties/peptides to one or more antimicrobial peptides can narrow the spectrum of activity of the AMP(s) to provide efficacy against one or a few target microorganisms without substantially disrupting the remaining microbial ecology and thereby provide increased efficacy with fewer side effects.

[0066] In certain embodiments STAMPs or effector peptides can be delivered against pathogenic bacteria by being cloned and expressed in probiotic organisms for therapeutic delivery in vivo. Recombinant expression (and overexpression) and export of antimicrobial peptides and other peptides are well documented in bacteria, including species that are also utilized as probiotics.

[0067] In various embodiments the targeting peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and/or

STAMPs can be formulated individually, in combination with each other, in combination with other antimicrobial peptides, and/or in combination with various antibacterial agents to provide antimicrobial reagents and/or pharmaceuticals.

[0068] Accordingly, in certain embodiments this invention provides peptides having antimicrobial activity, compositions comprising the peptides, methods of using the peptides (or compositions thereof) to inhibit the growth of or kill a wide variety of microbial targets and methods of using the peptides (or compositions thereof) to treat or prevent microbial infections and diseases related thereto in both plants and animals.

[0069] The various peptides (targeting peptides, AMPs, STAMPs, etc.) described herein exhibit antimicrobial activity, being biostatic or biocidal against a certain microbial targets, including but not limited to, Gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Porphyromonas gingivalis; Gram-positive bacteria such as Actinomyces naeslundii, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus (and MRSA), S. epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pneumoniae; and yeast or fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur, and Trichophyton rubrum (see, e.g., Table 2). Significantly, various peptides described herein are biostatic or biocidal against clinically relevant pathogens exhibiting multi-drug resistance such as, for example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ("MRSA").

Table 2. Illustrative target microorganisms and associated pathology.

[0070] The various agents described herein (targeting peptides, compound targeting peptides, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and/or compound AMPs, STAMPs and/or other chimeric moieties), or compositions thereof, are useful as biocidal or biostatic or fungicidal or fungistatic agents and/or virucidal agents in a wide variety of applications. For example, the agents can be used to disinfect or preserve a variety of materials including medical instruments, foodstuffs, medicaments, cosmetics and other nutrient-containing materials. Various peptides described herein are particularly useful as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents against multi-drug-resistant pathogens such as MRSA in a variety of clinical settings.

[0071] The agents described herein, or compositions thereof, are also useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of microbial infections and diseases related thereto in both plants and animals. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, Gram-negative and Gram- positive bacterial infections, endocarditis, pneumonia and other respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, systemic candidiasis, oral mucositis, fungal infections, biofilm formation or maintenance (e.g., on medical implants), and the like.

[0072] In various embodiments, the agents described herein can be formulated individually, in combination with each other, in combination with other antimicrobial peptides, and/or in combination with various antibiotic (e.g., antibacterial) agents in "home healthcare" formulations. Such formulations include, but are not limited to toothpaste, mouthwash, tooth whitening strips or solutions, contact lens storage, wetting, or cleaning solutions, dental floss, toothpicks, toothbrush bristles, oral sprays, oral lozenges, nasal sprays, aerosolizers for oral and/or nasal application, wound dressings (e.g., bandages), and the like.

[0073] Such applications are illustrative and not limiting. Using the teachings provided herein other uses of the AMPs and compositions described herein will be recognized by one of

I. Targeting peptides.

A) Uses of targeting peptides.

[0074] The novel microorganism-binding peptides (targeting peptides) described herein can be used to preferentially or specifically deliver an effector to a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, an algae, etc.), to a bacterial film, to a biofilm, and the like. The targeting peptides described herein can be used to bind to and thereby label particular targets, and/or as capture reagents to bind target microorganisms and thereby provide an indicator of the presence and/or quantity of the target microorganism(s). In certain embodiments the targeting peptide can be attached to an effector such as an epitope tag and/or a detectable label and thereby facilitate the identification of the presence and/or location, and/or quantity of the target (e.g., target organism). Thus targeting moieties are thus readily adapted for use in in vivo diagnostics, and/or ex vivo assays. Moreover, because of small size and good stability, microorganism binding peptides are well suited for microassay systems (e.g., microfluidic assays (Lab on a Chip), microarray assays, and the like).

[0075] In certain embodiments the microorganism binding peptides (targeting peptides) can be attached to an effector that has antimicrobial activity (e.g., an antimicrobial peptide, an antibacterial and/or antifungal, a vehicle that contains an antibacterial or antifungal, etc. In various embodiments these chimeric moieties can be used in vivo, or ex vivo to preferentially inhibit or kill the target organism(s).

[0076] In certain embodiments the targeting peptides can be recombinantly expressed as part of a yeast or phage tail fiber or coat protein to enhance binding of the yeast or phage to a specific bacterial Gram-designation, genus, species, or strain. Phage with expressed peptides will then display altered infection selectivity towards a designed target bacteria for use in phage therapy. Cloning the DNA encoding a peptide of interest into the major or minor coat proteins of a bacteriophage, for example in Proteins I through VIII of phages SAP-2, M 13, or T7, will result in a targeted phage expressing 1-200 copies of the targeting peptide on the phage surface.

[0077] In certain embodiments the targeting peptides can be used in various pre- targeting protocols. In pre-targeting protocols, a chimeric molecule is utilized comprising a primary targeting species (e.g. a microorganism-binding peptide) that specifically binds the desired target (e.g. a bacterium) and an effector that provides a binding site that is available for binding by a subsequently administered second targeting species. Once sufficient accretion of the primary targeting species (the chimeric molecule) is achieved, a second targeting species comprising (i) a diagnostic or therapeutic agent and (ii) a second targeting moiety, that recognizes the available binding site of the primary targeting species, is administered.

[0078] An illustrative example of a pre-targeting protocol is the biotin-avidin system for administering a cytotoxic radionuclide to a tumor. In a typical procedure, a monoclonal antibody targeted against a tumor-associated antigen is conjugated to avidin and administered to a patient who has a tumor recognized by the antibody. Then the therapeutic agent, e.g., a chelated radionuclide covalently bound to biotin, is administered. The radionuclide, via its attached biotin is taken up by the antibody- avidin conjugate pretargeted at the tumor. Examples of pre-targeting biotin/avidin protocols are described, for example, in Goodwin et al, U.S. Patent 4,863,713; Goodwin et al. (1988) /. Nucl. Med. 29: 226; Hnatowich et al. (1987) /. Nucl. Med. 28: 1294; Oehr et al. (1988) /. Nucl. Med. 29: 728; Klibanov et al. (1988) /. Nucl. Med. 29: 1951; Sinitsyn et al. (1989) /. Nucl. Med. 30: 66; Kalofonos et al. (1990) J. Nucl. Med. 31: 1791; Schechter et al. (1991) Int. J. Cancer 48:167; Paganelli et al. (1991) Cancer Res. 51: 5960; Paganelli et al. (1991) Nucl. Med. Commun. 12: 211; Stickney et al. (1991) Cancer Res. 51: 6650; and Yuan et al. (1991) Cancer Res. 51:3119.

[0079] It will be recognized that the tumor- specific antibody used for cancer treatments can be replaced with a microorganism binding peptide of the present invention and similar pre-targeting strategies can be used to direct labels, antibiotics, and the like to the target organism(s).

[0080] Three- step pre-targeting protocols in which a clearing agent is administered after the first targeting composition has localized at the target site also have been described. The clearing agent binds and removes circulating primary conjugate which is not bound at the target site, and prevents circulating primary targeting species (antibody-avidin or conjugate, for example) from interfering with the targeting of active agent species (biotin- active agent conjugate) at the target site by competing for the binding sites on the active agent-conjugate. When antibody-avidin is used as the primary targeting moiety, excess circulating conjugate can be cleared by injecting a biotinylated polymer such as biotinylated human serum albumin. This type of agent forms a high molecular weight species with the circulating avidin-antibody conjugate which is quickly recognized by the hepatobiliary system and deposited primarily in the liver.

[0081] Examples of these protocols are disclosed, e.g., in PCT Application No. WO

93/25240; Paganelli et al. (1991) Nucl. Med. Comm., 12: 211-234; Oehr et al. (1988) /. Nucl. Med., 29: 728-729; Kalofonos et al. (1990) /. Nucl. Med., 31: 1791-1796; Goodwin et al. (1988) /. Nucl. Med., 29: 226-234; and the like).

[0082] These applications of microorganism binding peptides of this invention are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Using the teaching provided herein, other uses will be recognized by one of skill in the art. B) Illustrative novel targeting peptides.

[0083] In certain embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises one or more targeting peptides that bind particular bacteria, fungi, and/or yeasts, and/or algae, and/or viruses and/or that bind particular groups of bacteria, and/or groups of fungi, and/or groups of yeasts, and/or groups of algae.

[0084] In certain embodiments the targeting peptides include peptides comprising or consisting of one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Table 3 (SEQ ID NOs: 13- 1566). In various embodiments the peptides include peptides comprising or consisting of the retro, inverso, retro-inverso, and/or beta form of one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Table 3. Also contemplated are circular permutations of these sequences as well as peptides comprising or consisting of the retro, inverso, retro-inverso, and/or beta form of such circular permutations.

[0085] It will also be recognized, that in certain embodiments, any peptide or compound AMP described herein can be circularized. [0086] In various embodiments the peptides can optionally bear one or more protecting groups, e.g., and the amino and/or carboxyl termini, and/or on side chains.

[0087] Also contemplated are peptides comprising one, two, three four, or five conservative substitutions of these amino acid sequences.

Table 3. Illustrative list of novel targeting peptides.

*Peptide binding was conducted in aqueous buffers that varied depending on peptide solubility. For example: Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Media ; IX Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); 0.05% v/v Tween-20; 0.05% v/v Tween-80; 1% v/v Glycerol; 50 μM Guanidine hydrochloride; 0.05% v/v Acetic acid; 50 μM Urea; 1% v/v Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400); 20 rnM Sodium glutamate; 50 mM Piperazine-l,4-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES); 50 mM Sodium acetate; 1% v/v Pluronic 17R4; 1% w/v Pluronic F108; 1% w/v Pluronic P123; 0.2% v/v Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB); 0.8% v/v β-D-Octyl glucoside (BOG); 0.2% CTAB and 0.05% Tween-20; 0.2% CTAB and 0.05% Tween-80; 0.2% CTAB and 1% glycerol; and 20 niM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l- piperazineethanesulfonic acid ), 150 rnM sodium chloride, ImM magnesium chloride and 0.1% CTAB. Preferably, binding was evaluated in Ix PBS.

**Three-amino acid code: Dab: Diaminobutyric acid; Orn: Ornithine; cDOrn, cOrn: side- chain cyclical Ornithine; Abreviations: c(X...Y) indicates amino acids are cyclic, connected X to Y; DX indicates D-isoform amino acids.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the targeting peptides comprises or consists of a single amino acid sequence, e.g., as listed above in Table 3. In certain embodiments the amino acid sequence of the targeting peptides comprises two copies, three copies, four copies, five copies six copies or more of one or more of the amino acid sequences listed in Table 3, and/or Table 10, and/or Table 12. Thus, compound targeting constructs are contemplated where the construct comprises multiple domains each having targeting activity. The targeting domains comprising such a construct can be the same or different. In certain embodiments the construct comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 different targeting domains each domain comprising a different targeting sequence.

[0089] Various targeting domains comprising such a construct can be joined directly to each other or two or more of such domains can be attached to each other via a linker. An illustrative, but non-limiting, list of suitable linkers is provided in Table 16. Thus, in certain embodiments, two or more targeting domains comprising a compound/multiple targeting construct are chemically conjugated together.

[0090] In certain embodiments the two or more targeting domains comprising the construct are joined by a peptide linker. Where all the targeting domains are attached directly to each other or are joined by peptide linkers, the entire construct can be provided as a single-chain peptide (fusion protein).

[0091] In various embodiments, the targeting peptides described herein comprise one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Table 3, and/or Table 10, and/or Table 12 (and/or the retro, inverso, retroinverso, etc. forms of such sequences). In certain embodiments the peptides range in length up to about 100 amino acids in length, preferably up to about 80, about 70, about 60, or about 51 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments the peptides range in length from about 8 amino acids up to about 100 amino acids 80 amino acids, 60 amino acids or about 51 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments the peptides range in length from about 8 up to about 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 15, 13, or 12 amino acids in length.

[0092] As shown in Tables 3, 10, and 12 the various amino acid sequences described herein target particular microorganisms. The range of activity of the peptides or compositions comprising such peptides can be increased by including amino acid sequences that target different microorganisms either as separate components and/or as multiple domains within a single construct.

[0093] In some embodiments greater specificity and/or avidity can be obtained by including multiple different amino acid sequences that target the same microorganism.

II. Antimicrobial peptides.

A) Uses of antimicrobial peptides.

[0094] The antimicrobial peptides described herein also have a wide variety of uses.

For example, the peptides can be formulated individually, in combination, in combination with other antimicrobial peptides, and/or in combination with various antibacterial agents to provide antimicrobial pharmaceuticals.

[0095] In various embodiments, the antimicrobial peptides described herein can be formulated individually, in combination, in combination with other antimicrobial peptides, and/or in combination with various antibiotic (e.g., antibacterial) agents in "home healthcare" formulations. Such formulations include, but are not limited to toothpaste, mouthwash, tooth whitening strips or solutions, contact lens storage, wetting, or cleaning solutions, dental floss, toothpicks, toothbrush bristles, oral sprays, oral lozenges, nasal sprays, aerosolizers for oral and/or nasal application, wound dressings (e.g., bandages), and the like. [0096] In various embodiments the antimicrobial peptides described herein can be formulated individually, in combination, in combination with other antimicrobial peptides, and/or in combination with various antibiotic (e.g., antibacterial) agents in various cleaning and/or sterilization formulations for use in agriculture, in fool preparation and transport, in the home, workplace, clinic, or hospital. [0097] In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptides described herein are attached to one or more targeting moieties to specifically and/or to preferentially deliver the peptide(s) to a target (e.g. a target microorganism, biofilm, bacterial film, particular tissue, etc.). [0098] Other possible uses of the targeting and/or antimicrobial peptides disclosed herein include, but are not limited to biofilm dispersal, biofilm retention, biofilm formation, anti-biofilm formation, cell agglutination, induction of motility or change in motility type, chemoattractant or chemorepellent, extracellular signal for sporogenesis or other morphological change, induction or inhibition of virulence gene expression, utilized as extracellular scaffold, adhesin or binding site, induction or suppression of host immune response, induction or suppression of bacterial/fungal antimicrobial molecule production, quorum- sensing, induction of swarming behavior, apoptosis or necrosis inducing in eukaryotic cells, affecting control of or inducing the initiation of cell cycle in eukaryotes, in archaea or prokaryotes, induces autolysis or programmed cell death, inhibition of phage/virus attachment or replication, evasion of innate immunity, induction or inhibition of genetic transformation or transduction competence, induction or inhibition of pilus- mediated conjugation, induction or inhibition of mating behavior in bacteria and fungi, induction or inhibition of nodule formation or metabolic compartmentalization, metal, ion, or nutrient binding, acquisition or inhibition of metal, ion, or nutrient binding and acquisition, and the like.

[0099] In certain embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for decreasing the infectivity, morbidity, and rate of mortality associated with a variety of pathogens. The present invention also relates to methods and compositions for decontaminating areas, samples, solutions, and foodstuffs colonized or otherwise infected by pathogens and microorganisms. Certain embodiments of the present compositions are nontoxic and may be safely ingested by humans and other animals. Additionally, certain embodiments of the present invention are chemically stable and non-staining.

[0100] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods suitable for treating animals, including humans, exposed to pathogens or the threat of pathogens. In some embodiments, the animal is contacted with effective amounts of the compositions prior to exposure to pathogenic organisms. In other embodiments, the animal or human is contacted with effective amounts of the compositions after exposure to pathogenic organisms. Thus, the present invention contemplates both the prevention and treatment of microbiological and other infections.

[0101] In certain embodiments compositions and methods are provided for decontaminating solutions and surfaces, including organic and inorganic samples that are exposed to pathogens or suspected of containing pathogens. In still other embodiments of the present invention, the compositions are used as additives to prevent the growth of harmful or undesired microorganisms in biological and environmental samples.

[0102] These applications of the peptides described herein are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Using the teaching provided herein, other uses will be recognized by one of skill in the art.

B Illustrative novel antimicrobial peptides.

[0103] Antimicrobial peptides (also called host defense peptides) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response and are found among all classes of life. Unmodified, these peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (including strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotics), mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), enveloped viruses, and fungi.

[0104] Naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides are typically short peptides, generally between 12 and 50 amino acids. These peptides often include two or more positively charged residues provided by arginine, lysine or, in acidic environments, histidine, and frequently a large proportion (generally >50%) of hydrophobic residues (see, e.g., Papagianni et al. (2003) Biotechnol Adv 21: 465; Sitaram and Nagaraj (2002) Curr Pharm Des 8: 727; Dϋrr et al. (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758: 1408-1425). [0105] Frequently the secondary structures of these molecules follow 4 themes, including i) α-helical, ii) β- stranded due to the presence of 2 or more disulfide bonds, iii) β- hairpin or loop due to the presence of a single disulfide bond and/or cyclization of the peptide chain, and iv) extended. Many of these peptides are unstructured in free solution, and fold into their final configuration upon partitioning into biological membranes. The ability to associate with membranes is a definitive feature of antimicrobial peptides although membrane permeabilisation is not necessary. These peptides have a variety of antimicrobial activities ranging from membrane permeabilization to action on a range of cytoplasmic targets.

[0106] The modes of action by which antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria is varied and includes, but is not limited to disrupting membranes, interfering with metabolism, and targeting cytoplasmic components. In many cases the exact mechanism of killing is not known.

[0107] In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptides include peptides comprising or consisting of one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Tables 4 (SEQ ID NOs: 1029-1078), and/or Table 5 (SEQ ID NOs: 1079-1566). In various embodiments the peptides include peptides comprising or consisting of the retro, inverso, retro-inverso, and/or beta form of one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Tables 4 (SEQ ID NOs:1029-1078), and/or Table 5 (SEQ ID NOs:1079-1566). The peptides can comprise all "L" amino acids, all "D" amino acids, or combinations of "L" and "D" amino acids. Also contemplated are circular permutations of these sequences as well as peptides comprising or consisting of the retro, inverso, retro-inverso, and/or beta form of such circular permutations.

[0108] It will also be recognized, that in certain embodiments, any peptide or compound AMP described herein can be circularized.

[0109] In various embodiments the peptides can optionally bear one or more protecting groups, e.g., and the amino and/or carboxyl termini, and/or on side chains.

[0110] Also contemplated are peptides comprising one, two, three four, or five conservative substitutions of these amino acid sequences.

Table 4. Novel antimicrobial peptides, target microorganisms and MIC values.

Where protecting groups are shown (e.g., -NH ₂ ) they are optional. Conversely any peptide shown without protecting groups can bear one or more such groups.

[0111] In certain embodiments peptides that induce alterations in phenotype or other biological activities can also be used as antimicrobial effector moieties. Illustrative alternative peptides are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Illustrative list of novel morphology, biofilm and growth disrupting peptides.

Key to Abbreviations: (A) Peptide aggregates; (B) Less hyphal formation; (C) Clumps; (D) Diffuse clumps and small polyps; (F) Diffuse growth; (H) Thin; (I) Growth inhibition; (M) Microcolony formation; (R) Rippled; (S) Small polyps; (T) Thick; (W) Halo formation on top, microlonies on bottom. These data thus indicate peptide-mediated interruption of bacterial biofilm formation processes, cellular metabolism, cellular import/export, nutrient acquisition, quorum sensing and communication, motility, chemotaxis, replication, translation, and/or transcription. Accordingly, without being bound to a particular theory, it is believed that the alteration of one or more of these basic pathways is important to pathogenesis, or the stopping thereof. [0112] In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the antimicrobial peptides comprises or consists of a single amino acid sequence, e.g., as listed above in Tables 4 and/or 5, and/or Table 15, and/or below in Table 14. In certain embodiments the amino acid sequence of the antimicrobial peptides comprises two copies, three copies, four copies, five copies six copies or more of one or more of the amino acid sequences listed in Tables 4, and/or 5, and/or Table 15, and/or Table 14. Thus, compound antimicrobial constructs are contemplated where the construct comprises multiple domains each having antimicrobial activity. The AMP domains comprising such a construct can be the same or different. In certain embodiments the construct comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 different AMP domains each domain comprising a different AMP sequence.

[0113] Various AMP domains comprising such a construct can be joined directly to each other or two or more of such domains can be attached to each other via a linker. An illustrative, but non-limiting, list of suitable linkers is provided in Table 16. Thus, in certain embodiments, two or more AMP domains comprising a compound AMP construct are chemically conjugated together.

[0114] In certain embodiments the two or more AMP domains comprising the AMP construct are joined by a peptide linker. Where all the AMP domains are attached directly to each other or are joined by peptide linkers, the entire construct can be provided as a single-chain peptide (fusion protein).

[0115] In various embodiments, the antimicrobial peptides described herein comprise one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Tables 4, and/or 5, and/or 15 and/or 14 (and/or the retro, inverso, retroinverso, etc. forms of such sequences). In certain embodiments the peptides range in length up to about 100 amino acids in length, preferably up to about 80, about 70, about 60, or about 51 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments the peptides range in length from about 8 amino acids up to about 100 amino acids 80 amino acids, 60 amino acids or about 51 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments the peptides range in length from about 8 up to about 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 15, 13, or 12 amino acids in length. [0116] As shown in Tables 4, and/or 5, and/or 15 and/or 14, the various amino acid sequences described herein are effective against particular microorganisms. The range of activity of the peptides or compositions comprising such peptides can be increased by including amino acid sequences effective against different microorganisms either as separate components and/or as multiple domains within a single construct.

Table 6. Illustrative target microorganisms and peptides effective against that target.

