Field

[0001] Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to wavelength conversion films. Description of the Related Art

[0002] The utilization of solar energy offers a promising alternative energy source to the traditional fossil fuels, and therefore, the development of devices that can convert solar energy into electricity, such as photovoltaic devices (also known as solar cells), has drawn significant attention in recent years. Several different types of mature photovoltaic devices have been developed, including a silicon-based device, a III-V and II-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic dye-sensitized device, an organic thin film device, and a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, to name a few. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of many of these devices still has room for improvement and development of techniques to improve this efficiency has been an ongoing challenge for many researchers. There are no known transparent products which provide both thermal regulation and wavelength conversion. SUMMARY [0003] Disclosed herein is a wavelength conversion film that can be used to improve the efficiency of solar energy use, including solar energy that is converted to electricity, or put to other uses, such as in a greenhouse, or for heating or lighting a building. For example, some wavelength conversion films comprise: a luminescent chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, an aliphatic ester plasticizer, and an acrylic crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, a wavelength conversion film is used, for example, in a solar energy system, a greenhouse cover material or a building or vehicle window. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0004] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0005] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0006] FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0007] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an encapsulation structure comprising a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0008] FIG. 5 shows the normalized absorption of the Example 1 device with various concentrations of phase change material (PCM) after 1200 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0009] FIG. 6 shows the normalized absorption of the various embodiments, described herein after about 600 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0010] FIG. 7 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after about 4700 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0011] FIG. 8 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after about 4700 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0012] FIG. 9 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 2000 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0013] FIG. 10 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 2000 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0014] FIG. 11 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 850 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0015] FIG. 12 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 1700 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0016] FIG. 13 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 1700 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0017] FIG. 14 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 1700 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0018] FIG. 15 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after 2000 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. [0019] FIG. 16 shows the normalized absorption of various embodiments described herein after about 2000 hours exposure to accelerated solar irradiation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS [0020] A wavelength conversion film may help to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Wavelength conversion film in greenhouse roofing materials may be used to alter the incident solar spectrum plants are exposed to within a greenhouse. Solar cell efficiency is often reduced with exposure to high temperatures. Because the film decreases temperature fluctuations, it is highly suitable to provide solar energy devices with protection from the environment. Additionally, the wavelength conversion film also converts incoming light one wavelength into a different more desirable wavelength which can be more efficiently converted into electricity by the solar energy conversion device. Therefore, by employing the wavelength conversion film to encapsulate solar energy conversion devices, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of these devices can be improved. Solar energy conversion devices include solar cells, solar panels, photovoltaic devices, or any solar module system. [0021] Phase change materials can be used to provide thermal regulating and storage properties which helps to improve performance and reliability of solar energy systems, and can help in conserving energy. [0022] Embodiments described herein may achieve wavelength conversion of incident light to more desirable wavelengths. Embodiments described herein may achieve improved thermal regulation of solar energy, in a two in one (2-in-1) system. Some embodiments, of the present disclosure relate to a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film that is highly stable under long term solar irradiation. Current commercially available encapsulation materials for solar energy devices do not utilize both chromophores and phase change materials to enhance efficiency because photo degradation of the chromophores often occurs. In some embodiments, a photostable composition may provide wavelength conversion enhancement from a highly photostable chromophore. In some embodiments, the film also provides thermal regulation of the solar energy to reduce temperature fluctuations of photovoltaic systems, and/or inside buildings, or vehicles. In some embodiments, the phase change material acts as a plasticizer and improves the photostability of the film. When compared to current commercially available encapsulation materials, the wavelength conversion composition disclosed herein, significantly improves the solar harvesting efficiency and provides stable environmental protection for long periods of time. [0023] In some embodiments the phase change material acts as a plasticizer to improve the photostability of the film. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises an aliphatic ester plasticizer. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises a liquid acrylic material. In some embodiments, the liquid acrylic material may comprise a liquid acrylic or acrylic crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the plasticizer may be the same material as the liquid acrylic material. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises an (acrylic or acrylate) crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises a (meth)acrylate crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the acrylic crosslinking coagent may be a (meth)acrylate polymer crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion polymerization initiator. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may comprise an ultraviolet absorbing material. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may comprise a light stabilizer. [0024] Some embodiments include a wavelength conversion film comprising an optically transparent polymer; and an aliphatic ester plasticizer and/or a (meth)acrylate polymer crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the optically transparent polymer may comprise a polyolefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.; a polyolefins such as ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA) copolymer, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the aliphatic ester plasticizer may be 1,2- cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisonoyl ester (DINCH). In some embodiments, the acrylic type crosslinking coagent may comprise trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA). In some embodiments, the film of any of the above described embodiments may further comprise a light stabilizer material. In some embodiments, the light stabilizer material may be a hindered amine light stabilizer in an additional polymer layer, a glass layer, or a UV absorber material or layer. In some embodiments, the film may further comprise an ultraviolet radiation absorber. In some embodiments, the film may further comprise an adhesion promoter, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, a crosslinking coagent, or a crosslinking agent. In some embodiments, a greenhouse cover material comprises the wavelength conversion film described above. In some embodiments, a building or vehicle window comprises the wavelength conversion film described above. [0025] Some embodiments include a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprising a luminescent chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material. In some embodiments, the chromophore acts to absorb incident photons of a particular wavelength range. In some embodiments, the phase change material acts to absorb and release heat for improved thermal regulation. In some embodiments, the phase change material acts as a plasticizer to improve the photostability of the film. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may further comprise an aliphatic ester plasticizer and/or a (meth)acrylate polymer crosslinking coagent. [0026] Any of the embodiments described above, or described elsewhere herein, may include one or more of the following features. [0027] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may comprise chromophore and phase change material incorporated into the same polymer layer. In other embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may comprise chromophore and phase change material incorporated into separate polymer layers. [0028] In some embodiments of the wavelength conversion film, the optically transparent polymer comprises a host polymer, a copolymer, or multiple polymers. In some embodiments of the wavelength conversion film, the refractive index of the polymer may be in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7. In some embodiments of the wavelength conversion film, the optically transparent polymer may comprise an acrylic polymer material. In some embodiments the acrylic polymer material may be a (meth)acrylic material. In some embodiments of the wavelength conversion film, the optically transparent polymer may comprise fluoropolymers, polyolefins, polyesters, poly(thiourethane), urethane, polycarbonate (PC), poly(allyl) diglycol carbonate, polyacrylate, esters of a polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acids, poly(2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate), polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP), hexafluoroacetone- tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene (HFA/TFE/E terpolymers), hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene (VDF/HFP/TFE) terpolymer, hexafluoropropylene- vinylidene (HFP/VDF) copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyimide, polystyrene, polyurethane, organosiloxane, polyvinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate, poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (PET), modified PET, cellulose triacetate TAC, acrylonitrite, polybutadiene-modified polystyrene, vinyl resins, polyethylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, cellulose derivatives, epoxies, polyester resins, or combinations thereof. [0029] In some embodiments, a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film further comprises an additional polymer layer, glass layer, or UV absorber material or layer. In some embodiments, a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film further comprises an adhesion promoter, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, a crosslinking coagent, or a crosslinking agent. [0030] In some embodiments, a wavelength conversion film comprises a chromophore, such as a luminescent chromophore. In some embodiments, a wavelength conversion film comprises two or more chromophores. [0031] In some embodiments of the wavelength conversion film, the chromophore may be an organic dye. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the chromophore may be selected from perylene derivative dyes, benzotriazole derivative dyes, BODIPY-type chromophores, or benzothiadiazole derivative dyes. [0032] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may be incorporated into an encapsulation structure for solar energy devices. Some embodiments pertain to an encapsulation structure for a solar energy conversion device comprising a wavelength conversion film as described above, wherein the wavelength conversion film may be configured to encapsulate a solar energy conversion device and inhibit penetration of moisture and oxygen into the solar energy conversion device, and wherein the wavelength conversion film may be configured to encapsulate the solar energy conversion device such that light must pass through the wavelength conversion film prior to reaching the solar energy conversion device. [0033] Some embodiments pertain to a method of improving the performance of a solar energy conversion device, comprising encapsulating the device with the encapsulation structure described above. [0034] In some embodiments, energy requirements for heating and cooling of buildings and vehicles could be reduced by incorporating the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film disclosed herein onto windows. Greenhouse plant growth could also be improved with the disclosed wavelength conversion film which could provide improved wavelengths into the greenhouse for plant growth as well as reducing temperature fluctuations within the greenhouse. Some embodiments include greenhouse roofing or cover material comprising the wavelength conversion film, as disclosed herein. Some embodiments include a building or vehicle window comprising the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, as disclosed herein. [0035] Some embodiments pertain to a greenhouse panel comprising a wavelength conversion film as described above. A greenhouse solar collection panel comprising a wavelength conversion film as described above and a solar energy conversion device. [0036] In some embodiments the solar energy conversion device comprises a III-V or II-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device (DSC, dye-sensitized solar cell), an organic thin film device, a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a microcrystalline silicon solar cell, a polycrystalline silicon solar cell, or a crystalline silicon solar cell. [0037] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may comprise a chromophore and an optically transparent polymer. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may further comprise a phase change material. In some embodiments, the chromophore acts to absorb incident light within a particular wavelength range. In some embodiments, the phase change material acts to absorb and release heat for improved thermal regulation. In some embodiments, the phase change material acts as plasticizer to improve photostability of the film. The wavelength conversion film described herein may be useful for a variety of applications including window-based building applications, greenhouse roofing or cover materials, vehicle window applications, and solar cell and photovoltaic encapsulation materials. [0038] The thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be incorporated into an encapsulation structure for solar energy devices. Solar cell efficiency is often reduced with exposure to high temperatures. Because the film decreases temperature fluctuations, it is highly suitable to provide solar energy devices with protection from the environment. Additionally, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film also converts incoming photons of one wavelength into a different more desirable wavelength which may be more efficiently converted into electricity by the solar energy conversion device. Therefore, by employing the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film to encapsulate solar energy conversion devices, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of these devices may be improved. Solar energy conversion devices include solar cells, solar panels, photovoltaic devices, or any solar module system. Also, energy requirements for heating and cooling of buildings and vehicles could be reduced by incorporating the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film disclosed herein onto windows. Greenhouse plant growth could also be improved with the disclosed thermal regulating wavelength conversion film which could provide optimized wavelengths into the greenhouse for plant growth as well as reducing temperature fluctuations within the greenhouse. [0039] In some embodiments, of the wavelength conversion film, the chromophore and/or phase change material are incorporated into a polymer layer. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film the chromophore and phase change material are incorporated into the same polymer layer. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the chromophore and phase change material are incorporated into separate polymer layers. [0040] In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the phase change material comprises an organic phase change material. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the phase change material comprises a paraffin. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film the phase change material may be formic acid, caprilic acid, glycerin, d-lactic acid, methyl palmitate, camphenilone, docasyl bromide, caprylone, phenol, heptadecanone, 1-cyclohexylooctadecane, 4-heptadecanone, p-joluidine, cyanamide, methyl eicosanate, 3-heptadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, hydrocinnamic acid, cetyl alcohol, 2-naphthylamine, camphene, o-nitroaniline, 9-heptadecanone, thymol, methyl behenate, diphenyl amine, p-dichlorobenzene, oxalate, hypophosphoric acid, o- xylene dichloride, b-chloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, nitronaphthalene, trimyristin, heptadecanoic acid, a-chloroacetic acid, beeswax, glycolic acid, p-bromophenol, azobenzene, acrylic acid, dinto toluent 2,4-phenylacetic acid, thiosinamine, bromcamphor, durene, benzylamine, methyl brombrenzoate, alpha naphthol, glautaric acid, p-xylene dichloride, catechol, quinine, acetanilide, succinic anhydride, benzoic acid, stilbene, benzamide, or combinations thereof. [0041] In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the phase change material comprises a fatty acid. In other embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion films, the phase change material may be acetic acid, polyethylene glycol, capric acid, eladic acid, lauric acid, pentadecanoic acid, tristearin, myristic acid, palmatic acid, stearic acid, acetamide, methyl fumarate, or combinations thereof. [0042] In some embodiments, the phase change material may be present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range from about 0.01 wt% to about 20.0 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, a second phase change material may be present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the first and second phase change materials are different, and are independently selected from those listed above. In some embodiments, the first phase change material, and if present, a second phase change material, are individually present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range from about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt% or about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, the first phase change material and, if present, the second phase change material are individually present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range of about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%; about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%; about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%; about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%; about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%; about 15 wt% to about 20 wt%, or any other amoung bound by these ranges of the composition. [0043] The wavelength conversion film comprises a chromophore, such as a luminescent chromophore, e.g. a chromophore that emits light by fluorescence or phosphorescence. Thus, a luminescent chromophore may absorb light in a wavelength range that is less desirable for use in solar energy (including conversion to electricity, or use as a natural light source), and may then emit light of a different wavelength by fluorescence or phosphorescence. In some embodiments, chromophores may be employed in solar cells to convert radiation to useable or more desirable wavelengths. Since solar cells and photovoltaic devices are often exposed to extreme environmental conditions for long periods of time (i.e., more than 20 years, more than 10 years, more than 5 years, etc.) the stability of the chromophore is important. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises chromophores with photostabilty for long periods of time (i.e., more than 20,000 hours, more than 10,000 hours, more than 5,000 hours, more than 2000 hours, more than 1500 hours, more than 600 hours, or more than 500 hours) of illumination under one sun (AM1.5G) irradiation (with less than about 20%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or another other percentage bound by these ranges of degradation). [0044] Luminescent materials, such as a luminescent chromophore, may be up- converting or down-converting. In some embodiments, a chromophore may be an up- conversion luminescent material, meaning a compound that converts light from lower energy (long wavelengths) to higher energy (short wavelengths). Up-conversion dyes may include rare earth materials which have been found to absorb photons of wavelengths in the infrared (IR) region, about 975 nm, and re-emit in the visible region (about 400 nm to about 700 nm), for example, Yb ³⁺ , Tm ³⁺ , Er ³⁺ , Ho ³⁺ , and NaYF ⁴ . Additional up-conversion materials are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,654,161, and 6,139,210, and in the Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, volume 33, pages 169- 178, (1995), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In some embodiments, the luminescent chromophore may be a down-shifting luminescent material, meaning a compound that converts light of high energy (short wavelengths) into lower energy (long wavelengths). In some embodiments, the down-shifting luminescent material may be a derivative of perylene, benzotriazole, or benzothiadiazole, as are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/430,053 (now U.S. Patent Application No. 13/978,370); 61/805,430; 61/923,559, (now International Patent Application PCT/US2014/031722 [WO2014/16070]), 61/485,093 (now U.S. Patent Application No. 13/978,370 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/020209 [WO2012/094409]), 61/539,392 (now U.S. Patent Application 13/626,679 and International Patent Application PCT/US2012/057118 [WO2013/049062]), 62/100,836; and 62/100,834; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. [0045] In some embodiments, the luminescent chromophore may be a down-shifting material. Various luminescent materials may be used. In some embodiments, the down- shifting luminescent material may be a derivative of BODIPY-type chromophores. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises both an up-conversion luminescent compound and a down-shifting luminescent compound. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, at least one of the luminescent materials may be a quantum dot material. In some embodiments, the luminescent material may be an organic dye. In some embodiments, the luminescent material may be selected from perylene derivative dyes, benzotriazole derivative dyes, diazaborinine derivative dyes, benzothiadiazole derivative dyes, BODIPY-type chromophores, or combinations thereof. [0046] In some embodiments, the chromophore, such as a luminescent chromophore, may be an organic compound. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be selected from perylene derivative dyes, benzotriazole derivative dyes, benzothiadiazole derivative dyes, or combinations thereof. Examples of chromophores, such as luminescent chromophores, can be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0074927, U.S. Provisional Patent applications 61/865,498 and 61/865,502 (now International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/050504) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0047] For some applications, it is important that the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film remain transparent, for instance, for use in building window-based applications. The wavelength conversion layer, then, may also be transparent, which means the luminescent material selected may not absorb photons in the visible wavelength spectrum as this would alter the color of the wavelength conversion film. However, luminescent materials in the UV wavelength spectrum are typically clear, and would not alter the color if used in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises a luminescent material that shifts wavelengths in the UV portion of the spectrum into the visible or IR portions of the spectrum. In some embodiments, the luminescent material may be optimized to be highly absorbing in the UV and transparent in the visible portion of the solar spectrum. The luminescent material efficiency may be independent of angle of incidence, allowing operation over a broad range of incidence angles. In some embodiments, a mixture of multiple chromophores which absorb light in the visible spectrum may be used in the thermal regulating wavlength conversion film, wherein the mixture of chromphores produces a neutral color film, similar to that disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/865502, which is hereby incorporated by references in its entirety. [0048] In some embodiments, the luminescent chromophore comprises a structure as given by the following formula (I):

