RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application claims priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. § 119 based on U.S.

Provisional Patent Appl. Nos. 60/017,627, filed May 17, 1996 and 60/029,541, filed

November 1, 1996, which applications each are entirely incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

I. INFORMATION RELATING TO PREVIOUS PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS

Several aminosterol compositions have been isolated from the liver and stomach of the

dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. One important aminosterol, squalamine, is the subject of

U.S. Patent No. 5,192,756 to Zasloff, et al., which patent is entirely incorporated herein by

reference. That patent describes the antibiotic properties of squalamine. Since the discovery

of squalamine, several interesting properties of this compound have been discovered. For

example, as described in U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 08/416,883 (filed April 20, 1995) and

08/478,763 (filed June 7, 1995), squalamine may function as an antiangiogenic agent. These

patent applications are entirely incorporated herein by reference. Additional uses of

squalamine (e.g., as an NHE3 inhibiting agent and as an agent for inhibiting the growth of endothelial cells) are disclosed in U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/474,799 (filed June 7, 1995) and

U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. (filed April 25, 1997, entitled "Treatment of

Carcinomas Using Squalamine in Combination with Other Anti-cancer Agents," in the names

of Michael Zasloff and Jon Williams). These applications also are entirely incorporated herein

by reference.

Methods for synthesizing squalamine have been devised, such as the methods described in WO 94/19366 (published September 1 , 1994) and in U.S. Patent Appl. No. 60/032,378.

This PCT publication and the U.S. patent application are entirely incorporated herein by

reference. The PCT application relates to U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/023,347, which application also is entirely incoφorated herein by reference. Additionally, U.S. Patent Appl.

No. 08/474,799 also discloses squalamine isolation and synthesis techniques.

Stemming from the discovery of squalamine, other aminosterols have been discovered

in the dogfish shark liver and stomach and have been investigated. One important aminosterol that has been isolated and identified has the structure shown in Fig. 1. In this application, the compound having the structure shown in Fig. 1 will be referred to as "compound 1436" or

simply " 1436. " This compound has the general molecular formula C ₃₇ H ₇₂ N ₄ O ₅ S and a calculated molecular weight of 684.53017.

Compound 1436 previously has been described in U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 08/483,057;

08/479,457; and 08/487,443, each filed June 7, 1995. Each of these U.S. patent applications

is entirely incorporated herein by reference. These U.S. patent applications describe the

structure of compound 1436 and other aminosterols, as well as processes for synthesizing and

isolating compound 1436 and other aminosterols. For example, compound 1436 may be

prepared from a squalamine starting material. Additional methods for synthesizing compound

1436 (as well as squalamine) are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/032,378,

filed December 6, 1996, which application is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

As further described in these patent applications, compound 1436 has a variety of

interesting properties. For example, compound 1436 has been found to be capable of

inhibiting mitogen-induced mouse, dog or human T-lymphocyte proliferation, as well as being

capable of inhibiting the proliferation of a variety of other cells and tissues.

II. INFORMATION RELATING TO THIS APPLICATION

Compound 1436 and other aminosterol compounds isolated from the dogfish shark liver

and stomach have been found to possess interesting antibiotic and anti-proliferative properties

with respect to a variety of cells and tissues. These interesting properties of compound 1436 have prompted applicants to conduct further investigation into the uses and properties of this

compound.

It has been found that compound 1436 has antiviral effects on several viruses. For

example, compound 1436 has been found to inhibit replication of the human immunodeficiency virus ("HIV") in accepted tissue culture models. In addition to its inhibitory effect on HIV, compound 1436 also inhibits replication of the simian immunodeficiency virus ("SIV") in

tissue culture. Based on these properties, applicants conclude that compound 1436 has immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. As an additional example of its antiviral activity,

applicants have determined that compound 1436 is effective in inhibiting replication of the herpes simplex virus ("HSV").

In addition to its favorable antiviral activity, applicants have found that compound 1436

also has anti-proliferative effects that assist in the treatment of various types of cancer. The

growth of various different types of cancer tumors is inhibited by treatment with compound

1436. Applicants have found, for example, that proliferation of human melanoma cells is

inhibited by compound 1436 even after relatively short treatment times. Additionally,

compound 1436 has been found to be effective in treating leukemias, such as murine acute lymphocytic leukemia (murine "ALL") and human myeloid leukemic cells growing in a mouse

xenograft model.

Applicants have found still further uses for compound 1436. It has been found that

delayed type immune hypersensitivity and arthritis also may be effectively treated using

compound 1436. In mouse models, the use of compound 1436 was found to significantly

reduce paw swelling in mice that were induced to develop arthritis.

In addition to treating various ailments and diseases, such as viral based ailments and diseases, cancers, and arthritis, compound 1436 has been found to have other favorable

properties and effects. As one specific example, applicants have found that compound 1436

may be used to reduce weight gain in mammals. The weight gain of the animals in these studies was controlled due to reduction of net fluid intake. The animals continued to have normal food consumption and were apparently healthy, viable animals.

