TOCOTRIENOL DERIVATIVES AND

ASSOCIATED METHODS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application

No. 61/566,286, filed December 2, 2011.

[0002] This invention was made with government support from the United

States Public Health Service. The government may have certain rights to this invention.

[0003] Both γ-tocotrienol, referred to herein as Compound 1, and δ- tocotrienol, referred to herein as Compound 2, were isolated from a tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil using normal phase vacuum liquid chromatography.

Compounds 3-29 and 35-44 which are 3,4-dihydro-l,3-oxazines, Compounds 30-31 which are Mannich bases, and Compounds 32-34 which are hydroxymethyl tocotrienol analogs were prepared as semi synthetic derivatives of Compounds 1 and 2.

[0004] (R)-2,5,6,8-tetramethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca -3,7,l 1- trienyl)-l,2,3,8,9,10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as

Compound 3, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; IVyl ²⁵

L" JD +1.7 (c 0.016, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2975, 2926, 1605 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 1A, IB, and 10; and HREIMS mlz 466.3664,

[M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃ iH ₄₈ NO ₂ , 466.3680).

[0005] (R)-2,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-l,2,3,8,9,10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as

Compound 4, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; IVyl ²⁵

L" JD +4.72 (c 0.024, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3660, 22858, 1618, 1476, 1345, 1099, 942 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 1A, IB, and 10; and HREIMS mlz 452.6907, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₀ H ₄₆ NO ₂ , 452.6917).

[0006] (R)-2-allyl-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltride ca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-l,2,3,8,9,10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as

Compound 5, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; IVyl ²⁵

L" JD +0.1 (c 0.03, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 2923, 1606 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 1A, IB, and 10; and HREIMS mlz 492.3843, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₃ H ₅ oNO _2- ,492.3836).

[0007] (R)-2-benzyl-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltr ideca- 3,7,1 l-trienyl)-l,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazine, referred to

\σλ ²⁵ herein as Compound 6, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{L Jd} +0.625 (c 0.04, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3600, 2927, 2850, 1605 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 1A, IB, and 10; and HREIMS mlz

542.3980, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₅₂ NO ₂ , 542.3993).

[0008] (R)-2-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)- 4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 7, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +.017 (c 0.047, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2928, 1605, 1378 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 2A, 2B, and 10; and HREIMS mlz 625.4733, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₄₂ H ₆₁ N ₂ O ₂ , 625.4728).

[0009] (R)-2-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8 ,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,1 1-trienyl)- 1,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 8, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.21 (c 0.083, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3684, 2927, 1605, 1474 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 2A, 2B, and 1 1 in; and HREIMS mlz 61 1.4581, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₄₁ H ₅₉ N ₂ O ₂ , 61 1.4571).

[0010] 2-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7, l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)ethanol, referred to herein as Compound 9, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +66 (c 0.0008, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3602, 2850, 1605, 1091 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-

NMR characteristics found in Figures 2A, 2B, and 1 1 ; and HREIMS mlz 496.3769, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₂ H ₅₀ NO ₃ , 496.3785 ). [0011] 2-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)ethanol, referred

\σλ ²⁵ to herein as Compound 10, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; L"JD +0.017 (c 0.06, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2928, 2855, 1606, 1473 cm ^"1 ; 1H-

13

and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 2 A, 2B, and 1 1 ; and HREIMS mlz

482.3632, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃ iH ₄₈ NO ₃ , 482.3629).

[0012] 2-((R)-5,7-dimethyl-7-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-8,9-dihydrochromeno[7,6-e][ 1 ,3]oxazin-3(2H,4H,7H)-yl)ethanol, referred

\σλ ²⁵ to here in as Compound 1 1, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{L Jd} + 24 (c 0.018, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2996, 1606, 1292, 1241 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 3A, 3B, and 1 1 ; and HREIMS mlz 482.3620, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₁ H ₄₈ NO ₃ , 482.3629).

[0013] 3-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7, l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)propan-l -ol, referred to herein as Compound 12, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

MD +1.67 (c 0.03, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 1647, 1289, 1242 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 3A, 3B, and 1 1 ; and HREIMS mlz

510.3949, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₃ H ₅₂ NO ₃ , 510.3942).

[0014] 3-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5 ,6-e] [ 1 ,3 ]oxazin-2( 1 H,3H,8H)-yl)propan- 1 -ol, referred to herein as Compound 13, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

MD +0.14 (c 0.05, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2929, 1606 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C- NMR characteristics found in Figures 3 and 12; and HREIMS mlz 496.3783,

[M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₂ H ₅₀ NO ₃ , 496.3785).

[0015] (R)-2-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 14, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^ +21.5 (c 0.0011, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2922,

2853, 1606, 1374, 1067 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 3 and 12; and HREIMS mlz 582.4539, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₆₀ NO ₄ , 582.4517).

[0016] (R)-2-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)- 1,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 15, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +67.3 (c 0.0012, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3599, 2922,

2854, 1606, 1374, 1055 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 4 and 12; and HREIMS mlz 568.4353, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₆ H ₅₈ NO ₄ , 568.4360).

[0017] (R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-2-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)-8-((3/i,7/i)-4, 8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 11-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 16, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.55 (c 0.02, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3666, 2922, 2854,

1606, 1521 cm ^" 1 ; 1 H- and 13 C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 4 and 12; and HREIMS mlz 549.4392, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₆ H ₅₇ N ₂ O ₂ , 549.4420).

[0018] 5-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)pentan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 17, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

MD +18.4 (c 0.0012, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3682, 3600, 2929, 2855, 1606, 1378, 1236, 1096 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 4 and 13; and HREIMS mlz 538.4253, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for ¾ ₅ Η ₅₆ ΝΟ ₃ , 538.4255).

[0019] 5-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7 ,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5 ,6-e] [ 1 ,3 ]oxazin-2( 1 H,3H,8H)-yl)pentan- 1 -ol, referred to herein as Compound 18, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.21 (c 0.046, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3679, 3600, 2929, 2855, 1606,

1473, cm ^" 1 ; 1 H- and 13 C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 4 and 13; and

HREIMS mlz 524.4109, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₄ H ₅₄ NO ₃ , 524.4098). [0020] 5-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7, l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)pentanoi c acid, referred to herein as Compound 19, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

[«]D +0.2 (c 0.04, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3683, 3601, 2927, 2854, 1750, 1606,

1 1 13

1465, cm ^" ; H- and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 5A, 5B, and 13; and

HREIMS mlz 552.4033, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₅ H ₅₄ NO ₄ , 552.4047).