(I); [0049] The term“alkyl” refers to a branched or straight fully saturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group (i.e., composed of carbon and hydrogen containing no double or triple bonds). Alkyls include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like. [0050] The term“heteroalkyl” used herein refers to an unsaturated moiety having one or more heteroatoms, as well as carbon and hydrogen atoms. When two or more heteroatoms are present, they may be the same or different. [0051] The term“cycloalkyl” used herein refers to saturated aliphatic ring system having three to twenty-five carbon atoms including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. [0052] The term“polycycloalkyl” used herein refers to saturated aliphatic ring system having multiple cylcoalkyl ring systems. [0053] The term“alkenyl” used herein refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain of from two to twenty-five carbon atoms containing at least one carbon double bond including, but not limited to, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like. [0054] The term“alkynyl” used herein refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain of from two to twenty-five carbon atoms containing a carbon triple bond including, but not limited to, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and the like. [0055] The term“aryl” used herein refers to homocyclic aromatic moiety whether one ring or multiple fused rings. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthacenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, and the like. Further examples include:

na hthalen-1- l na hthalen-2- l anthracen-1- l anthracen-2- l anthracen-9-yl

[0056] The term“aralkyl” or“arylalkyl” used herein refers to an aryl-substituted alkyl moiety. Examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, phenylpropyl, phenylethyl, and the like. [0057] The term“heteroaryl” used herein refers to an aromatic group comprising one or more heteroatoms, whether one ring or multiple fused rings. When two or more heteroatoms are present, they may be the same or different. In fused ring systems, the one or more heteroatoms may be present in only one of the rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzothiazyl, benzoxazyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, thiazyl and the like.

Further examples of substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl rings include:

[0058] The term“alkoxy” used herein refers to straight or branched chain alkyl covalently bonded to the parent molecule through an -O- linkage. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, n- butoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy and the like. [0059] The term“heteroatom” used herein refers to any atom that is not C (carbon) or H (hydrogen). Examples of heteroatoms include S (sulfur), N (nitrogen), and O (oxygen). [0060] The term“cyclic imido” used herein refers to an imide in which the two carbonyl carbons are connected by a carbon chain. Examples of cyclic imide groups include, but are not limited to, 1,8-naphthalimide, pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, 1H-pyrrole-2,5- dione, and the likes. [0061] The term“alcohol” used herein refers to a moiety–OH. [0062] The term“acyl” used herein refers to a moiety–C(=O)R. [0063] The term“aryloxy” used herein refers to an aryl moiety covalently bonded to the parent molecule through an --O-- linkage. [0064] The term“acyloxy” used herein refers to a moiety–O-C(=O)R. [0065] The term“carbamoyl” used herein refers to a moiety–C(=O)NH ₂ . [0066] The term“carbonyl” used herein refers to a functional group C=O. [0067] The term“carboxy” used herein refers to a moiety–COOR. [0068] The term“ester” used herein refers to a functional group RC(=O)OR’. [0069] The term“amido” used herein refers to a moiety–C(=O)NR’R”. [0070] The term“amino” used herein refers to a moiety–NR’R”. [0071] The term“heteroamino” used herein refers to a moiety–NR’R” wherein R’ and/or R” comprises a heteroatom. [0072] The term“heterocyclic amino” used herein refers to either secondary or tertiary amines in a cyclic moiety wherein the group further comprises a heteroatom. [0073] The term“sulfone” used herein refers to a sulfonyl moiety of–S(=O) ₂ R. [0074] The term“sulfonamide” used herein refers to a sulfonyl group connected to an amine group, the moiety of which is–S(=O) ₂ -NR’R”. [0075] As used herein, a substituted group is structurally related to an unsubstituted parent structure in that one or more groups occupy one or more positions that would be occupied by a hydrogen in the parent structure. When substituted, the substituent group(s) is (are) one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from groups having 1-30, 1-20, 1-10, or 1-5 atoms independently selected from C, N, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, or P, and/or a molecular weight of 15-500 Da, 15-200 Da, 15-100 Da, or 15- 50 Da, such as C ₁ -C ₂₅ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₂₅ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₂₅ alkynyl, C ₃ -C ₂₅ cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alcohol, carboxyl, haloalkyl, CN, OH,– SO ₂ -alkyl,–CF ₃ , or–OCF ₃ ), cycloalkyl geminally attached, C ₁ -C ₂₅ heteroalkyl, C ₃ -C ₂₅ heterocycloalkyl (e.g., tetrahydrofuryl) (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alcohol, carboxyl, CN,–SO ₂ -alkyl,–CF ₃ , or–OCF ₃ ), aryl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, alcohol, aryloxy, carboxyl, amino, imido, amido (carbamoyl), optionally substituted cyclic imido, cylic amido, CN,–NH-C(=O)-alkyl,– CF ₃ ,–OCF ₃ , or aryl optionally substituted with C ₁ -C ₂₅ alkyl), arylalkyl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alcohol, aryl, carboxyl, CN,–SO ₂ -alkyl,–CF ₃ , or– OCF ₃ ), heteroaryl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alcohol, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, carboxyl, CN,–SO ₂ -alkyl,–CF ₃ , or–OCF ₃ ), halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro), cyano, hydroxy, optionally substituted cyclic imido, amino, imido, amido,–CF ₃ , C ₁ -C ₂₅ alkoxy (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, carboxyl, CN, OH, –SO ₂ -alkyl, –CF ₃ , and –OCF ₃ ), aryloxy, acyloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto), halo(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl, C ₁ -C ₆ alkylthio, arylthio, mono- and di-(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkyl amino, quaternary ammonium salts, amino(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkoxy, hydroxy(C ₁ -C ₆ )alkylamino, amino(C ₁ - C ₆ )alkylthio, cyanoamino, nitro, carbamoyl, keto (oxy), carbonyl, carboxy, acyl, glycolyl, glycyl, hydrazino, guanyl, sulfamyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, thiocarbonyl, thiocarboxy, sulfonamide, ester, C-amide, N-amide, N-carbamate, O-carbamate, urea and combinations thereof. Wherever a substituent is described as“optionally substituted” that substituent may be substituted with any of the above substituents. [0076] In some embodiments, R ³ in formula (I) is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkenyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted cyclic amido, optionally substituted cyclic imido, optionally substituted alkoxy, and optionally substituted carboxy, optionally substituted carbonyl, optionally substituted ether, optionally substituted ketone, optionally substituted sulfone, or optionally substituted sulfonamide; or R ³ is an optionally substituted polycyclic ring system, wherein each ring is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl; R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ are independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkenyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted cyclic amido, optionally substituted cyclic imido, optionally substituted alkoxy, and optionally substituted carboxy, and optionally substituted carbonyl, optionally substituted ether, optionally substituted ketone, optionally substituted sulfone, or optionally substituted sulfonamide; or R ⁴ and R ⁵ , R ⁴ and R ⁶ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ , or R ⁴ and R ⁵ and R ⁶ , together form an optionally substituted ring or an optionally substituted polycyclic ring system, wherein each ring is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclalkyl, or heteroaryl; and L is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted alkylene, and optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted arylene, or optionally substituted heteroarylene. [0077] In some embodiments, R ³ in formula (I) is C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl; and R ³ may be optionally substituted with one or more of any of the following substituents: C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -OH, C _m H _2m+1 O ether, C _m H _2m+1 CO ketone, C _m H _2m+1 CO ₂ carboxylic ester, C _m H _2m+1 OCO carboxylic ester, ArO aryloxy, ArCO aryl ketone, ArCO ₂ ester of aryl- carboxylic acid, ArOCO carboxylic ester of phenol, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )N amine, c- (CH ₂ ) _s N amine, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NCO amide, c-(CH ₂ ) _s NCO amide, C _m H _2m+1 CON(C _p H _2p+1 ) amide, CN, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ sulfone, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NSO ₂ sulfonamide, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ N(C _p H _2p+1 ) sulfonamide, or c-(CH ₂ ) _s NSO ₂ sulfonamide, wherein m is an integer in the range of 1 to 20, p is an integer in the range of 1 to 20, s is an integer in the range of 2 to 6, and Ar is any aromatic or heteroaromatic ring. [0078] In some embodiments R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ in formula (I) are independently C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, CO ₂ C _m H _2m+1 carboxylic ester, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NCO amide, c-(CH ₂ ) _s NCO amide, COC _m H _2m+1 ketone, COAr, SO ₂ C _m H _2m+1 sulfone, SO ₂ Ar sulfone, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )SO ₂ sulfonamide, or c- (CH ₂ ) _s SO ₂ sulfonamide; and R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ are independently optionally substituted with one or more of any of the following substituents: C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, C _m H _2m+1 O ether, C _m H _2m+1 CO ketone, C _m H _2m+1 CO ₂ carboxylic ester, C _m H _2m+1 OCO carboxylic ester, ArO aryloxy, ArCO aryl ketone, ArCO ₂ ester of aryl carboxylic acid, ArOCO carboxylic ester of phenol, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )N amine, c-(CH ₂ ) _s N amine, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NCO amide, c-(CH ₂ ) _s NCO amide, C _m H _2m+1 CON(C _p H _2p+1 ) amide, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ sulfone, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NSO ₂ sulfonamide, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ N(C _p H _2p+1 ) sulfonamide, or c-(CH ₂ ) _s NSO ₂ sulfonamide, wherein m is an integer in the range of 1 to 20, p is an integer in the range of 1 to 20, s is an integer in the range of 2 to 6, and Ar is any aromatic or heteroaromatic ring. L in formula II-b is C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, or C _2-25 alkenyl; and L may be optionally substituted with one or more of any of the following substituents: C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -OH, C _m H _2m+1 O ether, C _m H _2m+1 CO ketone, C _m H _2m+1 CO ₂ carboxylic ester, C _m H _2m+1 OCO carboxylic ester, ArO aryloxy, ArCO aryl ketone, ArCO ₂ ester of aryl-carboxylic acid, ArOCO carboxylic ester of phenol, amine, c-(CH ₂ ) _s N amine, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NCO amide, c- (CH ₂ ) _s NCO amide, C _m H _2m+1 CON(C _p H _2p+1 ) amide, CN, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ sulfone, (C _m H _2m+1 )(C _p H _2p+1 )NSO ₂ sulfonamide, C _m H _2m+1 SO ₂ N(C _p H _2p+1 ) sulfonamide, or c- (CH ₂ ) _s NSO ₂ sulfonamide, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, s is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and Ar is any aromatic or heteroaromatic ring. [0079] In some embodiments, R ³ in formula (I) may be C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, C _5-25 polycycloalkyl, C _1-25 heterocycloalkyl, or C _1-25 arylalkyl; R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ are independently optionally substituted with one or more of any of the following substituents: C _1-25 alkyl, C _1-25 heteroalkyl, C _2-25 alkenyl, C _3-25 cycloalkyl, C _1-25 aryl, and C _1-25 heteroaryl. [0080] In some embodiments, the luminescent chromophore comprises a structure as given by the following formula (II):