068, PF-071, PF-073, PF-075, PF-076, PF- 125, PF- 127, PF-137, PF-139, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF-171, PF-175, PF-176, PF-199, PF-204, PF- 212, PF-215, PF-224, PF-226, PF-234, PF-235, PF-249, PF-250, PF-255, PF-257, PF-264, PF-270, PF-271, PF-274, PF-276, PF-278, PF-357, PF- 527, PF-543, PF-548, PF-556, PF-562, PF-566, PF-567, PF-578, PF-580, PF-600, PF-603, PF-612, PF-624, PF-634, PF-741, PF-745, PF-746, PF- 761, PF-763, PF-770, PF-776, PF-S003

MRSA PF-001, PF-003, PF-004, PF-006, PF-007, PF-010, PF-011, PF-012, PF- 013, PF-015, PF-017, PF-019, PF-020, PF-021, PF-022, PF-023, PF-024, PF-025, PF-026, PF-027, PF-028, PF-029, PF-030, PF-031, PF-033, PF- 035, PF-036, PF-037, PF-040, PF-041, PF-042, PF-043, PF-045, PF-046, PF-048, PF-049, PF-051, PF-052, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-058, PF- 063, PF-064, PF-065, PF-066, PF-067, PF-068, PF-071, PF-073, PF-074, PF-075, PF-076, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF- 149, PF-156, PF-168, PF- 171, PF-178, PF-191, PF-209, PF-347, PF-349, PF-350, PF-354, PF-355, PF-356, PF-357, PF-360, PF-362, PF-366, PF-369, PF-370, PF-373, PF- 374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-378, PF-379, PF-380, PF-381, PF-382, PF-386, PF-387, PF-389, PF-390, PF-392, PF-393, PF-394, PF-395, PF-396, PF- 398, PF-399, PF-401, PF-403, PF-404, PF-405, PF-406, PF-407, PF-408, PF-410, PF-411, PF-413, PF-417, PF-418, PF-422, PF-425, PF-426, PF- 427, PF-429, PF-430, PF-431, PF-432, PF-439, PF-440, PF-442, PF-443, PF-444, PF-447, PF-450, PF-451, PF-452, PF-453, PF-454, PF-458, PF- 460, PF-461, PF-469, PF-471, PF-472, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF-478, PF-480, PF-518, PF-519, PF-524, PF-526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-530, PF- 532, PF-533, PF-534, PF-536, PF-539, PF-540, PF-543, PF-544, PF-545, PF-546, PF-547, PF-548, PF-549, PF-551, PF-553, PF-555, PF-556, PF- 558, PF-560, PF-561, PF-562, PF-564, PF-565, PF-566, PF-567, PF-576, PF-577, PF-578, PF-580, PF-581, PF-583, PF-584, PF-585, PF-586, PF- 589, PF-592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF-599, PF-600, PF-603, PF-605, PF-606, PF-607, PF-609, PF-610, PF-612, PF-613, PF-615, PF-619, PF- 622, PF-623, PF-624, PF-627, PF-629, PF-630, PF-632, PF-634, PF-635, PF-637, PF-638, PF-639, PF-652, PF-643, PF-654, PF-655, PF-656, PF- 657, PF-658, PF-659, PF-661, PF-664, PF-667, PF-778, PF-672, PF-677, PF-680, PF-683, PF-685, PF-686, PF-690, PF-692, PF-694, PF-695, PF- 738, PF-741, PF-745, PF-746, PF-760, PF-761, PF-763, PF-764, PF-770, PF-776, PF-S003

S. PF-001, PF-003, PF-004, PF-006, PF-007, PF-009, PF-010, PF-012, PF- epidermidis 013, PF- 020, PF- 021, PF- 022, PF- 024, PF- 025, PF- 027, PF- 028, PF-030, PF-032, PF-033, PF-034, PF-036, PF-037, PF-040, PF-041, PF-042, PF- 043, PF- 046, PF- 048, PF- 051, PF- 052, PF- 953, PF- 956, PF- 957, PF-961, PF-963, PF-964, PF-965, PF-967, PF-968, PF-971, PF-073, PF-074, PF- 075, PF- 076, PF- 099, PF- 123, PF- 124, PF- 125, PF- 127, PF- 128, PF-129, PF-137, PF- 139, PF-140, PF- 145, PF- 148, PF- 153, PF-157, PF-171, PF- 173, PF- 176, PF- 178, PF- 180, PF- 186, PF- 190, PF- 191, PF- 192, PF- 196, PF- 199, PF-203, PF-204, PF-208, PF-209, PF-226, PF-233, PF-273, PF- 278, PF- 283, PF- 290, PF- 292, PF- 293, PF- 294, PF- 296, PF- 297, PF-301, PF-307, PF-310, PF-313, PF-318, PF-319, PF-322, PF-335, PF-339, PF- 342, PF- 347, PF- 349, PF- 350, PF- 355, PF- 356, PF- 357, PF- 360, PF-363, PF-366, PF-369, PF-370, PF-373, PF-374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-378, PF- PF-697, PF-698, PF-S003

T. rubrum PF-283, PF-307, PF-527, PF-531, PF-547, PF-672

[0117] In certain embodiments the activity against a particular microorganism or group of microorganisms can be increased by increasing the number of peptides or peptide domains with activity against that microorganism or group of microorganisms.

[0118] Thus, for example, in certain embodiments, a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a yeast or fungus can comprise or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains having sequences selected from the sequences shown in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., PF-S003, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-071, PF- 140, PF-148, PF-168, PF-175, PF-278, PF-283, PF-307, PF-425, PF-426, PF-448, PF-474, PF-475, PF-525, PF-526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-529, PF-531, PF-545, PF-547, PF-606, PF- 617, PF-627, PF-632, PF-635, PF-636, PF-639, PF-640, PF-645, PF-646, PF-647, PF-654, PF-668, PF-672, PF-684, PF-686, PF-697, and PF-69)8. A peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of Aspergillus niger can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains having sequences selected from the group consisting of PF-531, PF-527, PF-672, PF-545, PF-168, PF-448, PF-525, PF-529, and PF-148. A peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of Candida albicans can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains having sequences selected from the group consisting of PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-071, PF-140, PF-148, PF-175, PF-278, PF-307, PF-425, PF-426, PF-474, PF-475, PF- 526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-545, PF-605, PF-606, PF-617, PF-627, PF-632, PF-635, PF-636, PF-639, PF-640, PF-645, PF-646, PF-647, PF-654, PF-668, PF-672, PF-684, PF-686, PF- 697, PF-698, and PF-S003. A peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of Trichophyton rubrum can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains having sequences selected from the group consisting of PF-283, PF-307, PF-527, PF-531, PF-547, and PF-672. [0119] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a bacterium can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against a bacterium in Tables 4, 5, or 6.

[0120] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram positive bacterium can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against a gram positive bacterium in Tables 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of a gram negative bacterium can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against a gram negative bacterium in Tables 4, 5, or 6.

[0121] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. naeslundii can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against A. Naeslundii in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of PF-531, PF-527, PF-672, PF-545, PF-168, PF-448, PF-525, PF-529, and PF-148).

[0122] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of B. subtilis can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against B. subtilis in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-002, PF-005, PF-006, PF-040, PF-053, PF-056, PF-061, PF-063, PF-067, PF-068, PF-069, PF- 070, PF-071, PF-145, PF-148, PF-171, PF-175, PF-283, PF-289, PF-292, PF-296, PF-297, PF-301, PF-303, PF-305, PF-306, PF-307, PF-318, PF-319, PF-322, PF-335, PF-339, PF- 342, PF-497, PF-499, PF-527, PF-531, PF-545, PF-547, PF-548, PF-549, PF-550, PF-552, PF-553, PF-554, PF-556, PF-557, PF-558, PF-559, PF-560, PF-561, PF-563, PF-564, PF- 565, PF-566, PF-569, PF-571, PF-572, PF-574, PF-632, PF-636, PF-655, PF-659, PF-668, PF-670, PF-672, PF-686, PF-998, and PF-2003).

[0123] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. difficile can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against C. difficile in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-522, PF-531, and PF-538).

[0124] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jeikeium can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against C. jeikeium in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-001, PF-003, PF-004, PF-101, PF-011, PF-012, PF-013, PF-021, PF-022, PF-025, PF-028, PF- 030, PF-032, PF-033, PF-036, PF-037, PF-040, PF-042, PF-043, PF-046, PF-048, PF-052, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-063, PF-065, PF-067, PF-068, PF-073, PF-075, PF-076, PF- 099, PF-124, PF-127, PF-129, PF-133, PF-135, PF-137, PF-139, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF-164, PF-173, PF-176, PF-186, PF-188, PF-190, PF-191, PF-196, PF-199, PF-203, PF- 204, PF-208, PF-527, PF-531, PF-545, PF-546, PF-548, PF-553, PF-556, PF-564, PF-566, PF-567, PF-575, PF-622, PF-523, PF-629, PF-632, PF-635, PF-637, PF-657, PF-668, PF- 672, PF-681, PF-685, and PF-S003).

[0125] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. faecalis can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against E. faecalis in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-007, PF-053, PF-057, PF-068, PF-347, PF-349, PF-355, PF-356, PF-363, PF-366, PF-369, PF- 374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-379, PF-380, PF-381, PF-386, PF-387, PF-389, PF-390, PF-392, PF-393, PF-394, PF-396, PF-398, PF-399, PF-401, PF-407, PF-410, PF-411, PF-418, PF- 422, PF-425, PF-426, PF-427, PF-429, PF-431, PF-432, PF-439, PF-440, PF-444, PF-447, PF-450, PF-451, PF-452, PF-454, PF-456, PF-460, PF-461, PF-469, PF-470, PF-471, PF- 472, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF-480, PF-484, PF-514, PF-518, PF-519, PF-524, PF-530, PF-532, PF-533, PF-534, PF-536, PF-544, PF-545, PF-546, PF-547, PF-556, PF-577, PF- 581, PF-582, PF-584, PF-585, PF-586, PF-588, PF-591, PF-592, PF-593, PF-594, PF-595, PF-596, PF-597, PF-598, PF-599, PF-601, PF-602, PF-604, PF-605, PF-607, PF-609, PF- 610, PF-613, PF-614, PF-615, PF-616, PF-617, PF-618, PF-621, PF-622, PF-623, PF-627, PF-629, PF-631, PF-632, PF-635, PF-636, PF-637, PF-638, PF-639, PF-640, PF-643, PF- 649, PF-657, PF-664, PF-667, PF-668, PF-672, PF-675, PF-677, PF-681, PF-684, PF-685, PF-686, PF-690, PF-695, and PF-698). [0126] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of M. luteus can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against M. luteus in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-001, PF- 003, PF-004, PF-006, PF-007, PF-010, PF-012, PF-013, PF-020, PF-021, PF-022, PF-025, PF-030, PF-036, PF-037, PF-040, PF-042, PF-043, PF-051, PF-052, PF-053, PF-056, PF- 057, PF-063, PF-067, PF-068, PF-071, PF-073, PF-075, PF-076, PF-125, PF-127, PF-137, PF-139, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF-171, PF-175, PF-176, PF-199, PF-204, PF-212, PF- 215, PF-224, PF-226, PF-234, PF-235, PF-249, PF-250, PF-255, PF-257, PF-264, PF-270, PF-271, PF-274, PF-276, PF-278, PF-357, PF-527, PF-543, PF-548, PF-556, PF-562, PF- 566, PF-567, PF-578, PF-580, PF-600, PF-603, PF-612, PF-624, PF-634, PF-741, PF-745, PF-746, PF-761, PF-763, PF-770, PF-776, and PF-S003).

[0127] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of MRSA can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against MRSA in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-001, PF-003, PF- 004, PF-006, PF-007, PF-010, PF-011, PF-012, PF-013, PF-015, PF-017, PF-019, PF-020, PF-021, PF-022, PF-023, PF-024, PF-025, PF-026, PF-027, PF-028, PF-029, PF-030, PF- 031, PF-033, PF-035, PF-036, PF-037, PF-040, PF-041, PF-042, PF-043, PF-045, PF-046, PF-048, PF-049, PF-051, PF-052, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-058, PF-063, PF-064, PF- 065, PF-066, PF-067, PF-068, PF-071, PF-073, PF-074, PF-075, PF-076, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF-149, PF-156, PF-168, PF-171, PF-178, PF-191, PF-209, PF-347, PF-349, PF- 350, PF-354, PF-355, PF-356, PF-357, PF-360, PF-362, PF-366, PF-369, PF-370, PF-373, PF-374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-378, PF-379, PF-380, PF-381, PF-382, PF-386, PF-387, PF- 389, PF-390, PF-392, PF-393, PF-394, PF-395, PF-396, PF-398, PF-399, PF-401, PF-403, PF-404, PF-405, PF-406, PF-407, PF-408, PF-410, PF-411, PF-413, PF-417, PF-418, PF- 422, PF-425, PF-426, PF-427, PF-429, PF-430, PF-431, PF-432, PF-439, PF-440, PF-442, PF-443, PF-444, PF-447, PF-450, PF-451, PF-452, PF-453, PF-454, PF-458, PF-460, PF- 461, PF-469, PF-471, PF-472, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF-478, PF-480, PF-518, PF-519, PF-524, PF-526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-530, PF-532, PF-533, PF-534, PF-536, PF-539, PF- 540, PF-543, PF-544, PF-545, PF-546, PF-547, PF-548, PF-549, PF-551, PF-553, PF-555, PF-556, PF-558, PF-560, PF-561, PF-562, PF-564, PF-565, PF-566, PF-567, PF-576, PF- 577, PF-578, PF-580, PF-581, PF-583, PF-584, PF-585, PF-586, PF-589, PF-592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF-599, PF-600, PF-603, PF-605, PF-606, PF-607, PF-609, PF-610, PF- 612, PF-613, PF-615, PF-619, PF-622, PF-623, PF-624, PF-627, PF-629, PF-630, PF-632, PF-634, PF-635, PF-637, PF-638, PF-639, PF-652, PF-643, PF-654, PF-655, PF-656, PF- 657, PF-658, PF-659, PF-661, PF-664, PF-667, PF-778, PF-672, PF-677, PF-680, PF-683, PF-685, PF-686, PF-690, PF-692, PF-694, PF-695, PF-738, PF-741, PF-745, PF-746, PF- 760, PF-761, PF-763, PF-764, PF-770, PF-776, and PF-S003).

[0128] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. epidermidis can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against of S. epidermidis in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF- 001, PF-003, PF-004, PF-006, PF-007, PF-009, PF-010, PF-012, PF-013, PF-020, PF-021, PF-022, PF-024, PF-025, PF-027, PF-028, PF-030, PF-032, PF-033, PF-034, PF-036, PF- 037, PF-040, PF-041, PF-042, PF-043, PF-046, PF-048, PF-051, PF-052, PF-953, PF-956, PF-957, PF-961, PF-963, PF-964, PF-965, PF-967, PF-968, PF-971, PF-073, PF-074, PF- 075, PF-076, PF-099, PF-123, PF-124, PF-125, PF-127, PF-128, PF-129, PF-137, PF-139, PF-140, PF-145, PF-148, PF-153, PF-157, PF-171, PF-173, PF-176, PF-178, PF-180, PF- 186, PF-190, PF-191, PF-192, PF-196, PF-199, PF-203, PF-204, PF-208, PF-209, PF-226, PF-233, PF-273, PF-278, PF-283, PF-290, PF-292, PF-293, PF-294, PF-296, PF-297, PF- 301, PF-307, PF-310, PF-313, PF-318, PF-319, PF-322, PF-335, PF-339, PF-342, PF-347, PF-349, PF-350, PF-355, PF-356, PF-357, PF-360, PF-363, PF-366, PF-369, PF-370, PF- 373, PF-374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-378, PF-379, PF-380, PF-381, PF-383, PF-386, PF-387, PF-389, PF-390, PF-393, PF-395, PF-396, PF-397, PF-398, PF-399, PF-401, PF-403, PF- 404, PF-406, PF-407, PF-408, PF-410, PF-411, PF-413, PF-417, PF-418, PF-422, PF-425, PF-246, PF-249, PF-430, PF-431, PF-432, PF-439, PF-440, PF-444, PF-447, PF-451, PF- 452, PF-453, PF-454, PF-460, PF-469, PF-471, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF-478, PF-480, PF-514, PF-518, PF-526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-530, PF-531, PF-533, PF-534, PF-536, PF- 540, PF-543, PF-544, PF-546, PF-547, PF-548, PF-556, PF-558, PF-562, PF-576, PF-577, PF-578, PF-580, PF-583, PF-584, PF-585, PF-586, PF-592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF- 599, PF-600, PF-603, PF-605, PF-606, PF-607, PF-610, PF-612, PF-613, PF-614, PF-615, PF-616, PF-619, PF-622, PF-623, PF-624, PF-627, PF-632, PF-634, PF-635, PF-637, PF- 638, PF-655, PF-657, PF-659, PF-664, PF-667, PF-778, PF-672, PF-677, PF-681, PF-683, PF-685, PF-686, PF-690, PF-741, PF-746, PF-760, PF-761, PF-763, PF-770, PF-776, and PF-S003). [0129] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. mutans can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against S. mutans in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of G-I, G-2, G-4, G-8, PF-020, PF-040, PF-051, PF-531, PF-543, PF-547, PF-578, PF-583, PF-600, PF- 606, PF-612, PF-624, PF-634, PF-741, PF-745, PF-746, PF-761, PF-770, PF-776, PF-C055, PF-C057, PF-C058, PF-C061, PF-C062, PF-C072, PF-C075, PF-C084, PF-C085, PF-CO88, PF-C098, PF-C131, PF-C135, PF-C139, PF-C142, PF-C146, PF-C180, PF-C194, PF-C281, PF-C290, PF-C291, PF-C293 [0130] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of S. pneumoniae can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against S. pneumoniae in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of PF- 002, PF-005, PF-006, PF-020, PF-033, PF-040, PF-051, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-061, PF-063, PF-068, PF-071, PF-073, PF-140, PF- 144, PF- 145, PF-148, PF-171, PF-175, PF- 178, PF-220, PF-355, PF-356, PF-357, PF-363, PF-366, PF-380, PF-389, PF-390, PF-393, PF-407, PF-411, PF-414, PF-415, PF-416, PF-417, PF-418, PF-419, PF-421, PF-422, PF- 423, PF-424, PF-425, PF-426, PF-427, PF-428, PF-429, PF-430, PF-431, PF-432, PF-433, PF-434, PF-437, PF-439, PF-440, PF-442, PF-443, PF-444, PF-445, PF-446, PF-447, PF- 448, PF-449, PF-450, PF-451, PF-452, PF-453, PF-454, PF-455, PF-457, PF-458, PF-469, PF-460, PF-461, PF-462, PF-464, PF-465, PF-466, PF-467, PF-468, PF-469, PF-471, PF- 472, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF-476, PF-477, PF-478, PF-479, PF-480, PF-482, PF-485, PF-511, PF-512, PF-513, PF-514, PF-515, PF-516, PF-517, PF-518, PF-519, PF-520, PF- 521, PF-522, PF-523, PF-524, PF-525, PF-526, PF-527, PF-528, PF-529, PF-530, PF-531, PF-532, PF-533, PF-534, PF-535, PF-536, PF-537, PF-538, PF-539, PF-540, PF-541, PF- 542, PF-543, PF-544, PF-546, PF-548, PF-553, PF-555, PF-556, PF-558, PF-560, PF-562, PF-563, PF-566, PF-567, PF-572, PF-573, PF-575, PF-576, PF-577, PF-578, PF-580, PF- 581, PF-583, PF-585, PF-585, PF-586, PF-587, PF-589, PF-591, PF-592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF-599, PF-600, PF-603, PF-605, PF-606, PF-607, PF-609, PF-610, PF-612, PF- 614, PF-615, PF-617, PF-618, PF-619, PF-621, PF-622, PF-623, PF-624, PF-625, PF-626, PF-627, PF-629, PF-631, PF-632, PF-634, PF-635, PF-636, PF-637, PF-638, PF-639, PF- 640, PF-643, PF-644, PF-645, PF-646, PF-647, PF-651, PF-652, PF-653, PF-654, PF-655, PF-657, PF-658, PF-659, PF-660, PF-662, PF-663, PF-664, PF-665, PF-666, PF-667, PF- 668, PF-670, PF-672, PF-675, PF-677, PF-681, PF-682, PF-683, PF-684, PF-685, PF-686, PF-687, PF-688, PF-690, PF-691, PF-693, PF-694, PF-695, PF-696, PF-697, PF-698, PF- 699, PF-700, PF-702, PF-704, PF-737, PF-741, PF-744, PF-745, PF-746, PF-748, PF-749, PF-752, PF-756, PF-757, PF-760, PF-761, PF-762, PF-763, PF-764, PF-770, PF-776, and PF-S003). [0131] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of A. baumannii can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against A. baumannii in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-531, PF-006, PF-538, and PF-530).

[0132] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of C. jejuni can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against C. jejuni in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-006, PF-008, PF- 033, PF-040, PF-053, PF-056, PF-057, PF-059, PF-061, PF-063, PF-067, PF-068, PF-069, PF-071, PF-073, PF- 140, PF- 145, PF-148, PF-171, PF-175, PF-355, PF-356, PF-363, PF- 366, PF-380, PF-389, PF-390, PF-392, PF-393, PF-411, PF-418, PF-422, PF-425, PF-426, PF-431, PF-432, PF-456, PF-469, PF-470, PF-471, PF-472, PF-473, PF-474, PF-475, PF- 527, PF-548, PF-555, PF-556, PF-558, PF-559, PF-560, PF-562, PF-563, PF-564, PF-566, PF-567, PF-575, PF-576, PF-577, PF-581, PF-584, PF-585, PF-586, PF-590, PF-591, PF- 592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF-599, PF-601, PF-605, PF-607, PF-609, PF-610, PF-614, PF-615, and PF-S003). [0133] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of E. coli can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against E. coli in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF-007, PF-040, PF- 053, PF-057, PF-068, PF- 178, PF-344, PF-347, PF-349, PF-350, PF-355, PF-360, PF-362, PF-363, PF-366, PF-369, PF-370, PF-374, PF-375, PF-376, PF-379, PF-380, PF-381, PF- 383, PF-385, PF-386, PF-387, PF-390, PF-395, PF-396, PF-398, PF-399, PF-401, PF-403, PF-410, PF-411, PF-413, PF-418, PF-425, PF-426, PF-427, PF-432, PF-439, PF-440, PF- 443, PF-444, PF-451, PF-452, PF-453, PF-454, PF-460, PF-469, PF-471, PF-473, PF-474, PF-478, PF-480, PF-514, PF-518, PF-519, PF-524, PF-526, PF-528, PF-530, PF-531, PF- 532, PF-533, PF-534, PF-536, PF-540, PF-541, PF-543, PF-546, PF-576, PF-577, PF-578, PF-584, PF-586, PF-592, PF-595, PF-596, PF-598, PF-600, PF-603, PF-605, PF-606, PF- 610, PF-612, PF-615, PF-619, PF-624, PF-634, PF-741, PF-746, PF-761, PF-770, and PF- 776).

[0134] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of F. nucleatum can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against F. nucleatum in Tables 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., from the group consisting of PF- C055, PF-C061, PF-C062, PF-C064, PF-C065, PF-C069, PF-C071, PF-C072, PF-C075, PF-

473- C084, PF-C086, PF-CO88, PF-C091, PF-C095, PF-C098, PF-C120, PF-C131, PF-C135, PF- C136, PF-C137, PF-C143, PF-C145, PF-C181, PF-C194, PF-C214, PF-C291, and PF-

C293).

[0135] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of M. Xanthus can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against M. Xanthus in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of G-5, G-6, and G-7).

[0136] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. aeruginosa can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against P. aeruginosa in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of PF- 053, PF-063, PF-067, PF- 128, PF- 140, PF- 143, PF-168, PF-204, PF-209, PF-355, PF-356, PF-366, PF-380, PF-411, PF-425, PF-432, PF-454, PF-458, PF-471, PF-474, PF-527, PF- 531, PF-535, PF-536, PF-575, PF-577, PF-605, PF-746, PF-761, and PF-S003).

[0137] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. gingivalis can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against P. gingivalis in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of PF- C052, PF-C072, PF-C075, PF-C084, PF-CO88, PF-C089, PF-C136, PF-C180, PF-C194, and C293).

[0138] In certain embodiments a peptide or composition effective to kill or inhibit the growth and/or proliferation of P. mirabilis can comprise one or more peptides and/or one or more peptide domains comprising or consisting of sequences identified as having activity against P. mirabilis in Tables 4, 5, or 6 {e.g., from the group consisting of PF-040, PF-578, PF-612, PF-624, PF-634, PF-741, and PF-770).

[0139] It was also a surprising discovery that a number of novel antimicrobial peptides are characterized by the presence of particular amino acid motifs. Such motifs include KIF, FIK, KIH, HIK, and KIV, as illustrated in Table 7.(SEQ ID NO: 1567)

Table 7. Antimicrobial peptides characterized by particular motifs.

All groups are associated with antimicrobial activity

[0140] In certain embodiments, peptides described herein can have multiple activities. Thus for example, a peptide can have both binding/targeting activity and antimicrobial activity. Illustrative peptides having multiple activities are shown in Table 8. Such peptides can be used, e.g., in a chimeric construct, for any or all of these properties. Thus, for example, a peptide designated "B" in Table 8 can be used as a targeting peptide. If it is also designated G or M it can also be used for antimicrobial activity.

Table 8. Peptides having multiple activities. B: targeting/binding activity; M: antimicrobial activity; G: Growth or phenotype altering.

[0141] Other peptides believed to show binding, growth altering, and/or antimicrobial activity are shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Additional peptides believed to have binding, growth altering, and/or antimicrobial activity.

III. Design and construction of STAMPs and other chimeric constructs.

[0142] In various embodiments this invention provides chimeric moieties comprising one or more targeting moieties attached to one or more effectors. The targeting moieties can be selected to preferentially bind to a target microorganism (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi, yeast, alga, protozoan, etc.) or group of microorganisms (e.g., gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, particular genus, species, etc.) In certain embodiments the targeting moiety comprises one or more novel microorganism-binding peptides as described herein (see, e.g., Table 3, and/or Table 10, and/or Table 12). In certain embodiments the targeting moiety comprises non-peptide moieties (e.g., antibodies, receptor, receptor ligand, lectin, and the like).