[0021] 5-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)pentanoi c acid, referred to herein as Compound 20, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.14 (c 0.05, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 3599, 2927, 2855, 1748, 1606,

1 1 13

1473, cm ^" ; H- and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 5A, 5B, and 13; and

HREIMS mlz 538.3873, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₄ H ₅₂ NO ₄ , 538.3891).

[0022] 6-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7, l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)hexanoic acid, referred to herein as Compound 21, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

MD +0.47 (c 0.063, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3684, 3600, 2930, 2856, 1748, 1606, 1458, 1093 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 5A, 5B, and 14; and HREIMS mlz 566.4198, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₆ H ₅₆ NO ₄ , 566.4204).

[0023] 6-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)hexanoic acid, referred to herein as Compound 22, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

[«]D +0.18 (c 0.05, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 3598, 2922, 2855, 1748, 1606, 1473, 1096 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 5A, 5B, and 14; and HREIMS mlz 552.4043, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₅ H ₅₄ NO ₄ , 552.4047).

[0024] (R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)- 4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 23, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.027 (c 0.036, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3683, 3600, 2921, 2855, 1606, 1516, 1085 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in

Figures 6A, 6B, and 14; and HREIMS mlz 616.4366, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for

C ₄₀ H ₅₈ NO ₄ , 616.4360).

[0025] (R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8 , 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 11-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 24, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +0.26 (c 0.083, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3682, 3600, 2917, 2854, 1606, 1516, 1029 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 6A, 6B, and 14; and HREIMS mlz 602.4192, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for

C ₃₉ H ₅₆ O ₄ , 602.4204).

[0026] (R)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-5,7-dimethyl-7-((3/i,7/i)-4,8 ,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l-trienyl)-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydrochromeno[7,6-e][l,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 25, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil, +0.255 (c 0.013, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 2922, 2854, 1606, 1521,

1068, 953 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 6A, 6B, and 14; and HREIMS mlz 602.4204, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₉ H ₅₆ NO ₄ , 602.4204).

[0027] 4-(2-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltride ca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)ethyl)phenol, referred to herein as Compound 26, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

MD +0.6 (c 0.026, H ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 3656, 2922, 2855, 1606, 1516,

1083 cm ^" 1 ;1 H- and 13 C-MR characteristics found in Figures 6A, 6B, and 15; and

HREIMS mlz 572.4090, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₈ H ₅₄ NO ₃ , 572.4098).

[0028] 4-(2-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca- 3,7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)ethyl)phenol, referred to herein as Compound 27, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

[«]D +1.98 (c 0.033, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3688, 3599, 2932, 2850, 1606, 1 1 13

1516, 1 172 cm ^" ; H- and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 7 A , 7B, and

15; and HREIMS mlz 558.3925, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₅₂ NO ₃ , 558.3942).

[0029] (R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-2-(3-nitrobenzyl)-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 28, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +22.5 (c 0.00067, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3656, 2922, 2854, 1606, 1531, 1083 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 7A

, 7B, and 15; and HREIMS mlz 587.3826, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₅ iN ₂ O ₄ ,

587.3843).

[0030] (R)-6,8-dimethyl-2-(3-nitrobenzyl)-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1-trienyl)- 1 ,2,3,8,9, 10-hexahydrochromeno[5,6- e][l ,3]oxazine, referred to herein as Compound 29, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +2.77 (c 0.013, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3676, 3599, 2922, 2854, 1606, 1540, 1374, 1084 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 7A , 7B, and 15; and HREIMS mlz 573.3669, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for

C ₃₆ H ₄₉ N ₂ O ₄ , 573.3687).

[0031] (R)-5-((3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamino)methyl)-2,7,8-trimethyl- 2- ((3£ ^, ,7£ -4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol, referred to herein as

\σλ ²⁵

Compound 30, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{LC J} D +6.0 (c 0.0013, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3623, 3158, 2923, 1591, 1514, 1381, 1094, 855

1 1 13

cm ^" ; H- and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 7 A , 7B, and 16; and

HREIMS mlz 604.4371, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₉ H ₅₈ N O ₄ , 604.4360).

[0032] (R)-5-((4-hydroxyphenethylamino)methyl)-2,7,8-trimethyl-2- ((3£ ^, ,7£ -4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol, referred to herein as Compound 31, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; +6.7 (c

0.0127, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3582, 3322, 2917, 1612, 1513, 1379, 1 173, 1095,

1 1 13

913 cm ^" ; H- and C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 8A , 8B, and 16; and HREIMS mlz 560.4108, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₅₄ NO ₃ , 560.4098). [0033] (R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,1 l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol, referred to herein as Compound 32,

\σλ ²⁵

has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{L Jd} +3 (c 0.05, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3590, 3385, 2927, 1620, 1470, 890 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR

characteristics found in Figures 8A , 8B, and 16; HREIMS mlz = 423.1.

[0034] (R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,8-dimethyl-2-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,1 l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol, referred to herein as Compound 33,

\σλ ²⁵

has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{L Jd} +2.6 (c 0.048, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3595, 3393, 2922, 1607, 1469, 1378, 860 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 8A , 8B, and 16; and HREIMS mlz 425.3055, [M- H]+ (calcd for C ₂₈ H ₄₁ O ₃ , 425.3061).

[0035] (R)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-2,8-dimethyl-2-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7,1 l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol, Referred to herein as Compound 34,

\σΫ ⁵

has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; ^{LC J} D + 0.9 (c 0.0066, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3588, 3393, 2924, 1467, 1 100, 985 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR

characteristics found in Figures 8A , 8B, and 17; and HREIMS mlz 425.3074, [M- H]+ (calcd for C ₂₈ H ₄₁ O ₃ , 425.3061).

[0036] 4-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7, l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)butan-l- ol, referred to herein as Compound 35, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

MD + 8.4 (c 0.00166, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3434, 2926, 1641 , 1464, 1377, 1094, 954 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9A , 9B, and 17; and HREIMS mlz 524.4095, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₄ H ₅₄ NO ₃ , 524.4098).

[0037] 4-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,l l- trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)butan-l- ol, referred to herein as Compound 36, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

MD + 10.6 (c 0.01 133, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3210, 2923, 1473, 1379, 1058,

859 cm ^" 1 ; 1 H- and 13 C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9 A , 9B, and 17; and HREIMS mlz 510.3936, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₃ H ₅₂ NO ₃ , 510.3941). [0038] 6-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)hexan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 37, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

[«]D + 7.98 (c 0.0114, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3617, 2924, 1465, 1378, 1095, 950 cm ^" 1 ; 1 H- and 13 C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9 A , 9B, and 17;

HREIMS mlz 552.4410, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₆ H ₅₈ NO ₃ , 552.4411).

