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Patent Searching and Data


Title:
TOPICAL PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS FOR BD2-PREFERENTIAL BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA TERMINAL INHIBITOR
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2024/073072
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
The invention is directed to topical formulations of a compound represented by the following structural formula: (I). Included are an ointment formulation of the compound, an anhydrous gel formulation of the compound, an aqueous gel formulation of the compound and a cream formulation of the compound. The formulations are described in greater detail herein.

Inventors:
TAO JASON (US)
CARBOL JASON (US)
Application Number:
PCT/US2023/034163
Publication Date:
April 04, 2024
Filing Date:
September 29, 2023
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
BP ASSET III INC (US)
International Classes:
A61K9/06; A61K9/00; A61K31/506; A61P17/06
Foreign References:
US10034881B22018-07-31
US9637456B22017-05-02
Other References:
NADEEM AHMED ET AL: "Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation is suppressed by BET bromodomain inhibitor in mice through RORC/IL-17A pathway modulation", PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 99, 1 September 2015 (2015-09-01), AMSTERDAM, NL, pages 248 - 257, XP093121725, ISSN: 1043-6618, Retrieved from the Internet DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.001
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
DAVIS, Steven, G. et al. (US)
Download PDF:
Claims:
137589-00120 CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. An ointment comprising: a) a compound represented by the following structural formula: , which is 1-5 % w/w of the ointment; b) an emollient, which is at least 50% w/w of the ointment; c) one or more dissolution solvents; and d) one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers. 2. The ointment of claim 1, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl isosorbide, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, castor oil, diisopropyl adipate, laureth-4, oleth-2, propylene carbonate benzyl alcohol, PEG 400, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, TANSCUTOL®P, and dimethyl sulfoxide. 3. The ointment of claim 1, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide. 4. The ointment of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the one or dissolution solvent(s) is 4- 30% w/w of the ointment. 5. The ointment of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the emollient is petrolatum, white soft paraffin, lanolin, white wax, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, petroleum jelly, coco butter or shea butter. 6. The ointment of claim 5, wherein the emollient is petrolatum. 7. The ointment of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the emollient is 50-90% w/w of the ointment. 8. The ointment of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant or an ionic surfactant. 9. The ointment of claim 8, wherein the non-ionic surfactants is an ethoxylated esterified fatty acid, an ethoxylated sugar esterified with a fatty acid, ethoxylated alcohol, mono 25 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 or diglyceride (e.g., mono or di stearate ester of glycerol or mixture thereof), ester of a sugar esterified with fatty acid, including a sorbitan ester, a tween surfactant, glyceryl monostearate, ethoxylated castor oil; the ionic surfactant is a sodium phosphate surfactant (such as sodium laurel sulfate, sodium laurel ether sulfate) or an amine surfactants (such as cocamide DEA); and the emulsion stabilizer is stearyl alcohol, steric acid or cetyl alcohol. 10. The ointment of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are glyceryl monostearate, one or more mono- and di- glycerides, PEG2 stearate or sorbitan monostearate. 11. The ointment of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are 5-20% w/w of the ointment. 12. The ointment of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 10-20% w/w of the ointment and the emollient is 70-80% w/w of the ointment. 13. The ointment of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 14-17% w/w of the ointment and the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is 5-12% w/w of the ointment. 14. The ointment of claim 1, wherein the ointment comprises: a) the compound which is 1-5 % w/w of the ointment; b) white petrolatum which is at least 65%, w/w, e.g., 70-80% w/w of the ointment; c) propylene glycol; d) one or more mono and/or diglycerides; and e) dimethyl sulfoxide. 15. The ointment of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol. 16. The ointment of claim 15, wherein the stearate ester of glycerol is GMS Pure. 17. The ointment of any one of claims 14-16, wherein propylene glycol is 7-13% w/w of the ointment; the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is 5-10% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 3-7% w/w of the ointment. 18. The ointment of any one of claims 14-16, wherein propylene glycol is 9-11% w/w of the ointment; the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is 6-8% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 4-6% w/w of the ointment. 26 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 19. The ointment of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the propylene glycol is 10% or 11% w/w of the ointment; the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is 7% w/w of ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 5% w/w of the ointment. 20. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the ointment additionally comprises sorbitan monostearate. 21. The ointment of claim 19, wherein the sorbitan monostearate is 1-8% w/w of the ointment. 22. The ointment of claim 19, wherein the sorbitan monostearate is 2-4% w/w of the ointment. 23. The ointment of claim 19, wherein the sorbitan monostearate is 3% w/w of the ointment. 24. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the ointment additionally comprises a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol. 25. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol is 2-(2-octadecoxyethoxy)ethanol (steareth-2). 26. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the ointment additionally comprises steareth-2 which is 1-8% w/w of the ointment. 27. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the ointment additionally comprises steareth-2 which is 3-5% w/w of the ointment. 