[0143] In various embodiments the effector comprises a moiety whose activity is to be delivered to the target microorganism(s), to a biofilm comprising the target microorganism(s), to a cell or tissue comprising the target microorganism(s), and the like. In certain embodiments the targeting moiety comprises one or more antimicrobial peptide(s) as described herein (see, e.g., Tables 4, 5 and/or 14), an antibiotic (including, but not limited to a steroid antibiotic), a detectable label, a porphyrin , a photosensitizing agent, an epitope tag, a lipid or liposome, a nanoparticle, a dendrimer, and the like.

[0144] In certain embodiments one or more targeting moieties are attached to a single effector. In certain embodiments one or more effectors are attached to a single targeting moiety. In certain embodiments multiple targeting moieties are attached to multiple effectors. The targeting moieties(s) can be attached directly to the effector(s) or through a linker. Where the targeting moiety and the effector comprise peptides the chimeric moiety can be a fusion protein.

A) Targeting moieties. [0145] In various embodiments this invention provides targeting moieties that preferentially and/or specifically bind to a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, a fungus, a yeast, etc.). One or more such targeting moieties can be attached to one or more effectors to provide chimeric moieties that are capable of delivering the effector(s) to a target (e.g., a bacterium, a fungus, a yeast, a biofilm comprising the bacterium or fungus or yeast, etc.).

[0146] In various embodiments, targeting moieties include, but are not limited to peptides that preferentially bind particular microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, algae, viruses, etc.) or groups of such microorganisms, e.g., as described above, antibodies that bind particular microorganisms or groups of microorganisms, receptor ligands that bind particular microorganisms or groups of microorganisms, porphyrins (e.g., metalloporphyrins), lectins that bind particular microorganisms or groups of microorganisms, and the like. As indicated it will be appreciated that references to microorganisms or groups of microorganism include bacteria or groups of bacteria, viruses or groups of viruses, yeasts or groups of yeasts, protozoa or groups of protozoa, viruses or groups of viruses, and the like.

L Targeting peptides.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises one or more targeting peptides that bind particular bacteria, fungi, and/or yeasts, and/or algae, and/or viruses and/or that bind particular groups of bacteria, and/or groups of fungi, and/or groups of yeasts, and/or groups of algae.

[0148] In certain embodiments the targeting peptide can comprise one or more domains capable of binding, specifically binding, or preferentially binding to a microorganism, e.g., a target microbial organism (see, e.g., Table 3). In certain embodiment, the targeting peptide be identified via screening peptide libraries. For example, a phage display peptide library can be screened against a target microbial organism or a desired antigen or epitope thereof. Any peptide identified through such screening can be used as a targeting peptide for the target microbial organism. Illustrative additional targeting peptides are shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Additional illustrative targeting moieties.

Patents and patent publications disclosing the referenced antibodies are identified in the table.

[0149] In certain embodiments the targeting moieties can comprise other entities, particularly when utilized with an antimicrobial peptide as described, for example, in Table 4. Illustrative targeting moieties can include a polypeptide, a peptide, a small molecule, a ligand, a receptor, an antibody, a protein, or portions thereof that specifically interact with a target microbial organism, e.g., the cell surface appendages such as flagella and pili, and surface exposed proteins, lipids and polysaccharides of a target microbial organism.

ii. Targeting antibodies.

[0150] In certain embodiments the targeting moieties can comprise one or more antibodies that bind specifically or preferentially a microorganism or group of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, viruses, algae, etc.). The antibodies are selected to bind an epitope characteristic or the particular target microorganism(s). In various embodiments such epitopes or antigens are typically is gram-positive or gram- negative specific, or genus-specific, or species-specific, or strain specific and located on the surface of a target microbial organism. The antibody that binds the epitope or antigen can direct an anti-microbial peptide moiety or other effector to the site. Furthermore, in certain embodiments the antibody itself can provide anti-microbial activity in addition to the activity provided by effector moiety since the antibody may engage an immune system effector (e.g., a T-cell) and thereby elicit an antibody-associated immune response, e.g., a humoral immune response.

[0151] Antibodies that bind particular target microorganisms can be made using any methods readily available to one skilled in the art. For example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,231,857 (incorporated herein by reference) three monoclonal antibodies, i.e., SWLAl, SWLA2, and SWLA3 have been made against S. mutαns. Monoclonal antibodies obtained from non-human animals to be used in a targeting moiety can also be humanized by any means available in the art to decrease their immunogenicity and increase their ability to elicit anti-microbial immune response of a human. Illustrative microorganisms and/or targets to which antibodies may be directed are shown, for example, in Tables 3 and 11.

[0152] Various forms of antibody include, without limitation, whole antibodies, antibody fragments (e.g., (Fab')2 Fab', etc.), single chain antibodies (e.g., scFv), minibodies, Di-miniantibody, Tetra-miniantibody, (ScFv) ₂ , Diabody, scDiabody, Triabody, Tetrabody, Tandem diabody, VHH, nanobodies, affibodies, unibodies, and the like.

[0153] Methods of making such antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. In various embodiments, such methods typically involve providing the microorganism, or a component thereof for use as an antigen to raise an immune response in an organism or for use in a screening protocol (e.g., phage or yeast display).

[0154] For example, polyclonal antibodies are typically raised by one or more injections (e.g. subcutaneous or intramuscular injections) of the target microorganism(s) or components thereof into a suitable non-human mammal (e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, etc.). [0155] If desired, the immunizing microorganism or antigen derived therefrom can be administered with or coupled to a carrier protein by conjugation using techniques that are well-known in the art. Such commonly used carriers which are chemically coupled to the peptide include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), thyroglobulin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and tetanus toxoid. The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal (e.g. a mouse or a rabbit).

[0156] The antibodies are then obtained from blood samples taken from the mammal. The techniques used to develop polyclonal antibodies are known in the art (see, e.g., Methods ofEnzymology, "Production of Antisera With Small Doses of Immunogen: Multiple Intradermal Injections", Langone, et al. eds. (Acad. Press, 1981)). Polyclonal antibodies produced by the animals can be further purified, for example, by binding to and elution from a matrix to which the peptide to which the antibodies were raised is bound. Those of skill in the art will know of various techniques common in the immunology arts for purification and/or concentration of polyclonal antibodies, as well as monoclonal antibodies see, for example, Coligan, et al. (1991) Unit 9, Current Protocols in Immunology, Wiley Interscience).

[0157] In certain embodiments the antibodies produced will be monoclonal antibodies ("mAb's"). The general method used for production of hybridomas secreting mAbs is well known (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature, 256:495

[0158] Antibody fragments, e.g. single chain antibodies (scFv or others), can also be produced/selected using phage display and/or yeast display technology. The ability to express antibody fragments on the surface of viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage or phage) or yeasts makes it possible to isolate a single binding antibody fragment, e.g., from a library of greater than 10 ¹⁰ nonbinding clones. To express antibody fragments on the surface of phage (phage display) or yeast, an antibody fragment gene is inserted into the gene encoding a phage surface protein {e.g., pill) and the antibody fragment-pill fusion protein is displayed on the phage surface (McCafferty et al. (1990) Nature, 348: 552-554; Hoogenboom et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 4133-4137).

[0159] Since the antibody fragments on the surface of the phage or yeast are functional, phage bearing antigen binding antibody fragments can be separated from non- binding phage by antigen affinity chromatography (McCafferty et al. (1990) Nature, 348: 552-554). Depending on the affinity of the antibody fragment, enrichment factors of 20 fold - 1,000,000 fold are obtained for a single round of affinity selection.

[0160] Human antibodies can be produced without prior immunization by displaying very large and diverse V-gene repertoires on phage (Marks et al. (1991) /. MoI. Biol. 222: 581-597.

[0161] In certain embodiments, nanobodies can be used as targeting moieties. Methods of making V _h H (nanobodies) are also well known to those of skill in the art. The Camelidae heavy chain antibodies are found as homodimers of a single heavy chain, dimerized via their constant regions. The variable domains of these camelidae heavy chain antibodies are referred to as V _HH domains or V _HH , and can be either used per se as nanobodies and/or as a starting point for obtaining nanobodies. Isolated V _HH retain the ability to bind antigen with high specificity {see, e.g., Hamers-Casterman et al. (1993) Nature 363: 446-448). In certain embodiments such V _HH domains, or nucleotide sequences encoding them, can be derived from antibodies raised in Camelidae species, for example in camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca and guanaco. Other species besides Camelidae {e.g. shark, pufferfish) can produce functional antigen-binding heavy chain antibodies, from which (nucleotide sequences encoding) such naturally occurring V _HH can be obtained, e.g. using the methods described in U.S. Patent Publication US 2006/0211088. [0162] In various embodiments, for use in therapy, human proteins are preferred, primarily because they are not as likely to provoke an immune response when administered to a patient. Comparisons of camelid V _HH with the V _H domains of human antibodies reveals several key differences in the framework regions of the camelid V _HH domain corresponding to the V _H /V _L interface of the human V _H domains. Mutation of these human residues to V _HH resembling residues has been performed to produce "camelized" human V _H domains that retain antigen binding activity, yet have improved expression and solubility.

[0163] Libraries of single V _H domains have also been derived for example from V _H genes amplified from genomic DNA or from mRNA from the spleens of immunized mice and expressed in E. coli (Ward et al. (1989) Nature 341: 544-546) and similar approaches can be performed using the V _H domains and/or the V _L domains described herein. The isolated single VH domains are called "dAbs" or domain antibodies. A "dAb" is an antibody single variable domain (V _H or V _L ) polypeptide that specifically binds antigen. A "dAb" binds antigen independently of other V domains; however, as the term is used herein, a "dAb" can be present in a homo- or heteromultimer with other V _H or V _L domains where the other domains are not required for antigen binding by the dAb, i.e., where the dAb binds antigen independently of the additional V _H or V _L domains.

[0164] As described in U.S. Patent Publication US 2006/0211088 methods are known for the cloning and direct screening of immunoglobulin sequences (including but not limited to multivalent polypeptides comprising: two or more variable domains— or antigen binding domains— and in particular V _H domains or V _HH domains; fragments of V _L , V _H or

V _HH domains, such as CDR regions, for example CDR3 regions; antigen-binding fragments of conventional 4-chain antibodies such as Fab fragments and scFv's, heavy chain antibodies and domain antibodies; and in particular of V _H sequences, and more in particular of V _HH sequences) that can be used as part of and/or to construct such nanobodies.

[0165] Methods and procedures for the production of VHH/nanobodies can also be found for example in WO 94/04678, WO 96/34103, WO 97/49805, WO 97/49805 WO 94/25591, WO 00/43507 WO 01/90190, WO 03/025020, WO 04/062551, WO 04/041863, WO 04/041865, WO 04/041862, WO 04/041867, PCT/BE2004/000159, Hamers-Casterman et al. (1993) Nature 363: 446; Riechmann and Muyldermans (1999) /. Immunological Metk, 231: 25-38; Vu et al. (1997) Molecular Immunology, 34(16-17): 1121-1131; Nguyen et al. (2000) EMBO J., 19(5): 921-930; Arbabi Ghahroudi et al. (19997) FEBS Letters 414: 521-526; van der Linden et al. (2000) /. Immunological Metk, 240: 185-195; Muyldermans (2001) Rev. Molecular Biotechnology 74: 277-302; Nguyen et al. (2001) Adv. Immunol. 79: 261, and the like.

[0166] In certain embodiments the antibody targeting moiety is a unibody.

Unibodies provide an antibody technology that produces a stable, smaller antibody format with an anticipated longer therapeutic window than certain small antibody formats. In certain embodiments unibodies are produced from IgG4 antibodies by eliminating the hinge region of the antibody. Unlike the full size IgG4 antibody, the half molecule fragment is very stable and is termed a uniBody. Halving the IgG4 molecule left only one area on the UniBody that can bind to a target. Methods of producing unibodies are described in detail in PCT Publication WO2007/059782, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety (see, also, Kolfschoten et al. (2007) Science 317: 1554-1557).

[0167] Affibody molecules are class of affinity proteins based on a 58-amino acid residue protein domain, derived from one of the IgG-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A. This three helix bundle domain has been used as a scaffold for the construction of combinatorial phagemid libraries, from which Affibody variants that target the desired molecules can be selected using phage display technology (see, e.g,. Nord et al. (1997) Nat. Biotechnol. 15: 772-777; Ronmark et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem., 269: 2647-2655.). Details of Affibodies and methods of production are known to those of skill (see, e.g., US Patent No 5,831,012 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). [0168] It will also be recognized that antibodies can be prepared by any of a number of commercial services (e.g., Berkeley antibody laboratories, Bethyl Laboratories, Anawa, Eurogenetec, etc.). [0169] Illustrative antibodies that bind various microorganisms are shown in Table

11.

Table 11. Illustrative antibodies that bind target microorganisms.

[0170] In addition, antibodies (targeting moieties) that bind other microorganisms can readily be produced using, for example, the methods described above.

iii. Porphyrins.

[0171] In certain embodiments porphyrins, or other photosensitizing agents, can be used as targeting moieties in the constructs described herein. In particular, metalloporphyrins, particularly a number of non-iron metalloporphyrins mimic heme in their molecular structure and are actively accumulated by bacteria via high affinity heme- uptake systems. The same uptake systems can be used to deliver antibiotic-porphyrin and antibacterial-porphyrin conjugates. Illustrative targeting porphyrins suitable for this purpose are described in U.S. Patent 6,066,628 and shown herein, for example, in Figures 1 and 2.

[0172] For example, certain artificial (non-iron) metalloporphyrins (MPs) (Ga-IX,

Mn-IX, ) are active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and acid-fast bacilli (e.g., Y. enterocolitica, N. meningitides, S. marcescens, E. coli, P. mirabills, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Ps. aeruginosa, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, F. menigosepticum, S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. pyogenes A, E. faecalis, M. smegmatis, M. bovis, M. tuber., S. crevisiae) as described in Tables 1-5 of U.S. patent 6,066,628. These MPs can be used as targeting moieties against these microorganisms. [0173] Similarly, some MPs are also growth-inhibitory against yeasts, indicating their usefulness targeting moieties to target Candida species (e.g., Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. pillosus, C. glabrata, etc.) and other mycoses including but not limited to those caused by as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and the like. [0174] Porphyrins, and other photosensitizers, also have antimicrobial activity.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the porphyrins, or other photosensitizers, can be used as effectors (e.g., attached to targeting peptides as described herein). In various embodiments the porphyrins or other photosensitizers can provide a dual functionality, e.g., as a targeting moiety and an antimicrobial and can be attached to a targeting peptide and/or to an antimicrobial peptide as described herein.

[0175] Illustrative porphyrins and other photosensitizers are shown in Figures 1-11 and described in more detail in the discussion of effectors below.

iv. Pheromones.

[0176] In certain embodiments, pheromones from microorganisms can be used as targeting moieties. Illustrative pheromones from bacteria and fungi are shown in Table 12.

Table 12. Illustrative bacterial and fungal pheromones utilizable as targeting moieties.

v. Targeting enhancers/opsonins

[0177] In certain embodiments compositions are contemplated that incorporate a targeting enhancer (e.g., an opsonin) along with one or more targeting moieties (e.g., targeting peptides). Targeting enhancers include moieties that increase binding affinity, and/or binding specificity, and/or internalization of a moiety by the target cell/microorganism.

[0178] Accordingly, in certain embodiments, a targeting moiety and/or a targeted antimicrobial molecule comprise a peptide, with the desired level of binding specificity and/or avidity, attached (e.g., conjugated) to an opsonin. When bound to a target cell through the targeting peptide, the opsonin component encourages phagocytosis and destruction by resident macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, or PMNs. Opsonins contemplated for conjugation can be of a direct or indirect type.

[0179] Direct opsonins include, fore example, any bacterial surface antigen, PAMP

(pathogen-associated molecular pattern), or other molecule recognized by host PRRs (pathogen recognizing receptors). Opsonins can include, but are not limited to, bacterial protein, lipid, nucleic acid, charbohydrate and/or oligosaccharide moieties.

[0180] In certain embodiments opsonins include, but are not limited to, N-acetyl-D- glucosamine (GIcNAc), N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GIaNAc), N-acetylglucosamine- containing muramyl peptides, NAG-muramyl peptides, NAG-NAM, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid, LPS, o-antigen, mannose, fucose, ManNAc, galactose, maltose, glucose, glucosamine, sucrose, mannosamine, galactose-alpha-l,3-galactosyl-beta-l,4-N- acetyl glucosamine, or alpha- 1,3 -gal-gal, or other sugars.

[0181] In certain embodiments, opsonins include indirect opsonins. Indirect opsonins function through binding to a direct opsonin already present. For example an Fc portion of an antibody, a sugar-binding lectin protein (example MBL), or host complement factors (example C3b, C4b, iC3b). [0182] In certain embodiments the opsonin is to galactose-alpha-l,3-galactosyl- beta-l,4-N-acetyl glucosamine, or alpha-i,3-gal-gal.

[0183] Other examples of opsonin molecules include, but are not limited to antibodies (e.g., IgG and IgA), components of the complement system (e.g., C3b, C4b, and iC3b), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) (initiates the formation of C3b), and the like.

[0184] Methods of coupling an opsonin to a targeting moiety are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., discussion below regarding attachment of effectors to targeting moieties).

B) Effectors. [0185] Any of a wide number of effectors can be coupled to targeting moieties as described herein to preferentially deliver the effector to a target organism and/or tissue. Illustrative effectors include, but are not limited to detectable labels, small molecule antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, porphyrins or other photosensitizers, epitope tags/antibodies for use in a pretargeting protocol, agents that physically disrupt the extracellular matrix within a community of microorganisms, microparticles and/or microcapsules, nanoparticles and/or nanocapsules, "carrier" vehicles including, but not limited to lipids, liposomes, dendrimers, cholic acid-based peptide mimics or other peptide mimics, steroid antibiotics, and the like.

i. Detectable labels. [0186] In certain embodiments chimeric moieties are provided comprising a targeting moiety (e.g., as described in Table 3) attached directly or through a linker to a detectable label. Such chimeric moieties are effective for detecting the presence and/or quantity, and/or location of the microorganism(s) to which the targeting moiety is directed. Similarly these chimeric moieties are useful to identify cells and/or tissues and/or food stuffs and/or other compositions that are infected with the targeted microorganism(s).

[0187] Detectable labels suitable for use in such chimeric moieties include any composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical, or chemical means. Illustrative useful labels include, but are not limited to, biotin for staining with labeled streptavidin conjugates, avidin or streptavidin for labeling with biotin conjugates fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein, texas red, rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, and the like, see, e.g., Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon, USA), radiolabels (e.g., ³ H, ¹²⁵ 1, ³⁵ S, ¹⁴ C, ³² P, ⁹⁹ Tc, ²⁰³ Pb, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁷² As, ¹¹¹ In, ^113m In, ⁹⁷ Ru, ⁶² Cu, 641Cu, ⁵² Fe, ^52m Mn, ⁵¹ Cr, ¹⁸⁶ Re, ¹⁸⁸ Re, ⁷⁷ As, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁶⁷ Cu, ¹⁶⁹ Er, ¹²¹ Sn, ¹²⁷ Te, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁴³ Pr, ¹⁹⁸ Au, ¹⁹⁹ Au, ¹⁶¹ Tb, ¹⁰⁹ Pd, ¹⁶⁵ Dy, ¹⁴⁹ Pm, ¹⁵¹ Pm, ¹⁵³ Sm, ¹⁵⁷ Gd, ¹⁵⁹ Gd, ¹⁶⁶ Ho, ¹⁷² Tm, ¹⁶⁹ Yb, ¹⁷⁵ Yb, ¹⁷⁷ Lu, ¹⁰⁵ Rh, ¹¹¹ Ag, and the like), enzymes (e.g., horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and others commonly used in an ELISA), various colorimetric labels, magnetic or paramagnetic labels (e.g., magnetic and/or paramagnetic nanoparticles), spin labels, radio-opaque labels, and the like. Patents teaching the use of such labels include, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241. [0188] It will be recognized that fluorescent labels are not to be limited to single species organic molecules, but include inorganic molecules, multi-molecular mixtures of organic and/or inorganic molecules, crystals, heteropolymers, and the like. Thus, for example, CdSe-CdS core-shell nanocrystals enclosed in a silica shell can be easily derivatized for coupling to a biological molecule (Bruchez et al. (1998) Science, 281: 2013- 2016). Similarly, highly fluorescent quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection (Warren and Nie (1998) Science, 281: 2016-2018).

[0189] In various embodiments spin labels are provided by reporter molecules with an unpaired electron spin which can be detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Illustrative spin labels include organic free radicals, transitional metal complexes, particularly vanadium, copper, iron, and manganese, and the like. Exemplary spin labels include, for example, nitroxide free radicals.

[0190] Means of detecting such labels are well known to those of skill in the art.

Thus, for example, where the label is a radioactive label, means for detection include a scintillation counter or photographic film as in autoradiography. Where the label is a fluorescent label, it may be detected by exciting the fluorochrome with the appropriate wavelength of light and detecting the resulting fluorescence, e.g., by microscopy, visual inspection, via photographic film, by the use of electronic detectors such as charge coupled devices (CCDs) or photomultipliers and the like. Similarly, enzymatic labels may be detected by providing appropriate substrates for the enzyme and detecting the resulting reaction product. Finally, simple colorimetric labels may be detected simply by observing the color associated with the label. U. Antibiotics.

[0191] In certain embodiments chimeric moieties are provided comprising a targeting moiety (e.g. as described in Table 3) attached directly or through a linker to a small molecule antibiotic and/or to a carrier (e.g., a lipid or liposome, a polymer, etc.) comprising a small molecule antibiotic. Illustrative antibiotics are shown in Table 13.

Table 13. Illustrative antibiotics for use in the chimeric moieties described herein.

iii. Porphyrins and non-porphyrin photosensitizers.

[0192] In certain embodiments, porphyrins and other photosensitizers can be used as targeting moieties and/or as effectors in the methods and compositions of this invention. A photosensitizer is a drug or other chemical that increases photosensitivity of the organism (e.g., bacterium, yeast, fungus, etc.). As targeting moieties the photosensitizers (e.g., porphyrins) are preferentially uptaken by the target microorganisms and thereby facilitate delivery of the chimeric moiety to the target microorganism.

[0193] As effectors, photosensitizers can be useful in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). In various embodiments PACT utilizes photosensitizers and light (e.g., visible, ultraviolet, infrared, etc.) in order to give a phototoxic response in the target organism(s), often via oxidative damage.

[0194] Currently, the major use of PACT is in the disinfection of blood products, particularly for viral inactivation, although more clinically-based protocols are used, e.g. in the treatment of oral infection or topical infection. The technique has been shown to be effective in vitro against bacteria (including drug-resistant strains), yeasts, viruses, parasites, and the like.

[0195] Attaching a targeting moiety (e.g., a targeting peptide) to the photosensitizer, e.g., as described herein, provides a means of specifically or preferentially targeting the photosensitizer(s) to particular species or strains(s) of microorganism. [0196] A wide range of photosensitizers, both natural and synthetic are known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Wainwright (1998) /. Antimicrob. Chemotherap. 42: 13- 28). Photosensitizers are available with differing physicochemical make-up and light- absorption properties. In various embodiments photosensitizers are usually aromatic molecules that are efficient in the formation of long-lived triplet excited states. In terms of the energy absorbed by the aromatic -system, this again depends on the molecular structure involved. For example,: furocoumarin photosensitizers (psoralens) absorb relatively high energy ultraviolet (UV) light (c. 300-350 nm), whereas macrocyclic, hetero aromatic molecules such as the phthalocyanines absorb lower energy, near-infrared light.

[0197] Illustrative photosensitizers include, but are not limited to porphyrinic macrocyles (especially porphyrins, chlorines, etc., see, e.g., Figures 1 and 2). In particular, metalloporphyrins, particularly a number of non-iron metalloporphyrins mimic haem in their molecular structure and are actively accumulated by bacteria via high affinity haem- uptake systems. The same uptake systems can be used to deliver antibiotic -porphyrin and antibacterial-porphyrin conjugates. Illustrative targeting porphyrins suitable for this purpose are described in U.S. Patent 6,066,628 and shown herein in Figures 1 and 2.

[0198] Illustrative examples of targeted porphyrins are described in Example 5 and associated figures and in Figure 13.