[0039] 6-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7 ,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)hexan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 38, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; MD + 12.6 (c 0.019, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3616, 2916, 1473, 1379, 1070, 1046, 939, 859 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9A , 9B, and 18; and HREIMS mlz 538.4252, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₅ H ₅₆ NO ₃ , 538.4254).

[0040] 8-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)octan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 39, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil;

+ 7.53 (c 0.013, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3617, 2922, 1465, 1378, 1096, 950,

845 cm ^" 1 ; 1 H- and 13 C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9A , 9B, and 18; and HREIMS mlz 580.4718, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₈ H ₆₂ NO ₃ , 580.4724).

[0041] 8-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7 ,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)octan-l-ol, Referred to herein as Compound 40, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil; + 7.69 (c 0.03223, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3616, 2909, 1473, 1379, 1073, 1043, 940, 859 cm ^"1 ; 1H- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics found in Figures 9A , 9B, and 18; and HREIMS mlz 566.4561, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₇ H ₆₀ NO ₃ , 566.4567).

[0042] 10-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca -3,7,l 1- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)decan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 41, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

WD +10.0 (c 0.0008, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3615, 2928, 1463, 1378, 1098, 950,

846 cm ^"1 ; and HREIMS mlz 608.5064, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₄₀ H ₆₆ NO ₃ , 608.5037). [0043] 10-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7, l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)decan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 42, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

[«]D +7.7 (c 0.0056, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3613, 2927, 1683, 1472, 1378, 1046, 860 cm ^"1 ; and HREIMS mlz 594.4893, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₃₉ H ₆₄ NO ₃ , 594.4881).

[0044] 12-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7^-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3 ,7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)dodecan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 43, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

[a]" +0.5 (c 0.00213, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3614, 3427, 2928, 1463, 1379, 1098, 950, cm ^"1 ; HREIMS mlz 636.5361, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₄₂ H ₇₀ NO ₃ , 636.5350).

[0045] 12-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3, 7,l l- trienyl)-9,10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e][l,3]oxazin-2(lH,3H,8H)- yl)dodecan-l-ol, referred to herein as Compound 44, has the following properties: yellow viscous oil,

[«]D +7.7 (c 0.00246, CH ₂ C1 ₂ ); IR (CH ₂ Cl ₂ )v _max 3616, 2909, 1473, 1379, 1073, 1043, 940, 859 cm ^"1 ; HREIMS mlz 622.5181, [M+H] ⁺ (calcd for C ₄₁ H ₆₈ NO ₃ , 622.5194).

[0046] Figure 19 of the drawings represents a structure drawing of

Compounds 1 and 2.

[0047] Figure 20 of the drawings represents a structure generic to

Compounds 11 and 25 with separate representations of substituent group R ^" that are particular to Compounds 11 and 25. As it appears in this and other figures, the substituent group Ci ₆ H ₂₇ represents an unsaturated chain in the same form as the parent compound.

[0048] Now referring to Figures 21-23, Figure 21 represents a structure generic to Compounds 3-10, 12-24, 26-29, and 35-44 having substituent groups R and R ^" listed in Figure 22. Substituent groups indicated as "a," "b," "c," "d," "e,"

"f," and "g" in Figure 22 have the structures indicated in Figure 23.

[0049] Figure 24 shows the structure of Compound 34.

[0050] Figure 25 shows the structure that is generic to Compounds 32 and 33 and indicates the substituent groups of Compounds 32 and 33. [0051] Figure 26 shows the structure that is generic to Compounds 30 and 31 and indicates the substituent groups of Compounds 30 and 31 by reference to substituent groups "e" and "f ' as shown in Figure 23.

[0052] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise any one of Compounds 3-40 either individually or as a group. In a related embodiment, compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of Compounds 3-40.

[0053] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise a com ound having the general formula:

wherein R" is selected from

wherein "n" is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

[0054] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise a compound having the general formula:

wherein R" is selected from

wherein "n" is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and wherein R is selected from H and CH ₃ .

[0055] A method of treating or preventing a form of cancer may, for example, comprise administering to a mammalian patient in need of said treatment or prevention either a first therapeutic amount of a compound or a second

therapeutic amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound, wherein said compound is selected from Compounds 3-44.

[0056] A method of treating or preventing a form of cancer may, for example, comprise exposing a mammalian cell to either a first therapeutic amount of a compound or a second therapeutic amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound, wherein said compound is selected from Compounds 3-44.

[0057] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise an in vivo product having anti-cancerous pharmacological effects produced by the administration of one of Compounds 3-44 to a mammalian patient.

[0058] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise a compound having the general formula:

wherein Rj is selected from H and CH ₃ ; wherein n is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12; wherein R ₂ is selected from . In a distinct but related

and n is selected from 1 , 2, 3, and 4. In four additional distinct but related embodiments each relating back to the above general formula, R ₂ is OH; "n" is selected from 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, and 12; "n" is selected from 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; and Ri is H

[0059] Compositions of matter described herein may, for example, comprise a composition of matter selected from: 10-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3£',7£ ^, )-4,8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1 -trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5 ,6-e] [ 1 ,3]oxazin- 2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)decan-l-ol; 10-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/±,7/±)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1 -trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e] [ 1 ,3]oxazin- 2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)decan-l-ol; 12-((R)-5,6,8-trimethyl-8-((3/i,7/i)-4,8, 12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1 -trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5 ,6-e] [ 1 ,3]oxazin- 2(lH,3H,8H)-yl)dodecan-l-ol; and 12-((R)-6,8-dimethyl-8-((3/±,7/±)-4,8,12- trimethyltrideca-3,7, 1 1 -trienyl)-9, 10-dihydrochromeno[5,6-e] [ 1 ,3]oxazin- 2( lH,3H,8H)-yl)dodecan- 1 -ol. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0060] Figures 1A-18 show 'll- and ¹³ C-NMR characteristics of Compounds 3-44.

[0061] Figure 19 shows the structure of Compounds 1 and 2.

[0062] Figure 20 shows the structure of Compounds 11 and 25.

[0063] Figures 21-23 shows the structure of Compounds 3-10, 12-24, 26-29, and 35-44.

[0064] Figure 24 shows the structure of Compound 34.

[0065] Figure 25 shows the structure of Compounds 32 and 33.

[0066] Figure 26 shows the structure of Compounds 30 and 31.

[0067] Figure 27 identifies amines used in the synthesis of various compounds.

[0068] Figure 28 shows IC ₅₀ data for Compounds 3-44.

