DEVICE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/487,180 filed May 17, 2011, and entitled TEMPERATURE-MEASURING APPARATUS WITH TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICE.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to temperature-measuring apparatuses, including temperature-measuring apparatuses that employ temperature- sensitive devices that move in response to changes in temperature.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] Many types of temperature-measuring apparatuses, including some that employ temperature-sensitive devices to measure temperature exist in the art. For example, temperature-measuring apparatuses that employ temperature- sensitive devices with two or more layers (e.g., strips) of metal laminated, bonded, or otherwise joined to each other, often referred to as a bi-metallic or bi-metal strip, are known. Bi-metallic strips have two metal layers having different coefficients of thermal expansion relative to each other, causing the bi-metal strip to change its shape (e.g., flex, bend or otherwise move) in response to a change in temperature. Coiled bi-metallic strips, or devices that use coiled bi-metallic strips, such as clock-face style wall thermometers and other temperature recording devices, are known, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,317,466 (Conrad et al.), 6,422,171 (Betts), 5,745,127 (Cox), 4,755,063 (Nakagawa et al.) and 3,787,885 (Johnson). Some non-coiled bi-metallic configurations have been implemented in other temperature recording devices, such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2,205,162 (Whitney). However, it is difficult to design a temperature-measuring apparatus with a temperature-sensitive device that is inexpensive, and simple to use and calibrate.

[0004] There are several types of coefficients of thermal expansion: volumetric, area and linear. For solid materials, the linear thermal expansion coefficient relates the change in a material's linear dimensions to a change in temperature. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change, and can be expressed by the formula wherein L is the linear dimension (e.g., length) of the material for which the linear coefficient of thermal expansion 0CL is being measured, and dL/dT is the rate of change of that length with temperature. The area thermal expansion coefficient is the fractional change in area per degree of temperature change, and can be given by the formula wherein A is the area of the material for which the area thermal expansion coefficient 0CA is being measured, and dA/dT is the rate of change of that area with temperature. The volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion is the fractional change in volume per degree of temperature change, and can be given by the formula 0C _v =(l/V)(dV/dT), wherein V is the volume of the material for which the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion oc _v is being measured, and dV/dT is the rate of change of that volume with temperature. As used herein, the "coefficient of thermal expansion" can refer to any of these types of coefficients of thermal expansion.

SUMMARY

[0005] The present application provides novel and nonobvious apparatuses including one or more bi-layer strips useful for detecting, measuring, and/or recording values of environmental parameters. While the application focuses primarily on apparatuses implementing bi-layer strips used for detecting temperature, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the described strips and devices may be used for detecting other parameters, such as, for example, humidity.

[0006] One embodiment provides a temperature-measuring apparatus comprising a base, an elongated temperature- sensitive strip, and a conversion component. The elongated temperature-sensitive strip comprises first and second material layers joined together and having different coefficients of thermal expansion. The strip is configured to bend in response to temperature changes of the strip. The first layer comprises a non-metallic material. A proximal portion of the strip is substantially fixed with respect to the base, and a distal portion of the strip is configured to move with respect to the base as the strip bends in response to a temperature change of the strip. The conversion component is configured to produce temperature data based on a position of the distal portion of the strip.

[0007] Another embodiment provides a temperature-measuring apparatus comprising a base, two or more elongated temperature- sensitive strips, a guide, and a conversion component. Each strip comprises a pair of material layers joined together and having different coefficients of thermal expansion. Each strip has a proximal portion that is substantially fixed with respect to the base, and a distal portion configured to move with respect to the base as the strip bends in response to a temperature change of the strip. The guide is configured to limit bending of the distal portions of the strips with respect to each other. The conversion component is configured to produce temperature data based on positions of the distal portions of the strips.

[0008] Another embodiment provides a temperature-measuring apparatus comprising an elongated temperature- sensitive strip, a base, and a conversion component. The elongated temperature-sensitive strip comprises a pair of material layers joined together and having different coefficients of thermal expansion. The strip is configured to bend in response to temperature changes of the strip. The base comprises a body and a temperature calibration member that is moveably engaged with the body. The strip has a proximal portion that is substantially fixed with respect to the temperature calibration member, such that movement of the temperature calibration member with respect to the body causes a distal portion of the strip to move with respect to the body. The conversion component is configured to produce temperature measurements based on positions of the distal portion of the strip with respect to the body. Movement of the temperature calibration member with respect to the body alters a temperature measurement produced by the temperature-measuring apparatus for any given bent shape of the strip.

[0009] Another embodiment provides a temperature-measuring apparatus comprising an elongated temperature- sensitive strip, a base, and a conversion component. The elongated temperature-sensitive strip comprises a pair of material layers joined together and having different coefficients of thermal expansion. The strip is configured to bend in response to temperature changes of the strip. The base comprises a body and a sensitivity calibration member that is moveably engaged with the body. The strip has a proximal portion that is substantially fixed with respect to the sensitivity calibration member in at least one dimension, such that movement of the sensitivity calibration member with respect to the body causes a distal portion of the strip to move with respect to the body. The conversion component is engaged with the distal portion of the strip. The conversion component is configured to produce temperature measurements based on positions of the distal portion of the strip with respect to the body. The conversion component is engaged with the distal portion of the strip such that movement of the sensitivity calibration member with respect to the body changes a degree to which the temperature measurement produced by the conversion component varies for a given displacement of the distal portion of the strip in response to a temperature change of the strip.

[0010] For purposes of summarizing the invention and the advantages achieved over the prior art, certain objects and advantages of the invention have been described above and as further described below. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

[0011] All of these embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the invention herein disclosed. These and other embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments having reference to the attached figures, the invention not being limited to any particular preferred embodiment(s) disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The appended drawings are schematic, not necessarily drawn to scale, and are meant to illustrate and not to limit embodiments of the invention.

[0013] FIG. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of a temperature-measuring apparatus.

[0014] FIG. 2 shows a side view of an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0015] FIG. 3 shows a top-side perspective view an embodiment of the temperature- measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0016] FIG. 4 shows a bottom-side perspective view of view an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 5 shows an expanded cross-sectional view of a pair of temperature- sensitive strips taken along sectional line 5 of FIG. 1.

[0018] FIG. 6 shows an expanded rear view of a portion of the temperature- measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 6 of FIG. 1.

[0019] FIG. 7 shows an expanded top view of a portion of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 7 of FIG. 1.

[0020] FIG. 8 shows an expanded side view of a portion of the temperature- measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 8 of FIG. 2.

[0021] FIG. 9 shows an expanded bottom-side perspective view of a portion of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 9 of FIG. 4.

[0022] FIG. 10 shows an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 10 of FIG. 1. [0023] FIG. 11 shows a top-side perspective view of an embodiment of a temperature-recording device in an open position, employing an embodiment of the temperature- measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

[0024] FIG. 12 shows a top-side perspective view of the temperature-recording device of FIG. 11 in a closed position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The present disclosure relates generally to temperature-measuring apparatuses. Certain embodiments relate to temperature-measuring apparatuses employing temperature- sensitive devices. Certain embodiments relate to temperature-recording devices employing a temperature-measuring apparatus.

[0026] Various designs of temperature-measuring apparatuses and monitoring devices have been developed to sense and respond to an environmental condition, including, for example, apparatuses that employ temperature-sensitive devices that sense and respond to temperature. Temperature-sensitive devices with two or more layers (e.g., strips) of metal laminated, bonded, or otherwise joined to each other, often referred to as a bi-metallic or bimetal strip, are known. Bi-metallic strips typically have two metal layers having different coefficients of thermal expansion relative to each other, causing the bi-metal strip to change its shape (e.g., flex, bend or otherwise move) in response to a change in temperature. The change in shape occurs because the two metals have different rates of thermal expansion and contraction. Bi-metallic strips have been used in many various known temperature-control devices and systems.

