CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Number 15/299, 102, filed October 20, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Number 62/342,362 filed May 27, 2016, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to vehicle communication system that communicates a signal through a vehicle window.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

[0004] For the best system performance, current state-of-the-art DSRC systems use a roof mounted antenna and achieve excellent communication robustness. However, a roof mounted antenna would require drilling holes to make the connections for the existing aftermarket vehicles. Some solutions may use antennas mounted internally within the vehicle, for example to the window. However, internal antenna performance is limited and decreased because of the vehicle's pillars and roof interference.

SUMMARY

[0005] Drilling holes to route cables from outside to inside the vehicle to the DSRC ECU may be undesirable due to sealing, aesthetics and cable losses. Through the glass coupling can provide access to an external mounted antenna. The antenna design for through the glass coupling may use a stub/monopole antenna type for DSRC frequencies designed to mount on the exterior front/rear/side windshields.

[0006] A though glass antenna design is beneficial for promoting Vehicle to Everything(V2X) communications especially for aftermarket vehicles without drilling holes in vehicles and without increasing cable losses. The glass antenna system may include an internal and external coupler on opposite sides of the windshield. The internal and external couplers may be align with one another and used to transmit radio frequency (RF) signals though the windshield. The couplers be placed on front, rear, or side windows. The coupler assembly may have design elements such as circuit board, dielectric substrate, base, insulator, foam, amplifier, filter etc. The internal and external wireless coupler assemblies may include a connector to which a transmission medium (e.g. coaxial cable) may be connected to carry electromagnetic signals between coupler and the antenna.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Further details of the disclosure are described in more detail with reference to the drawings, in which:

[0008] Figure 1 is a top view of a vehicle illustrating antenna placement for a vehicle communication system.

[0009] Figure 2 is a side view of the vehicle from Figure 1 illustrating antenna placement for the vehicle communication system.

[0010] Figure 3 is a side view of a through glass antenna system.

[0011] Figure 4 is a side view of the through glass antenna system with design elements that are indirectly connected when placed on the front or rear windshield of a vehicle.

[0012] Figure 5 illustrates a front and a back view of a micro-strip patch/slot coupled antenna that may be used as either the internal or external coupler.

[0013] Figures 6a and 6b are block diagrams of vehicle communication systems using a though glass coupler. [0014] Figure 7 is a schematic view of a vehicle communication system including an amplifier and a power coupling.

[0015] Figure 8 is a side view illustrating placement of a through glass antenna system.

[0016] Figure 9 illustrates possible implementations of patch or slot antennas that may be used for the internal or external couplers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.

[0018] A system for radio frequency transmission of a radio frequency signal through a window of a vehicle is provided. The window may be made of glass, polycarbonate, or other material. The system may include a transceiver. The transceiver may be configured to generate a radio frequency signal between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz. The signal may be for a variety of applications including Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V), Vehicle to lnfrastructure(V2l), Vehicle to Pedestrian(V2P), Vehicle to Cloud(V2C) or in simple for Vehicle to Everything(V2X) communication, for example for safety applications.

[0019] Figure 1 is a top view of a vehicle illustrating antenna placement for a vehicle communication system. The antennas may be place on the front windshield 1 10 or on the rear windshield 1 12. The antennas may use through the glass coupling, as described elsewhere in this application. Figure 2 is a side view of the vehicle from Figure 1 illustrating antenna placement for the vehicle communication system. In some implementations, antennas may be placed on a side window 1 14, using through glass coupling through the side window. In one implementation, an antenna 1 16 may be located along the center of the vehicle, for example on the front windshield. In some implementations, an antenna 1 18 may be located on the left side of the vehicle, while an antenna 120 may be located on the right side of the vehicle. For example, antennas 1 18 and 120 may be located on the rear windshield.