[0069] Figure 29 shows anti-pro liferative treatment data for Compounds 4, 15, 17, 18, and 26.

[0070] Figures 30-34 show IC ₅₀ data for disclosed compounds.

[0071] Figure 35 shows the anti-migratory activity of Compounds 6, 10, 12,

13, 24, 26, 27, and 29.

[0072] Figure 36 shows the effect of Compound 30 on +SA mammary tumor growth in syngeneic BALB/c mice.

[0073] Figures 37-74 indicate the growth inhibition effects of Compounds 8, 13, 18, 24, 27, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 44 against a variety of cell lines.

[0074] Figures 75-100 indicate the calculated GI ₅₀ , TGI, and LC ₅₀ values for Compounds 8, 13, 17, 18, 23, 24, 27, 35-40, and 44 in molar concentrations against a variety of cell lines.

[0075] Figure 101 shows the mean percent growth activity of Compounds 1,

8, 13, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35-40, and 44 across 60 cell lines.

[0076] Figure 102 shows the selectivity pattern of tocotrienol analogs on the cell lines belonging to different tissues. EXAMPLES

Example 1

Semisynthesis of tocotrienol 3,4- dihydro- 1,3-oxazine analogs

[0077] Compounds 3-29 and 35-44 were prepared in a Mannich-type reaction sequence. Equimolar amounts of tocotrienol, primary amine, and formaldehyde were condensed to produce Compounds 3-29 and 35-44 rather than the

corresponding Mannich bases. Figure 27 describes which amines were used in the synthesis of various compounds described herein. Synthesis of Compounds 41-44 is carried out using amines comparable to the amines used in the preparation of Compounds 37-40 but with longer amine lengths appropriate for the desired final product. In Figure 27 the left column indicates the compound number of the compound that was synthesized and the right column describes the amine that was used in the synthesis. Some literature indicates that the Mannich bases would have been the expected product of such a reaction. Not wishing to be bound by theory, this discrepancy may be attributed, in part, to the use of primary amines, which have two formaldehyde reactive sites and subsequently one hydrogen can be substituted to give the aminomethyl analogue, or the two hydrogen atoms are substituted to give either the dihydro- 1,3-oxazine or bzs-substituted tertiary amine. Both

Compound 1 and Compound 2 were employed and they underwent the reaction successfully. Because Compound 2 has two unsubstituted o-positions (C-5 and C- 7), it was expected to get positional isomers in the reaction products. The C-5 substituted product was the predominant species because of the higher reactivity of C-5 than C-7. The reaction proceeded toward the 1,3-oxazine formation regardless the molar ratio of the reactants or the order of mixing, indicating that the reactants can all be mixed together with the primary amine. Either dioxane or ethanol was used and occasionally the reaction was allowed to proceed under solventless conditions. Synthesis was successful with both aqueous formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Either of Examples 1A or IB described below may be used to prepare Compounds 3-29 and 35-44.

Example 1A

[0078] To a dioxane solution (5 mL) of tocotrienol (4 mmoles), the amine (20 mmoles) was added. Mixture was cooled in an ice bath and 37% formaldehyde (21 mmoles) was added drop wise while stirring. It was then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the yellow residue obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate (20 mL), washed several times with saturated NaCl solution, dried over anhydrous MgSO _4; and concentrated in vacuum. The residue obtained was subjected to column chromatography using normal phase silica gel as stationary phase and gradient ethyl acetate/n-hexane system as mobile phase. Reaction products were identified by spectrometric analysis experiments.

Example IB

[0079] A mixture of tocotrienol (5.0 mmoles), paraformaldehyde (5.0 mmoles) and amines (5.0 mmoles) was stirred and left overnight at room temperature. The reaction was either carried out under solventless conditions or a few drops of an organic solvent were added (dioxane, ethanol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography directly from the reaction mixture without any work-up. The products were characterized using different spectrometric analysis experiments.

[0080] In the syntheses described above as Examples 1A and IB, allylamine and 2-aminoethanol were used as primary amines with medium chain length and different terminal functionalities. Equimolar amounts of Compound 2 were refluxed with allylamine or 2-aminoethanol with HCHO in dioxane. The reactions produced Compound 5 and Compound 9 respectively.

[0081] Further, in the syntheses described above as Example 1A and IB, δ- Tocotrienol, Compound 2, reacted with 2-aminoethanol and HCHO to give the positional isomers Compound 10 (major) and Compound 11 (minor). Still further, in the syntheses described above as Examples 1A and IB, Aminopropanol, 3,3- diethoxypropylamine, aminopentanol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, and tyramine were also condensed with either Compounds 1 or 2 to produce Compounds 12 or 13, 14 or 15, 17 or 18, 23 or 24 and 25, and 26 or 27, respectively.

Example 2

Preparation of Mannich base analogs of

tocotrienol

[0082] 3,4-Dihydro-l,3-oxazine analogs, namely Compounds 23 and 26, were hydrolyzed in a methanol solution to give the corresponding Mannich bases, Compounds 30 and 31 respectively, with the concomitant loss of one molecule of formaldehyde. The later were produced at a yield of 15-20%. Specifically, the starting compound was dissolved in 75% methanol and left for 48 hours at room temperature under shaking conditions (125 rpm). The solution was concentrated in vacuum and then extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 100 mL). The organic solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue purified using column

chromatography.

Example 3

Semisynthesis of hydroxymethyl

tocotrienol analogs

[0083] In a Lederer-Manasse reaction, a toluene solution of tocotrienol was refluxed with paraformaldehyde in presence of boric and acetic acids to produce the hydroxylmethyl tocotrienol analogs, Compounds 32-34. δ-Tocotrienol, Compound 2, produced two positional isomers, Compounds 33 and 34, because of the availability of two reactive sites, C-5 and C-7. γ-tocotrienol, Compound 1, reacted to produce Compound 32 under similar conditions.

[0084] Preparation of the hydroxymethyl analogs involved the following: To a toluene solution of tocotrienol (25 mmoles, 5 mL), acetic acid (0.5 mL), boric acid (40 mmoles), and paraformaldehyde (2.4 g) were added. The mixture was refluxed overnight. The reaction was stopped by cooling and washing with cold water, followed by vigorous shaking with a Na ₂ CO ₃ aqueous solution (5% W/V) for 0.5 hours, to decompose the boric acid complex. Finally, the mixture was washed with water and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO ₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was subjected to column chromatography using normal phase silica gel as stationary phase and gradient n-hexane/ethyl acetate system as mobile phase.

Reaction products were identified by spectrometric analysis.