(III); wherein D of formula (II) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted amino, amido, cyclic amido, cyclic imido, -aryl-NR’R”, -ary-aryl-NR’R”, or -heteroaryl- heteroaryl-R’; wherein R’ and R” are independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted aryl; and wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ are independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkenyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted cyclic amido, optionally substituted cyclic imido, optionally substituted alkoxy, and optionally substituted carboxy, optionally substituted carbonyl, optionally substituted ether, optionally substituted ketone, optionally substituted sulfone, or optionally substituted sulfonamide; or R is an optionally substituted polycyclic ring system, wherein each ring is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be as described in U.S. Patent Provisional Applications 62/100,836 and 62/100,834 which are hereby incorportated by reference in their entireities. [0081] In some embodiments, D in formula (II) may be a phenyl, substituted phenyl, or an aromatic heterocyclic system, and R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ may be independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or a heterocyclic system. [0082] In some embodiments, D in formula (II) may be selected from phenyl, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, or dibenzothiophene. In some embodiments, D may be

.

[0083] In some embodiments, R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ in formula (III) are independently selected from:

, ,

,

, ,

,

, ,

,

[0084] In some embodiments, the structure may be any one of the following:

,

,

,

,

,

[0085] For some applications, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may not need to be completely transparent, for instance, for use in greenhouse roofing materials. A greenhouse roofing or cover material may be allowed to have a coloration to the film, i.e. a blue, red, or green film. Therefore, in some embodiments, the chromophore, such as a luminescent chromophore, in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may absorb photons in the visible light spectrum. [0086] In some embodiments, a chromophore, such as a luminescent chromophore, may be present in the polymer matrix of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range of about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, or any other weight bound by these ranges of the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be present in the polymer matrix of the wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range of about 0.00001 mmol/g to about 1.0 mmol/g or about 0.00001 mmol/g to about 0.1000 mmol/g of the polymer matrix, e.g., about 0.0006 mmol/gm, about 0.002 mmol/gm, about 0.0004 mmol/g, or any other amount bound by these ranges of polymer matrix (e.g., EMMA and/or PVB). [0087] In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the film comprises two or more chromophores. In some embodiments, the film comprises organic chromophores. In some embodiments, a first chromophore may be used in the composition to form the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, in addition to the first chromophore, an independently selected second chromophore may be used. In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more independently selected additional chromophores are used in combination with the first and second chromophores. [0088] It may be desirable to have multiple chromophores in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, depending on the solar energy conversion device that the material may be to encapsulate. For example, the first chromophore may act to convert light having a wavelength in a range of about 300-400 nm to a wavelength of about 500 nm, and the second chromophore may act to convert light having a wavelength in a range of about 400-475 nm to a wavelength of about 500 nm (or vice versa), wherein the solar energy conversion device that may be to be encapsulated by the film exhibits optimum photoelectric conversion efficiency at 500 nm wavelengths, so that the encapsulation of the devices by the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film significantly enhances the solar harvesting efficiency of the solar energy conversion device. In some embodiments, a mixture of multiple chromophores may be used in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, wherein the mixture of chromophores produces a neutral color film, similar to that disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No.61/865502. [0089] The above-mentioned combination of chromophores may be especially suitable for use in the solar cells and agriculture (greenhouse) applications because they are surprisingly more stable in harsh environmental conditions than currently available wavelength converting chromophores. This stability makes these chromophores advantageous in their use as wavelength conversion materials for solar cells and agriculture applications. Without such photostability, these chromophores would degrade and lose efficiency. [0090] In some embodiments, the photostability of chromophores may be measured by fabricating a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film containing the chromophore compound and then measuring the absorption peak prior to exposure and after exposure to continuous one sun (AM1.5G) irradiation at ambient temperature. The preparation of such a wavelength conversion film is described in the Examples section below. The amount of remaining chromophore after irradiation may be measured using the maximum absorption of the chromophore before and after irradiation using the following equation:

The % degradation can be measured using the following equation:

Easily degraded chromophores typically show a substantial decay of the absorption peak within a few hours of one sun irradiation. Films with excellent photostability will maintain the peak absorption over a long time period of exposure to one sun irradiation. In some embodiments, a photostable chromophore shows less than about 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.0%, or 0.5% degradation in maximum absorption peak intensity after 24 hours of continuous one sun (AM1.5G) irradiation at ambient temperature. In some embodiments, a photostable chromophore has greater than about 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99.0%, 99.5%, or any percentage bound by these values of the chromophore remaining (as measured by maximum absorption peak intensity) after 24 hours of continuous one sun (AM1.5G) irradiation at ambient temperature. [0091] In some embodiments, the total amount of the chromophore(s) in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be in the range of about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.05% to about 1.0%, about 0.01% to about 3.0%, or about 0.05% to about 1.0% by weight, , or any percentage bound by these values of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0092] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises an IR absorbing chromophore. In some embodiments, the IR absorbing chromophore may be used instead of or in addition to the chromophore. In some embodiments, the IR absorbing chromophore may be used in combination with the one or more additional chromophores as described above. [0093] As stated above, in some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises a second chromophore or additional chromophores in combination with the first chromophore. In some embodiments, the second chromophore or additional chromophores may be any of the chromophores defined above and may be in any combination independently selected from the other chromophores present in the composition. [0094] In some embodiments, the first chromophore and, if present, the second chromophore are individually present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range from about 0.01 wt% to about 3.0 wt% or 0.05 wt% to about 1.0 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, the first chromophore and, if present, the second chromophore are individually present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range of about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 0.3 wt%, about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%, about 0.6 wt% to about 0.7 wt%, about 0.7 wt% to about 0.8 wt%, about 0.8 wt% to about 0.9 wt%, about 0.9 wt% to about 1.0 wt%, about 1.0 wt% to about 2.0 wt%, about 2.0 wt% to about 3.0 wt%, or any other wt% bound by these values of the composition. [0095] In some embodiments, the first chromophore and, if present, the second chromophore are individually present in the wavelength conversion film in an amount in the range from about 0.00001 mmol/gm to about 1.0 mmol/gm, or about 0.0002 mmol/gm, about 0.0004 mmol/g, or about 0.0006 mmol/gm polymer matrix material (PVB and/or EMMA). [0096] In some embodiments, the total amount of all the chromophores present in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be in the range of about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, about 0.4% to about 0.5%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.9% to about 1.0%, about 1.0% to about 2.0%, about 2.0% to about 3.0%, about 3.0% to about 5.0%, about 5.0% to about 7.5%, about 7.5% to about 10.0%, or any percentage bound by these values of the total weight of the composition. [0097] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises an optically transparent polymer. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film the optically transparent polymer comprises one host polymer, a host polymer and a copolymer, or multiple polymers. The refractive index of the optically transparent polymer may vary. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film the refractive index of the polymer may be in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7 or about 1.45 to about 1.55. [0098] In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film the optically transparent polymer comprises a material selected from fluoropolymers, polyolefins, polyesters, thiourethane, polycarbonate (PC), allyl diglycol carbonate, polyacrylate, esters of a polyacrylic acid or a polyacrylic acid, 2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, hexafluoroacetone- tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene (HFA/TFE/E terpolymers), hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene (VDF/HFP/TFE) terpolymer, hexafluoropropylene- vinylidene (HFP/VDF) copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyimide, polystyrene, polyurethane, organosiloxane, polyvinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate, poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (PET), modified PET, cellulose triacetate TAC, acrylonitrite, polybutadiene-modified polystyrene, vinyl resins, polyethylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, cellulose derivatives, epoxies, polyester resins, and combinations thereof. [0099] In some embodiments, the optically transparent polymer may be a crosslinkable polymer such as ionomer, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic polyurethanethermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydimethyl silicone (PDMS), ethylene-methyl methacrylate (EMMA), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In some embodiment, an optically transparent crosslinkable polymer may be a polymer that is optically transparent after crosslinking. In some embodiments, optically transparent refers to a material that provides at least 50%, at least 70%, at least 90% total transmittance of visible light. [0100] In some embodiments, the film may comprise second polymer matrixes in combination with the first optically transparent polymer. In some embodiments, the second additional optically transparent polymer is as defined above. For example, in some embodiments, the second optically transparent polymer may be ionomer, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic polyurethanethermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydimethyl silicone (PDMS), ethylene-methyl methacrylate (EMMA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second optically transparent polymers are independently selected from the above polymer and may be in any combination. [0101] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more additional optically transparent polymers. The optically transparent polymers may be as defined above or otherwise and may be in any combination. [0102] The refractive index of the one or more additional optically transparent polymers may vary. In some embodiments the refractive index of each of the first, second, or more additional optically transparent polymers may be in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7 or about 1.45 to about 1.55. In some embodiments, the refractive index of the first, second, and/or more additional optically transparent polymers, together, may be in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7, or about 1.45 to about 1.55. [0103] In some embodiments, the optically transparent polymer comprises a host polymer, a copolymer, or multiple polymers. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of the term“polymer” herein includes copolymers. [0104] In some embodiments, monomer precursors that polymerize to form optically transparent polymers may be used to form the composition. These monomers may be substituted for or used in combination with the optically transparent polymers in the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. The monomers for forming such polymers are appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. The monomers include, for example, monomers capable of forming the optically transparent polymers described above. [0105] In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the film further comprises an antioxidant. In some embodiments, additives such as those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/831,074, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0106] Advantageously, some embodiments of the disclosed polymer matrices of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film are optically transparent. Optical transparency improves the transmittance of light through the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film allowing more energy to be captured from the light. Additionally, when used as, for example, a window, the additional light that travels through the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film results enhanced brightness through the window. In some embodiments, an optically transparent polymer matrix (absent a chromophore) allows transmission of greater than about 80%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99.0%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage bound by these values of the visible light spectrum. [0107] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film further comprises one or more of IR reflectors, IR absorbers, anti-fog agents, anti-mist agents, anti-drop agents, anti-dust agents, lubricants, modifiers, inorganic fillers, anti- static agents, or combinations thereof. Anti-fog or anti-mist agents are generally non- ionic surfactants. Anti-dust or anti-static agents may be used to prevent dust or dirt accumulation on a polymer film surface. [0108] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be specifically designed for greenhouse roofing or greenhouse cover applications. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film may comprise a polymer resin. In some embodiments, the polymer resin may be polyvinyl butyrate, poly(vinylbutyral), poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diyl)methylene]), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA) obtained from Sumitomo Chemicals (Tokyo, JP) (ACRYFT® WK307). In some embodiments, the methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in the EMMA may be in the range of about 5 to about 32 or about 10 to about 25 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight, or any amount in a range bound by these values of EMMA. [0109] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises a light stabilizer. In some embodiments, the light stabilizer may be a hindered amine light stabilizer. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises the stabilizer tetrakis(,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylate (Stab LA-57) from Adeka Palmarole (Mulhouse, FR). [0110] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprises UV absorbers such as 2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone (CHIMASSORB® 81), 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phen ol (TINUVIN® 234 or TINUVIN® 900), and 2,2ƍ-Methylenebis[6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)- 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol] TINUVIN® 360 all from BASF (Ludwigshafen, DE). [0111] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises a non- phthalate plasticizer. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises an aliphatic ester plasticizer, such as an ester of a dicarboxylic acid of a cycloalkyl, an ester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the aliphatic ester plasticizer is an ester of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. Some aliphatic ester plasticizers may be a dialkylester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid, or combinations thereof, wherein each alkyl group of the dialkylester is independently C _4-14 alkyl. [0112] In some embodiments, each alkyl group of a dialkylester of a dicarboxylic acid of a cycloalkyl, such as an ester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid, is independently C _4-14 alkyl, such as C ₄ alkyl (e.g. butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, s-butyl, etc.), C ₅ alkyl, C ₆ alkyl, C ₇ alkyl, C ₈ alkyl, C ₉ alkyl, C ₁₀ alkyl, C ₁₁ alkyl, C ₁₂ alkyl, C ₁₃ alkyl, or C ₁₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, each alkyl group of the dialkylester is C _6-12 alkyl. In some embodiments, each alkyl group of the dialkylester is C _8-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, the aliphatic ester plasticizer may be 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisonoyl ester (DINCH). [0113] In some embodiments, the non-phthalate plasticizer and/or aliphatic ester plasticizer may be 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH). [0114] In some embodiments, a non-phthalate plasticizer, such as an aliphatic ester plasticizer including an ester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, e.g. DINCH, or cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid, may be about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 40%, about 1%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25% of the weight of the film, or any percentage in a range bound by these values. [0115] In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion film comprises a crosslinker and/or crosslinking coagent. In some embodiments, the crosslinker and/or crosslinking coagent may be an acrylic coagent. In some embodiments, the acrylic coagent may be a trifunctional (meth)acrylate ester or a metallic (meth)acrylate. In some embodiments, the acrylic coagent may be TMPTMA. In some embodiments, the crosslinking coagent may be a plasticizer. In some embodiments, the plasticizer and crosslinking coagent may be the same material. [0116] In some embodiments, the crosslinking coagent may be an acrylic crosslinker. Typical acrylic crosslinkers include acrylate or alkacrylate (e.g., methacrylate) esters of polyols, including diols such as glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, etc.); triols (e.g., glycerine, trimethylol propane, etc.); or acrylate or alkacrylate (e.g., methacrylate) esters of other polyols. In other embodiments, the crosslinking coagent may be an acrylic type coagent selected from trifunational (meth)acrylate esters, metallic (meth)acrylates. In some embodiments, the acrylic crosslinker may be ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the acrylic type coagent may be ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and/or trimethol propane tri(meth)acrylate. [0117] An acrylic cosslinking coagent, such as an acrylate or alkacrylate ester of a diol or triol, e.g. TMPTMA, may be present in any useful amount, such as about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30 to about 40%, about 1%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or any other percentage bound by these ranges of the weight of the film. [0118] In some embodiments, a wavelength conversion material or layer may be formed by curing a layer of the above described compositions. This cured material or layer may be used for forming a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the layer may be cured at a temperature of between about 130 °C to about 180 °C; about 140 to about 160 °C; about 130 °C to about 145 °C, about 145 °C to about 160 °C, about 160 °C to about 180 °C, or any other temperature bound by these ranges. [0119] In some embodiments, the curing time for the wavelength conversion layer depends on the temperature. When the cure temperature is high, the cure time is low, while lower cure temperatures require longer curing times. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layer may be cured for a time of about 5 minutes to about 100 minutes; about 10 minutes to about 50 minutes; about 10 to about 45 minutes; about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes; about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes; about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes; about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes; about 40 to about 50 minutes; about 50 to about 60 minutes; about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes; about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes; about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes; or any other duration bound by these values. [0120] The thermal regulating wavelength conversion film described herein may be prepared in various ways, such as by polymerization or crosslinking of the corresponding component monomers or precursors thereof. Polymerization may be carried out by methods known to a skilled artisan, as informed by the guidance provided herein. [0121] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film for a solar energy conversion device, may be prepared in a conventional manner by free- radical copolymerization with the monomers in suitable solvents, such as, hydrocarbons, (e.g., n-hexane); aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene or xylene), halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., chlorobenzene); ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran and dioxane); ketones (e.g., acetone and cyclohexanone, and dimethylformamide), alcohols, or combinations thereof, at elevated temperatures, in general in the range from about 30 °C to about 100 °C; about 40 °C to about 60 °C; about 50 °C to about 80 °C, or any other temperature bound by these values. In some embodiments, the reaction may be performed in the absence of water and air. [0122] Various methods may be used to incorporate the chromophore into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be attached to the optically transparent polymer in one or more side chains. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film as a separate compound. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the chromophore may be doped into the film such that the polymer and the chromophore are not chemically bonded. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion material, one or more of the chromophores may be covalently bonded to the optically transparent polymer. [0123] Various known methods may be used to covalently bond the chromophore into to the polymer matrix of the film. In some embodiments, free radical polymerization may be used to covalently bond the optically transparent polymer matrix and the chromophore together. [0124] In some embodiments, the chromophore may be attached to the polymer backbone in one or more side chains. In some embodiments, the chromophore may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film as a separate compound. [0125] Various methods may be used to incorporate the phase change material into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the phase change material may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film as a separate compound. In some embodiments, the phase change material may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film such that the polymer and the phase change material are not chemically bonded. In some embodiments of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, the phase change material may be dispersed within the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. [0126] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be formed into self-supporting films or layers. However, in some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be formed into films or layers that are applied to support materials. This may be carried out by various techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, the method being selected depending on whether a thick or thin film may be desired. Thin films may be produced, for example, by spin coating or casting from solutions or melts, while thicker coatings may be produced from prefabricated cells, by hot pressing, extruding or injection molding. [0127] In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film is formed into a thin film or layer. The method for forming the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film into a thin film may be appropriately selected from known methods used to produce thin films. Specific examples thereof include cast- and calendar-film extrusion, injection molding, roll coating, kiss roll coating, gravure coating, reverse coating, roll brush coating, spray coating, dip roll coating, bar coating, knife coating, and air knife coating. [0128] In some embodiments the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be coated onto an optically transparent substrate. The optically transparent substrate may be plastic (sheet), polymer film, or glass. [0129] An embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1, comprising a chromophore 101, an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material 102. Glass or plastic films may be used as substrates or protective covers 103. [0130] An embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film 100 is illustrated in FIG. 2, comprising a chromophore 101, an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material 102, wherein the chromophore and the phase change material are incorporated into separate layers. Glass or plastic films may be used as substrates or protective covers 103. [0131] An embodiment of a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film 100 is illustrated in FIG.3, comprising a first chromophore 101 and a second chromophore 104, an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material 102, wherein the chromophore and the phase change material are incorporated into separate layers. Glass or plastic films may be used as substrates or protective covers 103. [0132] Synthetic methods for the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer are not restricted, but may follow the example synthetic procedures described as Scheme 1 and Scheme 2 detailed below. Scheme 1: Wet processing general procedure for forming the thermal regulating WLC layer