[0199] For example, certain artificial (non-iron) metalloporphyrins (MPs) (Ga-IX,

Mn-IX, ) are active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and acid-fast bacilli (e.g., Y. enterocolitica, N. meningitides, S. marcescens, E. coli, P. mirabills, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Ps. aeruginosa, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, F. menigosepticum, S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. pyogenes A, E. faecalis, M. smegmatis, M. bovis, M. tuber., S. crevisiae) as described in Tables 1-5 of U.S. patent 6,066,628. These MPs can be used as targeting moieties against these microorganisms. [0200] Similarly, some MPs are also growth-inhibitory against yeasts, indicating their usefulness targeting moieties to target Candida species (e.g., Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. pillosus, C. glabrata, etc.) and other mycoses including but not limited to those caused by as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and the like. [0201] Other photosensitizers include, but are not limited to cyanines (see, e.g,.

Figure 6) and phthalocyanines (see, e.g., Figure 4), azines (see, e.g., Figure 5) including especially methylene blue and touidine blue, hypericin (see, e.g., Figure 8), acridines (see, e.g., Figure 9) including especially Rose Bengal (see, e.g., Figure 10), crown ethers (see, e.g., Figure 11), and the like. In certain embodiments, the photosensitizers include tin chlorin 6 and related compounds (e.g., other chlorines and tin porphyrins).

[0202] Another light- activated compound is cucumin (see, Figure 12). [0203] In certain embodiments the photosensitizers are toxic or growth inhibitors without light activation. For example, some non-iron metalloporphyrins (MPs) (see, e.g., Figures 1 and 2 herein) possess a powerful light-independent antimicrobial activity. In addition, haemin, the most well known natural porphyrin, possesses a significant antibacterial activity that can augmented by the presence of physiological concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or a reducing agent.

[0204] Typically, when activated by light, the toxicity or growth inhibition effect is substantially increased. Typically, they generate radical species that affect anything within proximity. In certain embodiments to get the best selectivity from targeted photosensitizers, anti-oxidants can be used to quench un-bound photosensitizers, limiting the damage only to cells where the conjugates have accumulated due to the targeting peptide. The membrane structures of the target cell act as the proton donors in this case.

[0205] In typical photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) the targeted photosensitizer is "activated by the application of a light source (e.g., a visible light source, an ultraviolate light source, an infrared light source, etc.). PACT applications however need not be limited to topical use. Regions of the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses are readily illuminated. Similarly regions of the gut can readily be illuminated using endoscopic techniques. Other internal regions can be illumined using laparoscopic methods or during other surgical procedures. For example, in certain embodiments involving the insertion or repair or replacement of an implantable device (e.g., a prosthetic device) it contemplated that the device can be coated or otherwise contacted with a chimeric moiety comprising a targeting moiety attached to a photosensitizer as described herein. During the surgical procedure and/or just before closing, the device can be illuminated with an appropriate light source to activate the photosensitizer. [0206] The targeted photosensitizers and uses thereof described herein are illustrative and not to be limiting. Using the teachings provided herein, other targeted photosensitizers and uses thereof will be available to one of skill in the art.

iv. Antimicrobial peptides.

[0207] In certain embodiments, the effector can comprise one or more antimicrobial peptides or compound antimicrobial peptides, e.g., as described above. Numerous antimicrobial peptides are well known to those of skill in the art. [0208] In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptides comprise one or more amino acid sequences described above (e.g., one or more domains comprising amino acid sequences in Tables 4 and/or 5) and/or one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in Table 14. In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptides comprise one or more amino acid sequences described in the "Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides" (CAMP) an online database developed for advancement the understanding of antimicrobial peptides (see, e.g., Thomas et al. (2009) Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, l-7.doi:10.1093/nar/gkpl021) available at www.bicnirrh.res.in/antimicrobial.

Table 14. Other illustrative antimicrobial peptides. AP numbers refer to ID in antimicrobial peptide database (http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php).

Abreviations: U - Aminoisobutyric Acid (Aib); J - Isovaline (Iva); O - Hydroxyproline (Hyp); Z - Ethylnorvaline (EtNor); x or xx means L or I at that position; Ac - optionally acetylated N-term; OH, OCH3 - optional C-term; Alkane long chains are noted in brackets; * optionally amidated C-terminus. Where protecting groups are shown, the gropus are optional. Conversely any of the peptides shown without protecting groups can, optionally bear one or more protecting groups. Where peptides are shown circularized, linear forms are also contemplated. Conversely, where linear peptides are shown circularlized versions are also contemplated.

[0209] In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptide consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of LL-37 (LLGDFFRK SKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKD FLRNL VPRTES, SEQ ID NO:3192) or a variant of LL-37. LL-37 is a cathelicidin anti-microbial corresponding to amino acids 134-170 of the human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18). In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptide consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of an LL-37 variant as described in U.S. Patent Publication No: 2009/0156499 Al). Illustrative variants comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, or 98% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence FKRIVQRIKDFLRXi (SEQ ID NO:3193), where Xi is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 amino acids. In certain embodiments illustrative variants comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, or 98% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence X1RLFDKIRQVIRKFX2 (SEQ ID NO:3194) where Xi is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 amino acids and X ₂ is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 amino acids.

[0210] In certain embodiments the antimicrobial peptide consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of an LL-37 variant shown in Table 15.

Table 15. LL-37 peptide and variants.

[0211] A number of antimicrobial peptides are also disclosed in U.S. Patents

7,271,239, 7,223,840, 7,176,276, 6,809,181, 6,699,689, 6,420,116, 6,358,921, 6,316,594, 6,235,973, 6,183,992, 6,143,498, 6,042,848, 6,040,291, 5,936,063, 5,830,993, 5,428,016, 5,424,396, 5,032,574, 4,623,733, which are incorporated herein by reference for the disclosure of particular antimicrobial peptides.. v. Ligands.

[0212] In certain embodiments the effector can comprise one ore more ligands, epitope tags, and/or antibodies. In certain embodiments preferred ligands and antibodies include those that bind to surface markers on immune cells. Chimeric moieties utilizing such antibodies as effector molecules act as bifunctional linkers establishing an association between the immune cells bearing binding partner for the ligand or antibody and the target microorganism(s).

[0213] The terms "epitope tag" or "affinity tag" are used interchangeably herein, and used refers to a molecule or domain of a molecule that is specifically recognized by an antibody or other binding partner. The term also refers to the binding partner complex as well. Thus, for example, biotin or a biotin/avidin complex are both regarded as an affinity tag. In addition to epitopes recognized in epitope/antibody interactions, affinity tags also comprise "epitopes" recognized by other binding molecules (e.g. ligands bound by receptors), ligands bound by other ligands to form heterodimers or homodimers, HiS ₆ bound by Ni-NTA, biotin bound by avidin, streptavidin, or anti-biotin antibodies, and the like.

[0214] Epitope tags are well known to those of skill in the art. Moreover, antibodies specific to a wide variety of epitope tags are commercially available. These include but are not limited to antibodies against the DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO:3207) epitope, c-myc antibodies (available from Sigma, St. Louis), the HNK-I carbohydrate epitope, the HA epitope, the HSV epitope, the His ₄ (SEQ ID NO:3208), His ₅ (SEQ ID NO:3209), and His ₆ (SEQ ID NO:3210) epitopes that are recognized by the His epitope specific antibodies (see, e.g., Qiagen), and the like. In addition, vectors for epitope tagging proteins are commercially available. Thus, for example, the pCMV-Tagl vector is an epitope tagging vector designed for gene expression in mammalian cells. A target gene inserted into the pCMV-Tagl vector can be tagged with the FLAG ® epitope (N-terminal, C-terminal or internal tagging), the c-myc epitope (C-terminal) or both the FLAG (N-terminal) and c-myc (C-terminal) epitopes.

vi. Lipids and Liposomes.

[0215] In certain embodiments the effectors comprise one or more microparticles or nanoparticles that can be loaded with an effector agent (e.g., a pharmaceutical, a label, etc.). In certain embodiments the microparticles or nanoparticles are lipidic particles. Lipidic particles are microparticles or nanoparticles that include at least one lipid component forming a condensed lipid phase. Typically, a lipidic nanoparticle has preponderance of lipids in its composition. Various condensed lipid phases include solid amorphous or true crystalline phases; isomorphic liquid phases (droplets); and various hydrated mesomorphic oriented lipid phases such as liquid crystalline and pseudocrystalline bilayer phases (L- alpha, L-beta, P-beta, Lc), interdigitated bilayer phases, and nonlamellar phases {see, e.g., The Structure of Biological Membranes, ed. by P. Yeagle, CRC Press, Bora Raton, FL, 1991). Lipidic microparticles include, but are not limited to a liposome, a lipid-nucleic acid complex, a lipid-drug complex, a lipid-label complex, a solid lipid particle, a microemulsion droplet, and the like. Methods of making and using these types of lipidic microparticles and nanoparticles, as well as attachment of affinity moieties, e.g., antibodies, to them are known in the art {see, e.g., U.S. Patents: 5,077,057; 5,100,591; 5,616,334; 6,406,713; 5,576,016; 6,248,363; Bondi et al. (2003) Drug Delivery 10: 245-250; Pedersen et al, (2006) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 62: 155-162, 2006 (solid lipid particles); U.S. Patents: 5,534,502; 6,720,001; Shiokawa et al. (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 2018-2025 (microemulsions); U.S. Patent 6,071,533 (lipid-nucleic acid complexes), and the like).

[0216] A liposome is generally defined as a particle comprising one or more lipid bilayers enclosing an interior, typically an aqueous interior. Thus, a liposome is often a vesicle formed by a bilayer lipid membrane. There are many methods for the preparation of liposomes. Some of them are used to prepare small vesicles (d<0.05 micrometer), some for larger vesicles (d>0.05 micrometer). Some are used to prepare multilamellar vesicles, some for unilamellar ones. Methods for liposome preparation are exhaustively described in several review articles such as Szoka and Papahadjopoulos (1980) Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 9: 467, Deamer and Uster (1983) Pp. 27-51 In: Liposomes, ed. M. J. Ostro, Marcel Dekker, New York, and the like. [0217] In various embodiments the liposomes include a surface coating of a hydrophilic polymer chain. "Surface-coating" refers to the coating of any hydrophilic polymer on the surface of liposomes. The hydrophilic polymer is included in the liposome by including in the liposome composition one or more vesicle-forming lipids derivatized with a hydrophilic polymer chain. In certain embodiments, vesicle-forming lipids with diacyl chains, such as phospholipids, are preferred. One illustrative phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which contains a reactive amino group convenient for coupling to the activated polymers. One illustrative PE is distearoyl PE (DSPE). Another example is non-phospholipid double chain amphiphilic lipids, such as diacyl- or dialkylglycerols, derivatized with a hydrophilic polymer chain.

[0218] In certain embodiments a hydrophilic polymer for use in coupling to a vesicle forming lipid is polyethyleneglycol (PEG), preferably as a PEG chain having a molecular weight between 1,000-10,000 Daltons, more preferably between 1,000-5,000 Daltons, most preferably between 2,000-5,000 Daltons. Methoxy or ethoxy-capped analogues of PEG are also useful hydrophilic polymers, commercially available in a variety of polymer sizes, e.g., 120-20,000 Daltons.

[0219] Other hydrophilic polymers that can be suitable include, but are not limited to polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethyloxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxypropyl methacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide, and derivatized celluloses, such as hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose.

[0220] Preparation of lipid-polymer conjugates containing these polymers attached to a suitable lipid, such as PE, have been described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,

[0221] The liposomes can, optionally be prepared for attachment to one or more targeting moieties described herein. Here the lipid component included in the liposomes would include either a lipid derivatized with the targeting moiety, or a lipid having a polar- head chemical group, e.g., on a linker, that can be derivatized with the targeting moiety in preformed liposomes, according to known methods.

[0222] Methods of functionalizing lipids and liposomes with affinity moieties such as antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g. , DE 3,218,121; Epstein et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL, USA, 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL, USA, 77: 4030; EP 52,322; EP 36,676; EP 88,046; EP 143,949; EP 142,641; Japanese patent application 83-118008; U.S. Patent. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and EP 102,324, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

vii. Agents that physically disrupt the extracellular matrix within a community of microorganisms [0223] In certain embodiments, peptides can be coupled to agents that physically disrupt the extracellular matrix within a community of microorganisms, for example a biofilm. In certain preferred embodiments, such an agent could be a bacterial cell-wall degrading enzyme, for example SAL-2, or any species of glycosidase, alginase, peptidase, proteinase, lipase, or DNA or RNA degrading enzyme or compound, for example rhRNase. Disruption of extracellular matrix of biofilms can result in clearance and therapeutic benefit. [0224] Peptides can also be attached to antimicrobial proteins, such as Protein

Inhibitor C or Colicin, or fragments thereof, for example the Ha domain of Colicin, or the heparin-binding domain of Protein Inhibitor C.

viii. Polymeric microparticles and/or nanoparticles.

[0225] In certain embodiments the effector(s) comprise polymeric microparticles and/or nanoparticles and/or micelles.

[0226] Microparticle and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have considerable potential for treatment of various microorganisms. Technological advantages of polymeric microparticles or nanoparticles used as drug carriers are high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral application and inhalation. Polymeric nanoparticles can also be designed to allow controlled (sustained) drug release from the matrix. These properties of nanoparticles enable improvement of drug bioavailability and reduction of the dosing frequency.

[0227] Polymeric nanoparticles are typically micron or submicron (< lμm) colloidal particles. This definition includes monolithic nanoparticles (nanospheres) in which the drug is adsorbed, dissolved, or dispersed throughout the matrix and nanocapsules in which the drug is confined to an aqueous or oily core surrounded by a shell-like wall. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the drug can be covalently attached to the surface or into the matrix.

[0228] Polymeric microparticles and nanoparticles are typically made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials such as polymers, either natural (e.g., gelatin, albumin) or synthetic (e.g., polylactides, polyalkylcyanoacrylates), or solid lipids. In the body, the drug loaded in nanoparticles is usually released from the matrix by diffusion, swelling, erosion, or degradation. One commonly used material is poly(lactide-co- glycolide) (PLG). [0229] Methods of fabricating and loading polymeric nanoparticles or microparticles are well known to those of skill in the art. Thus, for example, Matsumoto et al. (1999) Intl. J. Pharmaceutics, 185: 93-101 teaches the fabrication of poly(L-lactide) - poly(ethylene glycol) - poly(L-lactide) nanoparticles, Chawla et al. (2002) Intl. J. Pharmaceutics 249: 127-138, teaches the fabrication and use of poly(e-caprolactone) nanoparticles delivery of tamifoxen, and Bodmeier et al. (1988) Intl. J. Pharmaceutics, 43: 179-186, teaches the preparation of poly(D,L-lactide) microspheres using a solvent evaporation method. " Intl. J. Pharmaceutics, 1988, 43, 179-186. Other nanoparticle formulations are described, for example, by Williams et al. (2003) J. Controlled Release, 91: 167-172; Leroux et al. (1996) J. Controlled Release, 39: 339-350; Soppimath et al. (2001) /. Controlled Release, 70: 1-20; Brannon-Peppas (1995) Intl. J. Pharmaceutics, 116: 1-9; and the like.

C) Peptide preparation.

[0230] The peptides described herein can be chemically synthesized using standard chemical peptide synthesis techniques or, particularly where the peptide does not comprise "D" amino acid residues, the peptide can be recombinantly expressed. Where the "D" polypeptides are recombinantly expressed, a host organism (e.g. bacteria, plant, fungal cells, etc.) can be cultured in an environment where one or more of the amino acids is provided to the organism exclusively in a D form. Recombinantly expressed peptides in such a system then incorporate those D amino acids.

[0231] In certain embodiments, D amino acids can be incorporated in recombinantly expressed peptides using modified amino acyl-tRNA synthetases that recognize D-amino acids.

[0232] In certain embodiments the peptides are chemically synthesized by any of a number of fluid or solid phase peptide synthesis techniques known to those of skill in the art. Solid phase synthesis in which the C-terminal amino acid of the sequence is attached to an insoluble support followed by sequential addition of the remaining amino acids in the sequence is a preferred method for the chemical synthesis of the polypeptides of this invention. Techniques for solid phase synthesis are well known to those of skill in the art and are described, for example, by Barany and Merrifield (1963) Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis; pp. 3-284 in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology. Vol. 2: Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part A.; Merrifield et al. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 85: 2149-2156, and Stewart et al. (1984) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed. Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, 111. [0233] In one embodiment, the peptides can be synthesized by the solid phase peptide synthesis procedure using a benzhyderylamine resin (Beckman Bioproducts, 0.59 mmol of NH ₂ /g of resin) as the solid support. The COOH terminal amino acid (e.g., t- butylcarbonyl-Phe) is attached to the solid support through a 4-(oxymethyl)phenacetyl group. This is a more stable linkage than the conventional benzyl ester linkage, yet the finished peptide can still be cleaved by hydrogenation. Transfer hydrogenation using formic acid as the hydrogen donor can be used for this purpose.

[0234] It is noted that in the chemical synthesis of peptides, particularly peptides comprising D amino acids, the synthesis usually produces a number of truncated peptides in addition to the desired full-length product. Thus, the peptides are typically purified using, e.g., HPLC.

[0235] D-amino acids, beta amino acids, non-natural amino acids, and the like can be incorporated at one or more positions in the peptide simply by using the appropriately derivatized amino acid residue in the chemical synthesis. Modified residues for solid phase peptide synthesis are commercially available from a number of suppliers (see, e.g.,

Advanced Chem Tech, Louisville; Nova Biochem, San Diego; Sigma, St Louis; Bachem California Inc., Torrance, etc.). The D-form and/or otherwise modified amino acids can be completely omitted or incorporated at any position in the peptide as desired. Thus, for example, in certain embodiments, the peptide can comprise a single modified acid, while in other embodiments, the peptide comprises at least two, generally at least three, more generally at least four, most generally at least five, preferably at least six, more preferably at least seven or even all modified amino acids. In certain embodiments, essentially every amino acid is a D-form amino acid.

[0236] As indicated above, the peptides and/or fusion proteins of this invention can also be recombinantly expressed. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the antimicrobial peptides and/or targeting moieties, and/or fusion proteins of this invention are synthesized using recombinant expression systems. Generally this involves creating a DNA sequence that encodes the desired peptide or fusion protein, placing the DNA in an expression cassette under the control of a particular promoter, expressing the peptide or fusion protein in a host, isolating the expressed peptide or fusion protein and, if required, renaturing the peptide or fusion protein. [0237] DNA encoding the peptide(s) or fusion protein(s) described herein can be prepared by any suitable method as described above, including, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences or direct chemical synthesis.

[0238] This nucleic acid can be easily ligated into an appropriate vector containing appropriate expression control sequences (e.g. promoter, enhancer, etc.), and, optionally, containing one or more selectable markers (e.g. antibiotic resistance genes).

[0239] The nucleic acid sequences encoding the peptides or fusion proteins described herein can be expressed in a variety of host cells, including, but not limited to, E. coli, other bacterial hosts, yeast, fungus, and various higher eukaryotic cells such as insect cells (e.g. SF3), the COS, CHO and HeLa cells lines and myeloma cell lines. The recombinant protein gene will typically be operably linked to appropriate expression control sequences for each host. For E. coli this can include a promoter such as the T7, trp, or lambda promoters, a ribosome binding site and preferably a transcription termination signal. For eukaryotic cells, the control sequences can include a promoter and often an enhancer (e.g., an enhancer derived from immunoglobulin genes, SV40, cytomegalovirus, etc.), and a polyadenylation sequence, and may include splice donor and acceptor sequences.

[0240] The plasmids can be transferred into the chosen host cell by well-known methods such as calcium chloride transformation for E. coli and calcium phosphate treatment or electroporation for mammalian cells. Cells transformed by the plasmids can be selected by resistance to antibiotics conferred by genes contained on the plasmids, such as the amp, gpt, neo and hyg genes.

[0241] Once expressed, the recombinant peptide(s) or fusion protein(s) can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like (see, generally, R. Scopes, (1982) Protein Purification, Springer- Verlag, N. Y.; Deutscher (1990) Methods in Enzymology Vol. 182: Guide to Protein Purification., Academic Press, Inc. N. Y.). Substantially pure compositions of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity are most preferred.

[0242] One of skill in the art would recognize that after chemical synthesis, biological expression, or purification, the peptide(s) or fusion protein(s) may possess a conformation substantially different than desired native conformation. In this case, it may be necessary to denature and reduce the peptide or fusion protein and then to cause the molecule to re-fold into the preferred conformation. Methods of reducing and denaturing proteins and inducing re-folding are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Debinski et al. (1993) /. Biol. Chem., 268: 14065-14070; Kreitman and Pastan (1993) Bioconjug. Chem., 4: 581-585; and Buchner, et al., (1992) Anal. Biochem., 205: 263-270). Debinski et al., for example, describes the denaturation and reduction of inclusion body proteins in guanidine-DTE. The protein is then refolded in a redox buffer containing oxidized glutathione and L-arginine.

[0243] One of skill would recognize that modifications can be made to the peptide(s) and/or fusion protein(s) proteins without diminishing their biological activity. Some modifications may be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the targeting molecule into a fusion protein. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids (e.g., poly His) placed on either terminus to create conveniently located restriction sites or termination codons or purification sequences.

D) Joining targeting moieties to effectors.

L Chemical conjugation.

[0244] Chimeric moieties are formed by joining one or more of the targeting moieties described herein to one or more effectors. In certain embodiments the targeting moieties are attached directly to the effector(s) via naturally occurring reactive groups or the targeting moiety and/or the effector(s) can be functionalized to provide such reactive groups.

[0245] In various embodiments the targeting moieties are attached to effector(s) via one or more linking agents. Thus, in various embodiments the targeting moieties and the effector(s) can be conjugated via a single linking agent or multiple linking agents. For example, the targeting moiety and the effector can be conjugated via a single multifunctional (e.g., bi-, tri-, or tetra-) linking agent or a pair of complementary linking agents. In another embodiment, the targeting moiety and the effector are conjugated via two, three, or more linking agents. Suitable linking agents include, but are not limited to, e.g., functional groups, affinity agents, stabilizing groups, and combinations thereof. [0246] In certain embodiments the linking agent is or comprises a functional group.

Functional groups include monofunctional linkers comprising a reactive group as well as multifunctional crosslinkers comprising two or more reactive groups capable of forming a bond with two or more different functional targets (e.g., labels, proteins, macromolecules, semiconductor nanocrystals, or substrate). In some preferred embodiments, the multifunctional crosslinkers are heterobifunctional crosslinkers comprising two or more different reactive groups.

[0247] Suitable reactive groups include, but are not limited to thiol (-SH), carboxylate (COOH), carboxyl (- COOH), carbonyl, amine (NH ₂ ), hydroxyl (-OH), aldehyde (-CH0), alcohol (ROH), ketone (R ₂ CO), active hydrogen, ester, sulfhydryl (SH), phosphate (-PO ₃ ), or photoreactive moieties. Amine reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., isothiocyanates, isocyanates, acyl azides, NHS esters, sulfonyl chlorides, aldehydes and glyoxals, epoxides and oxiranes, carbonates, arylating agents, imidoesters, carbodiimides, and anhydrides. Thiol-reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., haloacetyl and alkyl halide derivates, maleimides, aziridines, acryloyl derivatives, arylating agents, and thiol- disulfides exchange reagents. Carboxylate reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., diazoalkanes and diazoacetyl compounds, such as carbonyldiimidazoles and carbodiimides. Hydroxyl reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., epoxides and oxiranes, carbonyldiimidazole, oxidation with periodate, N ₅ N'- disuccinimidyl carbonate or N- hydroxylsuccimidyl chloroformate, enzymatic oxidation, alkyl halogens, and isocyanates. Aldehyde and ketone reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., hydrazine derivatives for schiff base formation or reduction amination. Active hydrogen reactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., diazonium derivatives for mannich condensation and iodination reactions. Photoreactive groups include, but are not limited to e.g., aryl azides and halogenated aryl azides, benzophenones, diazo compounds, and diazirine derivatives.

