The present invention relates to thermally insulat¬ ed units such as refrigerators, or to insulation ele¬ ments for such units. Conventionally, this type of units is made with an encapsulation made of a foam substance foamed with closed cells by the use of a blowing gas of a high molecular weight, whereby this gas by itself will be present in the closed cells and thus contribute to a high thermal insulation effect. As known, however, it has been found that there are some unlucky environmental effects of those gases, which are the best suited, and it has been found that acceptably applicable gases pro¬ vide for a noticeably reduced insulation effect. It has already been proposed to go an entirely different way, viz. by evacuation of all gas in the insulation materi¬ al, such that this may be present in a highly evacuated condition, whereby the insulation effect will be still better than with a heavy gas present in the material.

On this background it has been suggested to provide hermetically sealed, highly evacuated insulation panels, but these tend to be very expensive if they should be made such that their high insulation effect remains in¬ tact with the required duration. The hermetical sealing itself is expensive, and additionally it is required to use in the panels a fine cellular material, which is very expensive to produce when later development of gas in the material should be avoided; by the required very low pressure even a modest gas development will soon produce such a pressure rise that the super insulation gets lost.

DE-A-40 18 970 specifies the conditions for the establishing of the high insulation effect, given by a very low pressure and a small cell size in the insulati¬ on material. It is indicated that the high vacuum area is the pressure range below 0.001 mbar, but in the pre-

sent connection this expression will also be used for pressures of about 1 mbar. Likewise it is indicated that it is hardly possible to produce insulation materials with a cell size below l mm, while by now it has been found that it is well possible to produce foam with cells of e.g. 0.1-0.5 mm. The results of the present invention seem to verify that there is not the best accordance between theory and practice with respect to the condition that the cell or pore size should be smal¬ ler than the moving distance of the relevant gas mole¬ cules at the actual pressure, inasfar as the invention has resulted in very attractive results for cell sizes of approximately 0.2 mm and pressures of about 1 mbar, i.e. a pressure much higher than the theoretically ap¬ plicable pressure, corresponding to a much smaller sub- pressure and thus to a vacuum far easier to establish. FR 2,628,179 discloses a technique, which, on the detailed level, is less interesting, because it is based on the use of macro cavities and a relatively low vacuum of 50-100 mbar, this not conditioning any noticeably improved insulation effect, but which is nevertheless principally significant in suggesting that the insulati¬ on elements of a given unit such as a refrigerator may be connected to a vacuum pump mounted in the unit it¬ self. It is mentioned that the insulation elements can hardly be sealed in any absolute sense, i.e. they are not presupposed to be sealed in any hermetical and dif¬ fusion tight manner; however, this is not required when it is possible to carry out an operational, current evacuation of the elements, this giving fundamentally changed and improved possibilities for the maintenance of the required low pressure throughout a long lifetime for the relevant units. The vacuum pump, which is now a machine part of the single unit, should have only a very small capacity, as in the long run it will only have to do away with air intruding from outside into the insula-

tion elements.

Seen in the perspective of the invention such an arrangement will be advantageous also in that the opera¬ tive evacuation of the gas in the insulation elements will apply even to the later developed gas in the foam held in the insulation elements.

It belongs to the theoretical basis of the super insulation that there should be no noticeable gas con¬ vection in the insulation material, which, in a natural manner, has pointed towards the use of insulation foam with closed cells, such as proposed in the priority older EP 0,587,546, which, however, still refers to hermetically closed insulation panels and to pressures of less than 0.1 mbar. It is specified that the associa¬ ted vacuum pump, which can now, according to the said FR 2,628,179, be mounted in connection with the single operative unit, may have a very low capacity and thus a low energy consumption, which is more than balanced by the associated improvement of the insulation effect.

However, in that connection it is a problem that it may take considerable time before a newly manufactured insulation element has attained the degree of vacuum required for the desired high insulation effect, just as it is problematic and expensive to use hermetically sealed elements.