Example 4A

MTT Assay of +S A Cells

[0085] The antiproliferative activities of Compounds 3-44 against the highly metastatic malignant +SA mammary epithelial cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Materials for the assay were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise stated. The highly malignant +SA mouse mammary epithelial cell line was serially passaged at subconfluent cell density. The +SA mammary tumor cell line was derived from an adenocarcinoma that developed spontaneously in a BALB/c female mouse. +SA cells were maintained in serum-free defined medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F12 containing 5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA), 10 mg/mL transferrin, 100

U/mL soybean trypsin inhibitor, 100 U/mL penicillin G, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin, 10 mg/mL insulin, and 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor. For subculturing, cells were rinsed twice with sterile Ca2+ and Mg2+-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in 0.05% trypsin containing 0.025% EDTA in PBS for 5 min at 37°C. The released cells were centrifuged, resuspended in fresh media and counted using hemocytometer. A stock solution of the compounds was prepared in DMSO.

Once dissolved, this solution was added to a small volume of sterile 10% BSA in water and incubated overnight at 37 °C. This solution conjugated to BSA was used to prepare various concentrations (0-40 μΜ) of tocotrienol analogs. DMSO was added to all treatment media such that the final DMSO concentration was the same in all treatment groups within a given experiment and was always less than 0.1%. For cytotoxic studies, cells were seeded at a density of 5xl0 ⁴ cells/well (+SA cells) or lxlO ⁵ cells/well (CL-S1 cells) (6 wells/group) in 24-well culture plates and allowed to grow in their respective control media. After 3 days incubation period (approximately 70% confluency), cells were divided equally into various treatment groups and exposed to their respective treatments for a 24 hours incubation period. Following the 24 hours treatment period, cell viability was measured using the MTT assay.

[0086] +SA Mammary epithelial cell viable number was determined by a 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. On the assay day, treatment medium was replaced with fresh control medium containing 0.42 mg/mL MTT, and the cells in 24-well plates were incubated at 37 °C for 4 hours. Afterward, the medium was removed, and the MTT crystals were dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (1 mL /well). The optical density of each sample was read at 570 nm on a microplate reader (SpectraCount, Packard Bioscience

Company), against a blank prepared from cell-free cultures. The number of cells/well was calculated against a standard curve prepared by plating various concentrations of cells, as determined by hemocytometer, at the start of each experiment.

[0087] Differences among the various treatment groups in +SA cell cytotoxic studies were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's t- test. The difference of P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant as compared with vehicle-treated controls unless separately described. Linear regression analysis of treatment effects on viable cell number in growth and cytotoxicity studies was used to determine the 50% growth inhibition concentration (IC ₅₀ ) for individual treatments.

[0088] Figure 28 shows IC ₅₀ data for Compounds 3-44 against the +SA mammary epithelial cells.

[0089] Figure 29 shows the effects of Compounds 4, 15, 17, 18, and 28 on the viability of +SA mammary tumor cells. Reading Figure 29 from left to right cell counts are given for Compound 4, Compound 15, Compound 17, Compound 18, and Compound 26 for treatment concentrations of 0 μΜ (control), then for 1 μΜ, and then for 2 μΜ. [0090] Figure 30 shows antiproliferative activity for several tested

compounds as IC ₅₀ values. Figure 30 shows the antiproliferative activities of Compounds 8, 11, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, and 27 against +SA mammary tumor cells.

[0091] Figure 31 shows antiproliferative activity for several tested

compounds as IC ₅₀ values. Figure 31 shows how semi-synthesis with amines of varying length impacts antiproliferative activity and how compounds derived from δ-tocotrienol (Compounds 10, 13, 18, 24, 27) compared to compounds derived from γ-tocotrienol (Compounds 9, 12, 17, 23, 26) in activity against +SA

mammary tumor cells.

[0092] Figure 32 shows antiproliferative activity for several tested

compounds as IC ₅₀ values. Figure 32 demonstrates the importance of the terminal amine functional group against +SA mammary tumor cells. Compounds 17 and 26 which have a free OH group have very high activities. Compound 23 has terminal OCH ₃ groups and also displayed very high activity. Compound 16 which

terminates in an NH group showed strong activity. Compound 20 which terminates in a carboxylic acid group showed strong activity but less so than the

aforementioned compounds. Compound 28 which terminates in NO ₂ showed significant activity but less so than Compounds 20.

[0093] Figure 33 shows antiproliferative activity for several tested

compounds as IC ₅₀ values. Figure 33 shows the variation of the activity of different δ-tocotrienol positional isomers against +SA mammary tumor cells. The reactant 2- aminoethanol was used to produce Compounds 10 and 11 which are isomers. Figure 33 shows that Compounds 10 and 11 varied significantly in potency while

Compounds 24 and 25 isomers created with 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine have nearly equal potency.

[0094] Figure 34 shows antiproliferative activity for several tested

compounds as IC ₅₀ values. In Figure 34 γ-tocotrienol and δ-tocotrienol isomer analogs appear next to each other for comparison purposes.

[0095] Not wishing to be bound by theory, the presence of a terminal OH group such as in Compound 9 may be important for the activity of the compound. However, compounds with N-methyl, such as Compounds 3 and 4, or N-benzyl groups, such as Compound 6, also showed good antiproliferative activities (IC ₅₀ range of 1.2-2.2 μΜ), superior to those of Compounds 1 and 2 (IC ₅₀ of 4 and 3 (μΜ, respectively). Further, extending the length of the alkyl chain of the primary amine proved to enhance the activity. This pattern was more evident in analogs of

Compound 2 than it was for analogs of Compound 1. Masking the OH by etherification did not affect the activity with the exception of Compound 14 which showed a significantly decreased activity.

[0096] The terminal OH group, either free (Compounds 17 and 26) or etherified (Compounds 23), was the most active compared to other terminal groups such as COOH (Compound 20), NH (Compound 16), and NO2 (Compound 28).

[0097] Although Compound 2 has two available o-positions for

aminomethylation, the reaction proceeded predominantly at the position that is a to the pyran ring. Two positional isomers Compounds 10 and 11 were isolated after reacting Compound 2 with 2-aminoethanol while 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine afforded Compounds 24 and 25. Although Compound 11 was significantly more active than Compound 10, both Compounds 24 and 25 were nearly equipotent.

[0098] The antiproliferative activities of Compound 30 (IC ₅₀ 3.19 (μΜ) and

Compound 31 IC ₅₀ 0.47 (μΜ) against the highly metastatic +SA mammary epithelial cancer cell line were higher than the activity of Compound 1.

[0099] Hydroxymethylation did not remarkably affect the activity. Only

Compound 32 showed better activity than Compound 1 against the +SA mammary epithelial cells, with IC ₅₀ value 2.6 (μΜ). Meanwhile, Compounds 33 and 34 were less active than Compound 2 and had IC ₅₀ values of 6.6 μΜ and higher.