[0248] Other suitable reactive groups and classes of reactions useful in forming chimeric moieties include those that are well known in the art of bioconjugate chemistry. Currently favored classes of reactions available with reactive chelates are those which proceed under relatively mild conditions. These include, but are not limited to, nucleophilic substitutions (e.g., reactions of amines and alcohols with acyl halides, active esters), electrophilic substitutions (e.g., enamine reactions), and additions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds (e.g., Michael reaction, Diels-Alder addition). These and other useful reactions are discussed in, for example, March (1985) Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Hermanson (1996) Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press, San Diego; and Feeney et al. (1982) Modification of Proteins; Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 198, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.. [0249] In certain embodiments, the linking agent comprises a chelator. For example, the chelator comprising the molecule, DOTA (DOTA = 1,4,7,10- tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), can readily be labeled with a radiolabel, such as Gd ³⁺ and ⁶⁴ Cu, resulting in Gd ³⁺ -DOTA and ⁶⁴ Cu-DOTA respectively, attached to the targeting moiety. Other suitable chelates are known to those of skill in the art, for example, l,4,7-triazacyclononane-iV,iV',iV"-triacetic acid (NOTA) derivatives being among the most well known {see, e.g., Lee et al. (1997) Nucl Med Biol. 24: 2225-23019).

[0250] A "linker" or "linking agent" as used herein, is a molecule that is used to join two or more molecules. In certain embodiments the linker is typically capable of forming covalent bonds to both molecule(s) {e.g., the targeting moiety and the effector). Suitable linkers are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, straight or branched-chain carbon linkers, heterocyclic carbon linkers, or peptide linkers. In certain embodiments the linkers can be joined to the constituent amino acids through their side groups {e.g., through a disulfide linkage to cysteine). However, in certain embodiments, the linkers will be joined to the alpha carbon amino and carboxyl groups of the terminal amino acids.

[0251] A bifunctional linker having one functional group reactive with a group on one molecule {e.g., a targeting peptide), and another group reactive on the other molecule {e.g., an antimicrobial peptide), can be used to form the desired conjugate. Alternatively, derivatization can be performed to provide functional groups. Thus, for example, procedures for the generation of free sulfhydryl groups on peptides are also known (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,839).

[0252] In certain embodiments the linking agent is a heterobifunctional crosslinker comprising two or more different reactive groups that form a heterocyclic ring that can interact with a peptide. For example, a heterobifunctional crosslinker such as cysteine may comprise an amine reactive group and a thiol-reactive group can interact with an aldehyde on a derivatized peptide. Additional combinations of reactive groups suitable for heterobifunctional crosslinkers include, for example, amine- and sulfhydryl reactive groups; carbonyl and sulfhydryl reactive groups; amine and photoreactive groups; sulfhydryl and photoreactive groups; carbonyl and photoreactive groups; carboxylate and photoreactive groups; and arginine and photoreactive groups. In one embodiment, the heterobifunctional crosslinker is SMCC. [0253] Many procedures and linker molecules for attachment of various molecules to peptides or proteins are known (see, e.g., European Patent Application No. 188,256; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,671,958, 4,659,839, 4,414,148, 4,699,784; 4,680,338; 4,569,789; and 4,589,071; and Borlinghaus et al. (1987) Cancer Res. Al: 4071-4075). Illustrative linking protocols are provided herein in Examples 2 and 3.

ii. Fusion proteins.

[0254] In certain embodiments where the targeting moiety and effector are both peptides or both comprise peptides, the chimeric moiety can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly expressed as a fusion protein (i.e., a chimeric fusion protein).

[0255] In certain embodiments the chimeric fusion proteins are synthesized using recombinant DNA methodology. Generally this involves creating a DNA sequence that encodes the fusion protein, placing the DNA in an expression cassette under the control of a particular promoter, expressing the protein in a host, isolating the expressed protein and, if required, renaturing the protein.

[0256] DNA encoding the fusion proteins can be prepared by any suitable method, including, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences or direct chemical synthesis by methods such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al. (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68: 90-99; the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68: 109-151; the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetra. Lett., 22: 1859-1862; and the solid support method of U.S. Patent No. 4,458,066. [0257] Chemical synthesis produces a single stranded oligonucleotide. This can be converted into double stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase using the single strand as a template. One of skill would recognize that while chemical synthesis of DNA is limited to sequences of about 100 bases, longer sequences can be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences. [0258] Alternatively, subsequences can be cloned and the appropriate subsequences cleaved using appropriate restriction enzymes. The fragments can then be ligated to produce the desired DNA sequence.

[0259] In certain embodiments, DNA encoding fusion proteins of the present invention may be cloned using DNA amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, for example, the nucleic acid encoding a targeting antibody, a targeting peptide, and the like is PCR amplified, using a sense primer containing the restriction site for Ndel and an antisense primer containing the restriction site for Hindlll. This produces a nucleic acid encoding the targeting sequence and having terminal restriction sites. Similarly an effector and/or effector/linker/spacer can be provided having complementary restriction sites. Ligation of sequences and insertion into a vector produces a vector encoding the fusion protein.

[0260] While the targeting moieties and effector(s) can be directly joined together, one of skill will appreciate that they can be separated by a peptide spacer/linker consisting of one or more amino acids. Generally the spacer will have no specific biological activity other than to join the proteins or to preserve some minimum distance or other spatial relationship between them. However, the constituent amino acids of the spacer may be selected to influence some property of the molecule such as the folding, net charge, or hydrophobicity. [0261] The nucleic acid sequences encoding the fusion proteins can be expressed in a variety of host cells, including E. coli, other bacterial hosts, yeast, and various higher eukaryotic cells such as the COS, CHO and HeLa cells lines and myeloma cell lines. The recombinant protein gene will be operably linked to appropriate expression control sequences for each host. For E. coli this includes a promoter such as the T7, trp, or lambda promoters, a ribosome binding site and preferably a transcription termination signal. For eukaryotic cells, the control sequences will include a promoter and preferably an enhancer derived from immunoglobulin genes, SV40, cytomegalovirus, etc., and a polyadenylation sequence, and may include splice donor and acceptor sequences.

[0262] The plasmids can be transferred into the chosen host cell by well-known methods such as calcium chloride transformation for E. coli and calcium phosphate treatment or electroporation for mammalian cells. Cells transformed by the plasmids can be selected by resistance to antibiotics conferred by genes contained on the plasmids, such as the amp, gpt, neo and hyg genes.

[0263] Once expressed, the recombinant fusion proteins can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like (see, generally, R. Scopes (1982) Protein Purification, Springer- Verlag, N.Y.; Deutscher (1990) Methods in Enzymology Vol. 182: Guide to Protein Purification., Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). Substantially pure compositions of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity are most preferred for pharmaceutical uses. Once purified, partially or to homogeneity as desired, the polypeptides may then be used therapeutically.

[0264] One of skill in the art would recognize that after chemical synthesis, biological expression, or purification, the fusion protein may possess a conformation substantially different than the native conformations of the constituent polypeptides. In this case, it may be necessary to denature and reduce the polypeptide and then to cause the polypeptide to re-fold into the preferred conformation. Methods of reducing and denaturing proteins and inducing re-folding are well known to those of skill in the art (See, Debinski et al. (1993) /. Biol. Chem., 268: 14065-14070; Kreitman and Pastan (1993) Bioconjug. Chem., 4: 581-585; and Buchner, et al. (1992) Anal. Biochem., 205: 263-270).

[0265] One of skill would recognize that modifications can be made to the fusion proteins without diminishing their biological activity. Some modifications may be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the targeting molecule into a fusion protein. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids placed on either terminus to create conveniently located restriction sites or termination codons.

[0266] As indicated above, in various embodiments a peptide linker/spacer is used to join the one or more targeting moieties to one or more effector(s). In various embodiments the peptide linker is relatively short, typically less than about 10 amino acids, preferably less than about 8 amino acids and more preferably about 3 to about 5 amino acids. Suitable illustrative linkers include, but are not limited to PSGSP ((SEQ ID NO:3211), ASASA (SEQ ID NO: 3212), or GGG (SEQ ID NO: 3213). In certain embodiments longer linkers such as (GGGGS) ₃ (SEQ ID NO:3214) can be used. Illustrative peptide linkers and other linkers are shown in Table 16.

Table 16. Illustrative peptide and non-peptide linkers .

(All amino-acid-based linkers could be L, D, combinations of L and D forms, β-form, and the like)

E) Multiple targeting moieties and/or effectors.

[0267] As indicated above, in certain embodiments, the chimeric moieties described herein comprise multiple targeting moieties attached to a single effector or multiple effectors attached to a single targeting moiety, or multiple targeting moieties attached to multiple effectors.

[0268] Where the chimeric construct is a fusion protein this is easily accomplished by providing multiple domains that are targeting domains attached to one or more effector domains. Figure 14 schematically illustrates a few, but not all, configurations. In various embodiments the multiple targeting domains and/or multiple effector domains can be attached to each other directly or can be separated by linkers (e.g., amino acid or peptide linkers as described above).

[0269] When the chimeric construct is a chemical conjugate linear or branched configurations (e.g., as illustrated in Figure 14) are readily produced by using branched or multifunctional linkers and/or a plurality of different linkers.

F) Protecting Groups.

[0270] While the various peptides (e.g., targeting peptides, antimicrobial peptides,

STAMPs) described herein may be shown with no protecting groups, in certain embodiments they can bear one, two, three, four, or more protecting groups. In various embodiments, the protecting groups can be coupled to the C- and/or N-terminus of the peptide(s) and/or to one or more internal residues comprising the peptide(s) (e.g., one or more R-groups on the constituent amino acids can be blocked). Thus, for example, in certain embodiments, any of the peptides described herein can bear, e.g., an acetyl group protecting the amino terminus and/or an amide group protecting the carboxyl terminus. One example of such a protected peptide is the 1845L6-21 STAMP having the amino acid sequence KFINGVLS QFVLERKPYPKLFKFLRKHLL* (SEQ ID NO:3234), where the asterisk indicates an amidated carboxyl terminus. Of course, this protecting group can be can be eliminated and/or substituted with another protecting group as described herein.

[0271] Without being bound by a particular theory, it was discovered that addition of a protecting group, particularly to the carboxyl and in certain embodiments the amino terminus can improve the stability and efficacy of the peptide.

[0272] A wide number of protecting groups are suitable for this purpose. Such groups include, but are not limited to acetyl, amide, and alkyl groups with acetyl and alkyl groups being particularly preferred for N-terminal protection and amide groups being preferred for carboxyl terminal protection. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the protecting groups include, but are not limited to alkyl chains as in fatty acids, propionyl, formyl, and others. Particularly preferred carboxyl protecting groups include amides, esters, and ether-forming protecting groups. In one preferred embodiment, an acetyl group is used to protect the amino terminus and an amide group is used to protect the carboxyl terminus. These blocking groups enhance the helix-forming tendencies of the peptides. Certain particularly preferred blocking groups include alkyl groups of various lengths, e.g., groups having the formula: CH ₃ -(CH ₂ ) _n -CO- where n ranges from about 1 to about 20, preferably from about 1 to about 16 or 18, more preferably from about 3 to about 13, and most preferably from about 3 to about 10.

[0273] In certain embodiments, the protecting groups include, but are not limited to alkyl chains as in fatty acids, propionyl, formyl, and others. Particularly preferred carboxyl protecting groups include amides, esters, and ether-forming protecting groups. In one embodiment, an acetyl group is used to protect the amino terminus and/or an amino group is used to protect the carboxyl terminus (i.e., amidated carboxyl terminus). In certain embodiments blocking groups include alkyl groups of various lengths, e.g., groups having the formula: CH ₃ -(CH ₂ ) _n -CO- where n ranges from about 3 to about 20, preferably from about 3 to about 16, more preferably from about 3 to about 13, and most preferably from about 3 to about 10. [0274] In certain embodiments, the acid group on the C-terminal can be blocked with an alcohol, aldehyde or ketone group and/or the N-terminal residue can have the natural amide group, or be blocked with an acyl, carboxylic acid, alcohol, aldehyde, or ketone group. [0275] Other protecting groups include, but are not limited to Fmoc, t- butoxycarbonyl (Y-BOC), 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9- florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-l -carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, xanthyl (Xan), trityl (Trt), 4-methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl- benzenesulphonyl (Mtr), Mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl (Mbh),Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethyl chroman-6- sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl (MeBzI), 4-methoxybenzyl (MeOBzI), benzyloxy (BzIO), benzyl (BzI), benzoyl (Bz), 3- nitro-2-pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), l-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl-Z), 2- bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br-Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Bom), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO),t- butoxymethyl (Bum), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), Acetyl (Ac), and Trifluoroacetyl (TFA).

[0276] Protecting/blocking groups are well known to those of skill as are methods of coupling such groups to the appropriate residue(s) comprising the peptides of this invention (see, e.g., Greene et ah, (1991) Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Somerset, N. J.). In illustrative embodiment, for example, acetylation is accomplished during the synthesis when the peptide is on the resin using acetic anhydride. Amide protection can be achieved by the selection of a proper resin for the synthesis. For example, a rink amide resin can be used. After the completion of the synthesis, the semipermanent protecting groups on acidic bifunctional amino acids such as Asp and GIu and basic amino acid Lys, hydroxyl of Tyr are all simultaneously removed. The peptides released from such a resin using acidic treatment comes out with the n-terminal protected as acetyl and the carboxyl protected as NH ₂ and with the simultaneous removal of all of the other protecting groups.

[0277] Where amino acid sequences are disclosed herein, amino acid sequences comprising, one or more protecting groups, e.g., as described above (or any other commercially available protecting groups for amino acids used, e.g., in boc or fmoc peptide synthesis) are also contemplated. G) Peptide circularization.

[0278] In certain embodiments the peptides described herein (e.g., AMPs, compound AMPs, STAMPs, etc.) are circularized/cyclized to produce cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides, as contemplated herein, include head/tail, head/side chain, tail/side chain, and side chain/side chain cyclized peptides. In addition, peptides contemplated herein include homodet, containing only peptide bonds, and heterodet containing in addition disulfide, ester, thioester-bonds, or other bonds.

[0279] The cyclic peptides can be prepared using virtually any art-known technique for the preparation of cyclic peptides. For example, the peptides can be prepared in linear or non-cyclized form using conventional solution or solid phase peptide syntheses and cyclized using standard chemistries. Preferably, the chemistry used to cyclize the peptide will be sufficiently mild so as to avoid substantially degrading the peptide. Suitable procedures for synthesizing the peptides described herein as well as suitable chemistries for cyclizing the peptides are well known in the art. [0280] In various embodiments cyclization can be achieved via direct coupling of the N- and C-terminus to form a peptide (or other) bond, but can also occur via the amino acid side chains. Furthermore it can be based on the use of other functional groups, including but not limited to amino, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, halogen, sulfonyl, carboxy, and thiocarboxy. These groups can be located at the amino acid side chains or be attached to their N- or C-terminus.

[0281] Accordingly, it is to be understood that the chemical linkage used to covalently cyclize the peptides of the invention need not be an amide linkage. In many instances it may be desirable to modify the N- and C-termini of the linear or non-cyclized peptide so as to provide, for example, reactive groups that may be cyclized under mild reaction conditions. Such linkages include, by way of example and not limitation amide, ester, thioester, CH ₂ -NH, etc. Techniques and reagents for synthesizing peptides having modified termini and chemistries suitable for cyclizing such modified peptides are well- known in the art.

[0282] Alternatively, in instances where the ends of the peptide are conformationally or otherwise constrained so as to make cyclization difficult, it may be desirable to attach linkers to the N- and/or C-termini to facilitate peptide cyclization. Of course, it will be appreciated that such linkers will bear reactive groups capable of forming covalent bonds with the termini of the peptide. Suitable linkers and chemistries are well- known in the art and include those previously described.

[0283] Cyclic peptides and depsipeptides (heterodetic peptides that include ester

(depside) bonds as part of their backbone) have been well characterized and show a wide spectrum of biological activity. The reduction in conformational freedom brought about by cyclization often results in higher receptor-binding affinities. Frequently in these cyclic compounds, extra conformational restrictions are also built in, such as the use of D- and N- alkylated- amino acids, α,β-dehydro amino acids or α,α-disubstituted amino acid residues.

[0284] Methods of forming disulfide linkages in peptides are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Eichler and Houghten (1997) Protein Pept. Lett. 4: 157-164).

[0285] Reference may also be made to Marlowe (1993) Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 3:

437-44 who describes peptide cyclization on TFA resin using trimethylsilyl (TMSE) ester as an orthogonal protecting group; Pallin and Tarn (1995) /. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 2021-2022) who describe the cyclization of unprotected peptides in aqueous solution by oxime formation; Algin et al. (1994) Tetrahedron Lett. 35: 9633-9636 who disclose solid- phase synthesis of head-to-tail cyclic peptides via lysine side-chain anchoring; Kates et al. (1993) Tetrahedron Lett. 34: 1549-1552 who describe the production of head-to-tail cyclic peptides by three-dimensional solid phase strategy; Tumelty et al. (1994) /. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 1067-1068, who describe the synthesis of cyclic peptides from an immobilized activated intermediate, where activation of the immobilized peptide is carried out with N-protecting group intact and subsequent removal leading to cyclization; McMurray et al. (1994) Peptide Res. 7: 195-206) who disclose head-to-tail cyclization of peptides attached to insoluble supports by means of the side chains of aspartic and glutamic acid; Hruby et al. (1994) Reactive Polymers 22: 231-241) who teach an alternate method for cyclizing peptides via solid supports; and Schmidt and Langer (1997) /. Peptide Res. 49: 67-73, who disclose a method for synthesizing cyclotetrapeptides and cyclopentapeptides.

[0286] These methods of peptide cyclization are illustrative and non-limiting. Using the teaching provide herein, other cyclization methods will be available to one of skill in the art. H) Identification/verification of Active Peptides

[0287] The active AMPs, STAMPs and the like can be identified and/or validated using an in vitro screening assay. Indeed, in many instances the AMPs and/or STAMPS described herein will be used in vitro as preservatives, topical antimicrobial treatments, and the like. Additionally, despite certain apparent limitations of in vitro susceptibility tests, clinical data indicate that a good correlation exists between minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test results and in vivo efficacy of antibiotic compounds (see, e.g., Murray et al. (1994) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Poupard et al., eds., Plenum Press, New York; Knudsen et al. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(6): 1253-1258; and the like). Thus, AMPs useful for treating infections and diseases related thereto are also conveniently identified by demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity against specified microbial targets, e.g., as illustrated in Table 4).

[0288] Typically, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial agents is tested using standard NCCLS bacterial inhibition assays, or MIC tests (see, National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards "Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing," NCCLS Document MlOO-S 5 Vol. 14, No. 16, December 1994; "Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically- Third Edition," Approved Standard M7-A3, National Committee for Clinical Standards, Villanova, Pa.).

[0289] It will be appreciated that other assays as are well known in the art or that will become apparent to those having skill in the art upon review of this disclosure may also be used to identify active AMPs. Such assays include, for example, the assay described in Lehrer et al. (1988) J. Immunol. Meth., 108: 153 and Steinberg and Lehrer, "Designer Assays for Antimicrobial Peptides: Disputing the One Size Fits AlP Theory," In: Antibacterial Peptide Protocols, Shafer, Ed., Humana Press, NJ. Generally, active peptides of the invention will exhibit MICs (as measured using the assays described in the examples) of less than about 100 μM, preferably less than about 80 or 60 μM, more preferably about 50 μM or less, about 25 μM or less, or about 15 μM or less, or about 10 μM or less.

IV. Administration and Formulations.

A) Pharmaceutical formulations. [0290] In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial peptides and/or the chimeric constructs (e.g., targeting moieties attached to antimicrobial peptide(s), targeting moieties attached to detectable label(s), etc.) are administered to a mammal in need thereof, to a cell, to a tissue, to a composition (e.g., a food), etc.). In various embodiments the compositions can be administered to detect and/or locate, and/or quantify the presence of particular microorganisms, microorganism populations, biofilms comprising particular microorganisms, and the like. In various embodiments the compositions can be administered to inhibit particular microorganisms, microorganism populations, biofilms comprising particular microorganisms, and the like.

[0291] These active agents (antimicrobial peptides and/or chimeric moieties) can be administered in the "native" form or, if desired, in the form of salts, esters, amides, prodrugs, derivatives, and the like, provided the salt, ester, amide, prodrug or derivative is suitable pharmacologically, i.e., effective in the present method(s). Salts, esters, amides, prodrugs and other derivatives of the active agents can be prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art of synthetic organic chemistry and described, for example, by March (1992) Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 4th Ed. N. Y. Wiley- Interscience.

[0292] Methods of formulating such derivatives are known to those of skill in the art. For example, the disulfide salts of a number of delivery agents are described in PCT Publication WO 2000/059863 which is incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, acid salts of therapeutic peptides, peptoids, or other mimetics, and can be prepared from the free base using conventional methodology that typically involves reaction with a suitable acid. Generally, the base form of the drug is dissolved in a polar organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol and the acid is added thereto. The resulting salt either precipitates or can be brought out of solution by addition of a less polar solvent. Suitable acids for preparing acid addition salts include, but are not limited to both organic acids, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like, as well as inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. An acid addition salt can be reconverted to the free base by treatment with a suitable base. Certain particularly preferred acid addition salts of the active agents herein include halide salts, such as may be prepared using hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids. Conversely, preparation of basic salts of the active agents of this invention are prepared in a similar manner using a pharmaceutically acceptable base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, trimethylamine, or the like. In certain embodiments basic salts include alkali metal salts, e.g., the sodium salt, and copper salts.

[0293] For the preparation of salt forms of basic drugs, the pKa of the counterion is preferably at least about 2 pH lower than the pKa of the drug. Similarly, for the preparation of salt forms of acidic drugs, the pKa of the counterion is preferably at least about 2 pH higher than the pKa of the drug. This permists the counterion to bring the solution's pH to a level lower than the pHmax to reach the salt plateau, at which the solubility of salt prevails over the solubility of free acid or base. The generalized rule of difference in pKa units of the ionizable group in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and in the acid or base is meant to make the proton transfer energetically favorable. When the pKa of the API and counterion are not significantly different, a solid complex may form but may rapidly disproportionate (i.e., break down into the individual entities of drug and counterion) in an aqueous environment. [0294] Preferably, the counterion is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion.

Suitable anionic salt forms include, but are not limited to acetate, benzoate, benzylate, bitartrate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, citrate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, iodide, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate (embonate), phosphate and diphosphate, salicylate and disalicylate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate, triethiodide, valerate, and the like, while suitable cationic salt forms include, but are not limited to aluminum, benzathine, calcium, ethylene diamine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, potassium, procaine, sodium, tromethamine, zinc, and the like. [0295] In various embodiments preparation of esters typically involves functionalization of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups that are present within the molecular structure of the active agent. In certain embodiments, the esters are typically acyl- substituted derivatives of free alcohol groups, i.e., moieties that are derived from carboxylic acids of the formula RCOOH where R is alky, and preferably is lower alkyl. Esters can be reconverted to the free acids, if desired, by using conventional hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis procedures. [0296] Amides can also be prepared using techniques known to those skilled in the art or described in the pertinent literature. For example, amides may be prepared from esters, using suitable amine reactants, or they may be prepared from an anhydride or an acid chloride by reaction with ammonia or a lower alkyl amine. [0297] In various embodiments, the active agents identified herein are useful for parenteral, topical, oral, nasal (or otherwise inhaled), rectal, or local administration, such as by aerosol or transdermally, for detection and/or quantification, and or localization, and/or prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of infection (e.g., microbial infection). The compositions can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method of administration. Suitable unit dosage forms, include, but are not limited to powders, tablets, pills, capsules, lozenges, suppositories, patches, nasal sprays, injectibles, implantable sustained-release formulations, lipid complexes, etc.

[0298] The active agents (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and/or chimeric constructs) described herein can also be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (excipient) to form a pharmacological composition. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include those approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in/on animals, and more particularly in/on humans. A "carrier" refers to, for example, a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, auxiliary agent or vehicle with which an active agent of the present invention is administered.

[0299] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can contain one or more physiologically acceptable compound(s) that act, for example, to stabilize the composition or to increase or decrease the absorption of the active agent(s). Physiologically acceptable compounds can include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins, protection and uptake enhancers such as lipids, compositions that reduce the clearance or hydrolysis of the active agents, or excipients or other stabilizers and/or buffers.