[0020] Figure 3 is a side view of a through glass antenna system. The through glass antenna including design elements when placed on front windshield 314 and the rear windshield 316 of a vehicle. This implementation shows two transmission locations on the outside of the vehicle. Each location utilizes antenna, an external wireless coupler, and an internal wireless coupler. The antenna may be a stub, whip, or monopole antenna. The couplers may be any of the couplers described throughout this application (e.g. patch or slot antennas). The transmission location on the front windshield 314 utilizes an antenna 310, an external coupler 320, an internal coupler 322. The internal coupler 322 communicates with the external coupler 320 through the windshield 314 to deliver the RF signal to the antenna 310. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 310 may be provided to the external coupler 320 and communicated by the external coupler 320 through the windshield 314 to the internal coupler 322.

[0021] The transmission location on the rear windshield 316 utilizes an antenna 312, an external coupler 330, an internal coupler 332. The internal coupler 332 communicates with the external coupler 330 through the windshield 316 to deliver the RF signal to the antenna 312. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 312 may be provided to the external coupler 330 and communicated by the external coupler 330 through the windshield 316 to the internal coupler 332. The antennas may be directly connected to the external couplers, as illustrated in Figure 3. In addition, the same structure discussed above may be attached to couple through a side window on a vehicle.

[0022] Figure 4 is a side view of the through glass antenna system with design elements that are indirectly connected when placed on front windshield 414 and the rear windshield 416 of a vehicle. This implementation shows two transmission locations on the outside of the vehicle. Each location utilizes an antenna, an external wireless coupler, and an internal wireless coupler. The antenna may be a stub, whip, or monopole antenna. The couplers may be any of the couplers described throughout this application (e.g. patch or slot antennas). The transmission location on the front windshield 414 utilizes an antenna 410, an external coupler 420, an internal coupler 422. The internal coupler 422 communicates with the external coupler 420 through the windshield 414 to deliver the RF signal to the antenna 410. The RF signal may be communicated between the external coupler 420 and the antenna 410 through a coaxial cable 424. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 410 may be provided to the external coupler 420 through the co-axial cable 424 and communicated by the external coupler 420 through the windshield 414 to the internal coupler 422.

[0023] The transmission location on the rear windshield 416 utilizes an antenna 412, an external coupler 430, an internal coupler 432. The internal coupler 432 communicates with the external coupler 430 through the windshield 416 to deliver the RF signal to the antenna 412. The RF signal may be communicated between the external coupler 430 and the antenna 412 through a co-axial cable 434. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 412 may be provided to the external coupler 430 through the co-axial cable 434 and communicated by the external coupler 430 through the windshield 416 to the internal coupler 432. The antenna may be indirectly connected to the external coupler via co-axial cable. The co-axial cable may be impedance matched with the external coupler. In addition, the same structure discussed above may be attached to couple through a side window on a vehicle.

[0024] Figure 5 includes a front and back view of a micro-strip patch/slot coupled antenna that may be used as either the internal or external coupler. The antenna includes a conductive plate 510 that is used for transmission of the RF signal. The substrate 520 may be formed from materials such as FR-4, Rojer, Taconic TLC etc. The coupler may be configured to resonate at between about 5.70 and 5.95 GHz. In some implementations, the substrate may have a dielectric constant of between 0.8 and 20. The substrate may also have a loss tangent less than 2. The substrate may have a width of between 2 and 80 mm, a length of between 4 and 100 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 10 mm. The conductive plate 510 may have a width of 2 and 50 mm, a length of between 2 and 60 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The signal may be fed to the coupler through a feeding mechanism, such as co-axial cable, attached at the feed location 530. In each case described in this specification, a second conductive plate (e.g. ground plate) may be about the same size as the substrate.

[0025] In some implementations, the substrate may have a dielectric constant of between 0.8 and 12. The substrate may also have a loss tangent less than 0.03. The substrate may have a width of between 15 and 40 mm, a length of between 1 1 and 38 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The conductive plate 510 may have a width of between 5 and 30 mm, a length of between 2 and 28 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The signal may be fed to the coupler through a feeding mechanism, such as co-axial cable, attached at the feed location 530. In each case described in this specification, a second conductive plate (e.g. ground plate) may be about the same size as the substrate. The feed location may be between 0.1 and 16 mm in X (length direction) and between 1 and 16 mm in Y (width direction) from the center of the transmission plate.