[0027] Conventional temperature-measuring apparatuses have employed coiled bimetallic temperature-sensitive devices due to space constraints, for example, within the envelope of a temperature-monitoring or recording device in which the apparatuses have been employed. However, bi-metallic coils can be heavy, expensive, and difficult to manufacture. Additionally, the amount of reactive force with which a bi-metallic coil can move in response to a temperature change can be limited, due to the coiled configuration. Moreover, temperature-measuring apparatuses that employ bi-metallic coils are difficult to calibrate, as the coil is generally fixed in length, and includes one or more portions that are fixed (e.g., stationary) with respect to the device in which the coil is employed. Thus, a bi-metallic coil that is employed within a temperature-measuring apparatus must be held to high dimensional tolerances, or be replaced. Additionally, the material characteristics of bi-metallic temperature- sensitive devices may be limited or precluded from certain applications, including, for example, applications that benefit from electrically non-conductive materials, high purity materials (e.g., food and clean-room applications), toys (e.g., childrens' toys), and the like.

[0028] Limited configurations of temperature- sensitive devices have been developed that employ similar principles as a bi-metallic strip, but using non-metallic layers. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,928,803 to Yasuda discloses a flat temperature- sensitive reversibly deformable laminate comprising some materials other than metal. However, it is difficult to reliably bond the layers in conventional non-metallic temperature- sensitive devices such that the layers do not delaminate over time. Additionally, it is difficult to reliably form non-metallic temperature- sensitive devices into certain shapes and configurations. In particular, it is difficult to form non- metallic temperature- sensitive devices into certain shapes and configurations that can operate (e.g., flex and/or move in response to a temperature change) within certain temperature ranges (e.g., a range proximate to, or including room temperature). Thus, conventional non-metallic bi- material devices have been limited to few shapes and configurations, and have not been employed within many conventional temperature-measuring apparatuses.

[0029] The disclosed embodiments provide a simple and inexpensive temperature- measuring apparatus that comprises one or more elongated temperature-sensitive strips and a conversion component configured to produce temperature data based on a position of a distal portion of the one or more strips. In some embodiments, the apparatus employs a temperature- sensitive strip that includes one or more layers of non-metallic material with different coefficients of thermal expansion. In some embodiments, the apparatus employs a temperature- sensitive strip that includes one or more layers with some non-metallic materials and some metallic materials, wherein the layers have different coefficients of thermal expansion. In some embodiments, the apparatus employs two or more elongated temperature- sensitive strips and a guide configured to limit bending of the distal portions of the strips with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the apparatus employs calibration members to facilitate the calibration of the apparatus. For example, the apparatus can include a movable temperature calibration member that is configured to alter a center or other reference temperature within a temperature measurement range of the apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a movable sensitivity calibration member configured such that movement of the sensitivity calibration member with respect to another portion of the apparatus changes a degree to which the temperature measurement produced by the conversion component varies for a given displacement of the distal portion of the strip in response to a temperature change of the strip.

[0030] The disclosed embodiments can be used in many applications, such as clocks, dryers (e.g., hair or clothes), heaters (e.g., house or water heaters), cooling devices (e.g., air- conditioners; refrigerators), thermometers, thermostats, switches (e.g., circuit breakers), valves and other actuators and control systems. The disclosed embodiments can be used in a temperature-actuated device to actuate such switches, valves and other actuators and control systems. Some embodiments can be used in the aforementioned applications that might otherwise preclude or limit the use of bi-metallic strips, such as electrically non-conductive applications, high purity applications (e.g., food or drug-industry use, medical devices, or electronic device fabrication, such as clean-room applications), toys (e.g., childrens' toys), and the like.

[0031] In some embodiments, the temperature-measuring apparatus can be employed within a temperature-recording or monitoring device, such as a strip-chart recorder. It should be understood that the disclosed embodiments present examples of the present inventions for illustrative purposes, and that the scope of the present inventions is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0032] FIG. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of a temperature-measuring apparatus 4. FIG. 2 shows a side view of an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows a top-side perspective view an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 shows a bottom-side perspective view of an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1.

[0033] Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4, apparatus 4 can comprise a base 6, an elongated temperature-sensitive strip 35, and a conversion component 5. The elongated temperature-sensitive strip 35 can be configured to bend in response to temperature changes of the strip 35. A proximal portion 35a of the strip 35 can be substantially fixed with respect to a portion of base 6. A distal portion 35b of the strip 35 can be configured to move with respect to the base 6 as the strip bends in response to temperature changes of the strip to form a bent shape. As used herein, "bent shape" can refer to the shape formed by strip 35 at any given temperature, and any degree of bending of strip 35, including zero bending, which is a substantially straight or flat, unbent shape of strip 35. The conversion component 5 can be configured to produce temperature data based on a position of the distal portion of the strip. In some embodiments, apparatus 4 can include two or more elongated temperature-sensitive strips, such as an optional temperature-sensitive strip 36 in addition to the strip 35.

[0034] The temperature-sensitive strips 35, 36 can comprise any of a number of configurations. FIG. 5 shows an expanded cross-sectional view of temperature-sensitive strips 35 and 36 taken along sectional line 5 of FIG. 1. Referring to FIGS. 1-5, strip 35 can include two or more layers of material, illustrated as a first layer 30 and second layer 31. The first layer 30 of material can be bonded to a second layer 31 of material at a bonding interface 32 between the first layer 30 and second layer 31, to form a bi-material structure. Bonding interface 32 can extend along part, some, or along a substantial entirety of a length of layers 30, 31. For example, bonding interface 32 can be configured to allow one or more gaps to extend between one or more portions of layers 30, 31. Such gap(s) can allow relative movement between some portions of layers 30, 31, and/or can provide additional temperature transfer to and from portions of layers 30, 31, substantially similar to a gap 37 positioned between strips 35, 36, and described further herein (FIGS. 1, 3, 4 and 5). As described further herein, at least one of, and in some embodiments both, layers 30, 31 can comprise a non-metallic material. Layers 30, 31 can be bonded to form bi-material structures of various configurations, such as sheets, strips, coils, and the like, and preferably, an elongated strip. In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can be configured such that strip 35 forms an approximately un-coiled and/or substantially flat surface at a given ambient condition, such as room temperature. First layer 30 can comprise a different coefficient of thermal expansion relative to second layer 31, such that portions of apparatus 4 can move in response to a change in temperature of strip 35, as described further herein. Optional strip 36 can include first and second layers 33, 34 that can be substantially similar to first and second layers 30, 31 of strip 35.

[0035] The length, thickness, width and/or types of materials used for strip 35 can be selected such that strip 35 can move in response to temperature changes, as described further herein. The length, thickness, width and/or types of materials in strip 35 can be selected to vary the force with which strip 35 can move, and/or the distance of such movement, in response to a temperature change of a portion of apparatus 4 (e.g., of strip 35).

[0036] In some embodiments, apparatus 4 can employ two or more strips (e.g., strips 35, 36) to vary the force with which a portion of apparatus 4 can move, and/or the distance of such movement, in response to a temperature change of apparatus 4. For example, two or more strips can be employed to provide a greater force with which apparatus 4 can move in response to a temperature change than a single strip of a similar configuration. Employing two or more strips with apparatus 4 can vary (e.g., decrease) the footprint required for apparatus 4 in one or more dimensions. For example, employing two or more strips configured with a lesser width and/or thickness than a single strip employed in a similar application can provide a greater or equal force in response to a temperature change of the strip(s). In embodiments of apparatus 4 that include two or more strips, the two or more strips can be attached to each other along various portions of the strips and/or can be attached to other structures, such as a portion of base 6, using a variety of different methods, such as any of the bonding methods described herein for layers 30, 31, through a press fit, snap fit, fasteners, slots, or other methods known or described herein.

[0037] Strips 35, 36, can be positioned with a gap 37 between each other (FIGS. 1, 3, 4 and 5) at one, two or more points along their length. Gap 37 can extend along part, some, or along a substantial entirety of a length of at least one or more of strips 35, 36. Gap 37 can be linearly coextensive with a portion of strips 35, 36, such as proximal portions 35a, 36a, distal portions 35b, 36b, and any points therebetween. Gap 37 can be provided to allow relative movement between the portions of strips 35 and 36 that are not attached to each other, in response to a temperature change of apparatus 4. Additionally, the portions (e.g., surfaces) of strips 35 and 36 between which gap 37 extends can be exposed to environmental conditions, allowing, for example, additional temperature transfer to and from these portion(s) of strips 35 and 36. Embodiments of apparatus 4 with two or more strips that include gap 37 can thus respond more quickly to changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature. Some, most or substantially all of strips 35, 36 can be positioned substantially parallel or non-parallel with respect to each other.