According to the present invention it has been realized that it is possible with marked advantages to make use of a foam with open cells in a system which is not fully hermetically closed, and as mentioned it has been found that highly usable results are obtainable at cell sizes of 0.1-0.5 mm and pressures about 1 mbar, though the invention is not correspondingly limited. Thus, a heat conductivity of about 15 m /mK has been noted, corresponding to an insulation improvement of 100- 300% compared to conventional insulation foam under ambient pressure.

The conventionally most ideal heat conductivity, typically, has amounted to approximately 18 for newly made, CFC gas based foam, which, however, by ageing, will exhibit a noticeably reduced insulation effect as the heavy CFC gas is displaced by air. Thus, it is very common that the insulation in aged refrigerators or freezers exhibits a heat conductivity of no less than 35 mW/mK. When the insulation is based on an evacuated system the meaning of using CFC gas vanishes, and it is possible to operate with fully harmless foaming gases such as in case of the so-called water-blown foams, where the blowing agent is carbon dioxide. The heat conductivity in the fresh blown foam amounts to about 25, but this figure will rise to about 35 as the carbon dioxide is displaced by air, which happens rather rapid¬ ly. A heat conductivity of about 15 in a system accord¬ ing to the invention, thus, will still be indicative of a very good result that will enable an advantageous combination of either a relatively thin or a highly efficient, thicker insulation layer and an associated vacuum pump, which may be adapted to produce a partial vacuum of the magnitude of only l mbar. For the inventi¬ on, the relevant pressure range will be 0.1-25 mbar, though without sharp limits.

The circumstances here considered are not directly dependent of the foam cells being closed or open, but nevertheless, this is important in more respects. A decisive factor is that the open celled foam can rela¬ tively rapidly be pumped out to assume a generally low pressure everywhere in the material, such that the high insulation effect is achievable rapidly after the opera¬ tional start of the unit in question.

Another noticeable advantage is that there will be no requirements as to any really hermetical or diffusion tight encapsulation of the insulation material, inasfar as a vacuum pump that shall reduce the pressure to only

some 1 mbar will relatively simple in practice, even though it should exhibit a sufficient capacity to also be able to exhaust gas originating from a limited air intrusion from outside. For the invention it will be of major importance that it is possible to produce refrige¬ rators etc. in substantially the same manner as hither¬ to, viz. by direct casting or foaming up of the insula¬ tion foam in the formwork cavities formed between the outer and inner walls of the units. Some joints will be unavoidable, and these, of course, should be worked out very tightly, but yet without any hermetically sealed character. For comparison it should be mentioned that an occurring leakage in connection with a closed celled system will give rise to a noticeable pressure increase at the relevant place, whereby there is formed, locally, an area of expressed weakened insulation effect. This is avoided when the foam is open celled.

An encapsulation which is not hermetically sealed will also present the advantage that there is establish¬ ed a feeble intrusion of air, which may serve to wash out heavier gases developed in the foam. Even though the cells are predominantly open, such heavier molecules may be difficult to suck out, if they are not subjected to a certain transportation flow; however, once such a flow may occur, the foam may in return be produced without special precautions for avoiding afterdeveloped gases.

On the same background it has been found that the achievement of the high insulation effect after start of the pump can be promoted by providing for a controlled leak enabling the intake of scavenging air at a place opposite the pumping place or area. This circumstance can be so highly valued that it may be relevant to pro¬ vide the units with a leak opening that is openable and closable in a programmed manner, e.g. just a few times a day during the first days and then, optionally, with considerably longer intervals.

Correspondingly, on the said background it may be advantageous to arrange the exhaust at an area as remote as possible from a potential leaking area such as a joint, while otherwise it could be considered resonable to establish the exhaust close to the leak. The exhaust, however, may also take place over one or more wide areas, e.g. through surface layers of a extra porous material, including fibrous or finely granular materi¬ als, which, themselves, may be usable as highly insulat¬ ing materials at the low pressure.