[0300] Other physiologically acceptable compounds, particularly of use in the preparation of tablets, capsules, gel caps, and the like include, but are not limited to binders, diluent/fillers, disentegrants, lubricants, suspending agents, and the like.

[0301] In certain embodiments, to manufacture an oral dosage form (e.g., a tablet), an excipient (e.g., lactose, sucrose, starch, mannitol, etc.), an optional disintegrator (e.g. calcium carbonate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, sodium starch glycollate, crospovidone etc.), a binder (e.g. alpha-starch, gum arabic, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, cyclodextrin, etc.), and an optional lubricant (e.g., talc, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol 6000, etc.), for instance, are added to the active component or components (e.g., active peptide) and the resulting composition is compressed. Where necessary the compressed product is coated, e.g., known methods for masking the taste or for enteric dissolution or sustained release. Suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to ethyl-cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyoxyethylene glycol, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, and Eudragit (Rohm & Haas, Germany; methacrylic-acrylic copolymer).

[0302] Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives that are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the choice of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), including a physiologically acceptable compound depends, for example, on the route of administration of the active agent(s) and on the particular physio-chemical characteristics of the active agent(s).

[0303] In certain embodiments the excipients are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. For various oral dosage form excipients such as tablets and capsules sterility is not required. The USP/NF standard is usually sufficient.

[0304] In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions of this invention are administered, e.g., topically administered or administered to the oral or nasal cavity, to a patient suffering from infection or at risk for infection or prophylactically to prevent dental caries or other pathologies of the teeth or oral mucosa characterized by microbial infection in an amount sufficient to prevent and/or cure and/or at least partially prevent or arrest the disease and/or its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose." Amounts effective for this use will depend upon the severity of the disease and the general state of the patient's health. Single or multiple administrations of the compositions may be administered depending on the dosage and frequency as required and tolerated by the patient. In any event, the composition should provide a sufficient quantity of the active agents of the formulations of this invention to effectively treat (ameliorate one or more symptoms in) the patient.

[0305] The concentration of active agent(s) can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on activity of the active ingredient(s), body weight and the like in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected and the patient's needs. Concentrations, however, will typically be selected to provide dosages ranging from about 0.1 or 1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day and sometimes higher. Typical dosages range from about 3 mg/kg/day to about 3.5 mg/kg/day, preferably from about 3.5 mg/kg/day to about 7.2 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 7.2 mg/kg/day to about 11.0 mg/kg/day, and most preferably from about 11.0 mg/kg/day to about 15.0 mg/kg/day. In certain preferred embodiments, dosages range from about 10 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day. In certain embodiments, dosages range from about 20 mg to about 50 mg given orally twice daily. It will be appreciated that such dosages may be varied to optimize a therapeutic and/or phophylactic regimen in a particular subject or group of subjects. [0306] In certain embodiments, the active agents of this invention are administered to the oral cavity. This is readily accomplished by the use of lozenges, aersol sprays, mouthwash, coated swabs, and the like.

[0307] In certain embodiments, the active agent(s) of this invention are administered topically, e.g., to the skin surface, to a topical lesion or wound, to a surgical site, and the like.

[0308] In certain embodiments the active agents of this invention are administered systemically (e.g., orally, or as an injectable) in accordance with standard methods well known to those of skill in the art. In other preferred embodiments, the agents, can also be delivered through the skin using conventional transdermal drug delivery systems, i.e., transdermal "patches" wherein the active agent(s) are typically contained within a laminated structure that serves as a drug delivery device to be affixed to the skin. In such a structure, the drug composition is typically contained in a layer, or "reservoir," underlying an upper backing layer. It will be appreciated that the term "reservoir" in this context refers to a quantity of "active ingredient(s)" that is ultimately available for delivery to the surface of the skin. Thus, for example, the "reservoir" may include the active ingredient(s) in an adhesive on a backing layer of the patch, or in any of a variety of different matrix formulations known to those of skill in the art. The patch may contain a single reservoir, or it may contain multiple reservoirs.

[0309] In one embodiment, the reservoir comprises a polymeric matrix of a pharmaceutically acceptable contact adhesive material that serves to affix the system to the skin during drug delivery. Examples of suitable skin contact adhesive materials include, but are not limited to, polyethylenes, polysiloxanes, polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, and the like. Alternatively, the drug-containing reservoir and skin contact adhesive are present as separate and distinct layers, with the adhesive underlying the reservoir which, in this case, may be either a polymeric matrix as described above, or it may be a liquid or hydro gel reservoir, or may take some other form. The backing layer in these laminates, which serves as the upper surface of the device, preferably functions as a primary structural element of the "patch" and provides the device with much of its flexibility. The material selected for the backing layer is preferably substantially impermeable to the active agent(s) and any other materials that are present. [0310] Other formulations for topical delivery include, but are not limited to, ointments, gels, sprays, fluids, and creams. Ointments are semisolid preparations that are typically based on petrolatum or other petroleum derivatives. Creams containing the selected active agent are typically viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, often either oil-in- water or water-in-oil. Cream bases are typically water- washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase. The oil phase, also sometimes called the "internal" phase, is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation is generally a nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant. The specific ointment or cream base to be used, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, is one that will provide for optimum drug delivery. As with other carriers or vehicles, an ointment base should be inert, stable, nonirritating and nonsensitizing.

[0311] As indicated above, various buccal, and sublingual formulations are also contemplated. [0312] In certain embodiments, one or more active agents of the present invention can be provided as a "concentrate", e.g., in a storage container (e.g., in a premeasured volume) ready for dilution, or in a soluble capsule ready for addition to a volume of water, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or other diluent.

[0313] While the invention is described with respect to use in humans, it is also suitable for animal, e.g., veterinary use. Thus certain preferred organisms include, but are not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, equines, felines, porcines, ungulates, largomorphs, and the like.

B) Nanoemulsion formulations.

[0314] In certain embodiments the targeting peptides, antimicrobial peptides and/or chimeric moieties (e.g., STAMPs) as described herein are formulated in a nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsions include, but are not limited to oil in water (OAV) nanoemulsions, and water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions can be defined as emulsions with mean droplet diameters ranging from about 20 to about 1000 nm. Usually, the average droplet size is between about 20 nm or 50 nm and about 500 nm. The terms sub-micron emulsion (SME) and mini-emulsion are used as synonyms. [0315] Illustrative oil in water (OAV) nanoemulsions include, but are not limited to:

[0316] Surfactant micelles — micelles composed of small molecules surfactants or detergents (e.g., SDS/PBS/2-propanol) which are suitable for predominantly hydrophobic peptides.

[0317] Polymer micelles — micelles composed of polymer, copolymer, or block copolymer surfactants (e.g., Pluronic L64/PBS/2-propanol) which are suitable for predominantly hydrophobic peptides;

[0318] Blended micelles: micelles in which there is more than one surfactant component or in which one of the liquid phases (generally an alcohol or fatty acid compound) participates in the formation of the micelle (e.g., Octanoic acid/PBS/EtOH) which are suitable for predominantly hydrophobic peptides;

[0319] Integral peptide micelles — blended micelles in which the peptide serves as an auxiliary surfactant, forming an integral part of the micelle (e.g., amphipathic peptide/PBS/mineral oil) which are suitable for amphipathic peptides; and

[0320] Pickering (solid phase) emulsions — emulsions in which the peptides are associated with the exterior of a solid nanoparticle (e.g., polystyrene nanoparticles/PBS/no oil phase) which are suitable for amphipathic peptides. [0321] Illustrative water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsions include, but are not limited to:

[0322] Surfactant micelles — micelles composed of small molecules surfactants or detergents (e.g., dioctyl sulfosuccinate/PBS/2-propanol, Isopropylmyristate/PBS/2- propanol, etc.) which are suitable for predominantly hydrophilic peptides; [0323] Polymer micelles — micelles composed of polymer, copolymer, or block copolymer surfactants (e.g., PLURONIC® L121/PBS/2-propanol), which are suitable for predominantly hydrophilic peptides;

[0324] Blended micelles — micelles in which there is more than one surfactant component or in which one of the liquid phases (generally an alcohol or fatty acid compound) participates in the formation of the micelle (e.g., capric/caprylic diglyceride/PBS/EtOH) which are suitable for predominantly hydrophilic peptides;

[0325] Integral peptide micelles — blended micelles in which the peptide serves as an auxiliary surfactant, forming an integral part of the micelle (e.g., amphipathic peptide/PBS/polypropylene glycol) which are suitable for amphipathic peptides; and [0326] Pickering (solid phase) emulsions — emulsions in which the peptides are associated with the exterior of a solid nanoparticle (e.g., chitosan nanoparticles/no aqueous phase/mineral oil) which are suitable for amphipathic peptides.

[0327] As indicated above, in certain embodiments the nanoemulsions comprise one or more surfactants or detergents. In some embodiments the surfactant is a non-anionic detergent (e.g., a polysorbate surfactant, a polyoxyethylene ether, etc.). Surfactants that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to surfactants such as the TWEEN®, TRITON®, and TYLOXAPOL® families of compounds.

[0328] In certain embodiments the emulsions further comprise one or more cationic halogen containing compounds, including but not limited to, cetylpyridinium chloride. In still further embodiments, the compositions further comprise one or more compounds that increase the interaction ("interaction enhancers") of the composition with microorganisms (e.g., chelating agents like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid in a buffer).

[0329] In some embodiments, the nanoemulsion further comprises an emulsifying agent to aid in the formation of the emulsion. Emulsifying agents include compounds that aggregate at the oil/water interface to form a kind of continuous membrane that prevents direct contact between two adjacent droplets. Certain embodiments of the present invention feature oil-in-water emulsion compositions that may readily be diluted with water to a desired concentration without impairing their anti-pathogenic properties.

[0330] In addition to discrete oil droplets dispersed in an aqueous phase, certain oil- in- water emulsions can also contain other lipid structures, such as small lipid vesicles (e.g., lipid spheres that often consist of several substantially concentric lipid bilayers separated from each other by layers of aqueous phase), micelles (e.g., amphiphilic molecules in small clusters of 50-200 molecules arranged so that the polar head groups face outward toward the aqueous phase and the apolar tails are sequestered inward away from the aqueous phase), or lamellar phases (lipid dispersions in which each particle consists of parallel amphiphilic bilayers separated by thin films of water).

[0331] These lipid structures are formed as a result of hydrophobic forces that drive apolar residues (e.g., long hydrocarbon chains) away from water. The above lipid preparations can generally be described as surfactant lipid preparations (SLPs). SLPs are minimally toxic to mucous membranes and are believed to be metabolized within the small intestine (see e.g., Hamouda et al, (1998) /. Infect. Disease 180: 1939).

[0332] In certain embodiments the emulsion comprises a discontinuous oil phase distributed in an aqueous phase, a first component comprising an alcohol and/or glycerol, and a second component comprising a surfactant or a halogen-containing compound. The aqueous phase can comprise any type of aqueous phase including, but not limited to, water (e.g., dionized water, distilled water, tap water) and solutions (e.g., phosphate buffered saline solution, or other buffer systems). The oil phase can comprise any type of oil including, but not limited to, plant oils (e.g., soybean oil, avocado oil, flaxseed oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, squalene oil, olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil), animal oils (e.g., fish oil), flavor oil, water insoluble vitamins, mineral oil, and motor oil. In certain embodiments, the oil phase comprises 30-90 vol % of the oil- in-water emulsion (i.e., constitutes 30-90% of the total volume of the final emulsion), more preferably 50-80%.

[0333] In certain embodiments the alcohol, when present, is ethanol. [0334] While the present invention is not limited by the nature of the surfactant, in some preferred embodiments, the surfactant is a polysorbate surfactant (e.g., TWEEN 20®, TWEEN 40®, TWEEN 60®, and TWEEN 80®), a pheoxypolyethoxyethanol (e.g., TRITON® X-100, X-301, X-165, X- 102, and X-200, and TYLOXAPOL®), or sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the like.

[0335] In certain embodiments a halogen-containing component is present, the nature of the halogen-containing compound, in some preferred embodiments the halogen- containing compound comprises a chloride salt (e.g., NaCl, KCl, etc.), a cetylpyridinium halide, a cetyltrimethylammonium halide, a cetyldimethylethylammonium halide, a cetyldimethylbenzylammonium halide, a cetyltributylphosphonium halide, dodecyltrimethylammonium halides, tetradecyltrimethylammonium halides, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide, cetyltributylphosphonium bromide, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the like

[0336] In certain embodiments the emulsion comprises a quaternary ammonium compound. Quaternary ammonium compounds include, but are not limited to, N- alkyldimethyl benzyl ammonium saccharinate, l,3,5-Triazine-l,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol; 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (or) Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; 2-(2-(p-(Diisobuyl)cresosxy)ethoxy)ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; 2- (2-(p-(Diisobutyl)phenoxy)ethoxy)ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl 1 or 3 benzyl- l-(2-hydroxethyl)-2-imidazolinium chloride; alkyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl demethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl 3,4- dichlorobenzyl ammonium chloride (100% C 12); alkyl dimethyl 3,4-dichlorobenzyl ammonium chloride (50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C16); alkyl dimethyl 3,4-dichlorobenzyl ammonium chloride (55% C14, 23% C12, 20% C16); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (100% C14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (100% C 16); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (41% C 14, 28% C 12); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (47% C 12, 18% C 14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (55% C16, 20% C14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (58% C 14, 28% C 16); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (60% C 14, 25% C 12) ; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (61 % C 11 , 23 % C 14) ; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (61% C 12, 23% C 14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (65% C 12, 25% C 14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (67% C 12, 24% C 14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (67% C 12, 25% C 14); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (90% C 14, 5% C 12); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (93% C14, 4% C12); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (95% C16, 5% C18); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (and) didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (as in fatty acids); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C12-C16); alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C12-C18); alkyl dimethyl benzyl and dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl dimethybenzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium bromide (90% C14, 5% C16, 5% C12); alkyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium bromide (mixed alkyl and alkenyl groups as in the fatty acids of soybean oil); alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (60% C14); alkyl dimethyl isoproylbenzyl ammonium chloride (50% C12, 30% C14, 17% C16, 3% C18); alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (58% C18, 40% C16, 1% C14, 1% C12); alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (90% C18, 10% C16); alkyldimethyl(ethylbenzyl) ammonium chloride (C12-18); Di-(C8-10)-alkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides; dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dialkyl methyl benzyl ammonium chloride; didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; diisodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dodecyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) octyl hydrogen ammonium chloride; dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; dodecylcarbamoyl methyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; heptadecyl hydroxyethylimidazolinium chloride; hexahydro- l,3,5-thris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine; myristalkonium chloride (and) Quat RNIUM 14; N,N-Dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylammonium chloride polymer; n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; n-alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; n-tetradecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride monohydrate; octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; octyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; octyphenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; oxydiethylenebis (alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride); quaternary ammonium compounds, dicoco alkyldimethyl, chloride; trimethoxysily propyl dimethyl octadecyl ammonium chloride; trimethoxysilyl quats, trimethyl dodecylbenzyl ammonium chloride; n-dodecyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; n-hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; n-tetradecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; n- tetradecyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; and n-octadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.

[0337] Nanoemulsion formulations and methods of making such are well known to those of skill in the art and described for example in U.S. Patent Nos: 7,476,393, 7,468,402, 7,314,624, 6,998,426, 6,902,737, 6,689,371, 6,541,018, 6,464,990, 6,461,625, 6,419,946, 6,413,527, 6,375,960, 6,335,022, 6,274,150, 6,120,778, 6,039,936, 5,925,341, 5,753,241, 5,698,219, an d5, 152,923 and in Fanun et al. (2009) Microemulsions: Properties and Applications (Surfactant Science), CRC Press, Boca Ratan Fl.

C) Formulations optimizing activity.

[0338] In certain embodiments, formulations are selected to optimize binding specificity, and/or binding avidity, and/or antimicrobial activity, and/or stability/conformation of the targeting peptide, antimicrobial peptide, chimeric moiety, and/or STAMP. In this regard, it was a surprising discovery that the activity of certain STAMPs, and presumably the constituent targeting peptides and/or antimicrobial peptides was optimized in the presence of a salt. Accordingly, certain embodiments are contemplated where the targeting peptide and/or antimicrobial peptide, and/or STAMP is formulated in combination with one or more salts. The formulatiosn disclosed herein, however, are not limited to those containing salt(s). Embodiments, are also contemplated where the targeting peptide and/or antimicrobial peptide, and/or STAMP is formulated without the presence of a salt.

[0339] In certain embodiments, sodium chloride plus a little potassium chloride resulted in the best activity of the salts tested. However, other salts, e.g., CaC^, MgCl ₂ , MnCl ₂ also enhanced activity. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the targeting peptide(s), and/or antimicrobial peptide(s), and/or chimeric moieties, and/or STAMPs are formulated with one or more salts.

[0340] In certain embodiments suitable salts include any of a number of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, besylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) /. Pharm. ScL 66: 1-19), although it is noted that citrate salts appear to inhibit the activity of certain STAMPs.

[0341] In certain embodiments pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

[0342] In other cases, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically- acceptable salts with pharmaceutically- acceptable bases. The term "pharmaceutically- acceptable salts" in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately treating the compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like (see, for example, Berge et ah, supra; and Stahl and Wermuth (2002) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts : Properties, Selection, and Use, Wiley- VCH, Zurich, Switzerland).

[0343] In various embodiments, the salt is simply a sodium chloride and/or a potassium chloride and can readily be prepared, for example, as a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. In certain embodiments, the salt concentration is comparable to that found in 0.5 X PBS to about 2.5 X PBS, more preferably from about 0.5 X PBS to about 1.5 X PBS. In certain embodiments optimum activity has been observed in 1 X PBS.

[0344] In various embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.5, preferably from about pH 6.0 to about pH 8.0, more preferably from about pH 7.0 to about pH 8.0. In certain embodiments the pH is about pH 7.4.

[0345] While optimum results have been observed for certain STAMPs using a PBS buffer system, other buffer systems are also acceptable. Such buffers include, but are not limited to sulfate buffers, carbonate buffers, Tris buffers, CHAPS buffers, PIPES buffers, and the like, as long as the salt is included. [0346] In various embodiments, the targeting peptide, and/or antimicrobial peptide, and/or chimeric moiety, and/or STAMP is present in the formulation at a concentration ranging from about 1 nM, to about 1, 10, or 100 mM, more preferably from about 1 nM, about 10 nM, about 100 nM, about 1 μM, or about 10 μM to about 50 μM, about 100 μM, about 200 μm, about 300 μM, about 400 μM, or about 500 μM, preferably from about 1 μM, about 10 μM, about 25 μM, or about 50 μM to about 1 mM, about 10 mM, about 20 mM, or about 5 mM, most preferably from about 10 μM, about 20 μM, or about 50 μM to about 100 μM, about 150 μM, or about 200 μM.

D) Home health care/hygiene product formulations. [0347] In certain embodiments, one or more of the targeting peptide(s), and/or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and/or chimeric moieties, and/or STAMPS described herein are incorporated into healthcare formulations, e.g., for home use. Such formulations include, but are not limited to toothpaste, mouthwash, tooth whitening strips or solutions, contact lens storage, wetting, or cleaning solutions, dental floss, toothpicks, toothbrush bristles, oral sprays, oral lozenges, nasal sprays, aerosolizers for oral and/or nasal application, wound dressings (e.g., bandages), and the like.

[0348] For example, chimeric moieties and/or STAMPs, and/or AMPs directed against S. mutans are well suited for inhibiting frequency or severity of dental caries formation, plaque formation, periodontal disease, and/or halitosis. [0349] Chimeric moieties and/or STAMPs, and/or AMPs directed against

Corynebacterium spp, when applied to a skin surface can reduce/eliminate Corynebacterium resulting in a reduction of odors. Such moieties are readily incorporated in soaps, antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, and the like.

[0350] The formulation of such health products is well known to those of skill, and the antimicrobial peptides and/or chimeric constructs are simply added to such formulations in an effective dose (e.g., a prophylactic dose to inhibit dental carie formation, etc.).

[0351] For example, toothpaste formulations are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically such formulations are mixtures of abrasives and surfactants; anticaries agents, such as fluoride; tartar control ingredients, such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate and methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer; pH buffers; humectants, to prevent dry-out and increase the pleasant mouth feel; and binders, to provide consistency and shape (see, e.g., Table 17). Binders keep the solid phase properly suspended in the liquid phase to prevent separation of the liquid phase out of the toothpaste. They also provide body to the dentifrice, especially after extrusion from the tube onto the toothbrush.

Table 17. Typical components of toothpaste.

Fluoride sources provide 1000-15000 ppm fluorine.

[0352] Table 18 lists typical ingredients used in formulations; the final combination will depend on factors such as ingredient compatibility and cost, local customs, and desired benefits and quality to be delivered in the product. It will be recognized that one or more antimicrobial peptides and/or chimeric constructs described herein can simply be added to such formulations or used in place of one or more of the other ingredients.

Table 18. List of typical ingredients.

[0353] One illustrative formulation described in US Patent 6,113,887 comprises (1) a water-soluble bactericide selected from the group consisting of pyridinium compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanide compounds in an amount of 0.001% to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; (2) a cationically- modified hydroxyethylcellulose having an average molecular weight of 1,000,000 or higher in the hydroxyethylcellulose portion thereof and having a cationization degree of 0.05 to 0.5 mol/glucose in an amount of 0.5% to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; (3) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers and alkylolamide compounds in an amount of 0.5% to 13% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and (4) a polishing agent of the non-silica type in an amount of 5% to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In certain embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide(s) and/or chimeric construct(s) described herein can be used in place of the bactericide or in combination with the bactericide. [0354] Similarly, mouthwash formulations are also well known to those of skill in the art. Thus, for example, mouthwashes containing sodium fluoride are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos: 2,913,373, 3,975,514, and 4,548,809, and in US Patent Publications US 2003/0124068 Al, US 2007/0154410 Al, and the like. Mouthwashes containing various alkali metal compounds are also known: sodium benzoate (WO 9409752); alkali metal hypohalite (US 20020114851A1); chlorine dioxide (CN 1222345); alkali metal phosphate (US 2001/0002252 Al, US 2003/0007937 Al); hydrogen sulfate/carbonate (JP 8113519); cetylpyridium chloride(CPC) (see, e.g., US 6,117,417, US 5,948,390, and JP 2004051511). Mouthwashes containing higher alcohol (see, e.g., US 2002/0064505 Al, US 2003/0175216 Al); hydrogen peroxide (see, e.g., CN 1385145); CO ₂ gas bubbles (see, e.g., JP 1275521 and JP 2157215) are also known. In certain embodiments, these and other mouthwash formulations can further comprise one or more of the AMPs or compound AMPs of this invention.

[0355] Contact lens storage, wetting, or cleaning solutions, dental floss, toothpicks, toothbrush bristles, oral sprays, oral lozenges, nasal sprays, and aerosolizers for oral and/or nasal application, and the like are also well known to those of skill in the art and can readily be adapted to incorporate one or more antimicrobial peptide(s) and/or chimeric construct(s) described herein. [0356] The foregoing pharmaceutical and/or home healthcare formulations and/or devices are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Using teaching provided herein, the antimicrobial peptide(s) and/or chimeric construct(s) described herein can readily be incorporated into other products.

E) Illustrative oral care formulations.

[0357] The targeting peptide(s), and/or antimicrobial peptide(s), and/or chimeric moieties, and/or STAMPs described herein can be used for a number of applications, e.g., as described above. In certain embodiments anti-S. mutans STAMPs, AMPs, and/or other chimeric moieties can be used to reduce the incidence or severity of dental caries, inhibit plaque formation, reduce halitosis, and the like. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, such moieties are included in devices and formulations for dental applications e.g., tea or other drinks, toothpick coatings, dental floss coatings, toothpaste, gel, mouthwash, varnish, even professional dental products.