[0038] Strips 35, 36 can be configured to have a number of different lengths, and can be approximately the same or different lengths with respect to each other. Referring to FIG. 2, the length Li of strips 35 and/or 36 can be defined as the distance between the portion of strips 35 and/or 36 that engage with base 6, and a point of engagement 60c between strip 35 and conversion component 5, as described further below. In certain embodiments, the length Li of strip(s) 35 and/or 36 can range from approximately 1 to 10 inches, or more narrowly, from approximately 3 to 8 inches, or even more narrowly, from approximately 5 to 6 inches.

[0039] The various embodiments of first and second layers 30, 31 described herein can comprise any of many different materials that can be bonded or otherwise secured to each other and jointly form an elongated strip shape, such as plastic, rubber, metal, wood, and the like. Each of first and second layers 30, 31 can comprise more than one material, such as a composite, alloy, or a material coated, mixed or impregnated with a second material. It is even possible for either or both of the layers 30, 31 to be formed of different materials at different portions of the layer's length and/or width. In some embodiments, the layers 30, 31 comprise completely different materials relative to each other. In other embodiments, a particular material may be common to both layers, as long as the layers' coefficients of thermal expansion (or the layers' respective rates of thermal expansion and contraction) are different. For example, the layers 30 and 31 can have different coefficients of thermal expansion if a combination of materials of one layer is different than a combination of materials of the other layer, even if both layers include a common material in their respective combinations. In another example, the layers 30 and 31 can have different coefficients of thermal expansion if one layer comprises a single material and the other layer comprises a combination of materials that includes said single material.

[0040] While cost-reduction benefits may be enhanced when both layers 30 and 31 contain only non-metallic material(s), certain embodiments involve the presence of metal(s) in one or both layers, possibly in combination with non-metallic material(s), with a non-metallic material in at least one of the layers. In some embodiments, layer 30 and/or layer 31 comprises some metallic and some non-metallic material(s). In some embodiments, one of layers 30 and 31 includes one or more metallic materials, and the other layer includes one or more non- metallic materials without any metallic material. In some embodiments, one or both of layers 30 and 31 comprise primarily metallic materials.

[0041] The layers 30, 31 can be thermally, chemically or mechanically treated to provide, or can comprise any material that provides, increased durability, flexibility, moisture absorption or adsorption, chemical resistance, and/or decreased particle emission. The layers 30, 31 can comprise materials of any color, and can comprise substantially transparent, opaque, or translucent materials, or any combination thereof. The layers 30, 31 can be constructed of relatively flexible materials, to allow strip 35 to expand and contract (e.g., bend, flex and/or deform) in response to a temperature change, and in some embodiments, with sufficient rigidity to return to the original shape when the temperature returns to its initial value prior to the expansion or contraction. In some embodiments, layer 30, 31 can comprise permanently deformable materials and/or a shape-memory polymer or alloy.

[0042] In some embodiments, one or both of layers 30, 31 can comprise metallic materials or alloys, such as steel (e.g., stainless, structural, and/or heat-treated), copper, brass, bronze, aluminum (e.g., cast or wrought), invar, magnesium, iron (e.g., wrought iron or cast iron), and/or titanium (e.g., titanium alloys). As described further herein, layer 30 and/or layer 31 can comprise primarily these metallic materials, and/or one or both layers 30, 31 can include some metallic and some non-metallic materials. For example, in some embodiments, one or both layers 30, 31 can include a non-metallic material impregnated with metal fibers, strands, and/or other conductive or semi-conductive material, such as copper, aluminum, and the like, to affect the electrical-current capacity of strip 35. In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can include a ferrous (e.g. magnetic) material to affect the magnetic properties of strip 35.

[0043] First layer 30 and second layer 31 can comprise any of many different types of materials, including any of the following exemplary polymers, resins, plastics (e.g., thermoplastics) and/or films: amorphous thermoplastics (for impact and temperature resistance), such as polycarbonates, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), styrene- acrylonitriles, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC); crystalline thermoplastics (for strength, stiffness and impact resistance), such as polyoxymethylene (e.g., POM, polyacetal, or polyformaldehydes), polyamides (e.g., nylons), polypropylene, and polyesters (e.g., polyester imides, unsaturated polyesters); semi-crystalline thermoplastics, such as polyethylene (e.g., acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene- styrene copolymers, chlorinated polyethylenes, high- density polyethylenes, medium-density polyethylenes, linear low-density polyethylenes, polyethylene terephthalates, or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) (for lower shrinkage and warping, and increased performance in electrical and mechanical components); glass-based, or glass-filled thermoset phenolic laminates (for a lower coefficient of linear thermal expansion), such as grades G3 (glass cloth/phenolic resin), G5 and/or G9 (glass cloth/melamine resin), G7 (glass cloth/silicon resin), and G10/G11 (glass cloth/epoxy resin); and high temperature plastics, such as New Zenite® liquid crystal polymer (LCP) manufactured by DuPont, Inc., and Aurum® plastics manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Through the use of high temperature plastics, strip 35 can be used to replace a bi-metallic strip used in high temperature applications.

[0044] First layer 30 and second layer 31 can comprise any of the following materials that may fall into the aforementioned categories or into different categories: ionomers, isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymers, acrylonitrile- acrylic styrene copolymers, acrylonitrile- styrene copolymers, ethylene- vinyl chloride copolymers, ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride graft copolymers, vinylidene chlorides, vinyl chlorides, chlorinated vinyl chlorides, vinyl chloride- vinylidene chloride copolymers, chlorinated polypropylenes, polybutylene terephthalates, high impact polystyrenes, polymethylstyrenes, polyacrylic esters, polymethyl methacrylates, epoxy acrylates, alkyl phenols, rosin-modified phenolics, rosin-modified alkyds, phenolic resin-modified alkyds, epoxy resin-modified alkyds, styrene-modified alkyds, acryl-modified alkyds, amino alkyds, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, epoxys, polyurethanes, vinyl acetate-based emulsions, styrene-butadiene-based emulsions, acrylic ester-based emulsions, water-soluble alkyds, water-soluble melamines, water-soluble ureas, water-soluble phenolics, water-soluble epoxys, water-soluble polybutadienes, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, fluorocarbons, polyimides, polyphenylene oxides, polysulfones, TPX polymers, poly-p-xylenes, polyamideimides, polybenzimidazoles, rubber hydrochlorides, and oblate. [0045] Particularly effective materials for use within layers 30, 31 include a high pressure processed polyethylene film, a medium-low pressure processed polyethylene film, a crosslinked polyethylene film, an ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer film, an ethylene-acrylic ester copolymer film, an ionomer film, an ethylene-propylene copolymer film, a polypropylene film, a vinyl chloride-propylene film, a polystyrene film, a polyvinyl chloride film, a polyvinyl chloride film, a polyvinyl alcohol film, a fluorocarbon resin film, a polycarbonate film, an acetyl cellulose film, a polyester film, a polyamide film, a rubber hydrochloride film, a polyimide film, a polyurethane film, an oblate film, a regenerated intestinal film, a polypeptide film, and an amino acid film.

[0046] Some of the materials described herein, depending on the method of manufacture, must undergo a tempering or annealing process in order to stabilize the plastic, which can provide additional stability to strip 35. ABS, for example, can be heated 50° F per hour to 200° F, held at that temperature for 31 minutes per ¼ inch thickness, and cooled down at a rate of 50° F per hour in a nitrogen environment. Glass filled Polycarbonate can be heated to 290° F for 4 hours and then held at that temperature for 31 minutes per ¼ inch thickness, cooled down at a rate of 50° F per hour in an air environment.

[0047] Layers 30, 31 can comprise any of many different materials that provide a particular color and/or sheen to strip 35. In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can comprise one or more transparent films (e.g., multi-layer films comprising, e.g., polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polystyrene, polyolefin, and/or acrylic resin, and various combinations thereof) that reflect and/or interfere with certain wavelengths. In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can comprise a metalized film, such as polyester, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, acetyl cellulose, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polystyrene, and the like, including a deposit of steel, copper, aluminum, silver, zinc, gold, platinum, etc. Layers 30, 31 can comprise flakes having a metallic luster (e.g., titanium dioxide-coated mica, iron oxide-coated mica, guanine, sericite, basic lead carbonate, acid lead arsenate, bismuth oxychloride, etc.), metallic, glass, and/or seashell powder, etc. In some embodiments, thermochromatic materials can be used, such that layer 30 and/or layer 31 change color in response to a temperature change of strip 35.