[0026] In certain implementations, the substrate may be made of foam. The foam may have a dielectric constant of about 1 .03 and a loss tangent of about 0. For a foam substrate, the substrate may have a width of between 30 to 40 mm, a length of between 28 to 38 mm and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The conductive plate may have a width of between 20 to 30 mm, a length of between 18 to 28 mm, and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The feed location may be between 6 to 16 mm in X and between 6 to 16 mm in Y.

[0027] In certain implementations, the substrate may be made of an epoxy resin, a woven glass fabric, or a brominated flame retardant, for example FR-4. The FR-4 may have a dielectric constant of about 4.4 and a loss tangent of about 0.02. For a FR- 4 substrate, the substrate may have a width of between 20 to 30 mm, a length of between 15 to 25 mm and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The conductive plate may have a width of between 10 to 20 mm, a length of between 6 to 16 mm, and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The feed location may be between 0.1 to 10.1 mm in X and between 2 to 12 mm in Y.

[0028] In certain implementations, the substrate may be made of hydrocarbon ceramic laminates or standard glass epoxy such as provided by Rojer Corporation.

[0029] The hydro carbon ceramic may have a dielectric constant of about 2.2 and a loss tangent of about 0.0009. For a hydro carbon ceramic, the substrate may have a width of between 25 to 35 mm, a length of between 20 to 30 mm and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The conductive plate may have a width of between 15 to 25 mm, a length of between 12 to 22 mm, and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The feed location may be between 0.5 to 10.5 mm in X and between 6 to 16 mm in Y.

[0030] In certain implementations, the substrate may be made of ceramic. The ceramic may have a dielectric constant of about 1 1.2 and a loss tangent of about 0.005. For a ceramic substrate, the substrate may have a width of between 15 to 25 mm, a length of between 1 1 to 21 mm and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The conductive plate may have a width of between 5 to 15 mm, a length of between 2 to 12 mm, and a height between 0.5 to 4 mm. The feed location may be between 0.1 to 10.1 mm in X and between 1 to 1 1 mm in Y.

[0031] As such, certain example implementations are provided in Table 1 below for an optimized design that resonates between 5.70 and 5.95 GHz.

[0032]

TABLE 1

[0033] The coupler may be configured to resonate at between about 5.850 and 5.925 GHz. In some implementations, the substrate may have a dielectric constant of between 0.8 and 12. The substrate may also have a loss tangent less than 0.03. The substrate may have a width of between 15 and 39 mm, a length of between 12 and 37 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The conductive plate 510 may have a width of between 6 and 29 mm, a length of between 3 and 27 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The signal may be fed to the coupler through a feeding mechanism, such as co-axial cable, attached at the feed location 530. The feed location may be between 0.01 and 14 mm in X (length direction) and between 0.5 and 15 mm in Y (width direction) from the center of the transmission plate.

[0034] As such, certain example implementations are provided in Table 2 below for an optimized design that resonates between 5.850 and 5.925 GHz. [0035]

TABLE 2

[0036] The coupler may be configured to resonate at between about 5.725 and 5.850 GHz. In some implementations, the substrate may have a dielectric constant of between 0.8 and 12. The substrate may also have a loss tangent less than 0.03. The substrate may have a width of between 16 and 38.5 mm, a length of between 1 1 and 36 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The conductive plate 510 may have a width of between 7 and 28 mm, a length of between 3 and 26.5 mm, and a height between 0.5 and 4 mm. The signal may be fed to the coupler through a feeding mechanism, such as co-axial cable, attached at the feed location 530. The feed location may be between 0.01 and 14 mm in X (length direction) and between 1 and 14 mm in Y (width direction) from the center of the transmission plate.