[00100] Thirty out of 42 prepared compounds have shown IC ₅₀ values less than 3 μΜ, with better activity than δ-tocotrienol (Compound 2). Of these, seven compounds showed nanomolar IC ₅₀ values.

[00101] Generally, the oxazine analogs of Compound 2 (δ-isomer) showed lower IC ₅₀ values than the corresponding analogs of Compound 1 (γ-isomer). This pattern was consistent along most of the prepared oxazines except this pattern was reversed in the Manasse-Lederer-based analogs, Compounds 32-34. The γ- isomer analog Compound 32 showed lower IC ₅₀ value the than the δ-isomers, Compounds 33 and 34. Example 4B

MTT Assay of MCF7 and MDA-MB- 231 Cells

[00102] The antiproliferative effects of tocotrienol analogs on the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 human breast cancer cell lines were evaluated using procedures comparable to those described in Example 4A. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells were plated at a density of 8 x 10 ³ cells/ well and 10 ⁴ cells/ well in 96- well culture plates, respectively. The compounds were fed in serum free media containing 5% and 1% fetal bovine serum for MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells, respectively. Antiproliferative activity of various compounds displayed as IC ₅₀ values (μΜ) against the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 human cancer cell lines and the non-tumorigenic MCF 10A epithelial cell line is shown in Table I. IC ₅₀ values were calculated using statistical software.

Table I

Compound MCF7 MDA-MB-231 MCF 10A

1 7.1 9.4 4.4

6 > 20.0 27.3

10 6.0 > 5.0 3.1

12 > 20.0 9.6

13 > 20.0 > 10.0 6.5

16 > 20.0 0.8

17 > 20.0 > 50.0 8.9

18 9.1 9.0 4.6

23 > 20.0 > 50.0 0.7

26 10.6 > 5.0 8.5

27 18.2 > 5.0 1.9

35 > 20.0 13.8

36 16.3 > 5.0 4.2

37 > 20.0 > 10.0

38 > 20.0 > 5.0 2.5

39 > 20.0 > 20.0 2.0

40 > 20.0 11.7 1.7

41 19.4 15.7

42 4.6 12.4

43 > 20.0 > 50.0

44 > 20.0 > 50.0

Example 4C

MTT Assay of MCF 1 OA Cells

[00103] MCF 1 OA (ATCC cat # CRL-10317) normal human non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells were maintained in serum-free defined medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F12 containing 5% horse serum, 1% penicillin/ streptomycin, 0.5 g/mL hydrocortisone, 100 ng/mL cholera toxin, 10 g/mL insulin, and 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). For

subculturing, cells were rinsed twice with sterile Ca2+ and Mg2+-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in 0.25% trypsin containing 0.025% EDTA in PBS for 5 min at 37°C. The released cells were centrifuged, re-suspended in fresh media and counted using a hemocyto meter. For testing, MCF 10A cells were plated at a density of 10 x 10 ⁴ cells/ well. A stock solution of the compounds was prepared in DMSO. DMSO was added to all treatment media such that the final DMSO concentration was the same in all treatment groups within a given experiment and was always less than 0.1%. The compounds were fed in serum free media. MCF10A mammary epithelial cell's viable number was determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Antiproliferative activity of selected active compounds against the MCF 10A cell line are displayed in Table II below. IC ₅₀ values were calculated by non-linear regression using statistical software. The selectivity index indicated in the table represents the IC ₅₀ value for the MCF10A cell line divided by the IC ₅₀ value for the +SA cell line.

Table II

Compound MCF10A Selectivity

index

1 4.4 1.10

13 6.5 3.61

17 8.9 5.24

18 4.6 6.57

23 0.7 0.39

26 8.5 5.67

27 1.9 2.09

36 4.2 2.34

38 2.5 1.92

39 2.0 1.43

40 1.7 2.15

Example 5

Wound-Healing Assay

[00104] The highly metastatic human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 IU/mL), and streptomycin (50 g/mL), and grown in a 5% CO ₂ atmosphere at 37 °C. Cells were plated onto sterile 24-well and allowed to recover for a confluent cell monolayer formed in each well (>95% confluence). Wounds were then inflicted to each cell monolayer using a sterile 200 pipette tip. Media were removed, cells monolayers were washed twice with PBS, and then fresh media containing test compounds were added to each well. Test compounds were prepared in DMSO at 5 μΜ concentration and added to the plates, each in triplicate using DMSO as negative control. The incubation was carried out for 24 h under serum-starved conditions, after which media was removed and cells were fixed and stained using a staining composition sold under the trade name Diff Quick (Dade Behring Diagnostics, Aguada, Puerto Rico). The stain comprised a fixative reagent containing 1.8 mg/L triarylmethane dye in methyl alcohol; a first solution of 1 g/L xanthene dye, buffer, and sodium azide (0.01 %) as preservative; and a second solution of 1.25 g/L Thiazine dye mixture (0.625 g/L azure A and 0.625 g/L methylene blue) and buffer. The number of cells migrated on the scratched wound were counted under the microscope in three or more randomly selected fields (magnification: 400X). Final results are expressed as mean ± SEM per 400X field. The wound-healing assay is a simple method for the study of directional cell migration in vitro.

[00105] Compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the migration of the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in the wound-healing assay using the procedure described above. Compounds 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 26, 27, and 29 inhibited the migration of more than 50% of the human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 in the wound healing assay at 5 μΜ dose. Figure 35 shows the anti- migratory activity of the most active analogs, Compounds 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 26, 27, and 29, against the human highly metastatic breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 in that wound-healing assay. Although most of the active compounds in wound healing assay were also active as antiproliferative, Compounds 6 and 29 were highly active as antimigratory but were inactive as antiproliferative. The

antimigratory activity of tocotrienols may be enhanced by a terminal aromatic functionality. The presence of electron withdrawing group, such as nitro in

Compound 29, may eliminate the antiproliferative activity yet retain the

antimigratory activity of the compound. While the electron donating groups, such as OH and OMe found in Compounds 23 and 26, respectively, retained both

antiproliferative and antimigratory activities.

[00106] Utilizing similar procedures follow-up testing was conducted on a variety of compounds using a range of compound concentrations. The results of follow-up antimigratory testing are shown in Figure 35B and Table III below with IC ₅₀ values calculated using statistical software. Figure 35 B shows the dose response antimigratory activity of Compounds 12, 27, 35, 39, 40, and 42 against the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in the wound-healing assay. IC ₅₀ values were calculated for the tocotrienol analogs that had the greatest antimigratory activity against the highly metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and are presented below in Table III.