[0133] In some embodiments, a thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer, which comprises a chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material, is fabricated into a film structure. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may be fabricated by: (i) preparing a polymer solution by dissolving polymer powder or pellets in a soluble solvent such as hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, or alcohols, such as cyclopentanone, dioxane, etc., at a predetermined ratio; (ii) preparing a chromophore solution by dissolving the chromophore in the same solvent as the polymer solution at a predetermined concentration; (iii) preparing a phase change material solution by dissolving a phase change material in the same solvent as the polymer solution at a predetermined concentration; (iv) preparing a thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution by mixing the polymer solution with the chromophore solution and the phase change material solution, and then adding any other components as needed (the stabilizer, the adhesion promoter, the coagent, the peroxide or crosslinking reagent, etc.), independently and at a predetermined weight ratio; and (v) forming the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer by directly casting the thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution onto a non-stick polymer sheet or transferring the thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution to a non-stick PTFE dish, then drying the thermal regulating wavelength conversions solution at room temperature (or at about 25 °C to about 45 °C) for at least 24 hours and further drying the mixture under vacuum at about 40 °C to about 70 °C for about 3 hours to about 6 hours, completely removing the remaining solvent by further vacuum hot pressing at about 80 °C to about 140 °C for about 5 minutes to 10 minutes; (vi) the film thickness may be adjusted as desired during hot pressing. Scheme 2: Dry processing general procedure for forming the thermal regulating WLC layer [0134] In some embodiments, a thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer, which comprises a chromophore, and an optically transparent polymer, may be fabricated into a film structure. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layer may comprise a phase change material. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may be fabricated by: (i) mixing polymer powders or pellets, the chromophore and/or the phase change material, together at a predetermined ratio by a mixer at a temperature below the half decay temperature of the peroxide for a certain time, then adding the adhesion promoter, the coagent, and the peroxide, together at a predetermined ratio to the mixture and further mixing for a certain time as determined by the extent of desired crosslinking for the particular composition; (ii) then hot pressing the mixture under vacuum at about 80 °C to about 140 °C for about 3 minutes to about10 minutes to a predetermined thickness; (vi) the film thickness may be adjusted as desired during hot pressing. [0135] Once the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may be formed it needs to be cured at an elevated temperature to induce crosslinking. In some embodiments, the curing temperature may be from about 130 °C to about 180 °C. In some embodiments, the curing time ranges from about 5 minutes to about 90 minutes. Encapsulation Structure for Solar Energy Conversion Device [0136] Some embodiments include an encapsulation structure for a solar energy conversion device. In some embodiments, the encapsulation structure comprises the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film as described above. In some embodiments the thermal regulating wavelength conversion may be configured to encapsulate the solar energy conversion device and inhibit penetration of moisture and oxygen into the solar energy conversion device. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be configured to encapsulate the solar energy conversion device such that light must pass through the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film prior to reaching the solar energy conversion device. [0137] Some embodiments include an encapsulation structure for a solar energy conversion device comprising a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be configured to inhibit penetration of moisture and oxygen into the solar energy conversion device. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film may be configured to improve the thermal regulation of the solar energy conversion device. [0138] Additional forms of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film are also possible, as well as additional methods of applying the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film to the solar energy conversion devices. The encapsulation structure may be applied to rigid devices or it may be applied to flexible devices. Furthermore, the encapsulation structure may be used to improve the performance of multiple solar cells or photovoltaic devices. For example, in an embodiment, the encapsulation structure comprises a plurality of solar cells or photovoltaic devices. [0139] Additional materials may also be utilized to provide increased environmental protection. Glass or plastic sheets are often used as an environmental protective cover and may be applied both on top of and/or underneath the solar energy conversion devices once encapsulated with the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. A sealing tape may be applied to the perimeter of the device to prevent ingress of oxygen or moisture through the sides. In some embodiments, an edge seal may be applied to the perimeter of the device to prevent ingress of oxygen or moisture through the sides. A back sheet may also be used underneath the solar module devices to reflect and refract incident light that was not absorbed by the solar cell. The encapsulated solar energy conversion devices may also be put in a frame, such as those utilized to form solar panels or solar strings. [0140] In some embodiments, the encapsulation structure further comprises additional layers which may contain light stabilizers, antioxidants, UV absorbers, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an additional polymer layer may be used in the encapsulation structure which may further comprise light stabilizers, antioxidants, UV absorbers, or combinations thereof. [0141] In some embodiments, the glass or polymer sheets used as an environmental cover may also further comprise a strong UV absorber to block harmful high energy radiation. In some embodiments, additional materials or layers may be used in the structure such as glass sheets, reflective and/or thermally conductive backsheets, edge seals, frame materials, polymer materials, or adhesive layers to adhere additional layers to the system. In some embodiments, the edge seals may comprise a butyl material. In some embodiments, the frame materials comprise a metal. [0142] Solar harvesting devices may be rigid or flexible. Rigid devices include silicon-based solar cells. Flexible solar devices are often made out of organic thin films and may be used on clothing, tents, or other flexible substrates. In other embodiments, the encapsulation structure may be applied to rigid devices or flexible devices. [0143] An embodiment of an encapsulation structure is illustrated in FIG. 4, comprising solar cell devices 105 encapsulated by laminating the cells on the light incident side with a film of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film 100, which comprises a chromophore 101, and an optically transparent polymer. In some embodiments, the encapsulation structure may also comprise a phase change material 102. Glass or plastic films may be used as an environmental protective cover 103. [0144] Some embodiments include a method of improving the performance of a solar energy conversion device. Solar energy conversion devices include any type of photovoltaic device, solar cell, solar module, or solar panel. In some embodiments, the method of improving the performance of a solar energy conversion device comprises encapsulating the device with the encapsulation structure disclosed herein. The encapsulation structure comprises the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprises a III-V or II-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a microcrystalline silicon solar cell, a crystalline silicon solar cell, or a polycrystalline silicon solar cell. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film of the encapsulation structure may be cast onto the solar energy conversion device and cured in place. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film of the encapsulation structure may be in the form of film(s) or layer(s). In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, in the form of a thin film, may be roll laminated onto the solar energy conversion devices, wherein only a front layer may be laminated onto the solar energy conversion devices, or both a front and back layer are laminated onto the solar energy conversion devices. [0145] In some embodiments of the method, additional material layers may also be used in the encapsulation structure. For example, glass or plastic sheets may be used to provide additional environmental protection. Back sheets may be used to provide reflection and/or refraction of photons not absorbed by the solar cells. Adhesive layers may also be needed. For instance, an adhesive layer in between the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film and the glass sheets which may be used to adhere these two layers together. Other layers may also be included to further enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar modules. For example, a microstructured layer may also be provided on top of the encapsulation structure or in between the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film and a glass sheet, which may be designed to further enhance the solar harvesting efficiency of solar modules by decreasing the loss of photons to the environment which are often re-emitted from the chromophore after absorption and wavelength conversion in a direction that may be away from the photoelectric conversion layer of the solar module device. A layer with various microstructures on the surface (e.g., pyramids or cones) may increase internal reflection and refraction of the photons into the photoelectric conversion layer of the solar cell device, further enhancing the solar harvesting efficiency of the device. [0146] In an embodiment the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprising a chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, and/or an optional phase change material, may be applied to solar cell devices by first mixing the components of the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film in a suitable solvent (e.g., toluene, cyclopentanone, etc.) to form a liquid or gel, applying the mixture to a solar cell matrix arranged on a removable substrate using standard methods of application, such as spin coating or drop casting, then curing the mixture to a solid form (e.g., heat treating, UV exposure, etc.) as may be determined by the formulation design. [0147] In another embodiment the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprising a chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, and/or an optional phase change material, may be applied to solar cell devices by first synthesizing a thermal regulating wavelength conversion thin film or layer, and then adhering the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer to the solar cell devices using an optically transparent and photostable adhesive and/or laminator. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may be applied first on top of and then on bottom of the solar cells, to completely encapsulate the cells. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may also be applied to just the top surface, wherein the bottom surface of the solar cells are secured to a substrate, such as a back sheet, and the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer may be applied to the top surface of the solar cells and the portion of the substrate that does not have solar cells attached to it. [0148] Synthetic methods for forming the encapsulation structure are not restricted. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, once formed, may be easily attached to the light incident surface of a solar energy conversion device by pressing or laminating. In some embodiments, an adhesive may be needed to attach the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film to the solar energy conversion device. In some embodiments, once the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film is formed it is adhered to the solar module devices using an optically transparent and photostable adhesive. Greenhouse Panel [0149] Additional uses for the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film include greenhouse roofing or greenhouse cover materials. Plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water into simple sugars. Plants then use these sugars as structural building blocks. Sugars form the main structural component of the plant. It is understood that plants react differently to the intensity and wavelengths of the light during their development. Improved plant growth is achieved using light in the violet-blue region and in the orange-red region. Light in the green region is usually not used by the plant (and is often reflected by the leaves). [0150] In some instances, photovoltaic devices (e.g., solar cells) have been incorporated into greenhouse roofing materials to convert incident solar radiation to electricity. This electricity is then used for other applications within the greenhouse system. While the utilization of solar energy offers a promising alternative energy source, the use of photovoltaic modules lowers the amount of available light for the plant species. [0151] A significant amount of development effort is ongoing to find greenhouse cover materials with photovoltaic devices which provide sufficient electrical generation efficiency and the desired plant growth for an acceptable cost. For instance, a polymer sheeting comprising an inorganic luminescent material, yttrium-europium, is described for use in greenhouses. However, the cost to synthesize these inorganic luminescent compounds is considerably higher than the cost to synthesize organic luminescent compounds, and therefore may not be feasible. The use of greenhouse roofing materials which incorporate organic luminescent dyes has not been possible due to the poor photostability of these dyes, with the known commercially available dyes exhibiting photobleaching typically within days of exposure to solar radiation. [0152] The use of a luminescent dye in greenhouse cover materials, has typically comprised down-shifting dyes, which causes the shorter wavelength light to become excited and re-emitted within the luminescent panel at a longer (higher) more favorable wavelength. It is well established that plant species growth occurs with the exposure of the plant to blue light and red light. Typically, plants do not use green light, and either absorb this light as heat or reflect it away. Additionally, the UV portion of the spectrum is not only used by most plant species, but is usually quite harmful to the plant. Elimination of the UV portion of light is often done by incorporating a UV absorber into the covermaterial to absorb all of the UV radiation, effectively removing it from the spectrum that reaches the plant inside the greenhouse. Because UV is so harmful to plant species, blocking the UV portion of light may enhance plant growth. However, this solar energy is then lost to the environment as heat. Previous attempts to further enhance plant growth have incorporated a luminescent dye into greenhouse cover panels which converts green light into red light, basically increasing the useable solar energy that is directed to the plant. The conversion and use of the UV wavelengths of light for greenhouses has not been reported. [0153] In some embodiments, organic photostable chromophores that may convert UV energy into blue light have been found to further enhance plant growth by further increasing the amount of useable light available to the plant. [0154] Some embodiments include a greenhouse panel. In some embodiments the greenhouse panel comprises a thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer, wherein the thermal regulating wavelength conversion layer is formed as described above. [0155] The greenhouse panel is useful as a greenhouse cover to provide improved wavelength profiles and improved thermal regulation of the greenhouse which accelerates plant growth. [0156] In some embodiments, the greenhouse panel comprises an organic photostable chromophore compound. In some embodiments, the greenhouse panel comprises at least two organic photostable chromophore compounds. In some embodiments, in embodiments with at least two chromophore compounds, the chromophore compounds comprise an organic photostable chromophore (A), which has an wavelength absorbance maximum in the UV wavelength range and has an wavelength emission maximum in the blue wavelength range, and another organic photostable chromophore (B), which has an wavelength absorbance maximum in the green wavelength range and has an wavelength emission maximum in the red wavelength range. In some embodiments, the two chromophores may be mixed in the same wavelength conversion layer. In some embodiments, when more than one wavelength conversion layer is present, the two chromophores may be in different wavelength conversion layers. In some embodiments, the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film further comprises an optically transparent polymer, and a phase change material. [0157] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use chromophores in which the absorption and emission spectrums do not overlap. This helps to minimize re-absorption of photons, and improves efficiency. For instance, in some embodiments, the emission spectrum of (A) and the absorption spectrum of (B) have minimal overlap. In some embodiments, minimal overlap may be an overlap ranging from about 0% to about 3%; about 3% to about 5%; about 5% to about 10%; about 10% to about 15%; about 15% to about 25%; about 25% to about 35%, or any other percentage bound within these ranges, where the percent overlap is a measure of the area under the portion of over lapping spectra divided by the area under either the emission or absorption curve. In some embodiments, minimal overlap may be less than about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, about 3%, about 2%, about 1%, or any other percentage bound by these ranges. [0158] There is no limit to the number of chromophores that may be used in the greenhouse panel. In some embodiments, the two chromophores (A) and (B) are mixed into one wavelength conversion layer. In some embodiments, the two chromophores (A) and (B) are located in separate wavelength conversion layer(s). In some embodiments, additional chromophores may be incorporated into the greenhouse panel to provide the desired properties. In some embodiments, the chromophores utilized in the greenhouse panel may be tailored to provide specific emission spectrums which are optimal to the specific plant species that is to be grown within the greenhouse. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layer(s) of the film comprises three or more chromophores. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layer(s) comprises four or more chromophores. In some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layer(s) comprises five or more chromophores. [0159] There is also no requirement on the location in which the chromophores may be placed in the greenhouse panel with respect to the incident solar light. In some embodiments, chromophore (A) may be in a wavelength conversion layer that receives the incident solar energy before the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (B). In some embodiments, chromophore (B) may be in a wavelength conversion layer that receives the incident solar energy before the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (A). In some embodiments, it may be desirable to have the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (A) receive the solar energy first. In some embodiments, chromophore (A) acts to convert UV wavelengths to blue wavelengths. Chromophore compounds often degrade much faster when exposed to UV wavelengths. Therefore, by having the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (A) exposed to the incident solar radiation first, much of the UV light may be converted to blue light, and the underlying layers will not be exposed to the UV light. This conversion of UV light effectively increases the stability of the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (B) by reducing the exposure of this layer to UV radiation. Therefore, in some embodiments, the wavelength conversion layers are placed in ascending order of their wavelength absorption properties. [0160] In some embodiments, the greenhouse panel may further comprise glass or polymer layers. The glass or polymer layers may act to protect the wavelength conversion layer or layers. The glass or polymer layers may also act as a substrate to adhere to the wavelength conversion layer or layers. [0161] In some embodiments of the greenhouse panel, the wavelength conversion layer or layers may be in between glass or polymer plates, wherein the glass or polymer plates may act to protect the wavelength conversion layer or layers from moisture or oxygen penetration. [0162] In some embodiments, additional materials may be used in the greenhouse panel, such as glass plates, polymer layers, or reflective mirror layers. The materials may be used to encapsulate the wavelength conversion layer or layers, or they may be used to protect or encapsulate the wavelength conversion layer(s). In some embodiments, glass plates selected from low iron glass, borosilicate glass, or soda-lime glass, may be used in the greenhouse panel. In some embodiments, the composition of the glass plate or polymer layers may also further comprise a strong UV absorber to block harmful high energy radiation into the panel. The UV absorber in the glass plates or polymer layers may also block harmful high energy radiation from the wavelength conversion layer, thus improving the lifetime of the wavelength conversion layer(s). [0163] In another embodiment, the greenhouse solar collection panel comprises the greenhouse panel, as disclosed herein, and a solar energy conversion device. The greenhouse solar collection panel is useful as a greenhouse roof or cover to simultaneously provide improved plant growth and solar harvesting ability which is photostable for long periods of time. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device is encapsulated within the greenhouse solar collection panel such that the device is not exposed to the outside environment, and wherein the solar energy conversion device receives a portion of the solar energy and converts that energy into electricity. [0164] Some embodiments include a greenhouse solar collection panel. In some embodiments the greenhouse solar collection panel comprises the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film, wherein the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film as described above. [0165] The greenhouse panel and the greenhouse solar collection panel may have numerous configurations. In some embodiments, the panel may comprise only a single thermal regulating wavelength conversion film. In some embodiments, multiple thermal regulating wavelength conversion films may be present. Additional polymer layers or glass sheets may also be incorporated into the greenhouse panel and the greenhouse solar collection panel. Various structures for the greenhouse panel and the greenhouse solar collection panel may be similar to those shown in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/923,559 and 61/805,430, and International Application No. PCT/US2014/031722, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. [0166] In some embodiments of the greenhouse panel, additional materials or layers may be used such as edge sealing tape, frame materials, polymer materials, or adhesive layers to adhere additional layers to the system. In some embodiments, the greenhouse panel further comprises an additional polymer layer containing a UV absorber. In some embodiments, the UV absorber may be selected to absorb UV wavelengths that are not absorbed by the chromophore (A). By doing this, the UV wavelengths which may be converted to useable blue light by the chromophore (A) will be converted, while the UV wavelengths that cannot be converted by chromophore (A) will be absorbed by the UV absorber, so that these harmful wavelengths do not reach the plants inside the greenhouse. [0167] In some embodiments, the greenhouse solar collection panel comprises the solar energy conversion device. The greenhouse solar collection panel is useful as a greenhouse roof to simultaneously provide improved plant growth, thermal regulating, and to allow solar energy harvesting. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device is encapsulated within the greenhouse panel such that the device is not exposed to the outside environment, and wherein the solar energy conversion device receives a portion of the solar energy and converts that energy into electricity. [0168] One issue with incorporating luminescent materials into greenhouse coverpanels is that the incident photons, once absorbed and re-emitted by the luminescent material, often become trapped within the polymer matrix of the panel, and never reach the plant inside the greenhouse. For greenhouse panels with luminescent materials which do not also comprise a solar cell or photovoltaic module, this trapped light is usually dissipated as heat. One advantage of incorporating solar energy conversion devices into the greenhouse cover panels that have luminescent materials is that most of this trapped light will be absorbed by the solar energy conversion device, and converted into electricity, so that very little light is wasted. [0169] Simultaneously, the incorporation of solar energy conversion devices into the panel provides sufficient electricity generation by converting a portion of the solar energy into electricity. Various designs may be used to incorporate solar cells into the greenhouse panel to form a greenhouse solar collection panel, depending on the electricity generation that is desired and the amount of photons that are needed to reach the plant species. When solar energy conversion devices are incorporated into greenhouse cover panels, the solar energy conversion device competes with the plants for the incident solar radiation. The solar energy conversion device is opaque, and will block the incident solar radiation. So if too much of the greenhouse roofing panel has solar energy conversion devices incorporated, the solar energy reaching the plants inside the greenhouse may be too low. In some embodiments, the amount of solar energy conversion devices incorporated into the greenhouse solar collection panel may be tailored to meet the solar radiation requirements of the plants within the greenhouse. In some embodiments, different portions of the greenhouse may comprise different densities of solar energy conversion devices within the greenhouse solar collection panels. For instance, the north side of a greenhouse cover may incorporate more solar energy conversion devices in the greenhouse solar collection panels compared to the south side of the greenhouse. Adjustments may be made based on the location of the greenhouse. [0170] There is no restriction on the placement of the solar energy conversion device within the greenhouse panel. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device may be incorporated into the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film of the greenhouse panel. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device may be incorporated in between the wavelength conversion layer or layers and another polymer or glass layer of the greenhouse panel. In some embodiments, the placement of the solar energy conversion device in the greenhouse panel may be designated based on the type of solar energy conversion device. For instance, in some embodiments, the solar energy conversion devices which degrade quickly with exposure to UV radiation may be placed in the greenhouse panel such that the wavelength conversion layer comprising chromophore (A) has an absorption peak maximum in the UV region of the light spectrum and has an emission peak maximum in the blue region of the light spectrum, so that these harmful UV photons are converted to longer wavelength photons before they reach the solar energy conversion device, effectively protecting the solar energy conversion device from receiving UV radiation. [0171] Different types of solar cells often utilize different wavelengths of photons differently. For example, some silicon-based devices are more efficient at converting higher wavelength photons into electricity, while CdTe based solar cells may be more efficient at converting photons in the orange and red spectrum into electricity. Therefore, the solar energy conversion device may also be placed within the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film that re-emits radiation at the optimal wavelength for the solar energy conversion device to convert photons into electricity. For instance, silicon-based solar cells which exhibit their maximum electrical conversion rates with blue photons, would be placed in the greenhouse panel at a position that would allow the silicon solar cell to capture mostly blue photons. The optimal electrical conversion rates vary with different types of solar cells. Therefore, in some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device may be placed within the greenhouse panel at a position that maximizes the capture of the optimal wavelength photons for that particular solar energy conversion device. [0172] The greenhouse solar collection panel is compatible with all different types of solar energy conversion devices. Therefore, in some embodiments, the greenhouse solar collection panel may be constructed to be compatible with all different types and sizes of solar cells and solar panels, including silicon-based devices, III-V and II-VI PN junction devices, CIGS thin film devices, organic sensitizer devices, organic thin film devices, CdS/CdTe thin film devices, dye sensitized devices, etc. Devices, such as an amorphous silicon solar cell (a-Si), a microcrystalline silicon solar cell (mc-Si), and a crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si), may also be utilized. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprises a photovoltaic device or solar cell comprising a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride solar cell. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprises a Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide solar cell. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprises a III-V or II-VI PN junction device. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprises an organic sensitizer device. In some embodiments, the solar energy conversion device comprising an organic thin film device. [0173] In some embodiments of the greenhouse solar collection panel, multiple types of photovoltaic devices may be used within the panel and may be independently selected and incorporated into the greenhouse panel according to the emission wavelength of the wavelength conversion layer, to provide the highest possible photoelectric conversion efficiency. Additionally, a mixture of chromophores in the wavelength conversion layer may be selected such that the emission spectrum of the wavelength conversion layer is optimized for a particular photovoltaic or solar cell device, provided that the light reaching the plants inside the greenhouse comprises blue and red wavelengths. [0174] In some embodiments, the greenhouse solar collection panel further comprises a refractive index matching liquid that is used to attach the layers within the greenhouse panel to the light incident surface of the photovoltaic device or solar cell. In some embodiments, the refractive index matching liquid used is a Series A mineral oil comprising aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, and hydrogenated terphenyl from Cargille-Sacher Labratories, Inc (Cedar Grove, NJ). [0175] Solar energy conversion devices utilizing different types of light incident surfaces may be used. For instance, some solar energy conversion devices are dual sided, and may receive radiation from two sides. Some solar energy conversion devices may only receive radiation on one side. In some embodiments of the greenhouse solar collection panel, a dual sided solar energy conversion device is used such that it may receive direct incident solar radiation on one of its sides, and it may also receive indirect radiation from internal reflection within the greenhouse panel on two of its sides. In some embodiments of the greenhouse solar collection panel, a single sided solar energy conversion device is used and is positioned within the greenhouse solar collection panel such that it receives direct incident solar radiation on its one side, and may also receive indirect radiation from internal reflection within the greenhouse panel on its one side. It may be desirable to position the solar energy conversion device upside down, such that the light incident side of the solar energy conversion device is facing away from the sun. When the solar energy conversion device is upside down, it cannot receive direct solar radiation, which limits the radiation that will be converted into energy to that of the photons which become trapped within the greenhouse panel and are internally reflected and refracted until they reach the solar energy conversion device. This helps to alleviate the competition between the plants and the solar cells. It also protects the solar cells from direct sunlight, which may increase their lifetime by decreasing the amount of UV radiation exposure. Therefore, in some embodiments of the greenhouse solar collection panel, a single sided solar energy conversion device is used and is positioned within the greenhouse solar collection panel such that it cannot receive direct incident solar radiation on its one side, and may only receive indirect radiation from internal reflection within the greenhouse panel on its one side. [0176] The following embodiments are specifically contemplated: Embodiment 1. A wavelength conversion film comprising: a luminescent chromophore, an optically transparent polymer, an aliphatic ester plasticizer, and an acrylic crosslinking coagent. Embodiment 2. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, wherein the optically transparent polymer comprises ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA) copolymer, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and mixtures thereof. Embodiment 3. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the aliphatic ester plasticizer is an ester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid. Embodiment 4. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 3, wherein the aliphatic ester plasticizer is an ester of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. Embodiment 5. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 3 or 4, wherein the aliphatic ester plasticizer is a dialkylester of cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or cycloheptanedicarboxylic acid, wherein each alkyl group of the dialkylester is independently C _4-14 alkyl. Embodiment 6. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 5, wherein the aliphatic ester plasticizer is 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisonoyl ester (DINCH). Embodiment 7. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the aliphatic ester plasticizer is about 5% to about 20% of the weight of the film. Embodiment 8. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, wherein the acrylic crosslinking coagent comprises an acrylate or alkacrylate ester of a diol or a triol. Embodiment 9. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 8, wherein the acrylic crosslinking coagent comprises trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA). Embodiment 10. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, wherein the acrylic crosslinking coagent is about 5% to about 20% of the weight of the film. Embodiment 11. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, further comprising a light stabilizer material. Embodiment 12. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 11, wherein the light stabilizer material is a hindered amine light stabilizer, an additional polymer layer, a glass layer, or a UV absorber material or layer. Embodiment 13. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 11, wherein the light stabilizer material is a UV absorber. Embodiment 14. The wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, further comprising an adhesion promoter, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, a crosslinking coagent, or a crosslinking agent. Embodiment 15. A greenhouse cover material comprising the wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, or 37. Embodiment 16. A building or vehicle window comprising the wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, or 37. Embodiment 17. A thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprising: a chromophore and an optically transparent polymer, wherein said chromophore acts to absorb a portion of incident photons of a particular wavelength range and re-emit those photons at a different wavelength range, and wherein said phase change material acts to absorb and release heat for improved thermal regulation. Embodiment 18. The film of Embodiment 17, further comprising a phase changing material, wherein said phase change material acts to absorb and release heat for improved thermal regulation. Embodiment 19. The film of Embodiment 17, wherein the chromophore and phase change material are incorporated into the same polymer layer. Embodiment 20. The film of Embodiment 17, wherein the chromophore and phase change material are incorporated into separate polymer layers. Embodiment 21. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, or 19, wherein the phase change material comprises an organic phase change material. Embodiment 22. The film of Embodiment 21, wherein the phase change material comprises a paraffin. Embodiment 23. The film of Embodiment 21, wherein the phase change material is formic acid, caprilic acid, glycerin, d-lattic acid, methyl palmitate, camphenilone, docasyl bromide, caprylone, phenol, heptadecanone, 1- cyclohexylooctadecane, 4-heptadecanone, p-joluidine, cyanamide, methyl eicosanate, 3- heptadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, hydrocinnamic acid, cetyl alcohol,, a-nepthylamine, camphene, O-nitroaniline, 9-heptadecanone, thymol, methyl behenate, diphenyl amine, p- dichlorobenzene, oxalate, hypophosphoric acid, o-xylene dichloride, b-chloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, nitro naphthalene, trimyristin, heptaudecanoic acid, a-chloroacetic acid, bee wax, bees wax, glyolic acid, glycolic acid, p-bromophenol, azobenzene, acrylic acid, dinto toluent (2,4), phenylacetic acid, thiosinamine, bromcamphor, durene, benzylamine, methyl brombrenzoate, alpha napthol, glautaric acid, p-xylene dichloride, catechol, quinine, acetanilide, succinic anhydride, benzoic acid, stibene, or benzamide. Embodiment 24. The film of Embodiment 21, wherein the phase change material comprises a fatty acid. Embodiment 25. The film of Embodiment 24, wherein the phase change material is acetic acid, polyethylene glycol, capric acid, eladic acid, lauric acid, pentadecanoic acid, tristearin, myristic acid, palmatic acid, stearic acid, acetamide, or methyl fumarate. Embodiment 26. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, wherein the optically transparent polymer comprises one host polymer, a host polymer and a copolymer, or multiple polymers. Embodiment 27. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26, wherein the refractive index of the polymer is in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7. Embodiment 28. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27, wherein the optically transparent polymer comprises a material selected from fluoropolymers, polyolefins, polyesters, thiourethane, polycarbonate (PC), allyl diglycol carbonate, polyacrylate, esters of a polyacrylic acid or a polyacrylic acid, 2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, hexafluoroacetone- tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene (HFA/TFE/E terpolymers), hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene (VDF/HFP/TFE) terpolymer, hexafluoropropylene- vinylidene (HFP/VDF) copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyimide, polystyrene, polyurethane, organosiloxane, polyvinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate, poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (PET), modified PET, cellulose triacetate TAC, acrylonitrite, polybutadiene-modified polystyrene, vinyl resins, polyethylene, modified polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, cellulose derivatives, epoxies, and polyester resins. Embodiment 29. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28, further comprising an additional polymer layer, a glass layer, or a UV absorber material or layer. Embodiment 30. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29, further comprising an adhesion promoter, a stabilizer, a reducing agent, a crosslinking coagent, or a crosslinking agent. Embodiment 31. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30, further comprising an antioxidant. Embodiment 32. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or 31, wherein the film comprises two or more chromophores. Embodiment 33. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the chromophore is an organic dye. Embodiment 34. The film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33, wherein the chromophore is selected from perylene derivative dyes, benzotriazole derivative dyes, benzothiadiazole derivative dyes, or BODIPY-type chromophores. Embodiment 35. An encapsulation structure for a solar energy conversion device comprising; the wavelength conversion film of Embodiment 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34; wherein the wavelength conversion film is configured to encapsulate the solar energy conversion device and inhibit penetration of moisture and oxygen into the solar energy conversion device; and wherein the wavelength conversion film is configured to encapsulate the solar energy conversion device such that light must pass through the wavelength conversion film prior to reaching the solar energy conversion device. Embodiment 36. A method of improving the performance of a solar energy conversion device, comprising encapsulating the device with the encapsulation structure of Embodiment 35. Embodiment 37. The method according to Embodiment 36, wherein the solar energy conversion device comprises a III-V or II-VI PN junction device, a Copper- Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a microcrystalline silicon solar cell, a polycrystalline silicon solar cell, or a crystalline silicon solar cell. Embodiment 38. A solar energy conversion system comprising the wavelength conversion film of Claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. EXAMPLES Synthesis of Chromophores

Compound A

Step 1

[0177] A solution of 1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrobromide (2.3 g, 5 mmol) in 50 mL of 48% HBr was placed in a 500 mL round bottomed flask, and it was stirred and cooled in an ice-water bath (approx. 0-5 °C). A solution of NaNO ₂ (5.25 g in 100 mL of water) was added dropwise over a period of 2 h. After the addition, the reaction mixture was kept at 0 °C for an additional 1 h and then removed from the cooling bath and heated at 90-100 °C for 3 h. The mixture was set aside overnight for slow crystallization. The grayish-brown solid was separated, washed with water and dried to give Compound a; 4,8-dibromo-1,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazol e), (1.39 g, 86% yield). Step 2 [0178] A mixture of Compound a (13.4 g, 42 mmol), 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (17.5 g, 126 mmol, 3 eq.) and 4-toluenesulfonic acid (200 mg) in toluene was heated at reflux under Dean-Stark trap for 16 hours. After cooling, the toluene solution was decanted from an oily layer formed on the flask bottom. The oily layer was triturated first with hexane and then with methanol to wash out an excess of benzyl alcohol. The brown solid obtained was separated, washed with methanol and dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) (as little as possible to get clear solution). Diethyl ether was then added portion wise, while stirring, until crystals started to form, and the mixture was left for crystallization. The obtained yellow solid was separated, washed with ether and dried to give Compound b; 4,8-dibromo-1,6-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-d: 4,5- d']bis([1,2,3]triazole), (20.50 g, 87% yield) as a mixture of Bt-2-Bt-2 and Bt-2-Bt-1 isomers. Step 3 [0179] Compound b (6.7 g, 12 mmol) was placed in a mixture of solvents (toluene/EtOH/2M-Na ₂ CO ₃ , 3:2:1 by volume, total volume 150 mL) was treated with 4- (diphenylamino)phenylboronic acid (10.4 g, 35 mmol) and tetrakis-triphenylphosphine- Pd(0) (2.00 g, 1.75 mmol) and heated with stirring at 100 °C. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. When all the starting material was consumed (about 2 h), the mixture was cooled down to room temperature and transferred to a separatory funnel. The top organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO ₄ and subjected directly to fast column chromatography–“wash trough”: 2 in of silica gel in a 3.5 in diameter column with DCM as the solvent. The first few fractions with blue fluorescence have been discarded, and only red and orange colored fractions with strong fluorescence have been collected (approx. 1.5 L). After evaporation of the solvent, red solid (7.50 g, 70% yield) consisting of three isomers of Compound c; 4,4'-(1,6-Bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,6- dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-4,8-diyl)bis( N,N-diphenylaniline), was obtained. Step 4

[0180] A solution of Compound c (7.50 g, 8.4 mmol), 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (6.0 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (3.0 mL) in toluene (50 mL) was heated at 125 °C (temp. of oil bath) for 30 min. After cooling, the dark toluene layer was decanted, and the sticky oily residue was triturated with water. Soon brownish solid was formed. The solid was separated, stirred with methanol (20 mL), filtered off, washed with methanol, and dried to give Compound A; 4,4'-(1,6-Dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-4,8 - diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline), as orange-brown solid (4.6 g, 83% yield) that was used for derivatization without further purification. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): d 8.0-8.2 (bs, 2H), 7.93 (s, 4H), 7.26-7.30 (m, 8H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 8H), 7.04 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H).

[0181] A mixture of pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (3.88 mg, 10 mmol), 4-tert- butylphennol (6.00 g, 40 mmol), potassium carbonate (8.28 g, 60 mmol), and DMF (20 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 90 °C for 16 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate/toluene (200 + 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/toluene, 4:1) afforded Compound B; 4,4'-((2-(Bromomethyl)-2-((4-(tert- butyl)phenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(tert-buty lbenzene), (3.10 g, 52% yield).

[0182] A mixture of pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (7.75 g, 20 mmol), 4-fluorophenol (7.84 g, 70 mmol), potassium carbonate (13.80 g, 100 mmol), and DMF (40 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 100 °C for 68 h. After aqueous work-up, the reaction mixture was chromatographed (silica gel, hexane/DCM, 3:1) to give Compound C; 4,4'- ((2-(bromomethyl)-2-((4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3- diyl)bis(oxy))bis(fluorobenzene), (3.92 g, 41% yield).

[0183] A mixture of pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (7.75 g, 20 mmol), 3,5- difluorophenol (8.45 g, 65 mmol), potassium carbonate (13.80 g, 100 mmol), and DMF (50 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 100 °C for 16 hours. After cooling, the mixture was poured into water (300 mL) and extracted with toluene/ethyl acetate (1:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/DCM, 9:1) afforded Compound D; 3-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)- 2,2-bis((3,5-difluorophenoxy)methyl)propyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, of purity 80% (5.16 g, 39% yield).

[0184] A mixture of pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (7.75 g, 20.0 mmol), ethyl 3- hydroxybenzoate (10.80 g, 65 mmol), potassium carbonate (13.80 g, 100 mmol) and DMF (50 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 20 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into ice/water (200 mL) and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, 400 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using silica gel and hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) as an eluent to give pure Compound B1; diethyl 3,3'-((2-(bromomethyl)-2-((3- (ethoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl)bis(oxy))dib enzoate, (5.22 g, 40% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CCCl ₃ ): d 7.64 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.57 (dd, J = 1.8 and 2.6 Hz, 3H), 7.32 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 3H), 7.10 (ddd, J = 0.8, 2.6 and 8.1 Hz, 3H), 4.36 (q, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H), 4.30 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 1.39 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 9H).

[0185] A mixture of Compound A (258 mg, 0.4 mmol), Compound B (542 mg, 0.91 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5 mmol), and DMF (5 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 120 °C for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (300 mL) and extracted with toluene/ethyl acetate (2:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/toluene, 1:2) followed by crystallization from acetone/methanol gave chromophore Compound 1; 2,6-bis(3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)- 2,2-bis((4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)methyl)propyl)-4,8-bis(4-(dip henylamino)phenyl)-2H- benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-6-ium-5-ide, (88 mg, 13% yield). ¹ H NMR (benzene-D ₆ ): d 8.65 (m, 4H), 7.17 (m, 20H), 7.11 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 6.94 (m, 4H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 5.34 (s, 4H), 4.37 (s, 12H), 1.20 (s, 54H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 536 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 621 nm. Compound 2

[0186] A mixture of Compound A (323 mg, 0.5 mmol), Compound C (962 mg, 2.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5.0 mmol), and DMF (5 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 120 °C for 3 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate (1:1:1, 200 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/toluene, 1:2) afforded chromophore Compound 2; 4,8-bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2,6-bis(3-(4- fluorophenoxy)-2,2-bis((4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)propyl)-2H-be nzo[1,2-d:4,5- d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-6-ium-5-ide, (444 mg, 61% yield). ¹ H NMR (benzene-D ₆ ): d 8.86 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.15 (m, 16H), 6.99 (m, 4H), 6.64 (m, 12H), 6.53 (m, 12H), 5.15 (s, 4H), 4.08 (s, 12H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 558 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 638 nm. Compound 3

[0187] A mixture of Compound A (388 mg, 0.6 mmol), Compound D (80%, 1.44 g, 2.15 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5.0 mmol), and anhydrous DMF (6 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 90 °C for 18 hours. Work-up and purification was similar to those for chromophore Compound 2, which gave chromophore Compound 3; 2,6-bis(3-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)-2,2-bis((3,5-difluorophenoxy )methyl)-propyl)-4,8-bis(4- (diphenylamino)phenyl)-2H-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]tria zole)-6-ium-5-ide, (335 mg, 36% yield). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 566 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 650 nm. Compound B11

B11

[0188] A mixture of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (6.90 g, 50 mmol), isobutanol (50 mL) and 20% oleum (0.5 mL) was heated at 110 °C for 20 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. A solution of the residue in ethyl acetate/hexane (1:1, 200 mL) was washed with brine (100 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Obtained isobutyl 3-hydroxybenzoate was directly used in the next step without purification. [0189] A mixture of the obtained ester, pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (5.82 g, 15 mmol), potassium carbonate (10.35 g, 75 mmol), and DMF (40 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 24 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into ice/water (200 mL) and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (200 mL + 200 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel – hexane/ethyl acetate, 9:1) gave Compound B11; diisobutyl 3,3’-((2-(bromomethyl)-2- ((3-(isobutoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl)bis(o xy))dibenzoate, (4.27 g, 39% yield). ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CCCl ₃ ): d 7.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.59 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H) 7.11 (dd, J = 2.0 and 7.5 Hz, 3H), 4.31 (s, 6H), 4.10 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 3.90 (s, 2H), 2.08 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 18H). Compound 4

[0190] A mixture of Compound A (480 mg, 0.74 mmol), Compound B11 (1.45 g, 2.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5.0 mmol), and DMF (12 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 120 °C for 20 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into ice/water (200 mL) and extracted with hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate (1:1:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate, 40:50:10) and recrystallization from acetone/methanol afforded chromophore Compound 4; 4,8-bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2,6-bis(3-(3- (isobutoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)-2,2-bis((3-(isobutoxycarbonyl)ph enoxy)methyl)propyl)- 2H-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-6-ium-5-ide, (75 mg, 5% yield). ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, C ₆ D ₆ ): d 8.74 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 7.90 (s, 6H), 7.70 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 6H), 7.15 (m, 14H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.95 (m, 4H), 6.90 (m, 6H), 6.85 (m, 8H), 5.05 (s, 4H), 4.12 (s, 12H), 3.97 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 12H), 1.82 (m, 6H), 0.77 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 36H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 553 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 637 nm. Compound B3

[0191] Starting from butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and applying a procedure analogous to that of Compound B1 gave Compound B3; dibutyl 4,4'-((2-(bromomethyl)-2-((4- (butoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl)bis(oxy))dib enzoate, (7.10 g, 49%). ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CCCl ₃ ): į 7.98 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 4.32 (s, 6H), 4.29 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 1.75 (quintet, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 1.47 (sextet, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H), 0.97 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 9H).

[0192] A procedure analogous to that for chromophore Compound 2 was applied using Compound A and Compound B3 to give chromophore Compound 5; 2,6-Bis(3- (4-(butoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)-2,2-bis((4-(butoxycarbonyl)pheno xy)methyl)propyl)-4,8- bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2H-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2, 3]triazole)-6-ium-5-ide, (191 mg, 20% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): į 8.29 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 8H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 8H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 5.41 (s, 4H), 4.44 (s, 12H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H), 1.69 (quintet, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H), 1.41 (sextet, J = 7.7 Hz, 12H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.31 Hz, 18H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 551 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 653 nm.

[0193] By a procedure similar to that for Compound B11, 4-fluoro-3- hydroxybenzoic acid was converted to pentaerythrityl Compound B14; diisobutyl 5,5'- ((2-(bromomethyl)-2-((4-fluoro-3-(isobutoxycarbonyl)phenoxy) methyl)propane-1,3- diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-fluorobenzoate), with 24% yield. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CCCl ₃ ): d 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.03 (m, 6H), 4.22 (s, 6H), 4.11 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 12H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 2.06 (m, 3H), 0.98 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 18H).

[0194] A mixture of Compound A (485 mg, 0.75 mmol), Compound B14 (1.50 g, 1.9 mmol), potassium carbonate (414 mg, 3.0 mmol), and DMF (12 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified with 3N HCl to pH 1 and extracted with hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate (1:1:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/DCM/ethyl acetate, 48:50:2) and crystallization of the separated product from acetone/methanol afforded pure chromophore Compound 6; 4,8-bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2,6-bis(3-(4-fluoro-3- (isobutoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)-2,2-bis((4-fluoro-3-(isobutoxyca rbonyl)phenoxy)- methyl)propyl)-2H-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-6- ium-5-ide, (331 mg, 22% yield). ¹ H NMR (benzene-D ₆ ): į 8.37 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.34 (dd, J = 3.3 and 5.2 Hz, 6H), 7.00-7.20 (m, 16H), 6.92 (m, 8H), 6.65 (dt, J = 9.0 and 3.3 Hz, 6H), 6.55 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 6H), 5.08 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 12H), 3.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 12H), 1.81 (m, 6H), 0.78 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 36H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 550 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 651 nm.

[0195] A mixture of 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (10.00 g, 64 mmol), n-butanol (80 mL) and 20% oleum (1 mL) was heated at 100 °C for 20 h. The mixture was diluted with toluene (100 mL), and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. A solution of the residue in ethyl acetate (200 mL) was washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give pure n-butyl 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate (13.02 g, 96% yield). [0196] A mixture of n-butyl 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate (6.37 g, 30 mmol), pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (3.87 g, 10 mmol), potassium carbonate (7.68 g, 60 mmol), and DMF (20 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 100 °C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified to pH 2 with 3N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate/hexane (200 + 100 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate, 80:20) afforded pure Compound B22 (3.24 g, 41% yield).

[0197] A mixture of Compound A (485 mg, 0.75 mmol), Compound B22 (1.56g, 2.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5 mmol), and DMF (5 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 100 °C for 20 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (200 mL), acidified to pH 1 with 3N HCl, and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:2, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate, 2:1) to give crude product of Compound 7 that was further purified by recrystallization from acetone/methanol to afford pure chromophore Compound 7 (115 mg, 7% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, benzene-d6): į 8.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.77 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 6H), 6.90- 7.20 (m, 20 H), 6.34 (m, 16H), 4.96 (s, 4H), 4.14 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 18H), 3.90 (s, 12H), 1.50 (quintet, J = 6.6 Hz, 12H), 1.25 (sextet, J = 7.3 Hz, 12H), 0.78 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 18H). UV- vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 554 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): = 668 nm. Compound B21

[0198] A mixture of 2-fluoro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (5.00 g, 32 mmol), n-butanol (50 mL) and 20% oleum (0.5 mL) was heated at 110 °C for 16 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. A solution of the residue in hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, 300 mL) was washed with 10% sodium chloride (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give pure n-butyl 2-fluoro-5- hydroxybenzoate (6.94 g). [0199] A mixture of n-butyl 2-fluoro-5-hydroxybenzoate (6.79 g, 32 mmol), pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (4.65 g, 12 mmol), potassium carbonate (6.90 g, 50 mmol), DMF (20 mL), and toluene (10 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 28 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified to pH 1 with 3N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate/toluene/hexane (200 mL + 100 mL + 100 mL). The extract was washed with water (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography of the residue (silica gel, hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate, 45:50:5) afforded pure Compound B21 (3.13 g, 33% yield). Compound 8

[0200] A mixture of Compound A (647 mg, 1 mmol), Compound B21 (2.34 g, 3 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5 mmol), and DMF (15 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 20 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified to pH 1 with 3N HCl, and extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, 500 mL). The extract was washed with water (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate, 45:50:5) to give crude product Compound 8 that was further purified by recrystallization from toluene/hexane to afford pure Compound 8 (252 mg, 12% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): į 8.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.29-7.36 (m, 14 H), 7.10-7.22 (m, 12H), 6.95 (dt, J = 8.7 and 3.7 Hz, 6H), 6.87 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 6.79 (t, J = 9.1 Hz, 6H), 5.36 (s, 4H), 4.33 (s, 12 H), 4.23 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 12H), 1.67 (quintet, J = 6.6 Hz, 12H), 1.40 (sextet, J = 7.3 Hz, 12H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 18H). UV-vis spectrum (EVA): ^ _max = 550 nm. Fluorimetry (EVA): ^ _max = 669 nm. Compound B16

[0201] Starting from hexyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and applying a procedure analogous to that of Compound B1 gave Compound B16 4,8-bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2,6- bis(3-(4-((hexyloxy)carbonyl)phenoxy)-2,2-bis((4- ((hexyloxy)carbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)propyl)-2H-benzo[1,2-d:4, 5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)- 6-ium-5-ide. (6.83 g, 50% yield).

[0202] ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CCCl ₃ ): δ 7.97 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 4.31 (s, 6H), 4.27 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 1.74 (quintet, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 1.42 (m, 6H),1.33 (m, 12H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H). Compound 9

[0203] A mixture of Compound A (452 mg, 0.7 mmol), Compound B16 (2.36 g, 2.9 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 10 mmol), and DMF (20 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 20 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified to pH 1 with ³ N HCl and extracted with hexane/toluene/EA (1:1:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/toluene/EA, 44:50:6) and recrystallization from toluene/hexane to afford pure Compound 9 (639 mg, 31% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): į 8.29 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 7.30 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 8H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 8H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 5.41 (s, 4H), 4.44 (s, 12H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H), 1.70 (quintet, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H), 1.39 (m, 12H), 1.29 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 18H). UV- vis spectrum (PVB): ^ _max = 560 nm. Fluorimetry (PVB): ^ _max = 666 nm.

[0204] Starting from hexyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and applying a procedure analogous to that of Compound B gave Compound B17 Diheptyl 4,4’-((2-(bromomethyl)-2-((4- ((heptyloxy)carbonyl)phenoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl)bis(oxy )dibenzoate (6.54 g, 46% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CCCl3): į7.97 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 6H), 4.31 (s, 6H), 4.27 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 1.74 (quintet, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 1.40 (m, 6H),1.34 (m, 6H), 1.29 (m, 12H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H).

[0205] A mixture of Compound A (452 mg, 0.7 mmol), Compound B17 (1.70 g, 2.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (690 mg, 5 mmol), and DMF (20 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110 °C for 6 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), acidified to pH 1 with 3N HCl and extracted with hexane/toluene/EA (1:1:1, 300 mL). The extract was washed with water (300 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes/toluene/EA, 44:50:6) and recrystallization from toluene/hexanes to afford pure Compound 10 (405 mg, 26% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): į 8.29 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 7.30 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 8H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 8H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 5.41 (s, 4H), 4.44 (s, 12H), 4.22 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H), 1.70 (quintet, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H), 1.27 (m, 48H), 0.87 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 18H). UV-vis spectrum (PVB): ^ _max = 560 nm. Fluorimetry (PVB): ^ _max = 666 nm.

[0206] A mixture of 4'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid (16.20 g, 75 mmol), isobutanol (100 mL) and 20% oleum (1.0 mL) was heated at 110 °C for 7 h. After the mixture was set aside at room temperature overnight, the product was separated as colorless crystals. The crystals were washed with methanol and dried in a vacuum oven to give pure isobutyl 4'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylate (16.13 g, 80% yield). A mixture of isobutyl 4'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylate (16.00 g, 59 mmol), pentaerythrityl tetrabromide (9.70 g, 25 mmol), potassium carbonate (13.80 g, 100 mmol), and DMF (50 mL) was stirred under argon and heated at 110°C for 24 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into ice/water (300 mL), neutralized with 3N HCl, and extracted with toluene/ethyl acetate (1:1, 500 mL). The extract was washed with water (200 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed (silica gel, hexane/toluene/ethyl acetate, 44:50:6) to give product Compound B23 (10.00 g, 42% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 6H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 6H), 4.34 (s, 6H), 4.11 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 2.07 (m, 3H), 1.02 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 18H).

[0207] In a procedure analogous to the above, 4,8-bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2H- benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-6-ium-5-ide (647 mg, 1.0 mmol) reacted with Compound B23 (1.90 g, 2 mmol) and potassium carbonate (552 mg, 4.0 mmol) to give Compound 11 (1.20 g, 50% yield). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.20 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 12H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 12H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H), 6.99 (m, 12H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 12H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 5.47 (s, 4H), 4.45 (s, 12H), 4.11 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 12H), 2.09 (m, 6H), 1.02 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 36H). UV-vis spectrum (PVB): = 554 nm. Fluorimetry (PVB): λ _max = 659 nm. Comparative Example Compounds

LUMOGEN® F Red 305 (CE-7) [0208] LUMOGEN® F Red 305 (CE-7) was obtained from BASF (Florham, NJ) and used as received.

[0209] CE-8 was made as described in International Patent Publication No. WO2015/150120. Optically transparent polymer Material [0210] Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) was obtained from Kuraray Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) (MOWITAL® B 60T and/or MOWITAL® BX860) and used as received. Ethylene methyl methacrylate (EMMA) was obtained from Sumitomo Chemicals (Tokyo, JP) (ACRYFT® WK307) and used as received. Adhesion promoter [0211] As the adhesion promoter, a silane coupling agent 3- methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KBM-503) was obtained from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) and used as received. Stabilizer [0212] The stabilizer tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) butane-1,2,3,4- tetracarboxylate ADK Stab LA-57 was obtained from Adeka Palmarole (Mulhouse, FR) and used as received. UV absorber [0213] The UV absorber 2,2’-methylene-bis(6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3- tetramethylbutyl))phenol (TINUVIN® 360) was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, DE) and used as received. Crosslinking Coagent [0214] The crosslinking coagent trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used as received. Crosslinking Agent/Initiator [0215] The organic peroxides t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexylmonocarbonate (PERBUTYL® E) was used as crosslinking agents, and were obtained from NOF Co. (Tokyo, JP) and used as received. Phase Change Material [0216] The phase change material paraffin wax (PCM24) was obtained from Microtek Laboratories Inc. (Moraine, OH) and used as received. Plasticizer [0217] The plasticizer HEXAMOLL® DINCH was obtained from BASF and used as received. [0218] The plasticizer may be characterized by the following structure:

[0219] The plasticizer 3G8 was obtained from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. The plasticizer PLASTOMOLL® DOA was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, DE) and used as received. Example 1 - Preparation of Wavlength Conversion Layer [0220] A thermal regulating wavelength conversion film was prepared. The components of the film were as shown in Table 1. Table 1

[0221] To prepare the film, a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film comprising the components listed above was fabricated into a film structure following the wet processing procedure. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion film is fabricated by (i) preparing a polymer solution by dissolving the EMMA resin pellets in a soluble solvent such as toluene, at a predetermined ratio; (ii) preparing a chromophore solution by dissolving the chromophore in the same solvent as the polymer solution at the predetermined concentration; (iii) preparing a phase change material solution by dissolving a phase change material in the same solvent as the polymer solution at the predetermined concentration; (iv) preparing a thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution by mixing the polymer solution with the chromophore solution and the phase change material solution, and then adding the other components (adhesion promoter, the coagent(s), and the peroxide), independently and at the predetermined weight ratio; and (v) forming the thermal regulating wavelength conversion film by directly casting the thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution onto a non-stick PTFE dish, then drying the thermal regulating wavelength conversion solution at room temperature for at least 24 h and further drying the mixture under vacuum at 60-70 °C for about 3-6 hours, completely removing the remaining solvent by further vacuum hot pressing at 100 °C for 5-10 min to a thickness of about 200-300 mm. The thermal regulating wavelength conversion film was then laminated between two pieces of clear low-iron glass that were 2 mm thick and approximately 5 cm x 5 cm in dimension. Following lamination, the testing device was then cured to induce crosslinking. The curing temperature for the Example 1 testing device was 160 °C with a curing time of 15 min. Measurement of the Photostability [0222] An indoor WEATHEROMETER™ chamber model SUNTEST XXL+™ from Atlas Material Testing Technology (Mount Prospect, IL) was used to provide accelerated radiation aging of the test samples. The conditions were as follows: UV exposure of 60 W/m ² at 63 °C and 60% relative humidity. For each testing sample, the absorption of the film was measured and used to determine the degradation of the chromophore within the layer. The absorption of the wavelength conversion films were measured using a UV- Vis-NIR spectrophotometer model UV-3600 from Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, JP). For each example composition, the absorption was measured after various irradiation exposure times in the chamber, and the normalized absorption was calculated to determine the photostability of the composition. [0223] FIG. 5 shows the normalized absorption of the Example 1 testing device after 1200 hours of exposure time with different concentrations of the phase change material (PCM). This data shows that increased concentration of PCM increases the photostability of the film. Example 2 [0224] An Example 2 testing sample is synthesized using the same method as given in Example 1, except the wavelength conversion composition comprises the following composition as shown in Table 2: Table 2

[0225] FIG. 6 shows the normalized absorption of the Example 2 testing device after 600 hours of exposure time Comparative Example 3 [0226] An Example 3 testing sample is synthesized using the same method as given in Example 2, except the wavelength conversion composition comprises a plasticizer instead of a phase change material, as shown in Table 3: Table 3

[0227] FIG.6 shows the normalized absorption of the Comparative Example 3 testing device after 600 hours of exposure time. Comparative Example 4 [0228] An Example 4 testing sample is synthesized using the same method as given in Example 2, except the wavelength conversion composition comprises a plasticizer instead of a phase change material, as shown in Table 4: Table 4

[0229] FIG.6 shows the normalized absorption of the Comparative Example 4 testing device after 600 hours of exposure time. Comparative Example 5 [0230] An Example 5 testing sample is synthesized using the same method as given in Example 2, except the wavelength conversion composition comprises a plasticizer instead of a phase change material as shown in Table 5: Table 5

[0231] FIG.6 shows the normalized absorption of the Comparative Example 5 testing device after 600 hours of exposure time. Comparative Example 6 [0232] An Example 6 testing sample is synthesized using the same method as given in Example 2, except the wavelength conversion composition does not comprise a phase change material as shown in Table 6: Table 6

[0233] FIG.6 shows the normalized absorption of the Comparative Example 6 testing device after 600 hours of exposure time.

[0234] FIG. 7 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores CE-7, CE-8, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in PVB composition testing devices (100 wt% PVB, 0.00065 mmol/g PVB of the chromophores, 7 wt% TMPTMA; 0.9 wt% TM360; 0.1 wt% KBM503, 0.3 wt% L-57 and 0.1 wt% PO-E, as described in Table 7), over about 4700 hours. Table 7

[0235] FIG. 8 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores CE-7, CE-8, Compound 5 and Compound 6 in EMMA composition testing devices (100% EMMA, 0.00065 mmol/g EMMA of chromophore, 7% TMPTMA; 0.9% TM360; 0.1 wt% KBM503, 0.3 wt% L-57 and 0.1 wt% PO-E as described in Table 8), over about 4700 hours. Table 8

[0236] FIG. 9 shows the normalized absorption of chromophore Compounds 5, 6, 7 and 8 in PVB compositioned testing devices (100% PVB, 0.0006 mmol/g PVB of chromophore, 10% TMPTMA; 0.9% TM360; 10.0 wt% DINCH, and 0.3 wt% LA-57, as described in Table 9) over about 2000 hours. Table 9

[0237] FIG.10 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compounds 5, 6, 7 and 8 in EMMA compositioned testing devices (100% EMMA, 0.0006 mmol/g EMMA of chromophore, 7% TMPTMA; 0.9% TM360; 0.1 wt% KBM503, 0.3 wt% LA-57 and 0.1 wt % PO-E, as described in Table 10) over about 2000 hours. Table 10

[0238] FIG. 11 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compound 5 PVB compositioned testing devices (100% PVB, 0.002 mmol/g PVB of chromophore, [0 wt% TMPTMA/20 wt% DINCH, 5%wt TMPTMA/15 wt% DINCH, 10%TMPTMA/10wt% DINCH; or 15% TMPTMA/5 wt% DINCH]; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, as described in Table 11) over about 850 hours. Table 11

[0239] FIG. 12 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compound 5 PVB compositioned testing devices (100% PVB, 0.0006 mmol/g PVB of Compound 6, [10 wt% TMPTMA/10 wt% DINCH, 10%wt TMPTMA/15 wt% DINCH]; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, as described in Table 12) over about 1700 hours. Table 12

[0240] FIG. 13 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compound 6 PVB compositioned testing devices (100% PVB, 0.0006 mmol/g PVB of Compound 16, [10 wt% TMPTMA/10 wt% DINCH, 15%wt TMPTMA/10 wt% DINCH, 20%wt TMPTMA/10 wt% DINCH]; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, as described in Table 13) over about 1700 hours. Table 13

[0241] FIG. 14 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compound 6 PVB compositioned testing devices (100% PVB, 0.0006 mmol/g PVB of Compound 16, [10 wt% TMPTMA/10 wt% DINCH, 15%wt TMPTMA/15 wt% DINCH]; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, as described in Table 14) over about 1700 hours. Table 14

[0242] FIG. 15 shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compound 6 PVB composition testing devices (100% BX860 PVB, 0.0004 mmol/g PVB of Compound 6, [0 wt% PCM, 1 wt% PCM, 3 wt% PCM, 5 wt% PCM]; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, 10 wt%, DINCH, 10 wt% TMPTMA, as described in Table 15) over about 2000 hours. Table 15

[0243] FIG.16 shows shows the normalized absorption of chromophores Compounds 5, 9, 10, and 11 PVB composition testing devices (100% PVB, 0.0004 mmol/g PVB of Compounds 5, 9, 10, and 11; 0.9% TM360; and 0.3 wt% LA-57, 10 wt% DINCH, 10 wt% TMPTMA, as described in Table 16) over about 2000 hours. Table 16

[0244] The data shown in FIG. 6 clearly indicates the Example 2 thermal regulating wavelength conversion film has very high photostability, with hardly any degradation of the chromophore in the layer, as indicated by the very little change in the normalized absorption of the film after 600 hours of exposure time. [0245] An object is to provide a thermal regulating wavelength conversion film that is photostable for long periods of time with exposure to solar radiation. The film may be useful to encapsulate solar energy conversion devices and/or as a greenhouse roofing material. As illustrated by the above examples, the film is very stable after exposure to solar radiation for long periods of time. Therefore, the use of this film to encapsulate solar cells, solar modules, photovoltaic devices, or entire solar panels, will provide stable enhancement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency for the lifetime of the solar energy harvesting device. Also, the use of this film may provide enhanced plant growth when used as a greenhouse roofing material. [0246] For purposes of summarizing aspects of the invention and the advantages achieved over the related art, certain objects and advantages of the invention are described in this disclosure. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms of the present invention are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.