28. The ointment of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the ointment additionally comprises steareth-2 which is 4% w/w of the ointment. 29. The ointment of claim 14, wherein the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid. 30. The ointment of claim 29, wherein the stearic acid salt is potassium stearate. 31. The ointment of claim 29, wherein the mixture is GMS-SE. 27 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 32. The ointment of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the mixture is 5-10% w/w of the ointment. 33. The ointment of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the mixture is 7% w/w of the ointment. 34. The ointment of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the propylene glycol is 7-13% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE is 5-10% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 3- 7% w/w of the ointment. 35. The ointment of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the propylene glycol is 9-11% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE is 6-8% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 4- 6% w/w of the ointment. 36. The ointment of any one of claims 29-31, wherein propylene glycol is 10% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE is 7% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 5% w/w of the ointment. 37. The ointment of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the compound is 1-4% w/w of the ointment. 38. The ointment of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the compound is 1.5-2.5% w/w of the ointment. 39. The ointment of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the compound is 2.0% w/w of the ointment. 40. An anhydrous gel formulation comprising: a) a compound represented by the following structural formula: , which is 10-30% w/w of ointment b) one or more dissolution solvents; 28 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 c) a non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents; and d) a gelling agent. 41. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 40, wherein the one or more solvents are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl isosorbide, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, castor oil, diisopropyl adipate, laureth-4, oleth-2, propylene carbonate benzyl alcohol, PEG 400, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, TANSCUTOL®P, and dimethyl sulfoxide. 42. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 41, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and dimethyl isosorbide. 43. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-42, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 10-70% w/w of the formulation. 44. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-43, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is glycerin, sorbitol, diethyl sebicate, butyl stearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, Miglyol 810 (caprylic/capric triglyceride), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate or glyceryl monooleate. 45. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 44, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is glycerin. 46. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-45, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is 10-50% w/w of the formulation. 47. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-46, wherein the gelling agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose, fumed silica, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™) or a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as a carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980). 48. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 47, wherein the gelling agent is hydroxypropyl cellulose. 49. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-48, wherein the gelling agent is 0.25-5% w/w of the formulation. 29ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 50. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-49, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 50-70% w/w of the formulation; the non-aqueous solvent is 10-20% w/w of the formulation; and the gelling agent is 0.5-3% w/w of the formulation. 51. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 40, wherein the formulation comprises: a) the compound, which is 10-30% w/w of the formulation; b) glycerin, 10-20% w/w of the formulation; c) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; d) dimethyl isosorbide; e) dimethyl sulfoxide; and f) hydroxypropylcellulose. 52. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 51, wherein the dimethyl sulfoxide is 10-40% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is 10-40% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 7-20% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 0.5% to 5% w/w of the formulation 53. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 51, wherein dimethyl sulfoxide is 20-30% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is 20-30% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 10-16% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 0.5 % to 3% of the formulation. 54. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 51, wherein dimethyl sulfoxide is 25% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is 25% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 13% w/w of the formulation; glycerin is 15% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 2% of the formulation. 55. The anhydrous gel formulation of claim 51, wherein dimethyl sulfoxide is 25% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is 25% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 13% w/w of the formulation; glycerin is 16% w/w of the formulation;and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 1% of the formulation. 56. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-55, wherein the compound is 17-23% w/w of the formulation. 57. The anhydrous gel formulation of any one of claims 40-55, wherein the compound is 20% w/w of the formulation. 58. An aqueous gel formulation, comprising: a) a compound represented by the following structural formula: 30 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 , which is 2-10% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; b) one or more dissolution solvents; c) a non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents; and d) water; and e) a gelling agent. 