Table III

Compound ICso CuM)

1 > 40.0

2 > 40.0

10 1.3

12 8.1

13 6.0

26 4.5

27 2.4

35 10.7

36 2.2

38 1.5

39 4.7

40 4.9

42 7.2

[00107] Test results indicated that the 1,3-oxazine analogs were more active than the Mannich bases and the hydroxymethyl derivatives as antimigratory agents. A terminal OH group, alcoholic or phenolic, may also be important for

antimigratory activity. Also, the oxazine analogs of 2 (δ-isomer) were more active than the corresponding analogs of Compound 1 (γ-isomer) as antimigratory agents. The most active compounds were Compounds 10, 38, 36, and 27 with IC ₅₀ values of 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.4 μΜ, respectively. Compounds 10, 38, and 36 possess linear aliphatic ethanol, hexanol, or butanol side chains attached at R' as shown in Figure 21. This is evidence of a potential preference for a terminal free hydroxy

functionality at 2-6 carbons distance from at R' as shown in Figure 21. The only analog among the most active compounds with aromatic (tyramine) side chain, Compound 27, can still be envisioned as a 6-carbons chain separating the free phenol hydroxy from the position of connection represented by R' as shown in Figure 21. Example 6

Tumor Implantation into Mammary Fat

Pads of Syngeneic BALB/c Mice

[00108] The malignant +SA mammary epithelial cell line was derived from an adenocarcinoma that developed spontaneously in a female BALB/c mouse. These cells can be grown on plastic in culture and display the ability to grow in soft agarose. Re-implantation of +SA mammary tumor cells back into the mammary fat pad of syngeneic mice results in the rapid development and growth of metastatic tumors. Prior to experimentation, +SA cells were serially passaged at subconfluent cell density. For subculturing, cells are rinsed with calcium/magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in 0.05% trypsin containing 0.025% EDTA in PBS for 5 min at 37°C. The released cells are then diluted in a nutrient mixture sold as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 media and pelleted by centrifugation. Cell pellets are then resuspended in control culture media, counted by hemocytometer, and then plated at the desired density in culture plates. Cells were then fed fresh media every other day. On the day of tumour implantation, +SA cells grown in culture are isolated with trypsin, washed, counted and diluted to the desired concentration in fresh culture medium. Female BALB/c mice, 3-4 months old, were purchased from Harlan laboratories (Indianapolis, IN) and housed in plastic cages in a temperature-regulated (24 + 0.5°) and light- controlled (14 hr light/ 10 hr dark) room and allowed standard laboratory mouse chow and water ad libitum. At the time of experimentation, animals were anesthetized with an ip injection of ketamine/xylazine (10 mg ketamine: l mg xylazine/mL saline, Henry Schein, Inc, Melville, NY) at a dose of 0.1 mL/10 gm bw. A small incision was then made in the skin along the midline of the abdomen, and a single injection of 0.1 mL containing 1 x 10 ⁶ cells was injected into the #4 mammary gland fat pad (1 tumor/mouse). The incision was then closed, animals allowed to recover, and then returned to their treatment group cages.

Approximately 40 days after transplantation, tumors became palpable at an average size of approximately 5 mm in diameter. Tumor bearing mice were then divided into the following treatment groups: 1) Vehicle-treated controls; and 2) 0.5mg of Compound 30 in 0.1 mL of propylene glycol/DMSO (1 : 1) vehicle. Treatments were administered daily by tail vein injection throughout the entire 14 day experimental period. Tumor size and body weighs were recorded every other day. Average tumor diameter for each palpable tumor was determined using the mean of the 2 largest perpendicular diameters as measured with vernier calipers. Tumor volume was determined using the equation:

Volume = Length (cm) X Width ² (cm) / 2 or V = L xW ² /2

[00109] The effects of daily intravenous treatment with 0.5 mg of Compound 30 or 0.5 mg of γ-tocotrienol (γΤ ) dissolved in 0.1 mL propylene glycol on +SA mammary tumor growth in syngeneic BALB/c mice is shown in Figure 36 throughout a 14-day experimental period. Palpable +SA mammary tumors started to appear in all groups approximately 40 days following tumor cell injection into the #4 mammary gland fat pad. In a vehicle-treated control group, measurable tumors continued to grow throughout the 14 day treatment period. In contrast, +SA mammary tumors in animals receiving 0.5 mg/day of Compound 30 grew at a significantly slower rate, as compared to tumors in the vehicle-treated controlled group. Body weights did not significantly differ among the different treatment groups at any time during the 14-day treatment experimental period. Figure 36 shows the effect of Compound 30 on +SA mammary tumor growth in syngeneic BALB/c mice.

Example 7

Screening Compounds against Cell

Lines

[00110] Compounds selected from Compounds 3-44 were provided to the

National Cancer Institute for in vitro screening against 60-human cell lines for their ability to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in a full panel representing nine different organs (blood, lung, colon, CNS, skin, ovary, kidney, prostate, and breast). The compounds were tested at a single concentration of 10 μΜ, and the percentages of growth inhibitions over the sixty tested cell lines were determined. Compounds showing the highest activity were chosen for secondary assays using five different compound concentrations.

[00111] The human tumor cell lines of the cancer screening panel were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine. For a typical screening experiment, cells are inoculated into 96 well microtiter plates in 100 μΐ _^ at plating densities ranging from 5000 to 40,000 cells/well depending on the doubling time of individual cell lines. After cell inoculation, the microtiter plates are incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO ₂ , 95% air and 100% relative humidity for 24 hours prior to addition of experimental drugs. After 24 hours, two plates of each cell line are fixed in situ with Trichloroacetic acid ("TCA"), to represent a measurement of the cell population for each cell line at the time of drug addition. Experimental drugs are solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide at 400-fold the desired final maximum test concentration and stored frozen prior to use. At the time of drug addition, an aliquot of frozen concentrate is thawed and diluted to twice the desired final maximum test concentration with complete medium containing 50 μg/mL gentamicin. An aliquot of 100 μΐ _^ of this drug dilution is added to the appropriate microtiter wells already containing 100 μΐ _^ of medium, resulting in the required final drug concentrations. Following drug addition, the plates are incubated for an additional 48 h at 37 °C, 5% CO ₂ , 95% air, and 100% relative humidity. For adherent cells, the assay is terminated by the addition of cold TCA. Cells are fixed in situ by the gentle addition of 50 μΐ _^ of cold 50% (w/v) TCA (final concentration, 10% TCA) and incubated for 60 min at 4 °C. The supernatant is discarded, and the plates are washed five times with tap water and air dried. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) solution (100 μΐ _^ ) at 0.4% (w/v) in 1% acetic acid is added to each well, and plates are incubated for 10 min at room temperature. After staining, unbound dye is removed by washing five times with 1% acetic acid and the plates are air dried. Bound stain is subsequently solubilized with 10 mM trizma base, and the absorbance is read on an automated plate reader at a wavelength of 515 nm. For suspension cells, the methodology is the same except that the assay is terminated by fixing settled cells at the bottom of the wells by gently adding 50 μΐ _^ of 80% TCA (final concentration, 16% TCA). Figures 37-74 indicate the growth inhibition effects of selected Compounds against a variety of cell lines based on the above described testing configuration. Figures 37-74 present the Growth percent for a given compound against the cell lines and both values and a bar chart of the difference between the mean growth percent and the growth percent which is an indication of the selectivity of the compound for that particular cell line.