[0048] In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can include fabric coverings or sleeves (each covering some or all of the layer 30, 30) (e.g., woven fabric, mesh, lace, etc.), which can be bonded on their outward surfaces. Such fabrics can provide a texture that may be aesthetically pleasing and/or beneficial to the user in certain applications, for example, in toys or medical devices that may directly contact the user. [0049] Layer 30 and/or 31 can be formed using any of many known extrusion, injection molding, impact molding, spray molding, casting, and other techniques for forming an at least partially non-metallic layer. Layers 30, 31 can be separately formed and then joined (e.g., bonded) together. A bonding step can be used to bond layers 30, 31 at bonding interface 32, using any of a variety or combination of attachment techniques, such as sonic bonding (e.g., ultrasonic bonding), chemical bonding (e.g., covalent bonding), thermal bonding, non-metallic welding, brazing and/or soldering, mechanical bonding (e.g., pressing, pressure-bonding, or mechanical fasteners, such as pins) or with an adhesive layer (e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive) positioned between layers 30, 31. Sonic bonding in particular has allowed various configurations of non-metallic layers 30, 31 to be bonded and reliably used in some configurations (e.g., a coiled shape) without separation between the layers. In some embodiments, layers 30, 31 can be integrally formed, e.g., through a co-extrusion process or any other process that forms the cross-sectional shape of layers 30, 31 while bonding layers 30, 31 to each other. In some embodiments, one of layers 30, 31 can be initially formed (e.g., with a mold or casting), and the other of layers 30, 31 can be subsequently formed and bonded onto the first of layers 30, 31 (e.g., using the same or a different mold or casting).

[0050] The aforementioned adhesive layer can comprise layers formed of any of a variety of adhesives, including hot melt adhesives, alkyl phenol resins soluble or dispersible in water or organic solvents, rosin-modified phenolics, rosin-modified alkyds, styrene-modified alkyds, acryl-modified alkyds, amino alkyds, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetates, styrene-butadienes, epoxys, acrylic esters, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes, vinyl acetate-based emulsions, styrene-butadiene-based emulsions, acrylic ester-based emulsions, water-soluble alkyds, water- soluble melamines, water-soluble ureas, water-soluble phenolics, water-soluble epoxys, water- soluble polybutadienes, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohols, and other adhesives. It will be understood that when layers 30, 31 are bonded using an adhesive layer, the adhesive layer will comprise a nominal thickness, although bonding interface 32 (FIG. 1) is shown without a substantial thickness, for illustrative purposes.

[0051] Layers 30, 31 can be bonded with various bonding strengths, depending on the materials selected, the environmental conditions in which strip 35 will be used, the shape of strip 35, the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between layers 30, 31, etc. Layers 30, 31 can be bonded with sufficient strength to maintain attachment and prevent delamination of layers 30 and 31, such as when strip 35 is formed into a coiled shape, and when strip 35 moves as a result of a temperature change and a difference in rates of thermal expansion or contraction between layer 30 and layer 31. [0052] The difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between first layer 30 and second layer 31 can be selected depending on the applications for which apparatus 4 will be used. In some embodiments, the relative difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between first layer 30 and second layer 31 can range from approximately 3% to approximately 97%, or more narrowly, approximately 5% to approximately 85%, or even more narrowly, from approximately 10% to approximately 65%.

[0053] Referring again to FIG. 5, one of layers 30, 31 comprises a higher expansion side (e.g., a material with a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the other of layers 30, 31) and the other of layers 30, 31 comprises a lower expansion side (e.g., a material with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the other of layers 30, 31). For illustrative purposes only, layer 30 is a higher expansion side, and layer 31 is a lower expansion side. In operation, when strip 35 is exposed to a higher temperature, the layer with a higher coefficient of thermal expansion will expand more than the layer with the lower coefficient of thermal expansion. The difference in expansion between the layers 30, 31 causes internal stresses to form between the layers, moving (e.g. deforming, bending, or flexing) the device towards the lower expansion side. Conversely, when strip 35 is exposed to a lower temperature, the layer with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion will contract more than the layer with the lower coefficient of thermal expansion, moving the device towards the higher expansion side. In this way, a portion of strip 35 (e.g., distal portion 35b) can move (e.g., bend) with respect to the base 6 in response to a temperature change of strip 35, as shown, for example, by directional arrows 50 and 51 in FIG. 1.

[0054] Layers 30, 31 can be configured to have many different cross-sectional shapes, such as an approximately square, rectangular, semicircular, or any other cross-sectional shape which can form at least one engagement surface when extended longitudinally, to bond or otherwise be secured to a correspondingly shaped engagement surface on the other of layers 30, 31, and which can form an elongated strip that can move when the temperature of strip 35 changes. Layers 30, 31 can comprise the same or different cross-sectional shapes relative to each other. In the illustrated embodiment, layer 30 comprises an approximately rectangular cross-sectional shape of width Wi and thickness Ti, and layer 31 comprises an approximately rectangular cross-sectional shape of width W ₂ and thickness T ₂ .

[0055] Layers 30, 31 can be configured to have many different widths Wi, W ₂ and thicknesses T _l5 T ₂ . In certain embodiments, the width W _l5 W ₂ of layers 30, 31, respectively, can range from approximately 0.05 inches to 3 inches, or more narrowly, from approximately 0.1 inches to 2 inches, or even more narrowly, from approximately 0.25 to 1 inches. In certain embodiments, the thickness Ti, T ₂ of layers 30, 31, respectively, can range from approximately 0.005 inches to 0.5 inches, or more narrowly, from approximately 0.008 inches to 0.2 inches, or even more narrowly, from approximately 0.01 to 0.1 inches. The thickness Ti or T ₂ of layers 30, 31 can be within the range of from approximately 50-300%, or more narrowly, 75-250%, or more narrowly, 80-200% of the other of the thickness Ti or T ₂ of layers 30, 31. Increasing or decreasing the width of layer 30 and/or 31 can increase or decrease, respectively, the force exerted by strip 35 when strip 35 moves in response to a temperature change of strip 35. Increasing or decreasing the thickness of layer 30 and/or 31 can increase or decrease, respectively, the force exerted by strip 35, and can decrease or increase, respectively, the amount of movement of strip 35, when strip 35 moves in response to a temperature change of strip 35.

[0056] The embodiments described herein for strip 35 that employ a bi-material strip comprising two non-metallic layers can be reliably bonded and employed in a variety of temperature applications, including high-temperature applications. In some embodiments, strip 35 can be used reliably, without delamination of layers 30, 31, and with movement of strip 35 in response to a temperature change, within and throughout a temperature range, including, e.g., an extreme temperature range that spans room temperature, such as a range between about -100 degrees Fahrenheit to about 900 degrees Fahrenheit, or between about 32 degrees Fahrenheit to about 212 degrees Fahrenheit, or between about 32 degrees Fahrenheit to about 140 degrees Fahrenheit, or between about 60 degrees Fahrenheit to about 120 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, strip 35 can be used at approximately room temperature.

[0057] It will be understood that the shape, orientation, dimensions, materials and/or other aforementioned properties for strip 35 and/or layers 30, 31 can be substantially similar or different with respect to those used for optional strip 36 and/or layers 33, 34.

[0058] Apparatus 4 can include one or more structures to allow strips 35 and/or 36 to be employed within (e.g., to be linked to) various devices, such as the aforementioned clocks, dryers, heaters, cooling devices, thermometers, thermostats, switches, valves and other actuators and control systems. Such structures can be attached to, linked to, or surround various portions of strips 35 and/or 36, to allow strips 35, 36 to link a portion of apparatus 4 (e.g., mechanically link) with a device for monitoring or reacting to an environmental condition (e.g., such as the temperature monitoring device shown in FIGS. 11-12 and described further herein). In some embodiments, such structures allow apparatus 4 to be calibrated, as described further herein.

[0059] FIG. 6 shows an expanded rear view of the conversion component 5 of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1, indicated by line 6 of FIG. 1. FIG. 7 shows an expanded top view of conversion component 5 of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1, indicated by line 7 of FIG. 1. FIG. 8 shows an expanded side view of a portion of the temperature-measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1, said portion indicated by line 8 of FIG. 2.

[0060] Referring to FIGS. 1-4 and 6-8, conversion component 5 can comprise any of a number of configurations that can produce temperature data based on a position of the distal portion(s) of the strip(s). Conversion component 5 can comprise an electronic device which can convert the position of a portion (e.g., distal portions 35b, 36b) of a temperature sensitive strip (e.g., strips 35, 36) into an electronic signal (e.g., by a rotary or linear encoder) configured to be used by a computer system (one or more computing devices). Additionally or alternatively, the position of a portion of conversion component 5 can be converted into an electronic signal by such an electronic device (e.g., a rotary or linear encoder). Conversion component 5 can include electronic circuitry to detect, report (e.g., on a hardcopy or on a screen or display of a computer system), or record (on a hardcopy or in a computer-readable storage) the measured temperature (or other environmental parameter).

[0061] In some embodiments, conversion component 5 can include one or more components that are linked (e.g., mechanically, magnetically, electronically, etc.) or attached to one or more temperature-sensitive strips 35, 36, such that conversion component 5 moves in response to movement of strips 35, 36, and converts such movement into temperature data. In the illustrative embodiment, conversion component 5 can include a conversion component body 23 and one or more movable elements 20 and 21 that are attached to and/or supported by body 23, to facilitate movement of body 23 in at least one dimension with respect to base 6 and/or device 100 (in the embodiment of FIGS. 11 and 12). Body 23 can be attached directly to movable elements 20 and/or 21, and/or can be attached to an intermediate structure that is attached to elements 20 and/or 21.

[0062] Body 23 can be a number of different cross-sectional shapes, such as a round, square, rectangular, C-shape, or other cross-sectional shape. In the illustrated embodiment, body 23 comprises an upper portion 23a and a lower portion 23b, with a gap or space 23c therebetween, to allow movement of a portion of apparatus 4 within gap 23c. However, body 23 is not limited to such an embodiment, and can include any configuration that supports one or more movable elements 20 and/or 21, and facilitates movement of conversion component 5 with respect to base 6. In some embodiments, body 23 can be configured to include one or more engagement elements 26 (FIGS. 1, 4 and 6-7) to engage body 23 with strips 35 and/or 36, as described further herein. [0063] Movable elements 20 and/or 21 can comprise one or more of any of a number of devices that can facilitate linear and/or rotational motion, such as slides, actuators, pins, guides, tracks, slots, grooves, bearings, cams, hubs, pins, motors, hubs, bearings, hinges, ball and pinion, axles, rotational joints, clutches, discs, gears and the like. In the illustrated embodiment, movable elements 20 and 21 can allow body 23 to pivot with respect to base 6 about a conversion component pivot axis 60a extending through a portion of conversion component 5 (e.g., through body 23 and/or one or more movable elements 20 and 21). Pivot axis 60a can be positioned to extend approximately non-parallel, or preferably, parallel, to the width of strips 35 and/or 36 (FIG. 5), to allow conversion component 5 to pivot about axis 60a in response to a temperature change and the aforementioned flexing and movement of strips 35 and/or 36.

[0064] In the illustrated embodiment, movable elements 20 and 21 can comprise a pair of substantially cylindrical members, each extending from a portion of body 23 (e.g., from upper portion 23a and lower portion 23b), with a centerline substantially aligned with pivot axis 60a. Movable elements 20, 21 can extend outwardly from body 23 (e.g., upwardly from upper portion 23a and/or downwardly from lower portion 23b), although in some embodiments, one or more of elements 20, 21 can extend inwardly (e.g., within or towards gap 23c). In some embodiments, one or more movable elements 20 and 21 can be supported by and movably linked to a corresponding portion of a temperature recording device 100, to facilitate movement of conversion component 5 with respect to a portion of device 100 (FIGS. 11 and 12). For example, device 100 can comprise a hub, recess, or other corresponding element configured to receive and movably engage with movable element 20 and/or 21. It will be understood that in some embodiments, only one of movable elements 20 and 21 need be implemented to provide relative movement between conversion component 5 and base 6 and/or a portion of device 100.

[0065] Continuing to refer to FIGS. 1-4 and 6-8, conversion component 5 can include one or more engagement elements, attached to and configured to engage a portion of conversion component 5 with a corresponding one or more engagement elements attached to a portion of strip 35 and/or 36, and/or a portion of an intermediate structure. The engagement elements can include any of a variety of corresponding hooks, barbs, clips, tabs, latches, clasps, loops, wires, slots, grooves, guides, cams, pins or other structures and techniques that can provide engagement such that conversion component 5 can move in response to movement of the strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., distal portions 35b, 36b). In some embodiments, the engagement element can limit and/or allow movement of a portion of strips 35 and/or 36 in one or more of a radial, transverse, rotational, and/or axial direction with respect to a portion of conversion component 5, such as body 23. [0066] One or more engagement elements can be positioned on and/or attached to one or more portions of conversion component 5, such as a portion of body 23 (e.g., upper or lower portions 23a, 23b, or various surfaces thereof), movable elements 20, 21, and/or an intermediary structure. One or more corresponding engagement elements can be positioned on and/or attached to one or more portions of strips 35 and/or 36 and/or an intermediary structure.

[0067] Referring to FIGS. 1-4 and 6-7, a first engagement element 26 can be positioned on and attached to body 23 on upper portion 23a (e.g., a lower surface thereof), and a second, corresponding engagement element 22 can be attached to a portion of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., distal portions 35b, 36b). Second engagement element 22 can be directly attached to strips 35 and/or 36, but is shown attached to an intermediary engagement body 38 (FIGS. 1-4, 6, 8 and 9).

[0068] First engagement element 26 can comprise a slot configured to slidably engage with second engagement element 22, configured as a pin supported (e.g., attached) to a portion of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., distal portions 35b, 36b). Slot 26 can extend into upper portion 23a (e.g., a lower surface thereof), or can be positioned on one or more of a variety of portions of conversion component 5, such as portions of body 23 and/or movable elements 20, 21. Slot 26 can be substantially straight, as shown, or can be curvilinear, to provide a cammed path of motion for pin 22.

[0069] Slot 26 can allow motion of pin 22 within slot 26 when conversion component 5 moves with respect to base 6 in response to movement of strips 35 and/or 36. For example, referring to FIGS. 1, 4 and 7, when the distal portions 35b, 36b of strips 35 and 36 move in response to a temperature change in a direction 51 with respect to base 6, pin 22 moves within slot 26. The engagement of pin 22 with slot 26 causes conversion component 5 (e.g., body 23, moveable elements 20, 21, and/or a conversion member 24, described further below) to move in response, for example, in the direction shown by arrow 53. When the distal portions 35b, 36b of strips 35 and 36 move in response to a temperature change in a direction 50 with respect to base 6, pin 22 moves within slot 26 in another direction. The engagement of pin 22 with slot 26 causes conversion component 5 (e.g., body 23, moveable elements 20, 21, and/or conversion member 24) to move in response, for example, in the direction shown by arrow 52.

[0070] In some embodiments, the amount or range of motion of conversion component 5 in response to a given corresponding movement of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., the movement of pin 22 or another engagement element attached to strips 35 and/or 36) can be adjusted or calibrated. For example, the position of the engagement between conversion component 5 (e.g., slot 26) and strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., an intermediary structure such as pin 22) can be adjusted to influence the interaction between these components. For example, and referring to FIGS. 1 and 7, an engagement length L _p can be defined between pivot axis 60a and an approximate point, line or surface area of engagement between conversion component 5 and strips 35 and/or 36. In the exemplary illustration, engagement length L _p is defined as the length between pivot axis 60a and a line extending through pin 22, proximate to the point of engagement 60c and approximately parallel with pivot axis 60a. Increasing or decreasing the engagement length L _p can vary the amount that conversion component 5 will move in response to a given corresponding movement of distal portions 35b, 36b of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., the movement of pin 22) in response to a temperature change. For example, the amount that conversion component 5 will move (e.g., the rotational displacement about pivot axis 60a in the direction indicated by lines 52, 53; FIG. 1) in response to a given movement of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., bending movement) will be less in an embodiment with a greater engagement length L _p . Conversely, the amount that conversion component 5 will move in response to a similar given movement of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., bending movement) will be greater in an embodiment with a lesser engagement length L _p . In this way, apparatus 4 can be configured to vary the degree to which the temperature measurement produced by the conversion component 5 (e.g., the sensitivity of apparatus 4) for a given displacement of the distal portions 35b, 36b of the strips 35 and/or 36 in response to a temperature change of the strips. As such, the sensitivity of temperature measuring apparatus 4 can be varied (e.g., calibrated), by varying the engagement length L _p . Embodiments of apparatus 4 that can include sensitivity calibration components to vary engagement length L _p are described further herein.

[0071] Additionally or alternatively, a reference temperature data point generated by the conversion component 5 at a given temperature and position of strips 35 and/or 36 within the temperature measurement range of apparatus 4 can be adjusted or calibrated. For example, the position of conversion component 5 (e.g., the position of slot 26) with respect to strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., an intermediary structure such as pin 22) can be adjusted to correspond to a reference data point. For example, it may be desirable to position slot 26 with respect to pin 22, such that conversion component 5 provides a temperature data point at such a position that corresponds to an upper or lower temperature limit, center point of a temperature measurement range, or any reference temperature within apparatus 4. For example, it may be desirable to orient slot 26 in a given position with respect to pin 22 at room temperature, such that a portion of conversion component 5 is aligned with a portion of a strip chart (e.g., FIGS. 11 and 12) that corresponds to an indication of room temperature. In such an embodiment, any movement of conversion component 5 caused by movement of strips 35, 36 due to a temperature change can provide temperature markings on the strip chart that correspond to deviations from room temperature. Embodiments of apparatus 4 that can include temperature calibration components to calibrate apparatus 4 to a reference temperature data point are described further herein.

[0072] In some embodiments, two or more slots 26 and/or corresponding pins 22 can be employed to provide additional support and stability in the engagement between strips 35 and/or 36 and conversion component 5. In such embodiments, the two or more slots and/or corresponding pins can be positioned on the same or different portions of body 23, movable elements 20, 21, strips 35, 36, and/or intervening structures. Two or more slots and/or pins can be provided such that a first slot and/or pin engage and support first strip 35 and conversion component 5, and a second slot and/or pin engage and support second strip 36 and conversion component 5. In some embodiments, a slot and/or pin is configured on an upper portion of conversion component 5 (e.g., upper portion 23a of body 23), and a slot and/or pin is configured on a lower portion of conversion component 5 (e.g., lower portion 23b of body 23). Such a configuration can provide opposed support and engagement between strips 35 and/or 36, to support and engage strips 35 and/or 36 between two portions of conversion component 5.

[0073] Referring to FIGS. 1-4 and 9, engagement body 38 can be attached to portions of strips 35 and/or 36, such as distal portions 35b, 36b. Engagement body 38 can provide additional structural integrity to strips 35 and/or 36, to strengthen the engagement between strips

35 and/or 36 and a portion of conversion component 5, such as slot 26. Engagement body 38 can be integrally or separately formed with respect to strips 35 and/or 36, or portions thereof. For example, engagement body 38 can be integrally formed with any of layers 30-34. In the illustrated embodiment, engagement body 38 is integrally formed with strip 35, and preferably, with layer 30 of strip 35 (FIG. 9). Integrally forming engagement body 38 with layer 30, and in some embodiments, with pin 22, can decrease assembly costs, by reducing the number of parts in apparatus 4. and/or can improve the dynamic response of apparatus 4 through reduced frictional effects between strip 35 and body 38.

[0074] In some embodiments, engagement body 38 can be fixed with respect to only one of strips 35, 36, to allow some limited relative motion between engagement body 38 and one of strips 35, 36. In some embodiments, engagement body 38 can be movably (e.g., slidably) engaged to the other of strips 35, 36, to allow relative motion between engagement body 38 and the other of strips 35, 36, and thus allow motion of strips 35, 36 with respect to each other. For example, referring to FIG. 9, engagement body 38 can be fixed with respect to one of strips 35,

36 (e.g, strip 35, as shown). Engagement body 38 can include a guide 29 that can receive and be slidably engaged with the other of strips 35, 36 (e.g., strip 36). Guide 29 can allow the strips 35, 36 to slide with respect to each other, for example, in the direction 60d shown in FIG. 9, when the strips 35, 36 bend in response to a temperature change. In this way, guide 29 can prevent binding, or a restriction in movement in the direction 60d that may otherwise occur if the distal portions 35b, 36b were fixed with respect to each other, or both fixed with respect to engagement body 38, or another portion of conversion component 5. In some embodiments, guide 29 can limit bending of the strips 35, 36 with respect to each other, when the strips 35, 36 bend in response to a temperature change. In some embodiments, the guide 29 can limit bending of one of the strips 35, 36 toward and away from the other of the strips 35, 36 when the strips 35, 36 bend in response to a temperature change. In this way, guide 29 can allow temperature measuring apparatus 4 to operate accurately and consistently with two or more strips. Guide 29 can comprise a slot or other structure that facilitates the aforementioned relative motion and/or bending between strips 35 and 36.

[0075] In some embodiments, an optional conversion member 24 can be attached to a portion of conversion component 5, such as a portion of body 23 or movable elements 20, 21. The conversion member 24 can move in response to the aforementioned movement of body 23 and movable elements 20, 21. Member 24 can be configured to convert the movement of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., bending movement) into temperature data, as described above generally for conversion component 5. In some embodiments, member 24 can be a stylus. Member 24 can include a recordation or marking portion 25, such as a pen, pencil, stylus tip, or other instrument that can record (e.g., mark) such temperature data onto a tangible medium, such as a pressure- sensitive or temperature sensitive membrane (e.g., a strip chart), plain paper, coated paper, electronic pickups or sensors, magnetic tape, or other tangible recording medium.

[0076] Member 24 can be positioned along or on any of a number of portions of body 23 and/or movable elements 20, 21, such as upper portion 23a, lower portion 23b, within gap 23c, or any point therebetween. Member 24 can be positioned between element 20 and body 23, or element 21 and body 23. Apparatus 4 is not limited to one member 24, and some embodiments can include two or more members 24 attached to a portion of conversion component 5. Member 24 can be a variety of shapes, and is shown as an elongated member extending from body 23 and/or elements 20, 21 for illustrative purposes only. Member 24 can extend from body 23 and/or elements 20, 21 in a number of directions depending on the configuration of the device in which apparatus 4 is being employed. In the illustrative embodiment, member 24 extends from body 23 at least partially towards base 6, to reduce the dimensional footprint of temperature-measuring apparatus 4. The length of member 24 can be varied, depending on the span of movement (e.g., angular or linear range) desired relative to the movement of the remainder of conversion component 5, and/or strips 35 and/or 36.

[0077] Member 24 can also be adjustable or movable relative to body 23 and/or movable elements 20 and/or 21. For example, member 24 can be adjustable (e.g., by rotating member 24 with respect to body 23) to set an upper, lower, center or other point of a temperature measurement range of temperature measurement apparatus 4. Member 24 can be formed separately from or integrally with body 23 and/or movable elements 20 and/or 21, and/or can be permanently or removably attachable with respect to body 23 and/or elements 21 and/or 20.

[0078] FIG. 10 shows an expanded cross-sectional view of base 6 of the temperature- measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIG. 1, indicated by line 10 of FIG. 1. Referring to FIGS. 1-4 and 10, base 6 can be configured to support a portion of strip 35 and optional strip 36. Base 6 can support strip 35 and/or 36 in a variety of ways, using a variety of attachment methods and structures known and described herein, such as the bonding methods described herein for layers 30, 31, or through a press fit, snap fit, fasteners, slot, or other methods. In the illustrated embodiment, strips 35 and 36 are attached to base 6 within a slot or opening 43 configured to receive a portion of strips 35 and 36, such as proximal portions 35a and 36a, respectively. A spacer 39 can be positioned between strips 35 and 36 within slot 43, to help form the gap 37 that extends between a portion of strips 35 and 36 (e.g, FIG. 1).

[0079] Base 6 can be any of a variety of shapes and/or materials configured such that a portion of strip 35 and/or 36 (e.g., proximal ends 35a, 36a, respectively) can be substantially fixed with respect to a portion or substantially all of base 6. For example, base 6 can include a base body 41 configured to support strips 35 and/or 36 within a temperature-recording or other device, such as device 100 (FIGS. 11 and 12). Base body 41 can be directly attached to strips 35 and/or 36, or can be attached to one or more optional intermediate structures that are attached to strips 35 and/or 36. Base body 41 is not limited to any particular shape or material, and can be any shape or material that can support strips 35 and/or 36, and one or more intermediate structures, if any. For example, body 41 can comprise metal or plastic, and/or can be any 3- dimensional shape with a round, oval, square, rectangular, or other cross-sectional shape. Body 41 can include substantially straight or tapered walls.

[0080] Referring again to FIGS. 1-4 and 10, base 6 can include one or more optional calibration members that can be employed to allow apparatus 4 to be adjusted or calibrated, as described above. For example, base 6 can include a sensitivity calibration member 42 configured to adjust the sensitivity of apparatus 4. Alternatively or additionally, base 6 can include a temperature calibration member 40 configured to adjust a center or other reference temperature data point within a temperature measurement range of apparatus 4.

[0081] Sensitivity calibration member 42 can have any of a variety of shapes and configurations that can support strip(s) 35 and/or 36 and be movable with respect to body 41, temperature calibration member 40 and/or conversion component 5. Member 42 can comprise any of the materials known or described herein for body 41. Member 42 can include a slot or opening 44 (FIG. 3) within one or more of its sidewalls to allow movement (e.g., rotational movement) of strip(s) 35 and/or 36, when employed in combination with temperature calibration member 40, described further herein. In the illustrated embodiment, calibration member 42 is positioned between opposing sidewalls of body 41, but can be positioned, attached, and/or movably engaged with body 41 along portions of the side, front, rear, top, or bottom of body 41. Calibration member 42 can be moveably engaged with body 41 and/or member 40 using any of the aforementioned structures and methods described for movable elements 20 and/or 21. As such, calibration member 42 can move with respect to body 41, member 40 and/or conversion component 5 in an approximately linear or curvilinear path of motion. Preferably, calibration member 42 comprises a substantially linearly movable element that allows calibration member 42 to move with respect to body 41 and conversion component 5 in the directions shown by directional arrows 71 and 72 (FIG. 1). In this way, calibration member 42 can be moved with respect to body 41 and conversion component 5, to change engagement length L _p , (FIGS. 2, 7) to adjust or calibrate the sensitivity of apparatus 4, as described above.

[0082] In an exemplary method of use, sensitivity calibration member 42 is moved (e.g., manually or automatically) in directions 71 or 72, which in turn moves strip(s) 35 and/or 36 with respect to conversion component 5. Such movement changes the engagement length L _p , as described above (FIGS. 2 and 7), which changes the amount that conversion component 5 moves in response to a given corresponding movement of distal portions 35b, 36b of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., the movement of pin 22 within slot 26) in response to a temperature change. For example, increasing the engagement length L _p (e.g., by moving calibration member 42 in direction 72) will decrease the range of movement (e.g., rotational displacement) of conversion component 5 (e.g., about pivot axis 60a in the direction indicated by lines 52, 53; FIG. 1) in response to a given movement of strips 35 and/or 36 caused by a temperature change. Conversely, decreasing the engagement length L _p (e.g., by moving calibration member 42 in direction 71) will increase the range of movement (e.g., angle of rotation) of conversion component 5 (e.g., about pivot axis 60a in the direction indicated by lines 52, 53; FIG. 1) in response to a given movement of strips 35 and/or 36 caused by a temperature change. In this way, apparatus 4 varies the degree to which the temperature measurement produced by the conversion component 5 changes (e.g., the sensitivity of apparatus 4) for a given displacement of the distal portions 35b, 36b of the strips 35 and/or 36 in response to a temperature change of the strips.

[0083] Temperature calibration member 40 can have any of a variety of shapes and configurations that can support strip(s) 35 and/or 36 and be movable with respect to body 41, sensitivity calibration member 42 and/or conversion component 5. Member 40 can comprise any of the materials known or described herein for body 41. In the illustrated embodiment, temperature calibration member 40 is positioned between opposing sidewalls of body 41 and above sensitivity calibration member 42 (FIG. 10), but can be positioned, attached, and/or movably engaged with various portions of body 41 and/or member 42, such as the side, front, rear, top, or bottom thereof. Temperature calibration member 40 can be moveably engaged with body 41 and/or member 42 using any of the aforementioned structures and methods described for movable elements 20 and/or 21. As such, temperature calibration member 40 can move with respect to body 41, member 42 and/or conversion component 5. Preferably, calibration member 40 comprises a movable element that allows calibration member 40 to pivot with respect to body 41, member 42, and conversion component 5 about a pivot axis 70 in the directions shown by directional arrows 50 and 51 (FIG. 1). In this way, calibration member 40 can be moved with respect to body 41, member 42, and conversion component 5, to adjust or calibrate the position of conversion component 5 (e.g., the position of slot 26) with respect to the position of strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., the distal portions 35b, 36b, and/or an intermediary structure such as pin 22) to correspond to a reference temperature data point at a given temperature of strips 35 and/or 36.

[0084] In an exemplary method of use, temperature calibration member 40 is pivoted about pivot axis 70 (e.g., manually or automatically) in directions 50 or 51, which in turn pivots strip(s) 35 and/or 36 about pivot axis 70 with respect to conversion component 5. Pivoting strip(s) 35 and/or 36 (e.g., the distal ends 35b, 36b thereof) causes pin 22 to move within slot 26, causing conversion component 5 to rotate about axis 60a in the directions 52 or 53. For example, referring to FIG. 1, pivoting calibration member 40 about pivot axis 70 in the direction 51 will cause conversion component 5 to pivot about axis 60a in the direction 53. Pivoting calibration member 40 about pivot axis 70 in the direction 50 will cause conversion component 5 to pivot about axis 60a in the direction 52. In this way, temperature calibration member 40 can be moved to alter a temperature measurement or temperature data point (such as an upper limit, lower limit, center, or any point therebetween) produced by the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 for any given bent shape of strip 35. [0085] The aforementioned calibration of apparatus 4 (e.g., the movement or pivoting of strips 35 and/or 36 about pivot axis 70 using temperature calibration member 40, and/or the movement of strips 35 and/or 36 using sensitivity calibration member 42) can be performed in addition to, as an alternative to, or irrespective of the movement of strips 35 and/or 36 in response to a temperature change of the strips. Additionally, the aforementioned calibration of apparatus 4 can be performed irrespective of the bent shape of strips 35 and/or 36 at any particular temperature. In some embodiments, the bent shape of strips 35 and/or 36 can be substantially straight at a setpoint temperature, such as room temperature.

[0086] Referring again to FIG. 1, strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., when the bent shape thereof forms a substantially flat, straight or unbent state) can extend from base 6 in a manner that is substantially aligned with an axis 60b extending through axis 70, axis 60c, and axis 60a. However, it will be understood that such a configuration is optional. For example, in some embodiments, axis 60b can extend through axis 70 and axis 60c, and axis 60a (and thus a portion of body 23 and/or movable elements 20, 21), can be offset from a plane extending through axis 60b and axis 60c. In some embodiments, axis 60b can extend through axis 70 and axis 60a, and axis 60c (e.g., pin 22) can be offset from a plane extending through axis 60b axis 70. In some such embodiments, strips 35 and/or 36 (e.g., when in a substantially flat, straight or unbent state) can be positioned at an offset angle with respect to axis 60b. For example, when the strips 35 and/or 36 are substantially straight, and when temperature calibration member 40 is rotated about pivot axis 70 from the position shown in FIG. 1, strips 35 and/or 36 can be offset at an angle with respect to axis 60b.

[0087] It will be understood that the calibration members 40, 42 described herein can be moved manually, and/or can be moved automatically through the use of a control system (e.g., a pneumatic, electrical, computer-based, or other type of control system). Additionally, one or more calibration members 40, 42 can include sensors or other feedback devices to provide positional data and feedback as to their positioning with respect to body 41, conversion component 5, and other portions of apparatus 4.

[0088] FIG. 11 shows a top-side perspective view of an embodiment of a temperature-recording device 100 in an open position (e.g., for assembly or maintenance), that can employ an embodiment of the temperature-measuring apparatus 4 shown in FIGS. 1-10. FIG. 12 shows a top-side perspective view of the temperature-recording device 100 of FIG. 11 in a closed position (e.g., for operation). In some embodiments, temperature-recording device 100 can be a strip-chart recorder for monitoring, measuring, and recording temperature. [0089] In the exemplary embodiment, temperature-recording device 100 can comprise a body 110 configured to be linked (e.g., coupled) to at least a portion of the apparatus 4 (e.g., conversion component 5 and base 6). Body 110 can comprise a housing or shell-like structure that substantially encloses apparatus 4 and/or other components therewithin (e.g., a sealable enclosure). In some embodiments, body 110 can include portions with holes, apertures, mesh, caging, or other features that may support and/or protect apparatus 4, including features that do not necessarily enclose apparatus 4. Body 110 can be formed from an integral piece, or from one or more portions configured to engage with each other. In some embodiments, body 110 can comprise a first portion 111 configured to engage with a second portion 112. In some embodiments, body 110 can be movable between an open position (FIG. 11) and a closed position (FIG. 12). Portions 111, 112 can be coupled to each other, and in some embodiments, rotatably coupled, with a coupling device, such as hinge 113.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 11, device 100 can comprise a cavity 114 or other structure configured to receive and dispense a strip chart. As it is dispensed, the strip chart is advanced over a surface or platen 115, and wound around a spool 116. An end of the strip chart may be coupled to spool 116 to facilitate the winding. A drive system 117, which can include one or more gears, motors, axles, and the like, powers the rotation of spool 116 during the winding process. Drive system 117 can be powered through an electrical battery system, a municipal power supply, solar power, etc. Device 100 can comprise a window extending through the surface of body 110, to facilitate viewing of the strip chart during temperature monitoring.

[0091] Body 110 can comprise any of various structures to link or support one or more portions of apparatus 4 (e.g., base 6 and/or conversion component 5) to portions 111 and/or 112. The linking or support structures can be fixed, to limit movement in one or more dimensions (e.g., linearly and/or rotationally) of one or more temperature sensitive strips 35, 36, conversion component 5, and/or base 6 with respect to each other, and/or with respect to body 110. The linking or support structures can be movable in one or more dimensions, to allow the aforementioned movement of one or more temperature sensitive strips 35, 36, conversion component 5, and/or base 6 with respect to each other and/or body 110, for example, in response to a temperature change of device 100, and/or during the aforementioned calibration of apparatus 4. For example, a portion of conversion component 5 (e.g., movable elements 20, 21) can be mounted or attached to a linking structure on body 110, to support component 5, while facilitating the aforementioned rotation of conversion component 5 about pivot axis 60a (e.g., FIG. 2) with respect to device 100 (e.g., body 110) and base 6. In some embodiments, a portion of apparatus 4 can be mounted on body 110 without additional support or linking structure. For example, body 41 of base 6 can be mounted onto a portion of body 110.

[0092] Device 100 can comprise one or more recording devices that can convert the aforementioned movement of apparatus 4 (e.g., the one or more temperature sensitive strips 35, 36, conversion component 5, and/or base 6 with respect to each other and/or body 110) into temperature data, and record the temperature data onto a tangible medium. For example, the device 100 can comprise an electronic device, such as an encoder (e.g., a rotary or linear encoder) that converts the position of conversion component 5 into an electronic signal configured to be used by a computer system (one or more computing devices) and/or electronic circuitry to detect, report (e.g., on a hardcopy or on a screen or display of a computer system), or record (on a hardcopy or in a computer-readable storage) the temperature (or other environmental parameter). In some embodiments, conversion component 5 can include the member 24, which can be configured to convert the movement of one or more temperature sensitive strips 35, 36 and conversion component 5 into temperature data, and record (e.g., mark) such data onto a tangible medium, such as a strip chart. The strip chart can be pre-marked or otherwise calibrated such that the markings recorded on the strip chart as it moves past member 24, and resulting from the movement of strips 35, 36 and member 24, correspond to measurements of the temperature and temperature changes of apparatus 4. In some embodiments, apparatus 4 can be calibrated by moving the sensitivity calibration member 42 and/or the temperature calibration member 40 with respect to the base 41. In some embodiments, the sensitivity calibration member 42 and/or the temperature calibration member 40 can be moved with respect to the base 41 and with respect to marks or other indicators on the strip chart, to calibrate apparatus 4.

[0093] It will be understood that apparatus 4 need not include every component described herein, and every feature or component described herein with reference to apparatus 4 is not an indispensable feature or component. For example, embodiments of apparatus 4 may include base 6, strips 35, and/or conversion component 5 in combination, or separately. For example, apparatus 4 can include solely a base, to be mounted and used within an existing device 100, for example, to allow the aforementioned calibration benefits, while allowing the user to provide temperature- sensitive strips. In some embodiments, apparatus 4 can be provided without strips 35, 36.

[0094] The following tests were done in a controlled testing enclosure using an NIST traceable Hart 850C digital thermometer: EXAMPLE 1

[0095] When an approximately 3" long strip of bi-metal material was coupled with the conversion component 5 configured with an approximately 0.3" engagement length L _p , and used in a strip chart recorder, the resulting force, response time, and accuracy of movement of the strip were approximately equal to a bi-metal coil approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide having a thickness of approximately 0.032 inches (0.8128 mm) and having a length of 11.875 inches (301.625 mm) used in a typical strip chart temperature recorder. The straight bi-metal strip was approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide having a thickness of approximately 0.032 inches (0.8128 mm).

EXAMPLE 2

[0096] When an approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide and 3 inch (76.2 mm) long strip of 20% Glass-Filled Polycarbonate having a thickness of approximately 0.050 inches (1.27 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 1.5 in./in./deg F x 10 ^"5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was bonded to a Polycarbonate strip of the same width and length and having a thickness of approximately 0.080 inches (2.032 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 3.6 in./in./deg F x 10 ^"5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was coupled with the conversion component 5, the resulting force, response time, and accuracy of movement of the strip were approximately the same as a similar unit using the bi-metal coil. It will be understood that the coefficient of thermal expansion cited by the manufacturers can vary. The two strips were bonded using Weld On® 3 adhesive manufactured by IPS Corporation, located in Compton, CA. Testing was done at a temperature range between approximately -5 degrees to 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The bi-metal coil was approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide having a thickness of approximately 0.032 inches (0.8128 mm) and having a length of 11.875 inches (301.625 mm).

EXAMPLE 3

[0097] When an approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide and 3 inch long (76.2 mm) strip of ABS having a thickness of approximately 0.060 inch (1.524 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 5.3 in./in./deg F x 10 ^~5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was bonded to Phenolic G10 of the same width and length and having a thickness of approximately 0.031 inch (.7874 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 0.55 in./in./deg F x 10 ^"5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was coupled with the conversion component 5, the resulting force, response time, and accuracy of movement of the strip were approximately the same as a similar unit using the bi-metal coil. Bonding was accomplished through the use of ABS pins, integral with the ABS strip, running down the center of the strip. Pins were approximately .125 inches in diameter and spaced .3 inches on center. They extended through corresponding holes in the G10 approximately .030 inches (.762 mm) and were then heat staked down, locking the G10 to the ABS.

EXAMPLE 4

[0098] When an approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide and 3.054 inch long (77.572 mm) Pivot Length LI strip of Acetal having a thickness of approximately 0.100 inch (2.54 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 5.4 in./in./deg F x 10 ^"5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was bonded to Phenolic G10 of the same width and length and having a thickness of approximately 0.031 inch (.7874 mm) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 0.55 in./in./deg F x 10 ^"5 , as stated by the manufacturer, was coupled with the conversion component 5, the resulting force, response time, and accuracy of movement of the strip were approximately the same as a similar unit using the bi-metal coil. Bonding was accomplished through the use of Acetal pins, integral with the Acetal strip, running down the center of the strip. Pins were approximately .125 inches in diameter and spaced .3 inches on center. They extended through corresponding holes in the G10 approximately .030 inches (.762 mm) and were then heat staked down, locking the G10 to the Acetal.

[0099] Although certain preferred embodiments and examples have been discussed herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while a number of variations of the invention have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the present disclosure, including the appended claims.