59. The aqueous gel formulation of claim 58, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl isosorbide, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, castor oil, diisopropyl adipate, laureth-4, oleth-2, propylene carbonate benzyl alcohol, PEG 400, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, Transcutol®P and dimethyl sulfoxide. 60. The aqueous gel formulation of claim 59, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, benzyl alcohol or dimethyl isosorbide. 61. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-60, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 10-60% w/w of aqueous gel formulation. 62. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-61, wherein the non-aqueous solvent is glycerin, sorbitol, diethyl sebicate, butyl stearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, miglyol 810 (caprylic/capric triglyceride), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate or glyceryl monooleate. 63. The aqueous gel formulation of claim 62, wherein the non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents is glycerin. 64. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-63, wherein the non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents is 10-50% of the aqueous gel formulation. 31 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 65. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-64, wherein the gelling agent is hydroxypropyl cellulose, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14- 18hydrocabon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™), fumed silica, a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980), xanthan gum, hyaluronic acid, guar gum or hydroxyethyl cellulose. 66. The aqueous gel formulation of claim 65, wherein the gelling agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™) or a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as a carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980). 67. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-66, wherein the gelling agent is 0.25-5% of the aqueous gel formulation. 68. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-67, wherein water is 2-50% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 69. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-68, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 40-50% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; the non-aqueous solvent is 10-20% w/w of aqueous gel formulation; and water is 25-35% w/w of aqueous gel formulation. 70. The aqueous gel formulation of claim 58, comprising: a) the compound, which is 2-10% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; b) glycerin, which is 10-20% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; c) water; d) dimethyl isosorbide; e) dimethyl sulfoxide; and f) benzyl alcohol. 71. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-70, wherein water is 15-45% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 8-20% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 15-45% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol is 0.5-4% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 32 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 72. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-70, wherein water is 25-35% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 12-18% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 25-35% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol is 0.5-2% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 73. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-70, wherein water is 30% w/w water of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 15% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 30% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol is 1% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 74. The aqueous formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 0.5- 5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monoleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon. 75. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 1-3% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monoleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon. 76. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 2% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon. 77. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 3-5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon. 78. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 4% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed a C14-18 hydrocarbon. 79. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 74-78, wherein the polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate is polysorbate 80 and the C14-18 hydrocarbon is isohexadecane 33 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 80. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-79, wherein the gelling agent is SEPINEO P600TM. 81. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980) which is 0.25-2.5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and aqueous base in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.0 and 6.0. 82. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is the 0.5-1.25% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980); and wherein the formulation further comprises aqueous sodium hydroxide in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.25 and 5.75. 83. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 0.75% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980); and wherein the formulation further comprises sodium hydroxide in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.5 84. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 1-5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX). 85. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 1.5-2.5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX). 86. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-73, wherein the gelling agent is 2.0% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and is hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX). 87. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-86, the compound is 4-6% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 88. The aqueous gel formulation of any one of claims 58-86, wherein the compound is 5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. 