[0037] As such, certain example implementations are provided in Table 3 below for an optimized design that resonates between 5.725 and 5.850 GHz. [0038]

TABLE 3

[0039] Figure 6a is a block diagram of a vehicle communication system using a through glass coupler. The system may include a first wireless coupler 610 and a second wireless coupler 614. The first wireless coupler 610 may be attached to a first side of a window 612 and may be configured to receive the radio frequency signal from a transceiver 616. The transceiver 616 may, for example, be part of a processor for vehicle to everything communications. The transceiver 616 may provide the radio frequency signal to the first wireless coupler 610 through a cable 618. In some implementations, the transceiver 616 may be connected directly the first wireless coupler 610. The first wireless coupler 610 may include a first conductive plate 620, a second conductive plate 622, and a dielectric layer 624 in a sandwich structure. The conductive plates 620, 622 may be made of copper or other various conductive materials. The dielectric layer 624 may isolate the first conductive plate 620 from the second conductive plate 622. The dielectric layer 624 may be made from various non- conductive materials such as FR4 or Rojer Taconic TLC, etc. The characteristics of the first conductive plate 620, the second conductive plate 622, and the dielectric layer 624 of the first wireless coupler 610 may be configured to resonate at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz. The surface area of the first conductive plate 620 may be smaller than the surface area of the second conductive plate 622. The first conductive plate 620 may be closer to the window 612 than the second conductive plate 622 and the first conductive plate 620 may act as a transmission plate while the second conductive plate 622 may be a ground plate.

[0040] The system may also include a second wireless coupler 614 attached to a second side of the window 612. The second wireless coupler 614 may be aligned with the first wireless coupler 610. For example, the first conductive plate 630 of the second wireless coupler 614 may be substantially parallel with the first conductive plate 620 of the first wireless coupler 610. Further, the outline of the first conductive plate 630 of the second wireless coupler 614 projected perpendicular to the surface of the first conductive plate 630 would substantially overlap with the outline of the first conductive plate 620 of the first wireless coupler 610. The first wireless coupler 610 being configured to transmit the radio frequency signal from the first wireless coupler 610 to the second wireless coupler 614 through the window 612. The second wireless coupler 614 may include the first conductive plate 630, a second conductive plate 632, and a dielectric layer 634 in a sandwich structure. The conductive plates 630, 632 may be made copper or other various conductive materials. The dielectric layer 634 may isolate the first conductive plate 630 from the second conductive plate 632. The first conductive plate 630 may be smaller in width or length than the dielectric layer 634. Further, the surface area of first conductive plate 630 may be smaller than the surface area of the dielectric layer 634. The dielectric layer 634 may be made from various non- conductive materials such as FR4 or Rojer Taconic TLC, etc. The characteristics of the first conductive plate 630, the second conductive plate 632, and the dielectric layer 634 of the second wireless coupler 614 may be configured to resonate at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz, and more specifically in some applications 5.850 and 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 and 5.850 GHz. Further, the characteristics of the second wireless coupler 614 may be the same as the first wireless coupler 610. The first conductive plate 630 may be smaller in width or length than the second conductive plate 632. Further, the surface area of first conductive plate 630 may be smaller than the surface area of the second conductive plate 632. The first conductive plate 630 may be closer to the window 612 than the second conductive plate 632 and the first conductive plate 630 may act as a transmission plate while the second conductive plate 632 may be a ground plate.

[0041] An antenna 636, such as a whip antenna or stub antenna or monopole antenna, may be electrically connected to the second wireless coupler 614 and configured to transmit and/or receive the radio frequency signal outside the vehicle. The antenna 636 may be configured to extend from the second wireless coupler 614 to above the roof line of the vehicle. The antenna 636 may be configured to transmit at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz, and more specifically in some applications 5.850 and 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 and 5.850 GHz.

[0042] The system may include an amplifier 638 in conjunction the second wireless coupler 614 configured to amplify the radio frequency signal. The amplifier 638 may be positioned electrically between the second wireless coupler 614 and the antenna 636. The second wireless coupler 614 may inductively receive power from the first wireless coupler 610 to power the amplifier circuit 638. The antenna 636 or the amplifier circuit 638 may be directly connected to the second wireless coupler 614 or connect via a cable 640.

[0043] In some implementations, the system may include an inductive coupling to provide power to the amplifier 638. The second wireless coupler may include a coil to wirelessly receive power from a coil in the first wireless coupler. Further, the second coupler may include one or more switches to disable or bypass the amplifier circuit. The switches may be activated based on the supply of power from the first wireless coupler or a control signal which may be provide via various means including electrical, magnet, or optical signals. The amplifier may be switched on or off based on various factors, for example, expected distance of transmission, weather conditions, vehicle speed, which may be measured using various sensors for distance, weather, or speed. Expected distance of transmission may, in one example, be determined by received signal strength for example. [0044] Figure 6b is a block diagram of a vehicle communication system using a through glass coupler. The system may include a first wireless coupler 650 and a second wireless coupler 654. The first wireless coupler 650 may be attached to a first side of a window 652 and may be configured to receive the radio frequency signal from a transceiver 656. The transceiver 656 may, for example, be part of a processor for vehicle to everything communications. The transceiver 656 may provide the radio frequency signal to the first wireless coupler 650 through a cable 658. In some implementations, the transceiver 656 may be connected directly the first wireless coupler 650. The first wireless coupler 650 may include a first conductive plate 660, a second conductive plate 662, and a dielectric layer 664 in a sandwich structure. The conductive plates 660, 662 may be made of copper or other various conductive materials. The dielectric layer 664 may isolate the first conductive plate 660 from the second conductive plate 662. The dielectric layer 664 may be made from various non- conductive materials such as FR4 or Rojer Taconic TLC, etc. The characteristics of the first conductive plate 660, the second conductive plate 662, and the dielectric layer 664 of the first wireless coupler 650 may be configured to resonate at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz. The surface area of the first conductive plate 660 may be smaller than the surface area of the second conductive plate 662. The first conductive plate 660 may be closer to the window 652 than the second conductive plate 662 and the first conductive plate 660 may act as a transmission plate while the second conductive plate 662 may be a ground plate.

[0045] The system may also include a second wireless coupler 654 attached to a second side of the window 652. The second wireless coupler 654 may be aligned with the first wireless coupler 650. For example, the first conductive plate 670 of the second wireless coupler 654 may be substantially parallel with the first conductive plate 660 of the first wireless coupler 650 Further, the outline of the first conductive plate 670 of the second wireless coupler 654 projected perpendicular to the surface of the first conductive plate 670 would substantially overlap with the outline of the first conductive plate 660 of the first wireless coupler 650. The first wireless coupler 650 being configured to transmit the radio frequency signal from the first wireless coupler 650 to the second wireless coupler 654 through the window 652. The second wireless coupler 654 may include the first conductive plate 670, a second conductive plate 672, and a dielectric layer 674 in a sandwich structure. The conductive plates 670, 672 may be made copper or other various conductive materials. The dielectric layer 674 may isolate the first conductive plate 670 from the second conductive plate 672. The first conductive plate 670 may be smaller in width or length than the dielectric layer 674. Further, the surface area of first conductive plate 670 may be smaller than the surface area of the dielectric layer 674. The dielectric layer 674 may be made from various non- conductive materials such as FR4 or Rojer Taconic TLC, etc. The characteristics of the first conductive plate 670, the second conductive plate 672, and the dielectric layer 674 of the second wireless coupler 654 may be configured to resonate at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz, and more specifically in some applications 5.850 and 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 and 5.850 GHz. Further, the characteristics of the second wireless coupler 654 may be the same as the first wireless coupler 650. The first conductive plate 670 may be smaller in width or length than the second conductive plate 672. Further, the surface area of first conductive plate 670 may be smaller than the surface area of the second conductive plate 672. The first conductive plate 670 may be closer to the window 652 than the second conductive plate 672 and the first conductive plate 670 may act as a transmission plate while the second conductive plate 672 may be a ground plate.

[0046] An antenna 676, such as a whip antenna or stub antenna or monopole antenna, may be electrically connected to the second wireless coupler 654 and configured to transmit and/or receive the radio frequency signal outside the vehicle. The antenna 676 may be configured to extend from the second wireless coupler 654 to above the roof line of the vehicle. The antenna 676 may be configured to transmit at a frequency between the range of 5.70 and 5.95 GHz, and more specifically in some applications 5.850 and 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 and 5.850 GHz. [0047] The system may include an amplifier 678 in conjunction the second wireless coupler 654 configured to amplify the radio frequency signal. The amplifier 678 may be positioned electrically between the second wireless coupler 654 and the antenna 676. The second wireless coupler 654 may inductively receive power from the first wireless coupler 650 to power the amplifier circuit 678. The antenna 676 or the amplifier circuit 638 may be directly connected to the second wireless coupler 654.

[0048] In some implementations, the system may include an inductive coupling to provide power to the amplifier 678. The second wireless coupler may include a coil to wirelessly receive power from a coil in the first wireless coupler. Further, the second coupler may include one or more switches to disable or bypass the amplifier circuit. The switches may be activated based on the supply of power from the first wireless coupler or a control signal which may be provide via various means including electrical, magnet, or optical signals. The amplifier may be switched on or off based on various factors, for example, expected distance of transmission, weather conditions, vehicle speed, which may be measured using various sensors for distance, weather, or speed. Expected distance of transmission may, in one example, be determined by received signal strength for example.

[0049] Figure 7 is a schematic view of a vehicle communication system including an amplifier and a power coupling. A transmitter 710 may provide a signal along a communication path 720 (e.g. a co-axial cable) to a coupler 722. The coupler 722 may be a wireless coupler as discussed elsewhere in this application. For example, the coupler 722 may include a first wireless coupler and a second wireless coupler aligned on opposite sides of the window 712 as described with regard to Figure 6 and other Figures throughout the application. The signal from the coupler 722 may be provided to an amplifier 726, through a switching arrangement 724. The switching arrangement 724 may be configured to direct the signal through the amplifier 726 or bypass the amplifier 726 in response to various conditions. The signal is then provided to an antenna 714 for transmission from the vehicle. [0050] The switches of the amplifier 726 may be activated based on the supply of power 730 from an inductive coupling 732 across the windshield 712. The coupler 722, the inductive coupling 732, the switching arrangement 724, and/or the amplifier 726 may be contained within the same device attached to the window 712. The amplifier may be switched on or off based on various factors, for example, expected distance of transmission, weather conditions, vehicle speed, which may be measured using various sensors for distance, weather, or speed. Expected distance of transmission may, in one example, be determined by received signal strength for example.

[0051] Figure 8 is a side view illustrating placement of a through glass antenna system. The antennas are placed on a front windshield 814 and a rear windshield 816 of the vehicle. This implementation shows two transmission locations on the outside of the vehicle. Each location utilizes a stub or whip antenna and a coupler. The coupler may include an external wireless coupler and an internal wireless coupler as discussed elsewhere in this application. The transmission location on the front windshield 814 utilizes an antenna 810 and a coupler 820. The coupler 820 communicates an RF signal through the windshield 814 to the antenna 810. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 810 may be provided to the coupler 820 and communicated by the coupler 820 through the windshield 814 to a control unit inside the vehicle.

[0052] The transmission location on the rear windshield 816 utilizes an antenna 812 and a coupler 830. The coupler 830 communicates the RF signal through the windshield 816 to the antenna 812. Similarly, RF signals received by the antenna 812 may be communicated by the coupler 830 through the windshield 816 to control unit inside the vehicle.