It should be anticipated that a foam for the pre¬ sent purpose will appear less knockproof in evacuated condition than with gas filled cells, as a gas or air filling will provide for a certain cushion effect. Since the insulation foam normally participates as a construc¬ tion material, e.g. supporting for the bottom plate in a freezer unit, it may, therefore, be desirable to use a stronger from in the evacuated systems, i.e. a foam of higher density than usual, e.g. some 50 g/1 instead of 35-40 g/1. In systems with closed cells this would imply that it would be still more difficult and time consuming to achieve the low pressure in the cells, while with open cells this effect is hardly noticeable. Thus, it is perfectly possible to stick to the usual construction principles, where foam material with low density is used also as a statically supporting construction material. In this connection it should be mentioned that blown-up foam materials with open cells cannot help having a certain content of closed cells, when the blowing takes place in situ in closed shaping cavities. The foam is termed open celled already when the open cells amount to about 15-20% of the total cell mass and are distributed such that they form throughchains enabling a more or less sluggish suction or blowing through the material. In connection with the invention a material having at least some 30% open cells is preferred. It is worth

noting that the conditions in the closed cells will be much different from those in foam consisting pronounced¬ ly of closed cells, viz. in that all the closed cells will be located quite close to open cells, such that irrespectively of the material thickness there will be a short diffusion distance between the closed cells and the open system. In practice, therefore, it does not make any big difference whether the material is fully or only partly open celled, so the preferred polyurethane foams may very well still be used.

Normally it will not be necessary to use braces between the opposed panel walls, as a PUR foam, for example, may withstand the occurring compressive forces already by densities of 25-30 g/1, this being even less than a conventionally preferred minimum density. A prac¬ tically usable density interval will be 25-30 g/1.

A representative measuring result for the heat conductivity as a function of the pressure in a specific foam is listed in the following table. The foam is an aged PUR foam with density 34 g/1 and with 39% open cells of average size 0.2-0.3 mm. P indicates the pres¬ sure and T the applied suction time.

P/mbar 1000 25 2 1 0,5 0.1

mW/mk 33 30 20-25 15-20 10-15 <10

T/hours 0 0.5 3 15 50 75

The figures in the tabel are to be considered as tendency indicating rather than absolute, as more exact results would require a comprehensive description of measuring arrangement and methods. It is clear, however.

that by the evacuation of the material usable results start to appear when the pressure decreases to below 25 mbar, while the results at both 2 and 1 mbar are very advantageous for practical use. A still better result is achieved at 0.5 mbar, but there is reason to consider whether such a further improvement is justified in prac¬ tice by the associated higher demands as to tightness and pump effect as well as pumping time.

The heat conductivity is further reduced when foam of still smaller cell size is used, and the suction time is reduced for an increased content of open cells.

The surprising finding of the fact that it is pos¬ sible, by the discussed moderate vacuum, to achieve a marked reduction of the heat conductivity of usual com¬ mercial foam materials, is not per se connected with the use of open celled foam, i.e. in principle the invention will also comprise units with closed foam, whereby it will only be necessary to accept a much longer pumping time and somewhat less favourable results, because it will take time, currently, to pump out the internally developed gases.

The invention is not limited to the use of just foam as a core material, as also various fibre and pow¬ der materials exhibiting - fully open - pores of the relevant magnitude of size. As a well suited material group can be mentioned the so-called aerogels, which are already used in the hermetically closed systems.

It is possible to arrange in the construction insu¬ lating braces or ribs, e.g. of an open celled foam mate¬ rial of high density. The tightness of the surface may be achieved in different manners independent of an outer encapsulation, e.g. by a sheet coating or a surface treatment for the formation of a tight skin, though not necessarily diffusion tight. Moreover, the integral skin technique can be used, whereby there is automatically formed a tight surface layer against a forming surface.