[0358] In certain embodiments, methods of treating or reducing the incidence, duration, or severity of periodontal disease are provided. The methods can include applying to the gingival crevice or periodontal pocket a composition comprising a targeting peptide, and/or antimicrobial peptide, and/or STAMP, and/or other chimeric moiety as described herein with a carrier/stabilizing agent. In the composition applied, the carrier/stabilizing agent can provide retention, tissue penetration, deposition and sustained release of the active agent (e.g., STAMP) for reducing the population of specific bacterial species within a periodontal biofilm and associated tissues. In certain embodiments, the carrier agent provides penetration and retention into the gingival crevice or periodontal pocket and associated tissues with sustained release of the active agent to enhance the reduction in population of select bacteria within the gingival tissue and dentinal tubule tissue. [0359] In various embodiments, carrier agents can include, but are not limited to polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, polycaprolactone, cellulosic -based polymers, ethylene glycol polymers and its copolymers, oxyethylene polymers, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan and hyaluronan and its copolymers. In an aspect, the carrier agents include hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide - propylene oxide co-polymers, chitosan, hyaluronan and its copolymers, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the carrier agents include hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid and copolymers including salts of hyaluronic acid, esters of hyaluronic acid, cross- linked gels of hyaluronic acid, enzymatic derivatives of hyaluronic acid, chemically modified derivatives of hyaluronic acid or combinations thereof. As used herein, hyaluronic acid broadly refers to naturally occurring, microbial and synthetic derivatives of acidic polysaccharides of various molecular weights constituted by residues of D-glucuronic acid polysaccharides and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

[0360] In certain embodiments, the active agent (e.g., STAMP, AMP, etc.) and the carrier agent are in the form of an admixture, in the form of a complex, covalently coupled, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the carrier agent comprises a bioadhesive. Suitable bioadhesive carrier agents include, but are not limited to a cellulose based polymer and/or a dextrin. Suitable cellulose based polymers include, but are not limited to hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, or a mixture thereof. In one illustrative embodiment, the bioadhesive carrier agent includes polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, polyethylene glycol, hyaluronan, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments the bioadhesive carrier agent can include a copolymer comprising polyethylene glycol, hyaluronan, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, or a mixture thereof.

[0361] In certain embodiments, the carrier agent penetrates periodontal tissues.

Suitable penetrating carrier agents include, but are not limited to hyaluronic acid, a hyaluronic acid derivative, chitosan, a chitosan derivative, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the penetrating carrier agent includes a salt of hyaluronic acid, an ester of hyaluronic acid, an enzymatic derivative of hyaluronic acid, a cross-linked gel of hyaluronic acid, a chemically modified derivative of hyaluronic acid, or a mixture thereof.

V. Microorganism detection. [0362] As indicated above, the targeting moieties and/or STAMPs are useful in diagnostic compositions and methods to determine the presence or absence and/or to quantify the amount of one or microorganisms present in the environment, in a food stuff, in a biological sample, and the like.

[0363] For example, targeting peptide-antimicrobial peptide conjugates (e.g. Specifically targeted antimicrobial peptides (STAMPs)) can be used as diagnostic reagents. STAMPs (and other targeted antimicrobial constructs described herein) have the ability to specifically bind to microorganisms, for example, S. mutans, and permeabilize or disrupt their membrane such that cell impermeable dyes or other reagent (propidium iodide, etc.) may enter the microorganism or intracellular molecules or contents (ATP, DNA, Calcium, etc.) of the targeted microorganism are caused to be released into the environment for analysis. In one method a STAMP, for example, C16G2, can permeabilize or disrupt the membrane of target microorganisms, for example, S. mutans, in a prepared culture or clinical sample by itself, in a biofilm in vitro or in vivo. To the sample a cell impermeable dye (e.g. propidium iodide, etc.) is added to label and allow for detection of those microorganisms targeted by the STAMP. Cell permeable dyes (e.g. SYTO9) can also be added to label and detect the entire population of microorganisms in the sample. Labeled cells can then be quantified by fluorescence microscopy, fluorometry, flow cytometry or other method.

[0364] In another example, a STAMP treated sample is mixed with luciferase and luciferin which reacts with the ATP released from the STAMP treated cells and the resulting luminescence is used to detected and quantify targeted cells.

VI. Kits.

[0365] In another embodiment this invention provides kits for the inhibition of an infection and/or for the treatment and/or prevention of dental caries in a mammal. The kits typically comprise a container containing one or more of the active agents {i.e., the antimicrobial peptide(s) and/or chimeric construct(s)) described herein. In certain embodiments the active agent(s) can be provided in a unit dosage formulation {e.g., suppository, tablet, caplet, patch, etc.) and/or may be optionally combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0366] In certain embodiments the kits comprise one or more of the home healthcare product formulations described herein {e.g., toothpaste, mouthwash, tooth whitening strips or solutions, contact lens storage, wetting, or cleaning solutions, dental floss, toothpicks, toothbrush bristles, oral sprays, oral lozenges, nasal sprays, aerosolizers for oral and/or nasal application, and the like).

[0367] In certain embodiments kits are provided for detecting and/or locating and/or quantifying certain target microorganisms and/or cells or tissues comprising certain target microorganisms, and/or prosthesis bearing certain target microorganisms, and/or biofilms comprising certain target microorganisms. In various embodiments these kits typically comprise a chimeric moiety comprising a targeting moiety and a detectable label as described herein and/or a targeting moiety attached to an affinity tag for use in a pretargeting strategy as described herein.

[0368] In addition, the kits optionally include labeling and/or instructional materials providing directions (i.e., protocols) for the practice of the methods or use of the "therapeutics" or "prophylactics" or detection reagents of this invention. Certain instructional materials describe the use of one or more active agent(s) of this invention to therapeutically or prophylactically to inhibit or prevent infection and/or to inhibit the formation of dental caries. The instructional materials may also, optionally, teach preferred dosages/therapeutic regiment, counter indications and the like. [0369] While the instructional materials typically comprise written or printed materials they are not limited to such. Any medium capable of storing such instructions and communicating them to an end user is contemplated by this invention. Such media include, but are not limited to electronic storage media (e.g., magnetic discs, tapes, cartridges, chips), optical media (e.g., CD ROM), and the like. Such media may include addresses to internet sites that provide such instructional materials.

EXAMPLES

[0370] The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit the claimed invention.

Example 1 Design and activity of a "dual-targeted" antimicrobial peptide

[0371] Numerous reports have indicated the important role of human normal flora in the prevention of microbial pathogenesis and disease. Evidence suggests that infections at mucosal surfaces result from the outgrowth of subpopulations or clusters within a microbial community, and are not linked to one pathogenic organism alone. In order to preserve the protective normal flora while treating the majority of infective bacteria in the community, a tunable therapeutic is necessary that can discriminate between benign bystanders and multiple pathogenic organisms. Here we describe the proof-of-principle for such a multi- targeted antimicrobial: a multiple-headed specifically-targeted antimicrobial peptide (MH- STAMP). The completed MH-STAMP, M8(KH)-20, displays specific activity against targeted organisms in vitro (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans) and can remove both species from a mixed planktonic culture with little impact against untargeted bacteria. These results demonstrate that a functional, dual-targeted molecule can be constructed from wide- spectrum antimicrobial peptide precursor.

Introduction

[0372] For nearly 30 years antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been rigorously investigated as alternatives to small molecule antibiotics and potential solutions to the growing crisis of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections (Ganz (2003) Nat Rev Immunol, 3: 710-720; Hancock and Lehrer (1998)., 16: 82-88). Numerous reports have characterized potential AMPs from natural sources, and a great body of work has been carried out designing "tailor-made" AMPs due to the approachable nature of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) (Genco et al. (2003) Int J Antimicrob Agents, 21 : 75-78; He and Eckert (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 51: 1351-1358). Several examples of the latter have shown remarkable activities in vitro against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some enveloped viruses (Brogden (2005) Nat Rev Microbiol. 3: 238- 250). [0373] Unlike small molecule antibiotics that may lose activity when their basic structures are modified even incrementally, peptides are a convenient canvas for molecular alteration. AMPs can be optimized through the incorporation of more or less hydrophobic or charged amino acids, which has been shown to affect selectivity for Gram-positive, Gram- negative or fungal membranes (Muhle and Tarn JP (2001) Biochemistry, 40: 5777-5785; Tossi et al. (2000) Biopolymers 55: 4-30). Additionally, lysine residues can be utilized to improve AMP activity per μM. In this approach, multiple AMP chains can be attached to a single peptide scaffold through branching from lysine epsilon-amines (Tarn et al. (2992) Eur. J. Biochem., 269: 923-932; Pini et al. (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 2005;49: 2665-2672). AMP activity can be specifically tuned through the attachment of a targeting peptide region, as described for a novel class of molecules, the specifically-targeted antimicrobial peptides, or STAMPs (Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 3651-3657; Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 1480-1488). These chimeric molecules can consist of functionally independent targeting and killing moieties within a linear peptide sequence. A pathogenic bacterium recognized (i.e. bound) by the targeting peptide can be eliminated from a multi- species community with little impact to bystander normal flora. As an extension of this concept, we hypothesized that a STAMP could be constructed with multiple targeting peptide "heads" attached to a single AMP by utilizing a central lysine residue branch point. Potentially, targeting "heads" could be specific for the same pathogen, or have different binding profiles. Utilizing the former approach, microbial resistance evolution linked to a targeting peptide could be inhibited or reduced, as no single microbial population would have the genetic diversity necessary to mutate multiple discrete targeting peptide receptors in one cell (Drake et al. (1998) Genetics 148: 1667-1686).

[0374] Multi-headed STAMP (MH-STAMP) molecules with differing bacterial targets may have appeal in treating poly- microbial infections, or where it may be advantageous to remove a cluster of biofilm constituents without utilizing several distinct molecules; for example in the simultaneously treatment of dental caries and periodontitis, or in the eradication of the Propionibacteria spp. and Staphylococcus spp. involved in acne and skin infections, respectively.

[0375] In this example, we present the proof-of-principle design, synthesis and in vitro activity of such a MH-STAMP, M8(KH)-20. Previously, we identified two functional STAMP targeting domains, one with specific recognition of the cariogenic pathogen S. mutans (Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 3651-3657), and the other with Pseudomonas spp. -level selectivity (Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 3833-3838). Conjoined to a normally wide-spectrum linear AMP, we observed antimicrobial effects directed specifically to P. aeruginosa and S. mutans in vitro. Additionally, treatment of mixed bacterial communities with the multi-headed MH-STAMP resulted in the specific eradication of the target organisms with little impact on bystander population levels.

Materials and Methods

Bacterial strains and growth conditions [0376] P. aeruginosa ATCC 15692, Klebsiella pneumoniae KAY 2026 (Sprenger and Lengeler (1984) J BacterioL, 157: 39-45), Escherichia coli DH5α (pFW5, spectinomycin resistance) (Podbielski et al. (1996) Gene, 111: 137-147), Staphylococcus aureus Newmann (Duthie and Lorenz (1952) J Gen Microbiol., 6: 95-107), and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 were cultivated under aerobic conditions at 37 ⁰ C with vigorous shaking. Aerobic Gram-negative organisms were grown in Lauri- Bertaini (LB) broth and Gram-positive bacteria in Brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Streptococcus mutans JMIl (spectinomycin resistant, UA140 background) was grown in Todd-Hewitt (TH) broth under anaerobic conditions (80% N2, 15% CO ₂ , 5% H2) at 37 ⁰ C Merritt et al. (2005) J Microbiol Meth., 61: 161-170. All bacteria were grown overnight to an OD600 of 0.8-1.0 prior to appropriate dilution and antimicrobial testing.

Synthesis of multi-head STAMP peptides

[0377] Conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methodologies were utilized for the construction of all peptides shown in Figure 15 (Symphony Synthesizer, PTI, Tucson, AZ). Chemicals, amino acids, and synthesis resins were purchased from Anaspec (San Jose, CA). BD2.20 (FIRKFLKKWLL (SEQ ID NO:3235), amidated c- terminus, mw 1491.92), an antimicrobial peptide developed in our laboratory with robust antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterial species (Table 19), served as the root sequence to which differing targeting peptides were attached: Firstly, BD2.20 was synthesized by SPPS (Rink-Amide-MBHA resin, 0.015 mmol), followed by the stepwise coupling of a functionalized alkane (NH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _T COOH), and an Fmoc-protected Lys (side- chain protected with 4-methyltrityl (Mtt)) to the N-terminus. Standard SPPS methods were then employed for the step- wise addition of the S. mutans targeting peptide M8 plus a tri- GIy linker region (TFFRFLNR-GGG (SEQ ID NO:3236)) to the N-terminal of the central Lys. After assembly of Fmoc-M8-GGG-K(Mtt)-(CH ₂ ) ₇ CO-BD2.20 (SEQ ID NO:3237), the Fmoc group was removed with 25% piperidine in DMF and the N-terminal was re- protected with an acetyl group with Ac ₂ O/DIEA (1:1, 20 molar excess) for 2 hours. The

Mtt-protected amino group of the central Lys was then selectively exposed with 2% TFA in DCM (1.5 mL) for 15 minutes (three cycles of 5 min). The resulting product was reloaded into the synthesizer and the peptide sequence built from the Lys side-chain was completed with standard Fmoc SPPS methods. As shown in Figure 15, the completed MH-STAMP M8(KH)-20 contained the side-chain peptide KH (Pseudomonas spp. -targeting,

KKHRKHRKHRKH-GGG (SEQ ID NO:3238)), while in MH-STAMP M8(BL)-20 a peptide with no bacterial binding (data not shown), BL-I (DAANEA-GGG), was utilized. BL(KH)-20 was constructed identically to M8(KH)-20, utilizing BL-I in place of M8 (Fig. 15).

[0378] Synthesis progression was monitored by the ninhydrin test, and completed peptides cleaved from the resin with 95% TFA utilizing appropriate scavengers, and precipitated in methyl tert-butyl ether. Purification and MH-STAMP quality was confirmed by HPLC (Waters, MiIf ord, MA) using a linear gradient of increasing mobile phase (acetonitrile 10 to 90% in water with 0.1% TFA) and a Waters XBridge BEH 130 C18 column (4.6x100 mm, particle size 5 μm). Absorbance at 215 nm was utilized as the monitoring wavelength, though 260 and 280 nm were also collected. LC spectra were analyzed with MassLynx Software v.4.1 (Waters). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy was utilized to confirm correct peptide mass (Voyager System 4291, Applied Biosystems) (Anderson et al. (2008) Biotechnol Lett., 30: 813-818).

MIC assay

[0379] Peptides were evaluated for basic antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution, as described previously (Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 3651-3657; Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 1480-1488). Briefly, -1x105 cfu/mL bacteria were diluted in TH (S. mutans), or Mueller- Hinton (MH) broth (all other organisms) and distributed to 96-well plates. Serially-diluted (2-fold) peptides were then added and the plates incubated at 37 ⁰ C for 18-24 h. Peptide MIC was determined as the concentration of peptide that completely inhibited organism growth when examined by eye (clear well). All experiments were conducted 10 times. Post-antibiotic effect assay

[0380] The activity and selectivity of MH-STAMPs after a 10 min incubation was determined by growth retardation experiments against targeted and untargeted bacteria in monocultures, as described previously (Id.). Cells from overnight cultures were diluted to -5x106 cfu/mL in MH (or TH with 1% sucrose for S. mutans), normalized by OD600 0.05- 0.1 and seeded to 96-well plates. Cultures were then grown under the appropriate conditions for 2 h (3 h for S. mutans) prior to the addition of peptides for 10 min. Plates were then centrifuged at 3000 x g for 5 min, the supernatants discarded, fresh medium returned (MH or TH without sucrose for S. mutans), and incubation resumed. Bacterial growth after treatment was then monitored over time by OD600.

Microbial population shift assay

[0381] Mixed planktonic populations of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. epidermidis, and

S. mutans were utilized to examine the potential of MH-STAMPs to direct species composition within a culture after treatment. Samples were prepared containing: -6 x 10 ⁴ cfu/mL S. mutans, -2 x 10 ⁴ cfu/mL E. coli, -2x104 cfu/mL S. epidermidis, and -0.5 x 10 ⁴ cfu/mL P. aeruginosa in BHI (mixed immediately before peptide addition). Peptide (10 μM) or mock-treatment (IxPBS) was then added and samples were incubated at 37 ⁰ C for 24 h under anaerobic conditions (80% N ₂ , 15% CO ₂ , 5% H ₂ ). After incubation, samples were serially diluted (1:10) in IxPBS and aliquots from each dilution were then spotted to agar plates selective for each species in the mixture: TH plus 800 μg/mL spectinomycin (S. mutans), LB plus 25 μg/mL ampicillin (P. aeruginosa), LB plus 200 μg/mL spectinomycin (E. coli), and mannitol salt agar (MSA, S. epidermidis) in order to quantitate survivors from each species. Plates were then incubated 37 ⁰ C under aerobic conditions (TH plates were incubated anaerobically) and colonies counted after 24 h to determine survivors. Expected colony morphologies were observed for each species when plated on selective media. Gram stains and direct microscopic observation (from select isolated colonies) were undertaken to confirm species identity (data not shown). The detection limit of the assay was 200 cfu/mL.

Results

Design and synthesis of multi-headed STAMPs [0382] We constructed a prototype MH-STAMP from the well-established targeting peptides KH (specific to Pseudomonas spp) and M8 (specific for Streptococcus mutans). The wide- spectrum antimicrobial peptide BD2.20 was utilized as the base AMP for all MH171 STAMP construction. BD2.20 is a novel synthetic AMP with a cationic and amphipathic residue arrangement, which has robust MICs against a variety of Gram- negative and Gram-positive organisms (Table 19). For the synthesis of MH-STMAP M8(KH)-20 (construct presented in Fig. 15), BD2.20 and a Lys (Mtt-protected side-chain) residue were joined via an activated alkane spacer, followed by addition of the M8 targeting peptide to the N-terminus of the product. Selective deprotection of the central Lys(Mtt) side chain was then undertaken and the KH targeting peptide attached. The correct molecular mass (4888.79) and -90% purity was confirmed by HPLC and MALDI mass spectrometry (Figure 16).

[0383] The non-binding "blank" targeting peptide BL-I was incorporated into the synthesis scheme in place of KH or M8 to construct variant MH-STAMPs possessing a single functional targeting head: M8(BL)-20 and BL(KH)-20. The correct MW and acceptable purity were observed for these MH-STAMPs (Fig. 15, data not shown).

General antimicrobial activity of multi-head constructs

[0384] After synthesis, the completed MH-STAMPs were evaluated for general antimicrobial activity by MIC against a panel of bacteria. As shown in Table 19, the MH- STAMP constructs M8(KH)-20, BL(KH)-20, and M8(BL)-20 were found to have similar activity profiles to that of BD2.20 for the organisms examined (less than two titration steps in 10-fold difference). Additionally, we observed a difference in general susceptibility between P. aeruginosa and the other organisms tested, suggesting this bacterium is more resistant to BD2.20. Overall, these data indicate that the addition of the targeting domains to the base sequence was tolerated and did not completely inhibit the activity of the antimicrobial peptide. [0385] Peptide selectivity could not be determined utilizing these methods, as

STAMPs and their parent AMP molecules often display similar MICs, but have radically different antimicrobial kinetics and selectivity due to increased specific -killing mediated by the targeting regions (Id.). Therefore, we performed different experiments to test for antimicrobial selectivity and functional MH-STAMP construction. Selectivity and post-antibiotic effect of MH-STAMP constructs

[0386] MH-STAMP antimicrobial kinetics was ascertained utilizing a variation of the classical post-antibiotic effect assay, which measures the ability of an agent to affect an organism's growth after a short exposure period. Monocultures of MH-STAMP-targeted and untargeted organisms were exposed to M8(KH)-20, M8(BL)-20, BL(KH)-20, or unmodified BD2.20, then allowed to recover. As shown in Figure 17A, S. mutans growth was effectively retarded by M8-containing constructs (M8(KH)-20, M8(BL)-20), but was not altered by a MH-STAMP construct lacking this region (BL(KH)-20). Similarly, the growth of the other targeted bacterium, P. aeruginosa, was inhibited in a KH-dependant manner (Fig. 17B). In comparison, the non-targeted bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis were not inhibited by treatment with any MH-STAMP and were only inhibited by the base antimicrobial peptide BD2.20, which displayed robust antimicrobial activity against all examined strains. These results indicate that MH-STAMPs containing KH or M8 targeting domains have activity against P. aeruginosa or S. mutans, respectively, and not other bacteria. Furthermore, replacement of the targeting region with a non-binding peptide abolishes specific activity.

Ability of MH-STAMPs to direct a "population shift" within a mixed species population

[0387] We hypothesized that potential MH-STAMP dual-functionality could affect a particular set of bacteria within a mixed population, thereby promoting the outgrowth of non-targeted organisms and "shifting" the constituent makeup. To examine this possibility, defined mixed populations of planktonic cells were treated continuously and the make-up of the community examined after 24 h. As shown in Figure 18, treatment with the wide spectrum AMP BD2.20 resulted in a significant loss of recoverable cfu/mL after 24 h from all species in the mixture. Treatment with M8(KH)-20 was found to alter this pattern; we observed ~1 x 10 ⁵ cfu/mL surviving E. coli and S. epidermidis, but did not recover S. mutans or P. aeruginosa cfu/mL. In BL(KH)-20 treated samples, P. aeruginosa cfu/mL were not observed, though we recovered higher than input cfu/mL from S. mutans and unchanged numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. In samples exposed to M8(BL)-20, S. mutans recoverable cfu/mL were greatly reduced compared to input cfu/mL, while other species were not affected or affected to a lesser extent. Interestingly, these results suggest that M8(KH)-20, M8(BL)-20, and BL(KH)-20 retain their ability to affect organisms recognized by the targeting regions present, even within a mixed population of bacteria.

Discussion

[0388] Our results indicate that we have successfully constructed a STAMP with dual antimicrobial specificities controlled by the targeting peptides present in the molecule; KH for Pseudomonas spp, M8 for S. mutans. In a closed multi-species system (Figure 18), the dual specificity of M8(KH)-20 was readily discernable: the population of the culture "shifted" away from targeted organisms after MH-STAMP treatment. The targeted bacteria were eliminated and the population of untargeted organisms increased, to varying degrees, above-input cfu/mL. Additionally, interruption of KH or M8 in the MH-STAMP construct with the non-binding peptide BL-I resulted in the expected elimination of only one targeted species. These results support the hypothesis that functional MH-STAMPs could be constructed from a wide-spectrum AMP base.

[0389] The emergence of metagenomics and the development of more sensitive molecular diagnostics has driven an increase in the understanding of human-associated microbial ecologies and host-microbe interactions (Aas et al (2005) J Clin Microbiol, 43: 5721-5732; Boman (2000) Immunol Rev., 173: 5-16; Kreth et al. (2005) J Bade riol, 187: 7193-7203). At mucosal surfaces, it has become clear that our bodies harbor an abundance of residential flora which may impact innate and humoral immunity, nutrient availability, protection against pathogens, and even host physiology (Metges (2000) J Nutr., 130:

1857S-64; Sears (2005) Anaerobe, 11: 247-251; Lievin-Le et al (2006) Clin Microbiol Rev., 19: 315-337; DiBaise et al. (2008) Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83: 460-469). Furthermore, findings have indicated that shifts in the diversity of normal flora are associated with negative clinical consequences; for example the overgrowth of S. mutans in the oral cavity during cariogenesis (linked to the uptake of sucrose) or the antibiotic-assisted colonization of the intestine by Clostridium difficle (Loesche (1986) Microbiol Rev., 50: 353-380; Gould and McDonald (2998) Crit Care 12: 203). Other population shifts may be linked to axilla odor {Corynebacteria spp) (Leyden et al. (1981) J Invest Dermatol, 11: 413-416; Eisner (2006) Curr Probl Dermatol, 33: 35-41), or even host obesity. Given the quantity and diversity of microbes present, pathogenesis at mucosal surfaces is not likely to be associated with the overgrowth of a single strain or species. More often, it is a population shift resulting in the predominance of two or more species; for example the persistence of Burkholderia cepacia and P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis airway or Treponema denticola and Porphymonas gingivalis and other "red cluster" organisms in gingivitis (Govan and Deretic (1996) Microbiol Rev., 60: 539-574; Paster et al (2001) J Bacteriol, 183: 3770- 3783). In many cases (such as the latter) these species may have only distant phylogenetic relationships and display differential susceptibilities to antibiotic therapies resulting in persistent disease progression despite treatment (Schlessinger (1988) CHn Microbiol Rev., 1: 54-59; Tresse et al. (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother., 40: 419-421). Currently, available treatments for infections of mucosal surfaces are largely non-specific (traditional small- molecule antibiotics, mechanical removal), and thus are not effective in retaining flora or shifting the constituent balance back to a health-associated composition (Keene and Shklair (1974) J Dent Res., 53: 1295). There is a need for a therapeutic treatment that can selectively target multiple pathogens, regardless of their phylogenetic relationship, and MH- STAMPs can help achieve this goal.