The loss of fluid upon 1436 administration was found by the inventors to involve a

commensurate loss of electrolytes in animals. The compound 1436 may, therefore, be useful in therapeutic settings where diuresis is desirable, such as congestive heart failure, nephrotic

syndromes, post-surgical hypervolemia, hepatic cirrhosis, cerebral edema secondary to head

trauma, or lymphedema.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, including a compound

according to formula 1436 as shown in Fig. 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

(as an active ingredient), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The

invention further relates to pharmaceutical products including the pharmaceutical composition

described above. Such pharmaceutical products may be provided for the treatment of cancers; leukemias; inflammation; arthritis; congestive heart failure; or viruses, such as HIV, SIV, or

HSV.

This invention further relates to various methods for using the pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention. In the methods according to the invention,

various diseases or symptoms of diseases or ailments are treated by administering an effective

amount of the above-described pharmaceutical composition. "Treat," "treated," or "treating,"

as used in this application may mean complete elimination of the disease, ailment, or symptoms, or it may mean reducing, suppressing, or ameliorating the severity of the disease, ailment, or symptoms. As examples, inflammation, arthritis, HIV, SIV, HSV, melanoma, and

leukemia may be treated by administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical

compositions in accordance with the invention. Additionally, certain body functions may be inhibited or enhanced by administering an effective amount of the above-described

pharmaceutical compositions. In this manner, tumor cell replication, weight gain, and growth

factor production can be inhibited, or a diuretic effect can be produced by administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention. In another embodiment of this invention, an anti-arthritis activity can be produced by administering 1436.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other advantageous aspects of the invention will be evident from the

following detailed description which should be considered in conjunction with the attached

drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 illustrates the molecular structure of aminosterol 1436;

Fig. 2 illustrates the inhibition of mitosis in human T-cell lymphocytes by various

materials isolated from the dogfish shark liver, including fractions containing primarily

compound 1436;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a mechanism explaining the antiviral activity of compound 1436;

Fig. 4 shows the inhibition of HIV viral replication in an acute infection using 1436;

Fig. 5 graphically illustrates the effect of 1436 on lymphocyte viability at various

concentrations;

Fig. 6 graphically illustrates the effect of 1436 on HLA-Dr expression in CD4+ cells;

Figs. 7a and 7b graphically illustrate that 1436 does not alter CD4+ cell cycles;

Fig. 8 shows the effect of 1436 on IL-6 stimulated human promonocytic cells

chronically infected with HIV;

Fig. 9 shows that 1436 effects post transcriptional events during HIV infections;

Fig. 10 shows that 1436 inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus at low multiplicity of infection (MOI);

Fig. 11 shows that higher doses of 1436 inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus

at high MOI;

Fig. 12 shows that 1436 can inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus in a T-

lymphoma cell line;

Fig. 13 illustrates the effect of 1436 exposure time on human melanoma cells; Fig. 14 shows the improved survival rate induced by treatment with 1436 in a mouse

model of murine acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL);

Fig. 15 shows the improved survival rate induced by treatment with 1436 in a mouse

xenograft model with human myeloid leukemic cells;

Fig. 16 illustrates the inhibitory effect of compound 1436 on paw swelling in a delayed

type hypersensitive study in mice; Fig. 17 also illustrates the effect of 1436 on mouse paw swelling;

Fig. 18 shows reduced arthritic severity in 1436-treated animals in an arthritis

treatment procedure;

Fig. 19 shows reduced edema in 1436-treated mice in an arthritis model; Fig. 20 shows the effect of 1436 on mouse body weight in one study;

Fig. 21 shows the effect of 1436 on the body weight of mice in a dose response study;

Fig. 22 shows the effect of oral dosing of 1436 on the body weight of mice; Fig. 23 shows the effect of 1436 on the body weight of obese mice (OB/OB); Fig. 24 shows the effect of 1436 on the body weight of diabetic mice (db/db);

Fig. 25 shows that 1436 inhibits the action of growth hormone releasing factor

(GHRF);

Fig. 26 shows the effect of 1436 on body weight in DBA/2J mice;

Fig. 27 shows the effect of 1436 on food consumption in DBA/2J mice;

Fig. 28 shows the effect of 1436 on urine output in DBA/2 J mice;

Fig. 29 shows the effect of 1436 on water consumption in DBA/2J mice; and

Fig. 30 shows the effect of 1436 on plasma levels of electrolytes and osmolality.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described above, compound 1436 has been discovered in and isolated from the liver

and stomach of the dogfish shark. To separate the various compounds found in the liver, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed. HPLC

techniques are known in the art. After separation, the various HPLC fractions were tested to determine their effectiveness in inhibiting cell mitosis. Fig. 2 illustrates the inhibition of mitosis (i.e., inhibition of the "mitotic index") in human lymphocytes by the compounds that were isolated from the dogfish shark liver in the different HPLC fractions. A high percent

inhibition in Fig. 2 indicates that the compound is effective in preventing or inhibiting cell duplication or replication (i.e., mitosis). In addition, some aminosterols were noted to induce

changes in cell shape and (apparent) size when they were incubated in tissue culture with cell lines taken from various tissues. Such compounds may be useful in treating the many diseases

and ailments that depend on cell proliferation (e.g., cancer, viral diseases, etc.) or function.

Compound 1436 was isolated from the HPLC fraction of the dogfish shark liver that showed

the highest mitosis inhibition level in the PHA-stimulated human T-lymphocyte cells. This

fraction is labeled "1436" in Fig. 2.

Based on the information in Fig. 2, applicants conclude that compound 1436 inhibits

proliferation of human T-lymphocyte cells (i.e. , 1436 inhibits cell duplication or

reproduction). From this observed activity, applicants believed that compound 1436 may have antiviral activities against viruses that infect lymphocytes. It has now been shown that

compound 1436 may have applications in the treatment of HIV and SIV. It is now shown that

this compound has activity against HSV-infected lymphocytes and is proposed to also be active

against human herpes virus type 6 ("HHV6"), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 ("HTLV1 "), and other viruses known to infect lymphocytes. From the activity of compound

1436, applicants also concluded that compound 1436 may be useful in treating diseases and disorders that rely on proliferation of cells, such as leukemias and other cancers. Tests

relating to these anticipated properties of compound 1436 are described in more detail below.

In addition to its effects on cell proliferation, 1436 has been shown to have other useful

properties. In one embodiment, 1436 is shown to have anti-arthritis activity in both a delayed hypersensitivity model and in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Compound 1436 has also

been shown to have an effect on weight gain, which is caused by an effect on growth hormone

production and an effect on diuresis.

This invention will be described below in terms of various specific examples and preferred embodiments. These examples and embodiments should be considered to be illustrative of the invention, and not as limiting the same.

EXAMPLE 1

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF COMPOUND 1436

A. Compound 1436 Effects on Lymphocytes

Viruses enter the human body and attach to a cell, such as a lymphocyte cell, thereby

infecting the cell and recruiting it to support the growth and replication of the virus.

Compound 1436 is believed to interrupt this process. The mechanism by which compound 1436 is believed to act to inhibit viral replication is described in more detail below, with reference to Fig. 3. As shown at the top portion of Figure 3, under normal conditions (i.e. ,

when compound 1436 is not present), the virus attaches to the lymphocyte cell, the lymphocyte

cell gets infected, the sodium proton pump or the "NHE pump" is turned on and acts in a normal manner, i.e. , the cell is activated and additional virus is produced (in other words, the virus replicates).

Applicants have discovered, however, that the presence of compound 1436 inhibits

activation of at least one sodium proton antiporter isoform found in lymphocyte cells, namely NHE3. It is believed that this NHE3 inhibiting activity of compound 1436 provides a mechanism for the antiviral activity of the compound. This possible mechanism for the

antiviral action of compound 1436 is illustrated toward the bottom of Fig. 3. When compound

1436 is present, the NHE pump is inhibited, and activation of the cell is stopped. Because cell activation is important for duplication or replication of infectious viral particles, such as HIV

and other lymphotropic viruses, the presence of compound 1436 aborts the infection. The

combination of 1436 and the foreign virus infection drives the infected cells into apoptosis

(i.e., the infected lymphocyte cells die). Fig. 3 depicts the action of 1436 on both acute and

chronic HIV infections.

This mechanism explains applicants' observation that compound 1436 is effective in

inhibiting the growth of the AIDS virus in vitro without exhibiting cytotoxicity in vitro against

human T-lymphocyte cells. In other words, the replication or duplication of HIV is inhibited

and the infected cells die, but the uninfected lymphocyte cells do not die. Compound 1436 also has been found to restrain viral replication from chronically or latently infected

lymphocyte cells.

Various experiments were performed to test the antiviral activity of compound 1436. Fig. 4 illustrates the effect of compound 1436 on the inhibition of HIV viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte cells (PBMC) that are acutely infected with a high

concentration of HIV-BaL (1 viral particle : 100 lymphocytes). In this experiment, twenty

units of inter leukin-2 ("IL-2") were added to the tissue cultures to stimulate and promote the growth of the lymphocytes in the tissue cultures. This stimulatory material is well known to those skilled in the art. Stimulation proceeded for three days. The cells were washed, then

exposed to IL-2 and 1436 in the concentrations shown in the figure. After 30-60 minutes,

HIV-BaL was added. The cells were fed every 3-4 days, but no additional HIV was added. The inhibitory activity was measured on Day 7 following primary infection. As shown in the Figure, compound 1436 dramatically down regulates viral replication (measured as RT

Activity (counts per minute per microliter)), even where the compound 1436 dose is as low as

0.1 μg/ml. In a related experiment, using a higher multiplicity of infection (1 viral particle :

10 lymphocytes), a 1436 dosage response was observed, e.g., the higher the compound 1436 dosage, the lower the viral replication activity (RT value).

Despite its antiviral activity, however, it has been demonstrated that compound 1436

does not significantly alter or effect the viability of various lymphocyte cell lines, e.g. , cells bearing cell determinant 4 ("CD4+ ") or cells bearing cell determinant 8 ("CD8 + ").

Compound 1436 was added to tissue cultures including the above-noted lymphocyte cells of an

uninfected individual. As shown in Fig. 5, compound 1436 had little effect on the viability of

these CD4 + or CD8+ lymphocytes. This lack of difference with lymphocyte subsets was observed at several 1436 concentrations between 2.5 and 15 μg/ml. Therefore, the above

noted viral inhibitory effect of compound 1436, as described in conjunction with Fig. 4, is not a lymphotoxic effect. This information supports the antiviral mechanism for compound 1436 as described above (see Fig. 3).

The experiment relating to Fig. 6 further supports the antiviral mechanism described

above. Fig. 6 shows the effect on HLA-Dr expression and also shows that compound 1436 does not decrease the growth of CD4+ lymphocyte cells. The process used to obtain this data corresponded to the process described above with respect to Fig. 4. At a concentration of 10

μg/ml 1436, as compared to the untreated sample, no inhibition of the expression of HLA-Dr

was found at Day 11. Hydrocortisone ("HC"), on the other hand, was shown to significantly inhibit HLA-Dr expression. Therefore, the mechanism by which compound 1436 acts is not

believed to be the same as the general corticoid or steroid mechanism, as exhibited by

hydrocortisone.

W

Further investigation was conducted to determine whether compound 1436 was

changing the cell cycle dynamics of the lymphocyte cells. The measurement of the cell cycles

is conventional and well known in this art. Figs. 7a and 7b illustrate that the Gap 1 ("GI"),

Gap 2 ("G2") and synthesis ("S") phase cycles of CD4 + lymphocyte cells are not disturbed

by 1436. Only modest changes in these cell cycles were observed between CD4+ cells that

were untreated and CD4+ cells that were treated with lOμg/ml of compound 1436.

Fig. 8 shows the experimental results where compound 1436 was used to treat a

chronically infected promonocytic cell line (Ul), with and without interleukin type 6 ("IL-6")

stimulation to increase viral production, Compound 1436 and IL-6 were administered together in this experiment. The stimulant IL-6 is known to those skilled in the art. Even when

stimulated with IL-6, compound 1436 down regulated (i.e., suppresses) viral replication over a

wide range of concentrations, even as low as 1 μg 1436/ml. The 1436 dosage response in this

model also is evident from Fig. 8.

Various cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-6, described above in connection with Figs. 4 and 8, respectively, are known to those skilled in this art. Transcriptional and post-

transcriptional stimuli are known. For example, dexamethasone ("Dex") is known to

synergize with IL-6 to up regulate viral replication. These are post-transcriptional stimuli, i.e. , their effect occurs after RNA is transcribed. Tumor necrosis factor α ("TNFα") and the

phorbol ester PMA are known transcriptional stimuli. Fig. 9 shows the effect of compound

1436 against HIV expression induced by these various stimuli (the 1436 test results are

normalized against the untreated samples, as shown in Fig. 9). In these experiments,

compound 1436 was administered at the same time as the stimuli. Little effect is observed

when using compound 1436 to treat cells that were stimulated with the transcriptional stimuli

TNFα and PMA (except at the highest 1436 concentration of 20 μg/ml). Dramatic down

replication is observed, however, when 1436 was used to treat cells that were stimulated with

IL-6 and the IL-6/Dexamethasone combination. Accordingly, this figure indicates that 1436 is effecting post-transcriptional events of the virus (and not actual viral transcription).

B. Compound 1436 Effects on the Herpes Simplex Virus

In addition to inhibiting HIV viral replication, compound 1436 also was found to be effective in inhibiting proliferation of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) - type 1. HSV is not a typical lymphotropic virus, but it can replicate in lymphocytes (especially in activated

lymphocytes). Thus, the following tests were conducted with HSV using lymphocytes as the host cells.

For the test of Fig. 10, primary T lymphocyte cells were subjected to a pre-treatment

with compound 1436 at a dosage of 0.1 μg/ml. Twenty-four hours after the 1436 pre-

treatment, the 1436 treated T-cells then were exposed to HSV. As shown in Fig. 10, 0.1 μg

1436 per milliliter was effective in inhibiting replication of the HSV virus in primary T-type lymphocyte cells. In this case, the cells were infected with HSV at a low multiplicity of

infection ("MOI") (e.g., about 0.05 plaque forming units per milliliter (-0.05 pfu/ml)). In a

related experiment, a 10 μg/ml 1436 pre-treatment was needed to produce a significant

inhibitory effect when the T cells were infected with HSV at a high MOI (about 5 pfu/cell).

See Fig. 11. Co-treatment of compound 1436 with the HSV exhibited little effect against HSV

at any dosage and at any MOI level tested. Additionally, when compound 1436 was added as

a post-treatment after infection with the HSV virus, little inhibitory effect was observed.

HSV growth in an A3.01 CD4 ⁺ T-lymphoma cell line was inhibited by a 10 μg/ml pre¬

treatment dosage of compound 1436, as illustrated in Fig. 12 (a low MOI of about 0.05 pfu/ml was used). In this experiment, the 1436 pre-treatment was 24 hours before the exposure to

HSV. In a co-treatment regimen or when using a high MOI (about 5 pfu/cell), however,

compound 1436 had little inhibitory effect on HSV replication.

Based on the information and data gathered from this test, it was concluded that HSV infection in primary lymphocytes can be inhibited with 1436 treatment, particularly where

1436 is used as a pre-treatment (i.e., in a treatment before exposing the cell to the virus). In

addition, it was concluded from this series of experiments that the effects of 1436 are specific

for the host cell, i.e. , here, the primary T lymphocyte, rather than specific for a given virus. Notably, HIV is a retrovirus (single-stranded RNA genome), while herpes simplex virus is a

double stranded DNA virus. Compound 1436 has been found to inhibit replication of both of

these viral strains.

EXAMPLE 2

ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY OF COMPOUND 1436

Like viral diseases, cancerous tumors depend on cell division and proliferation to grow and spread. Because of its effects on inhibiting cell proliferation, applicants believed

compound 1436 to be a candidate in treating various cancerous conditions, such as melanoma

and leukemias. The following tests describe efforts made to test the effectiveness of

compound 1436 against various cancers.

A. Compound 1436 Effects Against Melanoma

The effect of exposure of human melanoma cells to compound 1436 was tested, and the

test results are shown graphically in Fig. 13. Melanoma cells were exposed to 1436 at various

concentrations for time periods between 30 minutes and 24 hours. Thereafter, the 1436 was removed and the percentage of surviving or active cells was measured forty-eight hours after the experiment started. The inverse of this measurement is shown graphically in Fig. 13 as

percent inhibition of cell growth. As shown in the Figure, even after short 1436 exposure

times (30-60 minutes), about 50% inhibition occurred at concentrations as low as about 12 μg/ml. After a 3 hour 1436 exposure or a 6 hour 1436 exposure, about 80% inhibition occurred at concentrations of about 12 μg/ml. After 24 hours of exposure to 1436, about 80%

inhibition was observed at concentrations as low as 7 μg/ml, and essentially 100% inhibition occurred at 1436 concentrations of 12 μg/ml and above. The data from this test illustrate that

the inhibitory effect of compound 1436 against melanomas, while not instantaneous, is induced

quite rapidly.

B. Compound 1436 Effects Against Leukemias

Compound 1436 also has been found to be effective in animal models that test for

activity against both adult forms of leukemia, namely, ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) and

AML (acute myelocytic leukemia). Fig. 14 shows the survival test results when using 1436 as

a treatment against murine ALL. Mice implanted with syngeneic murine ALL were dosed at

10 mg/kg 1436 (i.p.) every third day. The control mice (treated with the carrier vehicle only) quickly succumbed to the leukemia, as evidenced by the rapid death rate for the control group after Day 9. The 1436 treated mice had a dramatically increased survival rate as compared to

the control mice, as is evident from Fig. 14. Another animal model was used to test the efficacy of compound 1436 in treating

AML. Severely compromised immunodeficient ("SCID") mice were injected with U97, a

human myeloid leukemia cell line. As described in the previous experiment relating to Fig.

14, the 1436 treatment regimen included dosing the mice in this experiment with 10 mg/kg

1436 (i.p.) every third day. After Day 6, the control mice quickly succumbed to the leukemia (Figure 15). The 1436 treated mice, on the other hand, showed a significantly increased

survival.

EXAMPLE 3

ANTI-ARTHRITIS ACTIVITY OF COMPOUND 1436

Arthritis is an autoimmune response, where the tissues of an individual become inflamed and cause pain to the individual. Applicants tested compound 1436 in various animal

models for determining its efficacy as an arthritis treatment. In the following model, the effect

of compound 1436 on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice was tested as a measure of

compound 1436' s usefulness in treating arthritis.

A. Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Model

To test the activity of 1436 against DTH, mice were injected on Day 0 with 250 μg of methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Eight

days later, one paw of each mouse was injected with a challenge dose of 100 μg mBSA in

saline. The other paw of the mouse was injected with saline only. In this way, each mouse included one test paw and one control paw. One and two days after the challenge mBSA dose, the paws were measured. If the mouse has delayed type hypersensitivity, then the paw

injected with the challenge dose of mBSA swells. The differences between the paw sizes (in

mm) on the mice were scored as follows: mBSA paw - saline control paw. For the experimental test, compound 1436 was administered either at the time of the initial mBSA injection or at the time of the mBSA challenge injection. Fig. 16 shows the test

results where compound 1436 was given at a daily dosage of 10 mg/kg i.p. on either (a) Days

-1 to +2 (at the time of the initial mBSA injection) or (b) on Days +6 to +9 (at the time of the mBSA challenge injection). When 1436 was given during the time of the initial mBSA injection, it did not significantly interfere with or inhibit delayed type hypersensitivity.

However, when compound 1436 was given over the time of the challenge mBSA dose, a

reduction in paw swelling was observed.

In a related experiment using the same general experimental procedure described

above, compound 1436 was given subcutaneously at dosages of 1, 10 and 30 mg/kg on Days

+6 to +9, during the time period when the challenge mBSA dose was administered. Paw

swelling was measured at 24 and 48 hours after the 1436 dose. At a dose of 30 mg/kg 1436,

as illustrated in Fig. 17, paw swelling was significantly reduced. This data indicate 1436

reduces delayed type hypersensitivity at this dose.

B. Collagen Induced Arthritis Model

A second animal model for testing the effectiveness of a compound against arthritis is

the bovine type II collagen induced arthritis ("CIA") or the immune-mediated arthritis model

in mice. Compound 1436 also was tested in this model. Six to eight week old mice (male DBA/lLacJ from Jackson Labs) were separated into groups of 10. On Day 0, these mice were

immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg of bovine articular cartilage-derived type II collagen in

an adjuvant system (RIBI Immunochem.). A booster injection of collagen in RIBI adjuvant was given on Day 21.

Control groups were injected with either mouse serum albumin in phosphate buffered

saline (MSA/PBS) or dexamethasone-21 -phosphate ("Dex, " available from Sigma) in sterile, endotoxin-screened dH ₂ O five times per week (Monday to Friday). Dexamethasone is a commercially available composition that is used to treat various swelling disorders, and it is

used as a positive control in this experiment. Dex was injected at a dose of 20 μg/mouse (~ 1

mg/kg). Mice treated with 1436 received their first dose on Day 17, four days prior to the collagen booster. Compound 1436 was dissolved in sterile, endotoxin-screened dH ₂ O and administered subcutaneously at 200 μg/mouse (- 10 mg/kg). Dosing with 1436 was continued every fourth day (10 mg/kg) for the duration of the study.

Visual assessments of paw and digit swelling and inflammation were performed three

times per week (on Monday, Wednesday and Friday), and each paw was graded on the

following scale (with a maximum possible score of +3 points per paw and + 12 points for

each mouse):

Grade Meaning

-t- 1 Swelling or inflammation (i.e., redness) of one or more digits/joints +2 Swelling or inflammation involving the majority of the plantar surface of the paw +3 Ankylosis or significantly compromised range of motion of the ankle/wrist joint upon flexion/extension

At the conclusion of the study, the hind paws were severed at the hair line, above the ankle, and the paws were individually weighed.

In Figs. 18 and 19, the test results (given as mean values) for the various groups are

depicted in the graphs, and the error bars (where shown) indicate the standard deviation. Differences in the incidence of arthritis between the groups were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett's modification for multiple comparisons was used for examining differences in paw weight. A non-parametric analysis, the Mann-

Whitney U test, was used to compare the arthritis clinical severity scores only for those mice

that developed arthritis. Disease free mice were not included in this comparison to avoid

skewing the test results. The inclusion of disease free mice in the test results makes it difficult to evaluate the severity of joint inflammation in the animals that do develop arthritis.

Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Fig. 18 shows the average clinical score for each group of mice. For each mouse in

the group, the grades are added together for the four paws on the animal, based on the grading

system described above. This grading system provides a measure of the overall severity of the

arthritis in the animal. The average overall grade for the animals in each group is provided in

Fig. 18 as the average clinical score. By Day 31, all of the animals in the MSA/PBS group and the 1436 treated group had developed arthritis. Disease severity reached a plateau in the

MSA/PBS group by about Day 35 (at a mean aggregate clinical score per mouse of about 8).

A similar plateau was observed for the 1436 treated mice by Day 33-35, but the degree of

inflammation in the 1436 treated group was significantly lower, and the clinical score of the

1436 treated mice (a mean aggregate score of about 5) was significantly lower than the clinical score of the MSA/PBS control group.

The use of Dex markedly reduced the degree of inflammation in arthritic mice. As

shown in Fig. 18, however, significant fluctuations in the arthritic severity (and clinical score) were observed, coinciding with the on-off/ week- weekend dosing regimen used with the Dex.

Fig. 19 illustrates that the inflammation in the arthritic paws was accompanied by

edema and a resulting increase in paw weight. The hind paws were weighed at the termination of the study (Day 42). Compared to the inflamed paws from the MSA/PBS treated mice, paws

from the mice treated with either Dex or compound 1436 were significantly lower in weight,

reflecting the milder inflammation and arthritic severity in these groups. As shown in Fig. 19,

the paw weights of the Dex and 1436 treated groups were not significantly different from that of a group of mice treated with 1436 alone without the collagen booster at Day 21.

Based on the information derived from these tests as described in connection with Figs.

18 and 19, it was concluded that compound 1436 is effective as a prophylactic treatment for

arthritis. While the overall incidence of the disease was not altered by 1436 as compared to the MSA/PBS control group, the severity of swelling and degree of joint involvement was

significantly attenuated by compound 1436. The anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1436 also is apparent from the test results described above in conjunction with Figs. 18 and 19.

EXAMPLE 4

BODY WEIGHT EFFECT OF COMPOUND 1436

Tests were conducted on compound 1436 to determine the effect of its administration

on the body weight of mammals.

In the procedure for the Collagen Induced Arthritis Model described above, an additional group of immunized mice (including 5 mice) was dosed with compound 1436 in the

same manner and by the same regimen as the other 1436 treated animals. This additional

group of mice was treated in this manner for the purpose of observing the weight-modulating effect of compound 1436. On Day 0, the mice of this additional group were immunized

subcutaneously with 100 μg bovine articular cartilage-derived type II collagen in an RIBI

adjuvant system. This additional group of 1436 treated mice, however, did not receive a collagen booster at Day 21. Like the other group of 1436 treated mice, these mice received

their first 1436 dose on Day 17. Compound 1436 was dissolved in sterile, endotoxin-screened

dH ₂ O and administered subcutaneously at 200 μg/mouse (-10 mg/kg). Dosing with 1436 was

continued every fourth day (10 mg/kg) for the duration of the study. The mice were weighed approximately weekly on the days indicated in Fig. 20.

Between Day 25 and Day 32, mice in the MSA/PBS control group lost about 15% of

their body weight, coinciding with the onset and progression of arthritis. See Fig. 20. A

similar weight loss was observed in the 1436 treated mice, irrespective of whether the mice

received the collagen booster injection at Day 21, and despite the fact that the 1436 treated mice were relatively disease free. While the body weight of the MSA/PBS mice remained

relatively constant after Day 32, the body weights of the 1436 treated mice (with and without

the collagen booster) continued to decline through Day 39. Thus, this study indicates that

1436 may be useful to regulate weight gain. The Dex treated mice showed a stable weight

pattern over the entire course of the study period.