Example 8

Screening Compounds against Cell

Lines

[00112] Figures 75-100 indicate the calculated GI ₅₀ , TGI, and LC ₅₀ molar concentration values for selected compounds based on testing of the compounds at 0.01 μΜ, 0.1 μΜ, 1.0 μΜ, and 10.0 μΜ concentrations against a variety of cell lines. Testing procedures were conducted by the National Cancer Institute utilizing methods comparable to those of Example 7.

[00113] Compounds 13, 36, 38, and 40 were lethal to the cells at 10 μΜ dose, showing negative mean percent growth values across all 60 cell lines (mean60), while 1 was inactive. Figure 101 shows the mean percent growth activity of Compounds 1, 8, 13, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35-40, and 44 across all the 60 cell lines (mean60) with negative values indicating cytotoxicity. Mean percent growth values showed that the oxazine ring is an important pharmacophore for the shown activity since the Mannich bases without the oxazine ring, Compounds 30 and 31 , showed activity comparable to the activity of Compound 1. The mean percent growth decreased by increasing the length of the R' as R' is shown in Figure 21 from 4-carbons, Compound 36, to 6-carbons, Compound 38, to 8- carbons, Compound 40. However, increasing the length of the R' substituent of Figure 21 to a length of 12-carbons, led to reducing the activity and increasing the mean percent growth value. This may indicate that the optimal length of the R' substituent for the best activity is at or near 8-carbons. Comparison of the mean percent growth values for γ- and δ-isomers substituents indicate that the oxazine analogs of Compound 2 (δ-isomer) were more cytotoxic or growth inhibitors than the corresponding Compound 1 analogs. Representing the data in the form of mean graphs, in which the percent growth of each cell line is subtracted from the mean percent growth, enables the detection of the differential growth inhibition activity of the compound on different tumor tissues and cell lines. Tocotrienol analogs showed selective growth inhibition of blood and colon malignant cell lines. Figure 102 shows the selectivity pattern of tocotrienol analogs on the cell lines belonging to different tissues. The selectivity is calculated by subtracting the mean growth percent of each tissue from the mean60. A positive value indicates selectivity of the compound for the tissue. Compounds 8, 17, 38, and 40 inhibited the growth of leukemia and colon cancer cell lines at nanomolar GI ₅₀ values. In figure 102 each compound is presented from left to right in the following order: Compound 8, Compound 13, Compound 17, Compound 18, Compound 24, Compound 27, Compound 35, Compound 36, Compound 37, Compound 38, Compound 39, Compound 40, and Compound 44 with that pattern repeating for each cancer type.

[00114] All reagents and chemicals were purchased from Sigma- Aldrich Chemical Co. and VWR International. Tocotrienol-rich fraction 50 g (Palm TRF 70%, low in tocopherol from First Tech International Ltd., Hong Kong) was fractionated on Si gel 60 using n-hexane/ethyl acetate (gradient elution). Optical rotations were measured on a Rudolph Research Analytical Autopol III polarimeter. IR spectra were recorded on a Varian 800 FT-IR spectrophotometer. The 1H- and

13 C-NMR spectra were recorded in CDC1 ₃ , using TMS as an internal standard, on a JEOL Eclipse-400 NMR spectrometer, operating at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for C. The HREIMS experiments were conducted at Louisiana State University on a 6200-TOF LCMS (Agilent) equipped with multimode source (mixed source that can ionized the compounds alternatively by ESI and APCI). The ESIMS was conducted using 3200 Q-trap LC/MS/MS system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using Analyst version 1.4.1 software (MDS Sciex; Toronto, Canada). The analytes were ionized using electro-spray ionization (ESI) interface operated in the positive mode. The analysis was conducted using Ql scan and mass scan range was mlz 50-500 (0.15 s/scan). TLC analysis was carried on precoated Si gel 60 F ₂₅₄ 500 μηι TLC plates (EMD Chemicals), using variable proportions of n-hexane-ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate-methanol-water as a mobile phase. Vanillin in

concentrated H ₂ SO ₄ (1% w/v) was used as visualizing reagent. For column chromatography, Si gel 60 (Natland, 63-200 μηι) was used.

[00115] Statistical differences between treatment groups were determined using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test. A difference of p<0.05 was considered to be significant, as compared to the vehicle-treated control group.

[00116] The compositions disclosed herein may be delivered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, ocularly, orally, transdermally, topically, by inhalation or by other suitable means.

[00117] Individual compositions disclosed herein may be used in the treatment of a cancer selected from leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. The compositions disclosed herein may be used in the treatment of a cancer selected from one of the cell lines disclosed. For each instance in which this disclosure shows that one of the compounds disclosed herein substantially inhibited the growth of a particular cell line disclosed herein, that compound may be used to treat cell lines that are substantially similar to the cell line for which the growth was inhibited.

[00118] As used herein, the term "therapeutic amount" indicates an amount which is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired clinical results. Non-limiting examples of these types of results include significant slowing or stopping of the proliferation of cancer cells in a mammal and decreasing the number of live cancer cells in a patient. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt prepared from any one or multiple non-toxic acid(s) or base(s), including both organic and inorganic acids and bases that are suitable for use in contact with living animal or human tissue without causing adverse physiological responses.

[00119] Any and all reference to patents, documents and other writings contained herein shall not be construed as an admission as to their status with respect to being or not being prior art. It is understood that the array of features and embodiments taught herein may be combined and rearranged in a large number of additional combinations not directly disclosed, as will be apparent to one having skill in the art and that various embodiments of the invention may have less than all of the benefits and advantages disclosed herein.

[00120] There are, of course, other alternate embodiments which are obvious from the foregoing descriptions, which are intended to be included within the scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims.