Related Application's):

This Patent Application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 (e) of the co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 61/694,178, filed August 28, 2012, and entitled "TIMING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME." The

Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 61/694,178, filed August 28, 2012, and entitled "TIMING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME" is also hereby incorporated by reference.

Field of the Invention:

The invention relates to timing systems and devices and a method for making the same. More specifically, the invention relates to systems and devices for and methods of indicating the passage of a duration time.

Background of the Invention:

There are a number of different timing systems and devices, generally referred to as time-temperature indicators (TTIs), which can be used to monitor the exposure of objects to a range of temperatures over a specified period of time. In an early example, Witonsky, in U.S. Patent No. 3,942,467, describes a time-temperature indicator with an encapsulated inner container and a pH sensitive dye solution contained therein. The device of Witonsky further has an encapsulated outer container containing an organic material which undergoes solvolysis. The outer container and the inner container are separated by a membrane. When the membrane between the inner container and the outer container is broken, the contents of the containers mix and over a period of time change color, thus providing an indication of the passage of a duration of time. A number of other time-temperature indicators utilize wicking techniques (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,709,472 and U.S. Patent No. 6,042,264, both issued to Prusik et al.) or diffusion layer techniques (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,629,330 issued to Nichols and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,930,206 and 5,633,835 both issued to Haas et al.). In U.S. Patent No. 6,198,701 issued to De Jonghe et al., an electrochemical timing device is described, whereby consumption of an electrode is used to provide an indication of the passage of a duration of time.

Time-temperature indicators can have a number of different applications for indicating when an event or activity needs to take place. For example, time-temperature indicators have applications for indicating when the perishable materials have expired and need to be thrown out. Time-temperature indicators also have applications for general inventory management, for monitoring projects, activities and a host of other time and/or temperature dependent events. Therefore, there is a continued need to develop reliable timing systems and devices which can be used for a variety of different applications. In a further aspect, time-temperature indicators may be used to indicate a level or time of exposure to environmental attributes. Particularly, such a timing device is adaptable for indicating a time and/or level of exposure to harmful environmental attributes including ultraviolet radiation, x-ray radiation, nuclear radiation, biological contamination and physical contamination, to name a few. In this respect, the timing device has applications for indicating when a safe time or exposure threshold has been reached.

Existing time temperature products rely upon one of two technologies which are 1) chemical reactions which change color after some time and 2) capillary action phenomenon commonly known as wicking, which presents a progressive color change as a die "wicks" across a medium. The two technologies both follow the Arrhenius equation where (reaction rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature). They slowly change color according to cumulative time/temperature exposure (e.g. higher the heat - faster the color change). One critical shortfall exists within the two technologies which is that their profiles are entirely dependent upon temperature in a manner consistent with the Arrhenius equation.

Summary of the Invention:

The present invention is directed to a device and system for indicating the passage of a duration of time and a method of making the same. While, the present invention is referred to herein as a timing device, it is understood that the timing device of the present invention can also be sensitive to temperature. While a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, can be configured to be more or less sensitive to temperature, the timing device will generally react, or change, at a faster rate at higher temperatures unless the timing device is configured with a temperature compensating element, such as described in detail below. As such, the timing device is able to be to be more, less or not sensitive to

temperature. Additionally, the timing device is able to indicate a level or time of exposure to environmental attributes.

A timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention is a chemical-based timing device, electrochemical-based timing device, or a combination thereof. The timing device, when actuated, provides a visual indication of a passage of time. The timing device is configured as a "stand alone" indicator or, alternatively, is configured to be coupled with any number of circuits which also provide an audible signal or otherwise sense and/or store information regarding the operation of the device.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a lens, a base and means for altering the visibility of the base through the lens and thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time. In some embodiments, the means for altering the visibility of the base through the lens comprises an optical medium positioned between the lens and the base. The optical medium comprises chemicals and/or elements of a battery that react or otherwise change over time and, thereby alters the visibility of the base through the lens. For example, one or more of the materials, layers or components of the optical medium are converted from opaque to transparent or, alternatively, from transparent to opaque, thereby increasing or decreasing the visibility of the base through the lens, respectfully. Alternately, one or more of the materials, layers or components of the optical medium are dissolved or depleted, thereby altering the visibility of the base through the lens.

In some embodiments, the timing device is housed by a sheet body having a scale indicator, a unit indicator and a unit multiplier and a presentation window for displaying the timing device. As a result, the sheet body provides the advantage of enabling a user to quickly not only determine if an item has spoiled or a period of time has elapsed, but also how much time is left before spoilage or the time will elapse. In particular, the easy to read scale on the sheet body enables accurate judgments to be made on what to do with perishable and other types of items associated with the timing device compared to timing devices that lack visible scales and clearly delineated "how much time is left" readings.

In one aspect, a timing system comprises a housing having a surface with one or more indicators and a presentation window and a timing device positioned within the presentation window, comprising an anode layer, a cathode layer, a base layer, an electrolyte attached to the base layer, and an activator to activate the timing device, herein after activation, the anode layer depletes in a direction away from the cathode layer to indicate a passage of a period of time and the one or more indicators provide a scale that visually indicates how much time is left before the anode layer is fully depleted. In some embodiments, the presentation window comprises a transparent lens. In some embodiments, the one or more indicators increase in increments from left to right across the body. In further embodiments, the one or more indicators increase in increments of two. In some embodiments, the system comprises a unit multiplier. In some embodiments, the indicator indicates a completion percentage. In some of these embodiments, the indicator indicates a factor that is multiplied by the scale in order to determine the value of the scale. In further embodiments, the timing system comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching the system to a surface. In some embodiments, the system is removably attached to a sheet and is removed from the sheet and attached to the surface. In some of these embodiments, the sheet comprises one or more additional timing systems removably attached to the sheet.

In another aspect, a timing system for indicating an exposure to an environmental attribute comprises a housing having a surface with one or more indicators and a presentation window and a timing device positioned within the presentation window, the timing device comprising one or more reactive zones, the one or more reactive zones configured to change color at a different time after being activated and being geometrically arranged to collectively indicate a total exposure to the environmental attribute, wherein the timing device is activated upon initial exposure to the environmental attribute and the one or more indicators provide a scale that visually indicates how much time is left before the timing device is fully depleted. In some embodiments, the presentation window comprises a transparent lens. In some embodiments, the one or more indicators increase in increments from left to right across the body. In further embodiments, the one or more indicators increase in increments of two. In some embodiments, the system comprises a unit multiplier. In some embodiments, the indicator indicates a completion percentage. In some of these embodiments, the indicator indicates a factor that is multiplied by the scale in order to determine the value of the scale. In further embodiments, the timing system comprises an attachment mechanism for attaching the system to a surface. In some embodiments, the system is removably attached to a sheet and is removed from the sheet and attached to the surface. In some of these embodiments, the sheet comprises one or more additional timing systems removably attached to the sheet.

In a further aspect, a timing system comprises a sheet and a plurality of timing devices removably coupled to the sheet, each timing device comprising a housing having a surface with one or more indicators and a presentation window, the one or more indicators provide a scale that visually indicates how much time is left before the timing device is fully depleted.

In another aspect, a method of programming a timing device comprises determining a time/temperature profile for an event and adjusting the time/temperature profile of a timing device to substantially match the time/temperature profile of the event.

In some embodiments, adjusting the time/temperature profile of the timing device comprises selecting a compensating element and/or an electrolyte having the desired characteristics. In some embodiments, the event comprises a spoilage time of a product. In further embodiments, the event comprises an acceptable exposure time to an environmental attribute. In still further embodiments, the event comprises a deadline.

Brief Description of the Drawings and Attachments:

Figures 1A-B show a schematic representation of a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a timing device, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

Figures 3A-C show systems for assembling timing devices, in accordance with the method of the present invention.

Figures 4A-C show schematic cross sectional views of several timing device configurations, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 5 shows a piece of timing film with a plurality of zones for indicating the passage of a range of times, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 6 is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figures 7A-B show schematic cross-sectional views of timing device configurations with compensator elements, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 8A shows a reversible reaction sequence for an electrochromic material used in a timing device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 8B shows a multi-layer construction for an electrochromic device, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figures 9A-B show a timing device with a timer circuit, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising an indicating electrolyte and an indicating layer, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 11 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising a solid- state electrolyte, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 12 shows a schematic representation of a timing device comprising a solid- state electrolyte, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention.

Figure 13A-B show schematic representations of a timing device with a grid array architecture, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention.

Figure 14 shows a timing device with multiple anode depletion patterns in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

Figure 15 shows a timing device with grid array architecture in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

Figure 16 shows a timing device with grid array architecture in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

Figure 17 A shows a piece of timing film with a plurality of zones for indicating the passage of a range of times, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figurel7B is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention.

Figure 18A shows an external holder for a timing device in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

Figure 18B shows an external holder for a timing device holding a timing device in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 19 shows a sheet for housing a timing device in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 20 illustrates a flow chart of a method of adjusting the rate of reaction of a timing device based on temperature according to some embodiments.

Detailed Description of the Invention:

Referring to Figures 1A-B, a timing device 100, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention is a chemical-based timing device, an electrochemical-based timing device, or a combination thereof. The timing device 100 comprises a transparent lens 101, a base 105 and an optical medium 103 therebetween. When the device 100 is actuated, the optical medium 103 is changed to a modified medium 103', thereby altering the visibility of the base 105 through the lens 101 indicating the passage of a duration of time. The lens 101 and base 105 are formed from any suitable material, or combination of materials, including, but not limited to polymers and plastic materials.

Still referring to Figures 1A-B, the optical medium 103 comprises any number of different chemicals or elements which over the duration of time alter the visibility of the base 105 through the lens, as explained in detail below. In some embodiments, however, the base 105 becomes more visible through the lens 101 when the device 100 has expired. In order to enhance the visibility of the base 105 through the lens 101, when the device 100 has expired, the base 105 is brightly colored and/or has indicia printed thereon, such that the bright color and/or the indicia are visible through the lens 101 when the device is expired.

Referring now to Figure 2, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises a lens 201, a base 211 and an optical medium 204, as described above. In some embodiments, the optical medium 204 comprises a fluid layer 207. The fluid layer 207 can be comprised of any number of fluid materials, but in some embodiments comprises a transparent gel material, which is either acid or basic and which is either conductive or insulating, depending on the application at hand. In some embodiments, the optical medium 204 also comprises an opaque layer 205, also referred to herein as a lens coating layer, which does not imply that the opaque layer 205 is necessarily coated directly on the lens 201. The lens coating 205 is formed from a material which will react with the fluid layer 207, when the device 200 is activated. For example, the lens coating layer 205 is formed from a hardened gel, such as gelatin and thiosulfate. In some embodiments, the liquid layer 207 dissolves the lens coating layer 205 when the device 200 is activated, thereby increasing the visibility of the base therebelow and indicating the passage of a duration of time.

Still referring to Figure 2, in further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises an activation layer 203. The activation layer 203 comprises an indicator, such as a pH indicator which reacts with the fluid layer 207, when the fluid layer 207 sufficiently depletes or dissolves the lens coating layer 205. Alternatively, an indicator is incorporated into the lens coating layer 205 and is dissolved or leached by the fluid layer 207, such that when the concentration of the indicator in the fluid layer 207 becomes sufficiently high, the fluid layer 207 changes color.

In still further embodiments of the invention, the lens coating layer comprises a reactive species that reacts with an indicator in the fluid layer 207. For example, the lens coating layer 205 comprises a base material, such as sodium bicarbonate, which is leached from the lens coating layer 205 or is dissolved into the fluid layer 207 from the lens coating layer 205. The fluid layer 207 comprises a pH indicator and an acid material and when a sufficient amount of base material is dissolved into the fluid layer 207, then the acid material is naturalized and the pH indicator changes color, indicating the passage of a duration of time.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 200 comprises a diffusion material 209. When the device 200 is activated, the diffusion material 209 begins to diffuse through the fluid layer 207, as indicated by the arrows 215. When the diffusion material 209 reaches the lens coating layer 205, the diffusion material 209 reacts with the lens coating layer 205 to provide a color change, dissolve the lens coating layer 205 and react with the indicator layer 203, or any combination thereof, to indicate the passage of a duration of time. Still referring to Figure 2, a timing device 200, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention also comprises an attaching means 213 for attaching the timing device 200 to a product or an object (not shown). The attaching means 213 is any suitable attaching means, and in some embodiments, comprises an adhesive layer for sticking the device 200 onto the product or object.

Now referring to Figure 3A, a timing system 300, in accordance with a method of the invention, is fabricated in parts 310 and 320. A first part 310 of the system 300 comprises a first reactive region 307 formed on a suitable base 301. A second part 320 of the system 300 comprises a second reaction region 305 formed on a clear lens 303. One or both of the parts 310 and 320 comprise adhesive rings 311 and 309. To actuate the system 300, the parts are brought together such that the first reactive region 307 and the second reactive region 305 are eclipsed and in contact with each other. The adhesive rings 311 and 309 hold the first part 310 and the second part 320 together with the reactive regions 305 and 307 eclipsed and in contact. While in contact with each other, the first reactive region 307 and the second reactive region 305, undergo a chemical, physical or electrochemical process which alters the visibility of the base 310 through the lens 303, as described above. Each of the parts 310 and 320 of the system 300, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention, comprise a protective covering (not shown), such as a cellophane, which acts protective of the reactive regions 307 and 305, and is removed prior to use.

Now referring to Figure 3B, a system 320, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is formed by fabricating a plurality of first reactive regions 322 on a first piece of tape 321 and a plurality of second reactive regions 324 on a second piece of tape 323. In some embodiments, the tapes 321 and 323 have perforations 326 and 328 between each of the first reactive regions 322 and the second reactive regions 324. In some embodiments, the tapes 321 and 323 are configured to be dispensed from a roll dispenser (not shown) or any other suitable dispenser. The dispenser can be dispenser configured to attach to a household appliance using a magnet or any other suitable attachment means.

In use, an activated device is formed by removing a first part 327 comprising a first reactive region 322 and a second part 329 comprising a second reaction region 324 from the tapes 321 and 323 through the perforations 326 and 328, respectively. The first part 327 and the second part 329 are then combined with the first reactive region 322 and the second reactive region 324 eclipsed and in contact, as explained in detail above.

Now referring to Figure 3C, in accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, a system 340 comprises a plurality of first reactive regions 342 and second reactive regions 344 formed in an alternating fashion on single piece of tape 343. In use, an activated device is formed from a section 349 comprising a first reactive region 342 and a second reactive region 344 that is separated from the tape 343 through a perforation 348. The section 349 is then folded over onto itself through a seam 346, such that the first reactive region 342 and the second reactive region 348 are eclipsed and in contact with each other. While Figure 3C, shows the first reactive regions 342 and the second reactive regions 344 being formed in an alternating fashion on single piece of tape 343 such that an active device is formed by folding one of the first reactive regions 342 and one of the second reactive regions 344 in an end-to-end fashion, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that a system can alternatively be formed on single piece of tape with first reactive regions and second reactive regions formed in rows, such that an active device is formed by folding one of the first reactive regions 342 and one of the second reactive regions 344 in a side-to-side fashion. It will be appreciated that forming first and second reactive regions using other configurations is also possible in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 4A shows a cross sectional view of a timing device 400, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. As described previously, the device 400 comprises a lens 405 and a base 401. The device 400 also comprises an optical medium with one or more fluid layers 411 and 41 and a membrane structure 412 therebetween. The device 400 further comprises a lens coating layer 403 and a reactive material 413 that is capable of reacting with the lens coating layer 403. To activate the timing device 400, the membrane structure 403 is ruptured allowing the reactive material 413 to mix with the fluid layers 411 and 41 Γ and react with the lens coating layer 403, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time.

Referring now to Figure 4B, a timing device 420, in accordance with further embodiments of the invention, comprises a lens 425, a metal base structure 421 and an ionic fluid medium or electrolyte 431, therebetween. The metal base structure 421 is formed from a first metal layer 424 with a first reduction potential and a second metal layer 422 with a second reduction potential that is substantially different from the first metal layer 424. The device 420 also has metal lens coating layer 423 with a reduction potential that is also substantially different from the first metal layer 424, but can be the same or nearly the same as the reduction potential of the second metal layer 422. To actuate the device the metal lens coating layer 423 and the second metal layer 422 are placed in electrical communication with each other. The potential difference between the first metal layer 424 and the second metal layer 422 will drive a current to flow and cause the metal lens coating layer 423 to become depleted over time, and plate out over the first metal layer, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time.

In accordance with the embodiments of the invention, a timing device 420 comprises a lens 425 formed from a transparent polymer, such as polyester, or from a conductive polymer that is coated with a metal lens coating layer 423, such as aluminum. The timing device 420 further comprises a base structure 421 and a second electrode material 422. The second electrode material 422 can be any metal with a reduction potential that is different from a reduction potential of the first electrode material 423. Alternatively, the second electrode material 422 can be any metal with a reduction potential that is the same as the reduction potential of the first electrode material 423, when the device 420 is being operated as an electrolytic cell (viz. has a battery structure 421 or other source of electrons to drive the reduction and oxidation process). Between the first electrode material 423 and the base structure 421 is a colored electrolyte 431. When the timing device 420 is activated, the first electrode material 423 is depleted from the transparent lens 423 and the colored electrolyte 431 becomes visible, thereby indicating the passage of the duration of time.

In yet further embodiments of the invention, a metal screen (not shown) is in contact with one or both of the metal lens coating layer 423 and the second electrode material 422, to help ensure uniform depletion and/or plating of the electrode materials.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 420 comprises an electrolyte 431 with an indicator that changes when the device 420 is activated, such as described above, and the electrochemical cell generates a sufficient concentration of an ion or a pH altering species within the electrolyte.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device 440 is coupled to a circuit 450, as shown in Figure 4C. The device 440 comprises a lens 443, a metal base 441, a reactive medium 451 and a lens coating layer 445. The ionic reactive medium 451 is capable of depleting or dissolving the lens coating layer 445, either chemically or electrochemically as explained previously, when the device 440 is activated. After the device is activated and the lens coating layer 445 is sufficiently depleted or dissolved, the ionic reactive medium 451 provides an electrical path to close the circuit 450 between the leads 447 and 448. The circuit 450, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a battery 446 and a piezo-electric element 449 that generate an audible signal when the device 440 expires and the circuit 450 is closed.

In still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell, wherein one or more electrochemically active materials between a transparent lens and a base, such as metal ions and/or electrodes, are configured to be plated out or depleted and alters the visibility of the base through the lens and indicating the passage of a duration of time. Where a timing device is an electrochemical-based timing device, an actuator switch mechanism comprising electrical contacts can be used to actuate the device. The timing device, in accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, is in electrical communication with a thermosensor (not shown), wherein the thermosensor instructs the actuator switch to close a circuit between electrode elements of a galvanic or electrolytic cell within a range of temperatures.

Referring to Figure 5, in accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a device comprises a film 500 with a plurality of zones (shown as 1-10). The zones can be arranged in any geometric pattern, but in some embodiments, are arranged in a linear fashion from a first end 510 to a second end 520 of the film 500. The zones are configured to change color at different rates and, therefore, provide an indication of the passage of a range of times. For example, when each of the zones represents one hour, then the film 500 as shown, indicates the passage of approximately 7 hours. In approximately one more hour, the next zone will change color and indicate the passage of approximately 8 hours.

Still referring to Figure 5, each of the zones, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, comprises a photographic, chemical and/or electro-chemical material, as described in detail above. When the zones (shown as 1-10) comprise photographic materials, the zones can be made to have different rates of reaction by using photographic materials with different sensitivities to heat, light and/or developer and/or by varying the thickness of diffusion layers deposited over each of the zones, such as described below. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the zones are made to have different rates of reaction and/or sensitivity to a developer by pre-treating the zones to a range of different light and/or heat exposures, wherein the zones with longer exposures will develop and change color faster than zones with shorter exposures after being activated.

Still referring to Figure 5, when the zones (shown as 1-10) comprise chemical and/or electro-chemical material(s), as described in detail above and in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the zones are made to have different rates of reactivity and/or sensitivity. Accordingly, each zone has a different expiration time and indicated passage of a different amount of time and the zones viewed collectively indicate passage of a total time. This embodiment has particular applications for managing inventories of food items in a household refrigerator by indicating how long the food items have been in the refrigerator, regardless of whether or not the food items have spoiled or aged past a freshness date.

Figure 6 is a cross-sectional representation of a section of timing film 600, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. The section of timing film 600 is formed by coating or depositing a photographic layer 605, which can include silver, silver halide, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids, developers or combinations thereof, onto a base structure 603. In some embodiments, the base structure 603 is formed from a polymeric material, such as polyester, and can also include an adhesive layer (not shown) for attaching the section of timing film 600 to a consumer article (also not shown).

Still referring to Figure 6, the section of film 600, in accordance with the

embodiments of the invention, further comprises a diffusion layer 615 comprising a diffusion material and a developer layer 611 comprising a developer. The diffusion material is any material that will allow the developer in the developer layer 611 to migrate to the

photographic layer 605 causing the photographic layer 605 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. Suitable diffusion materials include, but are not limited to, gelatin, cellulose and combinations thereof.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, the section of film 600 further comprises a barrier layer 613 that can be pulled out or removed to activate the device and allow the developer layer 611 to diffuse through the layer 615 and cause the photographic layer 605 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. Alternatively, the photographic layer 605 and the developer layer 611 are formed as separate parts that can be brought together to activate the device, as explained in detail above with reference to Figures 3A-C.

Figure 7A shows a cross-sectional view of a reactive region 700 of a timing device. The timing device is able to be substantially similar to the other timing devices described herein except for the differences described below. The reactive region 700 of the timing device reacts to produce a visual change and indicate a passage of time, as explained above. The timing device can also include a lens and a base (not shown), such as described with reference to Figures 1A-B and Figure 2.

Still referring to Figure 7A, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the reactive region 700 comprises a first reactive portion 701 and a second reactive portion 703. The first reactive portion 701 and the second reaction portion 703 are, for example, metals with different reduction potentials that are capable of participating in the generation of an electrical potential in a galvanic cell or an electrolytic cell, as described previously. The reaction region 700 can also include an electrolyte 705 and electrical connections 711 and 713 which allow current to flow between the first reactive portion 701 and the second reaction portion 703 and generate a visual change to indicate a passage of time, as described above. As shown in Figure 7A, the reactive region 700 further comprises a compensating element 707 which is electrically coupled to or between the first reactive portion 701 and the second reactive portion 703 to compensate or otherwise adjust the rate of reaction of the timing device 720 (see Figure 7B). In particular, because the reaction/depletion rate between the portions 701, 703 relies upon electron flow through the external path formed by connections 711 and 713, influencing the flow of the electrons that are a part of the reaction also influences the reaction/depletion rate of anode material. In other words, because the depletion of one of the reactive portions occurs due to atoms contained with the anode material giving up electrons, controlling this electron flow also controls the reaction rate. Accordingly, the compensating element 707 is able to increase or decrease the rate that electrons flow through the electrical connections 711 and 713 with a change in temperature or other characteristics. Suitable compensating elements include, but are not limited to, varistors, thermistors (both positive temperature compensating and negative temperature compensating thermistors), other types of semiconductors and/or combinations thereof. A varistor refers to an element that drops in resistance as the applied voltage across the varistor is increased. A positive temperature compensating thermistor refers to an element that drops in resistance as the temperature of the thermistor increases. A negative temperature compensating thermistor refers to an element that increases in resistance as the temperature of the thermistor increases.

Now referring to Figure 7B, a timing device 720, in accordance the embodiments of the invention, comprises a lens 725, a metal base structure 721 and an ionic fluid medium or electrolyte 735, therebetween. The metal base structure 721 is formed from a first metal layer 724 with a first reduction potential and a second metal layer 722 with a second reduction potential that is substantially different from that of the first metal layer 724. The device 720 also has metal lens coating layer 723 with a reduction potential that is also substantially different from that of the first metal layer 724, but can be the same or nearly the same as the reduction potential of the second metal layer 722. To actuate the timing device 720 the metal lens coating layer 723 and the second metal layer 722 are placed in electrical communication with each other through connectors 731 and 733. The potential difference between the first metal layer 724 and the second metal layer 722 will drive a current to flow and cause the metal lens coating layer 723 to become depleted over time, and plate out over the first metal layer 724, thereby indicating the passage of a duration of time.

As described above, the compensating element 707 changes the resistance (and electron flow) of the external path (e.g. connectors 731, 733 and compensating element 707) in response to changes in applied potential, current flow, temperature or a combination thereof. For example, the compensating element 707 is able to be a temperature dependent resistor that becomes more or less resistive based on temperature, causing electron flow to change in the external path and in turn speeding up or slowing down the depletion of the metal lens coating layer 723. In some embodiments, the temperature dependency of the device 720 is able to be adjusted to match a desired product such that the rate of reaction substantially matches the rate of spoilage of the product at each temperature point within the operating range. Alternatively, the temperature dependency of the device 720 is able to be adjusted to be temperature independent such that at any temperature the rate of reaction remains substantially constant. As a result, the timing device 720 provides the benefit of enabling the temperature/time profile of the device 720 to be adjusted by adjusting or selecting a different compensating element 707. In other words, the rate at which the timing device 720 depletes (e.g. rate of reaction) based on ambient temperature and/or other characteristics is able to be adjusted by adjusting the compensating element 707 such that it matches the characteristics of the product to be timed/monitored thereby increasing its accuracy.

In some embodiments, the ionic fluid medium or electrolyte 735 is also able to be adjusted in order to adjust the rate at which the timing device 720 depletes based on temperature and/or other characteristics. In particular, the electrolyte 735 experiences an increase in conductivity with an increase in the temperature of the electrolyte 735. This is due to the overall mobility of molecules within the electrolyte 735 with respect to

temperature. As a result, the type and/or viscosity of the electrolyte 735 is able to be adjusted or selected based on the desired temperature or other characteristic profile. Further, in some embodiments an electrolyte 735 is able to be selected that is solid and thus has no active ions at a desired temperature range (e.g. room temperature) but that becomes liquid such that the ions are active at a desired temperature. As a result, the timing device 720 is able to detect if and/or how long the timing device 720 was above or below a desired temperature (i.e. the melting/freezing point of the electrolyte 735). For example, the electrolyte 735 is able to remain solid until it reaches a threshold temperature that causes it to melt and enable depletion of the anode. This indicates both that the threshold temperature was reached and how long the threshold temperature was exceeded (because the electrolyte will become a solid again when the temperature drops back below the threshold). Further, in combination with another timing device 720, it will indicate how long the threshold was not exceeded based on the depletion amount compared to the time elapsed as shown by the other timing device 720. In some embodiments, a plurality of timing devices 720 are able to be used such that a plurality of temperature thresholds are able to be monitored. In some embodiments, the electrolyte 735 adjustment/selection is able to be in addition to the adjustment/selection of the compensating element 707 in order to cause the timing device 720 to have the desired rate of reaction. Alternatively, the adjustment/selection is able to be in lieu of the

adjustment/selection of the compensating element 707. As described above, this reaction rate adjustment provides the benefit of enabling the timing device 720 to have a temperature or other characteristic profile that matches the product (e.g. vaccines, breast milk) to be timed/monitored.

Figure 20 illustrates a flow chart of a method 2000 of adjusting the rate of reaction of a timing device based on temperature according to some embodiments. Determine the time/temperature profile of a product at the step 2002. Adjust the time/temperature profile of a timing device to substantially match the time/temperature profile of the product by selecting a compensating element and/or electrolyte having desired characteristics at the step 2004. In some embodiments, the adjustment of step 2004 is performed by a design engineer during manufacture of the timing device. In some embodiments, the adjustment step of 2004 is performed by a user after the timing device has been manufactured. In some embodiments, the desired characteristics comprise a viscosity and/or melting/freezing point of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the desired characteristics comprise a change in resistence based on temperature of the compensating element. As a result, the method 2000 provides the benefit of enabling the timing device to be adjusted such that its time/temperature profile substantially matches the time/temperature profile of the product.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the invention, a timing device utilizes an electrochromic material. An electrochromic material refers to a material that changes color when the composition of the material is changed by use of an electrochemical cell or other voltage source. Electrochromic materials often exhibit reversible color changes and can be switched between two or more color states by reversing the polarity of an applied potential of a layer comprising the material that is in contact with an ion or metal ion source, as described in detail below. A number of materials exhibit elelctrochromism, including but not limited to, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, iridium oxide and rhodium oxide, to name a few.

Figure 8A shows an exemplary reaction for electrochromic tungsten oxide 803, which is transparent. To change the color of the tungsten oxide 803, electrons 804 are provided from a cathodic site of the device which reduces ions or metal ions (M+) from an ion source 802. The reduced ions or atoms then combine with the tungsten oxide 803 to form a metal- tungsten oxide complex or structure 805 which is blue. The process can be reversed by oxidizing the metal-tungsten oxide complex or structure 805 at an anodic site of the device.

Figure 8B shows a schematic representation of a multi-layered electrochromic device 800 in accordance with the embodiments of the invention. The electrochromic device 800 comprises containment layers 821 and 833, at least one of which is transparent so that color changes in an electrochromic layer 825 can be observed. The device 800 also has electrode layers 823 and 829, an electrochromic layer 825 and a metal ion source layer 827 therebetween. The electrochromic layer 825 comprises one or more electrochromic materials and the metal ion source layer 827 comprises metal ions 822, such as those described above with respect to Figure 8A. In operation, an electrical potential is applied across the electrode layers 823 and 829 and electrons 824 and 826 flow into the electrochromic layer 825 from the electrode layer 829. Metal ions 822 migrate from the metal ion source layer 827 into the electrochromic layer 825 where the metal ions are reduced by the electrons 824 and combine with an electrochromic material to produce a color change within the electrochromic layer 825. The electrical potential can be applied across the electrode layers 823 and 829 using a battery 832 that is electrically coupled to the electrode layer 823 and 829 through electrical connections 828 and 830 and one or more conductive layers 831. As described previously, the process can be reversed by reversing the polarity of the battery 832.

Now referring to Figure 9A, a timing device 900, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, comprises a layered electrochromic structure 916, which can include transparent constrainment layers 901 and 907 with an electrochromic layer 905 therebetween, similar to that described with reference to Figure 8B. The timing device 900 can also include a base structure 903 that is viewable through the layered electrochromic structure 916 when the electrochromic layer 905 is in a transparent color state. In some embodiments, the device 900 also includes a driver circuit 910 that includes a voltage source 926 (Figure 9B) that is electrically coupled to the electrochromic layer 905 through electrical connections 911 and 913. When an electrical potential is applied across the electrochromic layer 905, the electrochromic structure 916 switches from transparent and opaque and/or colored or switches for opaque and/or colored to transparent depending on the polarity of the electrical potential that is applied.

Now referring to Figure 9B, the driver circuit 910, in accordance with the

embodiments of the invention, comprises a timing circuit 920, such as a digital timing circuit and a battery structure 926 for providing the electrical potential. The battery structure 926 comprises any suitable elements capable of generating an electrical potential sufficient to change the color state of the electrochromic layer 905 (Figure 9A). Suitable battery elements include, but are not limited to, a first electrode structure 921, a second electrode structure 923 and an electrolyte structure 922. In operation, the timing circuit 920 can act as a switch that maintains an open circuit between the battery structure 926 and the electrochromic layer 905 (Figure 9A) for a prescribed period of time and then closes the circuit between the battery structure 926 and the electrochromic layer 905 after the prescribed period of time causing a color change in the layered electrochromic structure 916 (Figure 9A).

In accordance with yet further embodiments the invention, the driver circuit 910 is programmable and can be programmed to switch or change the color state of the layered electrochromic structure 916 in a range of prescribed times that are selectable by the user and/or manufacturer. In still further embodiments of the invention, the layered

electrochromic structure 916 is divided into zones, wherein the zones are activated in a range of prescribed times and the zones individually or collectively change color to indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to Figure 5.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, a timing device comprises an electrochemical cell configuration, such as described with respect to Figures 4B-C and 7B, wherein the timing device comprises a plurality of sub cells or zones that individually or collectively indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to Figure 5. For example, a timing device is configured with a plurality of sub cells or zones that each includes a first set of electrodes formed from a first electrode material. The first electrodes are electrically isolated from each other and are in electrical communication with a second electrode or second set of electrodes formed from a second electrode material through resistors having a range of different resistivities.

Now referring to Figure 10 showing a schematic representation of a timing device 250 with an electrochemical structure 252 and an indicating layer 257. The electrochemical structure 252 can be configured in any number of different ways, such as described above, but in some embodiments, comprises an indicating electrolyte 253, a top electrode 255 and a bottom electrode 251. In operation, the device 250 is activated through an activating mechanism (not shown) and the top electrode 255 is depleted or partially depleted. The indicating electrolyte 253 then contacts the indicating layer 257 and changes the appearance of the indicating layer 257. For example, the indicating electrolyte 253 is colored and the indicating layer 257 is formed from a porous or an absorbent material, such as cellulose. When the top electrode 257 is depleted, or partially depleted, the indicating electrolyte 253 is absorbed into the indicating layer 257 providing a visual indication of a passage of time. The timing device 250 can also include a protective cover 258 or clear lens, such as described previously. The indicating layer 257 helps to provide a uniform visual indication of the passage of time, even when depletion, or partial depletion, of the top electrode 255 is not uniform. The timing device 250 can also be equipped with a compensating element (not shown) and any other number of auxiliary elements, such as described with reference to the previous embodiments. Further, it is understood that the timing device 250 can be sectionalized or compartmentalized to indicate the passage of a range of times, also described with reference to previous embodiments.

Referring now to Figure 11 showing a schematic representation of timing device 105 comprising a solid-state electrolyte 151 that is sandwiched between electrode structures 153 and 155. The electrode structures 153 and 155 can be formed from any number of different materials and combinations of materials, including metal coated polymer. For example, the solid-state electrolyte 151 comprises one or more materials selected from the group of silver halide (e.g. Agl and RbAg ₄ I ₅ ), silver selenide (e.g. Ag ₂ Se), sodium ion complexes (e.g.

sodium β-Aluminum and NASICON), lithium ion complexes (e.g. LiCo0 ₂ , LiNi0 ₂ and LiMn0 ₂ ), oxides (e.g cubic stabilized Zr0 ₂ , 6-Bi20 ₃ , and defect Perovskites) and Fluoride ion complexes (e.g. PbF ₂ , BaF ₂ , SrF ₂ and CaF ₂ ). In operation, the electrode structures 153 and 155 are electrically coupled through an activating mechanism 157 that is a switch, a timing circuit or any other activating mechanism. Electrically coupling the electrode structures 153 and 155 results in the depletion or partial depletion of one or more electrode materials and provides an indication of the passage of time. The timing device 150 with the solid-state electrolyte 151 can, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, be formed as a plurality of sub cells or zones that individually or collectively indicate the passage of time or the passage of a range of times, such as previously described with reference to Figure 5.

Referring now to Figure 12, a solid-state timing device 350 is formed in parts with a first electrode structure 352 formed on a first piece of a substrate 351 and a second electrode structure 354 formed on a second piece of the substrate 35 Γ. The first electrode structure 352 comprises a first metal layer 359 and a solid-state electrolyte layer 361 formed thereon. The second electrode structure 354 comprises a second metal layer 355, wherein the first metal layer 359 and the second metal layer 355 are formed from metals with different reduction potentials, such as described in detail above.

Still referring to Figure 12, the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 35 Γ can be formed from any number of different materials or combinations of materials, such as glass, metal or plastic. In some embodiments, the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 35 Γ are formed from plastic, such as polyester or another similar transparent material. In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, removable protective layers 353 and 357 are formed over the first electrode structure 352 and the second electrode structure 354, respectively. In operation, the protective layers 353 and 357 are removed and the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 35 Γ are folded along a fold or perforation 363 as indicated by the arrow 365, such that the first electrode structure 352 and the second electrode structure 354 make ohmic contact and actuate the timing device 350. As described in detail above, depletion of at least one of the metal layers 359 and 355 provides a visual indication of a passage of a duration of time through one of the first piece of the substrate 351 and the second piece of the substrate 35 Γ.

In accordance with still further embodiments of the invention, the timing device 350 comprises a switch mechanism (not shown), a compensating element (not shown) and/or an indicator layer (not shown), such as described above. Further, one or both of the first and second electrode structures 352 and 354 can be divided into sub-cells or zones, such that the sub-cells or zones collectively provide a visual indication of a passage of a range of durations of time.

Referring now to Figures 13A-B, a timing device 1300 includes, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, an electrode structure 1304 that has a grid array architecture. The timing device 1300 includes an electrolyte layer 1315 that is formed or placed on a suitable base layer 1321. The base layer 1321 is formed from any suitable material including, but not limited to, plastic, glass, metal and combinations thereof. On top of or over the electrolyte layer or deposited onto the lens layer 1323, is the electrode structure

1304. The electrode structure 1304 includes an anode layer 1301 and a cathode layer 1302. In some embodiments, the cathode layer 1302 does not contact the electrolyte layer 1315 and is separated from the electrolyte layer 1315 by an insulating layer 1319. The anode layer

1301 is in contact with the electrolyte layer 1315. The electrolyte layer 1315 is formed from a solid-sate material, a liquid material, a gel material and/or a semi-solid paste material or a salt type electrolyte.

Still referring to Figures 13A-B, a thermistor layer 1305 may be incorporated into an anode layer and is preferably formed along side of the main or depletable anode layer 1301 and the cathode layer 1302. Also, an array of cathode structures 1313 and 1313' are formed over the anode layer 1301 and the thermistor layer 1305 to provide electrical contacts between the thermistor layer 1305 and the anode layer 1301. There is also at least one contact trace 1317 between the cathode layer 1302 and the thermistor layer 1305 allowing for electrical conductivity. The anode layer 1301, the cathode layer 1302, the thermistor layer

1305, the cathode trace structures 1313 and 1313' and the contact trace 1317 can be formed using any suitable technique known in the art including, but not limited to, vapor deposition, sputtering and micro-printing techniques.

The timing device 1300 with a grid array architecture preferably includes a

mechanism for activating the timing device, such as described above. When the timing device 1300 is activated, the anode layer 1301 begins to deplete in a direction away from the cathode layer 1302, as indicated by the arrow 1311, thereby exposing sequentially positioned cathode structures 1313 and 1313'. Newly exposed cathode trace structures provide points of unequal electrical potential causing current to flow. As anode material depletes away from the newly exposed trace, distance between the leading edges of each increases, which increase resistance and decreases rate of depletion until a new cathode trace is exposed once again and thus control the rate that the anode layer 1301 is depleted. The number, the spacing, the thicknesses and geometries of the cathode trace structures 1313 and 1313' as well as the anode layer 1301, the cathode layer 1302 and the thermistor layer 1305, are designed or tailored for the application at hand. Further, the material used to form the thermistor layer 1305, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is selected to regulate the electrical current or overall depletion rate of the anode layer 1301 to be temperature independent. As described in detail above, a timing device, such as the timing device 1300, includes a protective lens or window 1323 through which depletion of the anode layer 1301 is directly or indirectly is observed.

Referring now to Figure 14, a timing device 1400 comprises an anode layer 1401, a cathode layer 1412 and an electrolyte (not shown) attached to a lens area 1415. As shown in Figure 14, the anode layer 1401 and the cathode layer 1412 are positioned adjacent to one another along the longitudinal axis of the timing device 1400. Upon activation of the timing device 1400, the anode layer 1401 is depleted longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer 1412 as demonstrated by the arrow. Depletion of the anode layer 1401 occurs at a point nearest to the cathode layer 1412 first and progresses longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer 1412. Depletion of the anode layer 1401 occurs at an initial rate which lessens as the anode layer 1401 depletes away from the cathode trace 1412. In some embodiments, the device comprises multiple anode depletion patterns 1402 printed or deposited onto the lens 1415 that are uncovered as depletion of the anode layer 1401 progresses.

Referring now to Figure 15, a timing device 1500 comprises a grid array architecture. In accordance with this embodiment, the timing device comprises an anode layer 1501, an electrolyte (not shown) and a plurality of cathode trace structures 1513 that are reintroduced throughout the timing device 1500. Upon activation of the timing device 1500, the anode layer 1501 is depleted at a point nearest the first cathode trace structure at the beginning of the timing device 1505 and progresses in a direction longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the first cathode trace structure 1513 to the second cathode trace structure 1513'. The anode layer then depletes from the second cathode trace structure 1513' to the third cathode trace structure 1513" and so on to each subsequent cathode trace structure. Depletion of the anode layer 1501 occurs at an initial rate, wherein the rate of depletion of the anode layer 1501 decreases as the anode layer 1501 progresses farther from the first cathode trace structure 1513 to the second cathode trace structure 1513'. When the anode layer 1501 has depleted to the second cathode trace structure 1513' the depletion of the anode layer 1501 once again occurs at the initial rate, and so on to each subsequent cathode trace structure. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at evenly spaced intervals. In these embodiments, the anode layer 1501 overall depletes at a constant rate throughout the timing device as shown by the progression from 1513 to 1513". In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are introduced throughout the timing device 1500 at unevenly spaced intervals. In some embodiments, the cathode trace structures 1513 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at progressively closer intervals 1524 such that there is an acceleration of the depletion of the anode layer 1501 as the timing device 1500 nears expiration.

In some embodiments, a timing device is activated when a quantity of electrolyte (not shown) contacts a main body of electrolyte (not shown) of the timing device 1500 such that an electrical circuit is completed. In these embodiments, the timing device 1500 is manufactured with an anode layer 1501, an electrolyte and a plurality of cathode trace structures 1513 reintroduced throughout the timing device 1500. The timing device 1500 is manufactured in the closed position with a quantity of electrolyte only partially deposited just short of contacting the cathode layer. The timing device 1500 further comprises a protective reservoir containing a small amount of electrolyte (not shown) molded to the cathode layer and protruding outward. The timing device 1500 is activated when a consumer applies pressure to the protrusion thereby breaking the protective barrier and depositing the small quantity of electrolyte into contact with the main body of the electrolyte and activating the timing device 1500.

In further embodiments, a timing device comprises a sensing material and/or a component which is sensitive to the presence of an environmental attribute. The

environmental attribute drives and speeds up or slows the timing device as the concentration of the attribute increases or decreases, respectively. Alternatively, the timing device is activated upon sensing the presence of the environmental attribute and indicates a total passage of time from exposure/activation of the timing device. Particularly, sensing materials of varying types are able to be used to indicate exposure to a variety of substances. For example, in some embodiments, the timing device comprises a sensing material which is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, the sensing material is sensitive to other variables such as x-ray radiation and nuclear radiation. In further embodiments, the sensing material is sensitive to biological or physical contamination.

Referring now to Figure 16, a timing device 1600 is shown therein. The timing device 1600 comprises an anode layer 1601, one or more cathode trace structures 1613 and an electrolyte (not shown) attached to a lens area 1615. In some embodiments, the timing device

1600 further comprises an attachment mechanism 1617 for attaching the timing device 1600 to an additional article. As shown in Figure 16, the anode layer 1601 and the one or more cathode trace structures 1613 are positioned adjacent to each other along the longitudinal axis of the timing device 1600. In some embodiments, the one or more cathode trace structures 1613 are reintroduced throughout the timing device at evenly spaced intervals. In some embodiments, as described above, upon activation of the timing device 1600, the anode layer

1601 is depleted longitudinally away from and perpendicular to the cathode layer as shown by the arrow. As the anode layer 1601 is depleted, one or more anode depletion patterns 1602 printed or deposited onto the lens 1615 are uncovered. In some embodiments, as the anode layer 1601 depletes at a uniform rate and the one or more depletion patterns 1602 collectively indicate a total passage of time.

In further embodiments, the anode layer 1601 comprises a sensing material which is sensitive to the presence of an environmental attribute, such as described above. In some embodiments, the sensing material speeds up or slows down the timing device 1600 based upon the concentration of the environmental attribute. For example, in some embodiments, the anode layer 1601 is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In these

embodiments, as the concentration of ultraviolet radiation increases, the anode layer 1601 depletes at a faster rate. In some embodiments, the anode layer 1601 comprises one or more of zinc (Zn), silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr) and silver iodide (Agl) or other suitable substance which is sensitive to the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In these embodiments, the rate of depletion of the anode layer 1601 is directly related to the level of exposure of the timing device to ultraviolet light. Particularly, the timing device 1600 and the anode layer 1601 are able to be adjusted for a desired rate of depletion based upon a specified concentration of ultraviolet light.

In some embodiments, the one or more depletion patterns 1602 are arranged to indicate a level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. For example, upon initial activation, a first depletion pattern is exposed which indicates a green/ low level of exposure. Then, as the anode layer 1601 is further depleted, subsequent depletion patterns are displayed to indicate an orange/ medium and red/ high level of exposure. In these embodiments, a green/ low level of exposure constitutes a safe level of exposure while a red/high level of exposure indicates a level of exposure at which cellular damage or other harm may occur. In this manner, the timing device 1600 indicates an accumulated level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Alternatively, the timing device is activated upon sensing the presence of ultraviolet light and progresses at a consistent rate to indicate to a total time of exposure to ultraviolet light irrespective of concentration.

In further embodiments, as shown in Figure 17A, a timing device comprises a film

1700 with a plurality of zones (shown as 1-10), such as described in relation to Figures 5 and 6. The zones are configured to change color at different rates and, therefore, provide an indication of the passage of a range of times. For example, when each of the zones represents one hour, then the film 1700 as shown, indicates the passage of approximately 7 hours. In approximately one more hour, the next zone will change color and indicate the passage of approximately 8 hours.

As described above, each of the zones, in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, is able to have different rates of reaction by using photographic materials with different sensitivities to heat, light and/or developer and/or by varying the thickness of diffusion layers deposited over each of the zones, such as described below. In further embodiments, each of the zones is able to have different rates of reaction based on the presence of an environmental attribute. For example, in some embodiments, each of the zones has a different rate of reaction relative to the presence of ultraviolet light based upon the incorporation of ultraviolet stabilizers and/or varying the thickness of an absorption layer (not shown). Alternatively, each of the zones is able to have a different rate of reaction based upon a different environmental attribute, as described above.

Figure 17B is a cross-sectional representation of a section of the timing film 1700, in accordance with some embodiments. The section of timing film 1701 is formed by coating or depositing a photographic layer 1705, which can include silver, silver halide, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids, developers or combinations thereof, onto a base structure 1703. In some embodiments, the base structure 1703 is formed from a polymeric material, such as polyester, and can also include an adhesive layer (not shown) for attaching the section of timing film 1700 to a an additional article. In some embodiments, the section of film 1701, further comprises a diffusion layer 1715 comprising a diffusion material and a developer layer 1711 comprising a developer, as described above in relation to Figure 6. As described above, the diffusion material allows the developer in the developer layer 1711 to migrate to the photographic layer 1705 causing the photographic layer 1705 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time. In some embodiments, the section of film 1701 further comprises a barrier layer 1713 that can be pulled out or removed to activate the device and allow the developer layer 1711 to diffuse through the layer 1715 and cause the photographic layer 1705 to change color or darken and indicate the passage of time.

In further embodiments, the barrier layer 1713 comprises a polymer which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation or another environmental attribute. In these embodiments, the presence of ultraviolet radiation breaks down and severs the barrier layer 1713 to allow the developer layer 1711 to diffuse through the layer 1715. The barrier layer 1713 is able to have differing sensitivities to ultraviolet light based upon the thickness of the barrier layer 1713 and/or its absorption characteristics as well as the clarity of the developer layer 1711.

Alternatively, as described above, the photographic layer 1705 and the developer layer 1711 are formed as separate parts that can be brought together to activate the device, as explained in detail above with reference to Figures 3A-C.

As described above, in some embodiments the timing device comprises an attachment mechanism. In some embodiments, the attachment mechanism removably couples the timing device with an external holder. Figure 18A illustrates an external holder 1800 for a timing device. In some embodiments, the timing device comprises a photographic, chemical, and/or electro-chemical timing device. The external holder 1800 comprises an attachment area 1825, an outside lip 1823 for further holding the timing device, and a securing mechanism 1821 for removably attaching the external holder to an additional object. As shown in Figure 18 A, the securing mechanism 1821 is a clip. However, the securing mechanism 1821 is able to be any appropriate securing mechanism as known in the art. For example, in some embodiments the securing mechanism 1821 is one or more of a hook and loop fastening system and a snap. In further embodiments, the external holder 1800 is a component of an additional article such as a name badge or a visitor's badge. In some embodiments, the external holder 1800 is attached to an item of clothing such as a lab coat. However, as will be apparent to someone of ordinary skill in the art, the external holder 1800 is able to be attached to any appropriate item as known in the art.

Referring now to Figure 18B, a timing device 1600 is shown removably coupled to the external holder 1800. In some embodiments, a user is able to couple the timing device 1600 to the external holder 1800 for use before activation and then remove and discard the timing device 1600 after it has expired. In some embodiments, the timing device 1600 is activated when it is coupled to the external holder 1800. Alternatively, the timing device 1600 is manually activated, or activated upon sensing the presence of the environmental attribute as described above. After the timing device 1600 is discarded, the external holder 1800 is able to be reused with one or more additional timing devices. For example, in some embodiments, the external holder 1800 is able to be used with a timing device 1700 as described above.

Referring now to Figure 19, a sheet 1900 for housing a timing device comprises a sheet body 1902 having a scale indicator 1906, a unit indicator 1908 and a unit multiplier

1910, a presentation window 1904 and a timing device 1912 displayed within the presentation window 1904. The timing device 1912 is able to comprise any of the timing devices described herein. For example, the timing device 1912 is able to comprise the timing device 500, 1400, 1600 or 1700 such that as the transition line 1914 at the edge of the anode depletion will align with the scale 1906 and indicate how much time is left before the time will have elapsed. As a result, the sheet 1900 provides the advantage of enabling a user to quickly not only determine if an item has spoiled or a period of time has elapsed, but also how much time is left before spoilage or the time will elapse.

In some embodiments, the presentation window 1904 comprises a transparent lens that simultaneously protects and enables viewing of the timing device 1912. Alternatively, the timing device 1912 is able to comprise a lens and the presentation window 1904 is able to house the lens on and/or within the body 1902. In some embodiments, the scale 1906 linearly increases from left to right according to increments of two. Alternatively, the scale 1906 is able to increase non-linearly from left to right or vice versa in any number of increments. In particular, it is understood that the scale 1906 is able to be adjusted based on the type of timing device 1912, the unit indicator 1908 and/or the unit multiplier 1910 in order to accurately indicate the time left before spoilage. In some embodiments, the unit indicator 1908 indicates a completion percentage. Alternatively, the unit indicator 1908 is able to indicate other units of how much time is left. For example, the unit indicator 1908 is able to indicate seconds, hours, days, weeks, months and/or years as the units of the scale 1906. In some embodiments, the unit multiplier 1910 indicates a factor that is multiplied by the scale 1906 in order to determine the value of the scale 1906. This enables the scale 1906 to utilize smaller units and saves space on the scale 1906. Alternatively, the unit multiplier 1910 is able to be omitted. As shown in Figure 19, the sheet body 1902 and presentation window 1904 are rectangular. Alternatively, the sheet body 1902 and/or presentation window 1904 are able to comprise other shapes. Specifically, the shape of the presentation window 1904 is able to be adjusted based on the timing device 1912 in order to properly frame/display the timing device 1912. Similarly, the shape of the sheet body 1902 is able to be adjusted based on the size and shape of the presentation window 1904, the scale 1906, unit identifier 1908 and/or unit multiplier 1910. In some embodiments, the sheet body 1902 further comprises a logo (not shown) for indicating the name of the timing device product and/or an adhesive on the backside of the sheet body 1902 such that it is able to stick on a desired surface. In particular, in some embodiments a plurality of the sheets 1900 are able to be positioned adjacent to each other on a substrate roll (not shown) such that sheets 1900 are able to be individually removed from the roll and stuck on other surfaces as needed. Figure 20 illustrates a flow chart of a method of adjusting or programing the rate of reaction of a timing device based on temperature according to some embodiments. As shown in Figure 20, in the step 2002 a time/temperature profile is determined for a product. For example, in some embodiments, a spoilage time of a product is determined. In some embodiments, it is determined when a item such as a document is due. Alternatively, in some embodiments, an acceptable exposure time to an environmental attribute is determined. Particularly, the time/temperature profile of any appropriately desired product or event is able to be determined. Then, in the step 2004, the time temperature profile of a timing device is adjusted in order to substantially match the time/temperature profile of the product. The timing device is able to comprise a timing device, such as described above. In some embodiments, adjusting the time/temperature profile of the timing device comprises selecting a compensating element and/or an electrolyte having the desired characteristics.

The timing device described herein has numerous advantages. As described above, in some embodiments, the timing device is made sensitive certain environmental attributes irrespective of time and/or temperature. Particularly, sensing materials of varying types are able to be incorporated within the timing device to indicate a time of exposure as well as a level of exposure. For example, the timing device is particularly adaptable for indicating a time and/or level of exposure to harmful environmental attributes including ultraviolet radiation, x-ray radiation, nuclear, radiation, biological contamination and physical contamination, to name a few. In this respect, the timing device has application for indicating when a safe time or exposure threshold has been reached. Additionally, the timing device has applications for marking when any number of different events need to take place and/or for timing the duration of any number of different events. For example, the timing device has applications for indicating when perishable materials have expired and need to be thrown out, indicating the age of inventory and managing when the inventory needs to be rotated, tracking a deadline and a host of other time and/or temperature dependent events. One advantage is that the timing device is able to be fabricated in two or more reactive parts, wherein the device is not activated, or made sensitive to the environment (such as temperature), until the parts are electrically coupled together, as explained in detail above. Accordingly, the shelf life of the timing device prior to use is enhanced and the sensitivity of the device to environmental conditions prior to use is reduced. Further, the housing of the timing device provides the advantage of As a result, enabling a user to quickly not only determine if an item has spoiled or a period of time has elapsed, but also how much time is left before spoilage or the time will elapse.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of the principles of construction and operation of the invention. As such, references, herein, to specific embodiments and details thereof are not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made in the embodiments chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.