[0053] The antennas may be attached to the window or roof of the vehicle and may extend away from the vehicle. The antennas may extend upward and above the roof line to reduce interference of the vehicle structure with the transmitted signal. In some examples, the antenna may extend between 10 and 200 cm above the roof line of the vehicle. The stub/monopole antenna height may be chosen in response to antenna performance parameters, Some of the antenna performance parameters considered are Bandwidth, Polarization, antenna efficiency, antenna gain, loss etc. Aesthetics & Flexibility may also considered during the stub/monopole antenna design/fabrication. The polarization of the antenna at 5.70- 5.95 GHz and more specifically in some applications 5.850 - 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 - 5.850 GHz, may be very important for some applications and a perfectly polarized antenna helps in maintaining a good communication link. The stub/whip antenna which are used in the through glass antenna design may be designed to be polarized omni-directional via azimuth and vertical/omni-directional via elevation.

[0054] Figure 9 illustrates possible implementations of patch or slot antennas that may be used for the internal or external couplers. One example of a patch antenna that may be used for the couplers is provided at reference numeral 910. The patch antenna includes a substrate 912 and a transmission plate 914. The transmission plate 914 may be flush with surface of the substrate 912. In some implementations, the transmission plate 914 may be a layer applied onto the surface of the substrate 912. The size, shape, and thickness of the transmission plate 914 will determine the frequency at which the transmission plate will resonate. The transmission plate 914 has multiple slots having different shapes and sized formed in the transmission plate. The size and shape of the slots can be used to tune the frequency characteristics of the transmission plate 914.

[0055] The antenna design may have internal and external wireless couplers where the external wireless coupler has an antenna/RF chain system including an unloaded self-resonant antenna on a first side of the dielectric (e.g. window), an internal wireless coupler which has a transceiver on the opposite side of the dielectric (e.g. window), a radio frequency (RF) coupler for passing RF energy through the dielectric (e.g. window), and power/control transmission circuitry to provide electrical power and control signals for the antenna electronics.

[0056] If necessary, for boosting the RF power internal/external wireless coupler may have a low-noise amplifier with a bypass relay. The DC power and control signals which are used to transfer the energy across the dielectric (e.g. window) are via magnetic induction.

[0057] The RF coupling unit may be implemented using coupled microstrip patch/slot antennas. A co-axial cable may be used to connect the radio transmitter to the RF coupling unit. Impedance matching of the radio transmitter connection (e.g. coaxial cable) to the interior patch antenna may be done to maintain the transmission line impedance and also minimize the parasitic coupling on the windshield because of the moisture. Similarly, impedance matching of the stub antenna connection (e.g. co-axial cable) to the exterior patch antenna may be done to maintain the transmission line impedance and also minimize the parasitic coupling on the windshield because of the moisture.

[0058] The coupler assembly may include a connector to which transmission medium is connected to carry electromagnetic signals to and from the system and antenna. The transmission medium may be a low loss coaxial cable. Due to the position of the ECU in the vehicle, a low loss coaxial cable will decrease the cable losses and improve the antenna performance.

[0059] The placement of the antenna may be very important for vehicle to everything (V2X) safety applications; so it is proposed to place this antenna on the top of the front/rear/side windshield's without obstructing the view of the driver, considering the vehicle aero-dynamics and best performance of the antenna. Furthermore, the antenna may protrude above the roofline to avoid RF signal deterioration.

[0060] The through glass antenna yields better results than inside vehicle antennas related to gain, polarization, bandwidth etc. The higher the gain, the better the range of communication. The use of the through glass antenna can improve the radiation pattern when compared to an inside vehicle antenna. An inside vehicle antennas may face interference and multi-path propagation issues due to vehicle pillars which in turn effects the antenna performance. Also, with this kind of antenna design and placement, the chances of improving the receiving sensitivity are higher because of the antenna elevation. Elevation matters when communicating with the different vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, cloud & everything and will give better signal strength in an urban environment when compared to an inside vehicle antenna.

[0061] The stub antenna height (which is connected at/from the external wireless coupler) is based on the desired DSRC frequency maintaining minimum dimensions of DSRC wavelengths for efficient V2X communication. The stub antenna provides a minimum of >3dBi gain performance for better DSRC communication. The stub antenna can be connected directly to external wireless coupler (or) it can also be connected indirectly via co-axial cable to the external wireless coupler.

[0062] In the through glass antenna, the selection of antenna substrate material may be very important either for stub/monopole or patch/slot antennas etc. The substrate materials have two basic properties; such as dielectric constant and loss tangent. The lower the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the substrate the better the antenna performance. They are the factors that determine patch antenna and ground plane lengths and widths, the substrate thickness and patch antenna feed point location.

[0063] The stub/monopole antenna height may be chosen in response to various antenna performance parameters. Some of the antenna performance parameters considered are Bandwidth, Polarization, antenna efficiency, antenna gain, loss etc.. Feeding (e.g. transmitting) electromagnetic energy to an antenna at a particular position and feeding type plays an vital role in the antenna design. The role of feeding (e.g. transmission) medium may be very important in case of efficient operation of antenna to improve the antenna input impedance matching. Based on the antenna efficiency, one of the feeding technique such as inset feed (or) microstrip line feed (or) co-axial feed (or) aperture coupled feed (or) proximity coupled feed may be utilized.

[0064] In the through glass antenna design, the selection of antenna substrate material may be important either for stub/monopole or patch/slot antennas etc. In the selection of antenna substrate materials, permittivity (dielectric constant) of substrate is critical parameter and which in turn effects the antenna performance such as resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain, return loss, input impedance, radiation pattern. [0065] The substrate materials have two basic properties; such as dielectric constant and loss tangent. Depending upon the antenna performance at 5.70 - 5.95 GHz, and more specifically in some applications 5.850 and 5.925 GHz, and yet in some applications 5.725 and 5.850 GHz., the substrate materials such as FR4 (or) Rojer (or) foam (or) ceramic etc. has been considered in this patent. The design may be important because of the DSRC operating frequency band i.e. 5.850 -5.925 GHz and the omni-directional polarization.

[0066] The methods, devices, processors, modules, engines, and logic described above may be implemented in many different ways and in many different combinations of hardware and software. For example, all or parts of the implementations may be circuitry that includes an instruction processor, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), microcontroller, or a microprocessor; an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Programmable Logic Device (PLD), or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA); or circuitry that includes discrete logic or other circuit components, including analog circuit components, digital circuit components or both; or any combination thereof. The circuitry may include discrete interconnected hardware components and/or may be combined on a single integrated circuit die, distributed among multiple integrated circuit dies, or implemented in a Multiple Chip Module (MCM) of multiple integrated circuit dies in a common package, as examples.

[0067] The circuitry may further include or access instructions for execution by the circuitry. The instructions may be stored in a tangible storage medium that is other than a transitory signal, such as a flash memory, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM); or on a magnetic or optical disc, such as a Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CDROM), Hard Disk Drive (HDD), or other magnetic or optical disk; or in or on another machine-readable medium. A product, such as a computer program product, may include a storage medium and instructions stored in or on the medium, and the instructions when executed by the circuitry in a device may cause the device to implement any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings. [0068] The implementations may be distributed as circuitry among multiple system components, such as among multiple processors and memories, optionally including multiple distributed processing systems. Parameters, databases, and other data structures may be separately stored and managed, may be incorporated into a single memory or database, may be logically and physically organized in many different ways, and may be implemented in many different ways, including as data structures such as linked lists, hash tables, arrays, records, objects, or implicit storage mechanisms. Programs may be parts (e.g., subroutines) of a single program, separate programs, distributed across several memories and processors, or implemented in many different ways, such as in a library, such as a shared library (e.g., a Dynamic Link Library (DLL)). The DLL, for example, may store instructions that perform any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings, when executed by the circuitry.

[0069] Various implementations have been specifically described. However, many other implementations are also possible. The first and second wireless couplers may be implemented using patch or slot antennas. Various slot configurations may be used. Additional configurations provided on the attached sheets and drawings may be used separately or combined with each other or aspects described in the paragraphs above.