In the Collagen Induced Arthritis Model described above, two of the five mice in the

additional 1436 control group developed mild arthritis (clinical score of 2) despite having

received no collagen booster immunization at Day 21. It was noted, however, that these mice received the priming collagen immunization at Day 0. This priming collagen injection is

sufficient to induce arthritis in some animals.

Additional testing was performed to demonstrate the effect of compound 1436 on the

body weight of mice. The dosage effect of compound 1436 was tested in one experiment. As

illustrated in Fig. 21 , compound 1436 was admimstered subcutaneously into BDF1 male mice

in dosages of 1 , 5 and 10 mg 1436/kg body weight every third day ("QTD") from Day 1 to

Day 22. The control vehicle and the 1436 administration vehicle in this experiment was 5%

Dex in water. At 5 and 10 mg/kg 1436, weight gain was suppressed in these groups, and in

fact, significant weight loss was experienced. Note the suφrising decrease in the body weight

of the mice treated with these doses of compound 1436. While these 1436 treated animals experienced a significant weight loss, however, they did not slow down and become lethargic.

Rather, they were normally active and apparently healthy. 1 mg/kg 1436 did not appear to

have a significant effect on the body weight of the mice in that group. Notably, after the 1436

treatment was stopped (at Day 22), weight gain returned in the animals treated with the 5 and

10 mg 1436/kg body weight doses. Eventually, after 1436 treatment was discontinued, the body weight of the animals in these groups reached the level of the animals in the other

groups.

For oral dosing of compound 1436, as shown in Fig. 22, about 60 mg/kg active agent induced a weight suppression effect, which was most obvious on day 10 of the study. In this experiment, the CD-I male mice were dosed orally with 60 mg/kg active once every third day (QTD) on days 0, 3 and 6, with a dosage volume of 0.01 ml/g. Note that 100 mg/kg 1436 is

approximately equivalent to 60 mg/kg active. Again, after 1436 treatment was stopped, the body weight of the 1436 treated animals returned to the level of the animals in the control group.

In another experiment, genetically obese mice (OB/OB) and diabetic (db/db) mice

were treated with compound 1436 to determine the effect on their body weight. Both homozygous (n=5) and heterozygous (n=5) control mice for both OB/OB and db/db mice were treated with sterile H ₂ O (vehicle). The test results are illustrated in Figs. 23 and 24.

Weight loss and weight control were achieved for the 1436 treated mice. Figs. 23 and 24

show the effects of compound 1436 (administered s.c. at a dose of 10 mg/kg on days 0, 3 and 6 and 60) on weight in OB/OB and db/db mice, respectively. In Figs. 23 and 24, "OB/OB" and "db/db" relate to the leptin/leptin receptor.

The body weight suppression effect of compound 1436 may be the result of suppression

of growth factor production and/or growth factor release in the treated animals. To test this

possibility, the effect of compound 1436 on release of growth hormone during a GHRF

stimulatory test was studied. Compound 1436 or saline (vehicle) was administered at 10 mg/kg i.v. to rats 30 minutes prior to a growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) challenge

(2.5 μg GHRF/kg, i.v. at t=0), and the plasma growth hormone output was measured. Blood

samples were taken at t=0, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. As illustrated in Fig. 25, compound 1436

was found to inhibit growth hormone secretion in rats during a GHRF provocation test. In this test, the GHRF is added in this system to induce an increase in growth hormone release.

To determine the roles of food and water consumption as well as urine output of

compound 1436 on body weight suppression, 20 DBA/2J mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups (5 mice/group) that received either vehicle or compound 1436 at 1, 2.5, or 5 mg active/kg (i.p. every third day ("q 3d") for 4 dosings (i.e., dosed on Days 0, 3, 6 and 9)).

Using metabolic cages for accurate measurements, group food consumption, group water

consumption, and group urine output were measured daily, and individual body weight were monitored three times per week. Figure 26 shows a dose-dependent change in body weight. Figure 27 shows that food consumption of the group receiving compound 1436 at 5 mg/kg was

lower than the other groups from Day 3 through Day 7 and lower than vehicle or low dose

1436 from Day 7 through 13. The mid-dose 1436 group had lower food consumption than control or low dose on Days 7 through 14. These reductions in food consumption preceded body weight loss by a few days; the lag would be consistent with a depletion of endogenous

fuel storage (fat, glycogen, etc.). Figures 28 and 29 show a dose-dependent increase in urine

output and water consumption that temporarily aligns with reductions in body weight. Water

balance in the body is composed of intake via ingestion and formation of metabolic water and

output is via urine, feces and insensible loss (perspiration, respiration). This study only

measured water ingested and urine output so the animals may be in a negative water balance,

even though water consumption was in excess of urine output. This study suggests that both

food consumption as well as a diuresis (negative water balance) may contribute to the

suppression of body weight.

In a separate arm of study, 10 CD-I mice (5 mice/group) were randomly assigned to

receive either compound 1436 or vehicle as control administered intraperitoneally once per

day, every day ("QD") for 13 days (Days 0 to 12). Body weights were monitored daily, and

blood samples were obtained on Day 13 (one day post-last administration). Plasma levels of

electrolytes (in mEq) and osmolality (in mOsm) were measured. The results in Fig. 30 show

that compound 1436 caused weight loss without changing the isotonicity or electrolyte levels of plasma compared to vehicle control mice. Thus, 1436 meets a long-felt need for a diuretic agent that will cause fluid loss without a change in plasma isotonicity or electrolyte levels. All

currently available diuretics perturb K ⁺ homeostasis. Discovery of a class of diuretics that is truly isokaluretic, i.e. , neither increases nor decreases K ⁺ excretion, has eluded researchers

for decades (see Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , Ninth

Edition, 1996, p. 711).

III. THERAPEUTIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMPOSITIONS

The mode of administration of compound 1436 and the other aminosterol compounds

may be selected to suit the particular therapeutic use. Also, the compound can be administered

to any subject for which treatment is believed to be beneficial, but administration to humans or other mammals is particularly preferred in the invention. Modes of administration generally

include, but are not limited to, transdermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous,

subcutaneous, intranasal, inhalation, intralesional, endothelial, and oral routes. The

compounds may be administered by any convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus

injection, or by absoφtion through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa,

rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.), and the active 1436 ingredient may be administered

together with other biologically active agents. Administration may be local or systemic.

In this application, the abbreviation "s.q." or "s.c. " is used to represent subcutaneous

administration of compound 1436 or other substances. The abbreviation "i.p. " is used to represent intraperitoneal administration of compound 1436 or other substances. The

abbreviation "i.v." is used to represent intravenous administration of compound 1436 or other

substances. The abbreviation "i.m." is used to represent intramuscular administration of

compound 1436 or other substances. In certain figures attached to this application, one graph axis is labeled "RT. " This stands for "reverse transcriptase," which relates to the manner in

which a viral enzyme can copy a RNA molecule into a DNA copy. Those skilled in the art

are familiar with this measurement technique.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions that include compound 1436 or another aminosterol compound as an active ingredient. Such pharmaceutical compositions include a therapeutically effective amount of compound 1436 (or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or another aminosterol compound (or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or

excipient. Examples of such a carrier include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline,

dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The particular form and

formulation of the pharmaceutical composition should be selected to suit the mode of

administration and can be determined and selected by the skilled artisan, e.g., through routine experimentation.

The pharmaceutical composition, if desired, also may contain minor amounts of other

conventional agents, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. The

pharmaceutical composition may be in any suitable form, such as a liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet, pill, capsule, sustained release formulation, or powder. The pharmaceutical composition also may be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers,

such as triglycerides. Oral formulations may include standard carriers, such as pharmaceutical

grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.

Various delivery systems are known and may be used to administer a therapeutic

compound of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules

and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in accordance with

routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to

humans. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile

isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the pharmaceutical composition also may include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic to ameliorate pain at the cite of the injection.

Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage

form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically

sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where

the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered by infusion, it may be dispensed with an

infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the

pharmaceutical composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for

injection or saline may be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to

admimstration.

The amount of the therapeutic compound of the invention that will be effective in the

treatment of a particular disorder or condition will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and this amount can be determined by standard clinical techniques known to those

skilled in the art through routine experimentation. The precise dose to be employed in the

pharmaceutical composition also will depend on the route of administration and the seriousness

of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgement of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective therapeutical doses may be determined

from extrapolations of dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal-model test

systems. The following dosage ranges are exemplary. Suitable dosages for intravenous administration are generally about 20 micrograms to 40 milligrams of active compound per

kilogram body weight. Suitable dosage ranges for intranasal administration are generally

about 0.01 mg/kg body weight to 1 mg/kg body weight. Suitable dosage ranges for topical administration are generally at least about 0.01 % by weight. Suitable dosages for oral

administration are generally about 500 micrograms to 800 milligrams per kilogram body

weight, and preferably about 1-200 mg/kg body weight. Suppositories generally contain, as

the active ingredient, 0.5 to 10% by weight of the aminosterol active ingredient. Oral formulations preferably contain 10% to 95% active ingredient.

Exemplary dosages of the aminosterol active ingredient for most pharmacological or

therapeutical uses fall within the range of about 0.01 mg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg

body weight. Preferred dosages are from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight.

For subcutaneous administration, applicants have performed a pharmacokinetics study of the administration of compound 1436 in a mouse model. For this test, compound 1436 was

administered s.q. at a dose of 10 mg/kg in mice. The peak 1436 concentration in the blood

plasma from this 10 mg/kg dose was about 175 μg/ml after a time of about 2 hours. After 48 hours, the 1436 concentration is still about 10-15 μg/ml. This data indicates that relatively small 1436 doses may be used for s.q. administration. This data also provides an indication

that oral dosing of 1436 will be effective.

The invention also may include a pharmaceutical pack or kit including one or more containers filled with pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention.

Associated with such containers may be a notice in the form prescribed by a government

agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human

administration.

By the term "effective amount" in this application, applicants refer to a suitable amount

of the active ingredient of the invention, with an appropriate carrier or excipient, including a

sufficient amount of the active ingredient to provide the desired effects or results. The

effective amount can be readily ascertained by those skilled in the art through routine experimentation.

In describing the invention, applicant has stated certain theories in an effort to disclose

how and why the invention works in the manner in which it works. These dieories are set forth for informational puφoses only. Applicants do not wish to be bound by any specific theory of operation.

While the invention has been described in terms of various specific preferred

embodiments and specific examples, those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.