[0390] In monoculture experiments (Fig. 17), our results suggest that M8 or KH inclusion in the MH-STAMP drove activity towards S. mutans or P. aeruginosa, but also that the presence of a targeting domain reduced the activity of the parent AMP BD2.20 against untargeted organisms. In contrast, the results of our MIC assays (Table 19) indicate little difference in activity between BD2.20 and any MH-STAMP. Against untargeted organisms, the M8 and KH regions are likely to have a negative, but not completely inhibitory, impact on BD2.20 activity. Given the long duration of activity and the lower inoculum size in the MIC assay (compared with experiments in Fig. 17), it is likely that all BD2.20-containing peptides could reach equal levels of growth inhibition, despite large and target- specific differences in antimicrobial speed. This pattern of results was also observed when comparing MICs of targeted and untargeted organisms utilizing STAMPs against S. mutans and Pseudomonas mendocina (Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 3651-3657; Eckert et al. (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 50: 1480-1488).

[0391] Although more rigorous studies and a more medically relevant combination of pathogen targets is desirable, these findings indicate that it is possible to design an antimicrobial peptide-based therapeutic with multiple and defined fidelities in vitro. MH- STAMPs may help improve human health through the promotion of healthy microbial constituencies.

Example 2 Synthesis of peptide -porphyrin conjugate:

[0392] The mixture of coupling reagent HATU (5 eq. excess, 10 mg) and purpurin-

18 (MW 564, 5 eq excess, 15 mg) in 600 mL dry dichloromethane

(DCM):DMF:dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) (1:1:1 (v/v)) was added to the peptide resin (1 molar equivalent, 15 mg) which was swelled by placing in minimal DMF for 30 min prior to reaction. 26 μL (10 molar equivalents) DIPEA was then added to the reaction flask to initiate the reaction. The reaction mixture was protected with argon and stirred at room temperature for 3 h.

[0393] After finishing, the reaction mixture was then passed down a sintered glass filtered vial and extensively washed with DMF and DCM to remove all waste reagents. The resin was then dried overnight in vacuum, and cleaved with 1 ml of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/thioanisole/water/EDT (10/0.5/0.5/025) for 2 hr at room temperature, and the cleavage solution was precipitated with 10 mL methyl-tert butyl ether. The precipitate was washed twice with the same amount of ether.

Example 3

Synthesis of peptide -CSA conjugate:

[0394] To the fully protected peptide (solution of B43-GGG (FIDSFIRSF-GGG,

0.025 mmol) and tri-Boc- CSA-15 (0.0125 mol) in 300 μL DMF, DCC (7.7 mg), HOBt (5.1 mg) and 13 μL DIEA were added in iced-bath. After stirred at room temperature for four days, the reaction mixture was poured into 5 ml water and extracted with chloroform (5x3 mL). The CHCl ₃ extract was evaporated under vacuum and dried in a lyophilizer overnight. The dried CHCI ₃ extracts was then dissolved in 1 mL DCM followed by added 1 mL of TFA in iced-bath. The reaction mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and precipitated with methyl tert-butyl ether (10 mL). The precipitate was further washed once with the same amount ether and dried in vacuum.

Example 4 STAMPs Against Corynebacterium jeikeium and Streptococcus mutans

[0395] This example illustrates the development of STAMPs to selectively target and reduce or eliminate Streptococcus mutans (dental caries) or Corynebacterium jeikeium (body odor, opportunistic infections) from mixed microbial populations. [0396] Axilla odor is caused by overgrowth of, and metabolite production from,

Corynebacterium spp, which replaces Staphylococcus and Micrococcus spp associated with less odor. Current hygiene (soaps, antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants) practices remove all bacteria, allowing the ratio of Corynebacteria to normal flora to remain high during regrowth. Deodorants and anti-perspirants are temporary solutions that hide or even exacerbate the problem.

[0397] S. mutans is the major etiological agent of dental caries. Current methods

(tooth brushing, antiseptic mouthrinses) to treat cariogenesis have focused on complete bacterial removal, i.e., elimination of S. mutans and other harmless oral bacteria. Caries have persisted despite these methods, and in many cases, S. mutans can become the dominant organism in the mouth. Several S. mutans and acid-targeted approaches (probiotic replacement, saliva pH adjustment) are under development, but none have shown clinical efficacy.

[0398] This example describes a number of STAMPs that preferentially or selectively reduce or eliminate S mutans and/or Corynebacterium spp from mixed populations.

[0399] Several lead STAMPs with specific activity against Corynebacterium jeikeium are also disclosed herein.

[0400] The STAMPs described herein comprise functional regions within a peptide molecule or a chemical conjugate. These regions include a targeting region comprising one or more targeting moieties (e.g., targeting peptides), a linker, and one or more killing moieties (e.g., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), porphyrins, etc.).

[0401] The STAMPs function through the targeting region, which selectively accumulates STAMPs, and therefore killing regions, on or in proximity to the microorganism of interest. Other flora are not recognized by the targeting region, and therefore avoid or have reduced STAMP accumulation and cellular damage.

[0402] In certain embodiments, STAMPs against oral S. mutans are best applied formulated in a mouthrinse, toothpaste, cream, gel, or adhesive strip, and in certain preferably embodiments, are provided in a formulation that comprises 0.5 to 2.5x PBS (or other salt) and other ingredients commonly found in oral healthcare formulations (e.g., mouthrinse formulations). Certain illustrative formulations are shown in Table 20. [0403] During the course of evaluating STAMPs, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and binding peptides for desired activity, it was discovered that certain formulations can attenuate or promote peptide activity, as compared to activity levels in a default buffer system (IxPBS). In some cases, IxPBS may provide the best level of activity. Below are a number of formulations that alter, or may alter, peptide or STAMP activity. For complex buffer systems, assume the base solvent is water unless otherwise stated.

[0404] Formulation 1 (IxPBS, pH 7.4): 136.8 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.01 mM

Na ₂ HPO ₄ , and 1.37 mM KH ₂ PO ₄ .

[0405] Formulation 2 (HEPES/CTAB): 20 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l- piperazineethanesulfonic acid), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl ₂ , and 0.1% CTAB (Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide).

[0406] Formulation 3 (TRIS/CTAB): 20 mM Tris

(tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl ₂ , and 0.1% CTAB. [0407] Formulation 4: 2O mM HEPES.

[0408] Formulation 5: 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5.

[0409] Formulation 6: 0.2% CTAB.

[0410] Formulation 7: 1% Glycerol.

[0411] Formulation 8: 1% Pluronic F108 (nonionic surfactant: α-Hydro-.omega.- hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)poly(oxypropylene)poly(oxyethylene) block copolymer).

[0412] Formulation 9: 1% Pluronic F123 (Polyethylene glycol) -block- poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol), average M _n -5,800).

[0413] Formulation 10: 1% Pluronic F17R4 (Poly(propylene glycol)-block- poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol), average M _n -2,700). [0414] Formulation 11: 1% to 7% PEG400.

[0415] Formulation 12: 50 mM Urea.

[0416] Formulation 13: 10 mM AOT (Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfo succinate).

[0417] Formulation 14: 0.5-0.1% Tween 20 (nonionic detergent, also known as polysorbate 20 or PEG(20)sorbitan monolauratesorbitan monolaurate). [0418] Formulation 15: 0.5-0.1% Tween 80 (nonionic surfactant, C ₆₄ Hi ₂₄ O _2O , also known as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, (x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl), or POE (20) sorbitan monooleate).

[0419] Formulation 16: 5-10% Ethanol. [0420] Formulation 17: 20% Glycerin.

[0421] Formulation 18: 20% Sorbitol.

[0422] Formulation 19: 10% Glycerin/10% Sorbitol.

[0423] Formulation 20: 0.1% SLS (Sodium lauryl sulfate).

[0424] Formulation 21: 1% Pluronic F127 (nonionic suffactant: α-Hydro-. omega. - hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)poly(oxypropylene)poly(oxyethylene) block copolymer).

[0425] Formulation 21: 0.1% Tween 20 (nonionic detergent, also known as

Polysorbate 20, or PEG(20) sorbitan monolaurate).

[0426] Formulation 21: 10% PG (phospholipid gel).

[0427] Mouthrinse neat solution #1 (made in IxPBS): 7% ETOH, 20% Glycerin, 7% PEG 400, and 1% PLURONIC® F127.

[0428] Mouthrinse neat solution #2 (made in IxPBS): 7% ETOH, 20% Sorbitol,

7% PEG 400, and 1% PLURONIC® F127.

[0429] Mouthrinse neat solution #3 (made in IxPBS): 7% ETOH, 20% Glycerin and 7% PEG 400. [0430] Mouthrinse neat solution #4 (made in IxPBS): 7% ETOH, 20% Sorbitol and

7% PEG 400.

[0431] Other illustrative, but not limiting, mouthrinse formulations are shown in

Table 20.

Table 20. Illustrative mouthrinse formulations.

IxPBS can be substituted for water

[0432] In certain embodiments, Corynebacterium- specific STAMPs are formulated in any number of creams, nanoemulsions, lipid micelles, aqueous or no-aqueous gels, sprays, soaps or roll-on bars, or other products used for axilla or other hygiene.

[0433] STAMP-mediated selective antimicrobial activity can result in preservation of the normal flora at the oral or axilla mucosal surface, resulting in protective colonization and the conversion of a harmful flora to a beneficial one. Recurrence of pathogen overgrowth would be reduced, which also limits the amount and frequency (and therefore cost) of STAMP delivery. STAMPs allow for "surgical" antimicrobial precision, which limits antimicrobial resistance evolution as well due to the general mechanism of cell membrane damage mediated by the killing region.

[0434] A number of anti-5. mutans STAMPs (see Table 21) and anti-C. jeikeium

STAMPs have been designed and tested, some in formulations. All show potent selective activity against their bacterial targets in vitro, including against biofilm forms. When tested, STAMPs have little cytotoxicity against cell lines in vitro.

Table 21. Illustrative anti-5. mutans STAMPs. Single underline is binding peptide. Double underline is antimicrobial peptide (AMP). No underline is linker. * indicates optionally protected (e.g., amidated) C terminal.

Table 22. Illustrative anti-C. jeikeium STAMPs. Single underline is binding peptide. Double underline is antimicrobial peptide (AMP). No underline is linker. * indicates optionally protected (e.g., amidated) C terminal.

[0435] It was a surprising discovery that certain anύ-S. mutαns STAMPs required a salt in the formulation {e.g., PBS) for optimum activity. Thus, for example, the anti-S. mutans STAMP C16G2 (TFFRLFNRSFTQALGKGGGKNLRIIRKGIHIIKKY*, SEQ ID NO:3248) comprising the TFFRLFNRSFTQALGK (SEQ ID NO:3249) attached to the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) KNLRIIRKGIHIIKKY (SEQ ID NO:3250) by a peptide linker (GGG) was substantially inactive in water-based salt-free buffers and nanoemulsions, but was active in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) formulation. Suitable PBS formulations ranged from 0.5X PBS to about 2.5X PBS with an activity optimum at about IX PBS. Similar results are believed to obtain for other anti-S. mutans STAMPS as well as a number of other STAMPs. In certain embodiments STAMP stability in solution was improved by inclusion of fluoride in mouthrinse.

Example 5 Photodynamic therapy targeted against Streptococcus mutans

[0436] Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most prevalent and costly infectious diseases in the United States. Currently, the annual expenditures on dental services exceed $85 billion, with the majority of these costs attributable to dental caries and its sequelae (www.ada.org/). The oral cavity harbors a complex microbial community consisting of over 600 different non-harmful/commensal microbial species together with a limited number of pathogenic bacteria, including the major etiological agent of dental caries, Streptococcus mutαns. Once established, S. mutαns generates acid during the fermentation of dietary sugars, which causes the demineralization of tooth structure and inhibits the growth of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria within the same microbial niche. Despite diligent use of broad- spectrum antimicrobial compounds and tooth brushing, S. mutans persists within the oral cavity and causes repeated cycles of cariogenesis. Current "remove all, kill-all" approaches have shown limited efficacy, since a "cleaned" tooth surface provides an equal opportunity for commensal as well as pathogenic bacteria to re-colonize in the non-sterile environment of the oral cavity. To address this shortcoming, we have constructed and evaluated a light- activated S. mutans -selective antimicrobial agent. C 16- RB, constructed via conjugation of the S. mutans competence- stimulating peptide to the photodynamic dye rose bengal, displays robust anti-5. mutans activity in vitro under blue exposure from a handheld dental curing light. C 16-RB has reduced activity against other oral streptococci under mixed biofilm conditions and has limited cytotoxicity in vitro.

[0437] To develop a method of selectively eliminating S. mutans from a dental biofilm so that beneficial species exert a protective colonization effect and long-term protection from S. mutans re-colonization can be attained we created a novel class of targeted antimicrobials, known as specifically-targeted antimicrobial peptides, or STAMPs. STAMPs consist of functionally independent, yet conjoined, domains within a linear peptide sequence; a targeting region and an antimicrobial region. The targeting region, which binds specifically to a bacterial species of interest, delivers the killing portion of the molecule that consists of a normally wide-spectrum antimicrobial peptide. Previously, we successfully designed STAMPs against S. mutans by taking advantage of the competence stimulating pheromone (CSP) peptide produced by this organism that has demonstrated S. mutans '-specific recognition. STAMPs synthesized with portions of CSP as targeting domains were capable of specific antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, and not other oral streptococci or non-cariogenic organisms in biofilms.

[0438] We hypothesized that targeted killing might be achieved through the use of non-peptide antimicrobial molecules, such as porphyrins or dyes utilized in PDT. Here we present the proof-of-principle construction and in vitro efficacy of the targeted, peptide- guided, photodynamic molecule C 16-RB. C 16-RB displays S. mutans selective antimicrobial activity upon blue light activation with limited activity against non-cariogenic oral streptococci and epithelial cells. Materials and Methods

Synthesis of C16-RB

[0439] All amino acids, synthesis resins and reagents were peptide synthesis grade

(Anaspec, San Jose, CA; Fisher Scientific). To construct our C16-RB conjugate, conventional 9-fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase methodology was employed to synthesize the CSPci _δ peptide and attach the succinate and PEG linkers, utilizing double coupling cycles in N-hdroxybenzotrazole, HBTU (O-benzotriazole-N, N, N, N-tetramethyl- uronium hexafluoro-phosphate) and diisopropyl ethylamine (DIEA), with dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as solvents, as described previously. The peptide resin (1 molar equivalent, 15 mg) was then swollen in DMF for 30 min prior to attachment of the PEG terminal amide group to the carboxyl lactone in RB (Figure 19B). This reaction was carried out in a mixture of 2-(7-Aza-lH-benzotriazole-l- yl)-l,l,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 5-molar excess) in dichloromethane (DCM):DMF:dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) (1:1:1 (v/v)). Ten molar equivalents of DIEA were added to the reaction flask to initiate the reaction, which was protected with argon and stirred at room temperature for 5 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was passed down sintered glass filtered vial and extensively washed with DMF and DCM to remove all waste reagents. The resin was then dried overnight in vacuum, and cleaved with 1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/thioanisole/water/EDT (10/0.5/0.5/025) for 2 hr at room temperature. The cleavage solution was precipitated with 10 mL methyl-tert butyl ether, and the precipitate was washed twice with the same amount of ether. The crude product was purified via preparative-level HPLC (Source 15RPC column, ACTA purifier, Amersham) and eluted with gradient acetonitrile/water from 10 to 35% in 10 min, which was increased to 90% over 8 min before finally being washed 15 min with 95% acetonitrile. [0440] C 16-RB was purified further to >90% and the molecular mass confirmed via

LC/MS, utilizing increasing hydrophobicity gradient of acetonitrile in water with 0.01% TFA as described above (Waters X-bridge BEH 130 C18 column, 4.6xl00mm, particle size 5 μm, Waters 3100 system). LC spectra were analyzed with MassLynx Softward v. 4.1 (Waters). C16-RB mass (3118.0) was confirmed by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy in linear, positive ion mode. The final product was lyophilized and protected from light at all times. C 16-RB was soluble in 50% methanol. Bacterial and cellular growth

[0441] Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557, Streptococcus gordonii (Challis),

Streptococcus sanguinis (NYlOl), Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903, Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 13419 and S. mutans wild-type UA140 and JMIl (spectinomycin-resistant) strains were grown in Todd-Hewitt (TH) broth 37 ⁰ C in an anaerobic atmosphere of 80% N ₂ , 10% CO ₂ , and 10% H ₂ . BHK-21 (ATCC CRL-10) fibroblasts were propagated in DMEM with 10% FBS, 1 rnM sodium pyruvate, 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37 ⁰ C with 5% CO ₂ . Cells were detached with 0.25% trypsin and subcultured as recommended by the supplier.

Photodynamic antimicrobial assays against biofilms

[0442] To evaluate C 16-RB against monoculture biofilms, S. mutans UA 140 was grown overnight in TH prior to inoculation for biofilm formation. For biofilms, 1:5000 dilution of overnight culture was made into TH with 1% sucrose in 2 mL centrifuge tubes (200 μL volume) and grown 24 h under anaerobic conditions. After incubation, biofilms were treated for 5 min with 5 or 25 μM C16-RB or 5 μM RB in IxPBS, or PBS alone, followed by removal of supernatant and exposure to 5 min blue light (emission 400-550 nm, power 400 mW/cm ) from an Astralis 7 (Ivoclar Vivodent, Austria) handheld LED commonly used as a dental curing light. The light source was suspended 4 cm from the tube bottom (even with the mouth of the tube). A duplicate set of samples were left covered to serve as dark controls. After treatment, biofilms were mechanically disrupted and plated to determine cfu/mL.

[0443] To gauge C 16-RB selectivity for S. mutans, similar assays were conducted against multispecies biofilms. Mixed biofilms were seeded by diluting (1:5000) a mixture of equal parts S. oralis, S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, and S. mutans JMIl (made from overnight cultures) into TH with 1% sucrose, 1% glucose, and 1% mannose. Biofilms were incubated and treated as described above with the addition of vitamin C or potassium gluconate. After the addition of agent and 5 min incubation, biofilms were washed Ix with IxPBS prior to light exposure. After PDT and biofilm disruption, survivors were plated on TH, and TH supplemented with 800 μg/mL spectinomycin, which allowed for quantitation of surviving total oral streptococci and surviving S. mutans, respectively. Evaluation of C16-RB cytotoxicity

[0444] The effect of RB and C 16-RB on human fibroblasts was ascertained by utilizing the Promega CellTiterGlo assay, as described by the manufacturer. Briefly, fibroblasts were grown to confluence, detached, and seeded to -5,000 cells per well in a 96- well opaque walled, clear bottom 96- well plate (Nunc International). For long-term dark toxicity, cells were allowed to attach to for 18 h before the culture medium was replaced with medium plus serially-diluted RB or C 16-RB (200 μM to 390 nM) or medium alone. After 18-24 h, equal volume Cell Titer GIo reagent was added to each well and mixed. Luciferace activity was then quantified to measure cell viability (Varian Fluorometer in Biolumenescence mode). To measure cytotoxicity after RB or C16-RB light exposure, cells were seeded at -10,000 cells per well and allowed to attach for 4 h. Cell growth medium was then replaced with RB or C 16-RB containing medium, prior to exposure (a single well at a time) with blue light (400 mW/cm ² ) suspended -3 cm from the well bottom. After exposure, cultures were disrupted with Cell Titer GIo and luciferase activity quantitated as above.

Results

Design of photodynamic peptide-dye conjugate

[0445] For the targeting peptide component of the chimeric molecule, we selected a shortened derivative of S. mutans CSP, CSP _C i ₆ (sequence: TFFRLFNRS FTQALGK). CSPci _δ has been utilized successfully as a STAMP targeting peptide in several constructs, and demonstrates selective binding to S. mutans and not other non-cariogenic bacteria. For the photodynamic dye, we selected rose bengal (RB, Figure 19A), a xanthene dye with a demonstrated record of safety as a diagnostic tool in optometry. Unlike TBO or methylene blue, RB is not recognized by efflux pumps, and has shown robust activity against a variety of bacteria in vitro in the presence of green or blue light (max absorption -549 nm), and can be activated by a handheld dental curing LED.

C16-RB synthesis

[0446] As shown in Figure 19B, RB was attached to the N-terminus of CSPciό through a succinate/PEG linker to construct the C 16-RB molecule. Conventional solid- phase peptide methods were utilized to synthesize CSPCi ₆ , followed by linker and RB coupling prior to cleavage from the resin. After cleavage, C 16-RB was repeatedly purified by LC/MS prior to evaluation. As shown in Figure 20, over 95% purity was achieved with the expected mass species observed. The lactone ring in RB was opened as a result of CSPciό attachment. However, we hypothesized that the conjugate would retain enough singlet-oxygen generating activity for a proof-of-principle demonstration, as other xanthene dyes with activity lack this ring.

C16-RB efficacy against single-species S. mutans biofilms

[0447] After synthesis, the basic photosensitization potential of C 16-RB was assessed by challenging mature single-species S. mutans biofilms (grown 24 h) with C16- RB or unmodified RB, followed by blue emission from a dental curing light. As shown in Figure 21, potent antimicrobial activity was observed in cultures exposed to C16-RB or RB and blue light: a reduction in over 3 logio from input cfu/mL at 5 or 25 μM. In contrast, appreciable decreases in cfu/mL were not observed in S. mutans treated with blue light alone, or 5 μM RB or C 16-RB dark controls. Modest dark toxicity was observed in samples treated with 25 μM C 16-RB. Overall, these results indicate that the peptide-dye conjugate is active against S. mutans and at roughly similar levels to the parental RB molecule.

Selective PDT against multi-species biofilms

[0448] C 16-RB was next evaluated for selectivity in mixed cultures containing S. mutans and non-cariogenic oral streptococci that compete for the same niche on the tooth surface. We utilized mixed biofilms of S. mutans transformed with spectinomycin resistance (strain JMIl, Merritt, et al, 2005), plus S. oralis, S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius. The mixed cultures were grown 24 and then treated with RB or C 16-RB as indicated, plus potassium gluconate to minimize killing of untargeted bacteria by reducing the superoxide-producing activity of the free C 16-RB not bound to S. mutans. Ethanol treatment served as an indiscriminant killing control. As shown in Figure 21, RB alone exhibited strong indiscriminant photodynamic antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and non-5, mutans in the mixed biofilm system (ratio of surviving S. mutans'.non-caήogemc streptococci cfu ~ 1). In contrast, C 16-RB displayed specific photodynamic activity towards S. mutans, and not the other oral streptococci examined, as reflected in the low ratio of recovered S. mutans to other streptococci. These results suggest C16-RB has antimicrobial activity in the presence of blue light that is specific for S. mutans and dependent on the CSPciό targeting peptide. Cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells

[0449] Given the demonstrated PDT potential of RB-C 16, experiments were conducted to examine the cytotoxicity for this conjugate and RB alone. IC ₅₀ S were obtained for BHK cells exposed C16-RB, RB, or Melittin B (positive control for cytotoxicity), with and without blue light exposure. As shown in Table 23, cytotoxicity was noted for cells exposed to Melittin B at the lowest peptide dilution tested at either 5 min or 24 h, with or without light (IC ₅₀ <1.56 μM), while light-dependent toxicity was observed only for RB- treated samples. No photo-associated toxicity was noted in BHK cells treated with C16-RB, though modest light-independent cytotoxicity (IC ₅₀ = 90μM) was detected after 24 h of exposure. These results suggest that C 16-RB is not toxic to BHK cells after illumination, and displays mild toxic effects (when compared to Melittin B) after 24 h exposure.

Table 23. Cytotoxicity of RB and C 16-RB compounds.

[0450] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.