89. A cream formulation, comprising: a) a compound represented by the following structural formula: 34 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 , which is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation; b) one or more dissolutions solvents; c) one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers; d) an emollient; e) a gelling agent; and f) water, which is at least 15% w/w of the cream formulation, e.g., 20-40% w/w of the cream. 90. The cream formulation of claim 89, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are one or more solvents selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl isosorbide, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, castor oil, diisopropyl adipate, laureth-4, oleth-2, propylene carbonate, benzyl alcohol, PEG 400, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and dimethyl sulfoxide. 91. The cream formulation of claim 90, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and dimethyl sulfoxide. 92. The cream formulation of claim 90, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide and optionally benzyl alcohol. 93. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-92, wherein the one or more dissolution solvents are 20-60% w/w of the cream formulation, e.g., 30-50% w/w of the cream formulation. 94. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-93, wherein the emollient is petrolatum, white soft paraffin, lanolin, white wax, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, petroleum jelly, coco butter or shea butter. 35 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 95. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-93, wherein the emollient is petrolatum. 96. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-93, wherein the emollient is 2-25% w/w of the cream formulation. 97. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-96, wherein the gelling agent is hydroxypropyl cellulose, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14- 18hydrocabon such as isohexadecane (e.g., Sepineo P600™), fumed silica, a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980), a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-30 alkyl acrylate (e.g., PEMULENTM TR-1), xanthan gum, hyaluronic acid, guar gum or hydroxyethyl cellulose. 98. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-96, wherein the gelling agent is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocabon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™), xanthan gum or a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-30 alkyl acrylate (e.g., PEMULENTM TR-1), xanthan gum. 99. The cream formulation of any one of claim 89-98, wherein the gelling agent is 0.25- 5% w/w of the cream formulation. 100. The cream formulation of any one of claim 89-99, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are an ethoxylated esterified fatty acid, an ethoxylated sugar esterified with a fatty acid, an ethoxylated alcohol, a mono or diglyceride (e.g., mono or di stearate ester of glycerol) a sugar esterified with fatty acid, including a sorbitan ester, a tween surfactant, glyceryl monostearate, ethoxylated castor oil, a sodium phosphate surfactant (such as sodium laurel sulfate, sodium laurel ether sulfate), an amine surfactants (such as cocamide DEA), C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture thereof (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol or a mixture thereof) or a C10-C20 fatty acid (e.g., steric acid). 101. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-99, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is glyceryl monostearate, one or more mono- and di- glycerides, PEG2 stearate or sorbitan monostearate. 102. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-99, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is a mixture of a C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture thereof and a polyethylene glycol ether of a C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture thereof (e.g., 36 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 polyethylene glycol ethers of cetyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol ethers of oleyl alcohol). 103. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-102, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is 5-25% w/w of the cream formulation. 104. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-103, wherein: a) the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dimethyl isosorbide and dimethyl sulfoxide; b) the emollient is white petrolatum; and c) the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is a C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture of C10-C20 alcohols and one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10- C20 alcohol, wherein the polyethylene glycol is a 1-20mer. 105. The cream formulation of claim 104, comprising: a) the compound, which is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which is 15-25% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 10-20% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C10-C20 alcohols, which is 5-10% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 3-10% w/w of the cream formulation; g) the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 4-10% w/w of the cream formulation; and h) water, which is 20-40% w/w of the formulation. 106. The cream formulation of claim 105, comprising: a) the compound, which is 1-3% of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which 18-22% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 14-16% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C10-C20 alcohols, which is 6-8% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 4-6% w/w of the cream formulation; and g) the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 5-7% w/w of the cream formulation. 37 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 107. The cream formulation of claim 106, comprising: a) the compound, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which is 20.5% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 15% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C10-C20 alcohols, which is 7% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 5% w/w of the cream formulation; and g) the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 6% w/w of the cream formulation. 108. The cream formulation of any one of claim 89-107, wherein the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are a mixture of cetostearyl alcohol, a polyethyleneglycol ether of cetyl alcohol and a polyethyleneglycol ether of oleyl alcohol. 109. The cream formulation of 108, wherein the polyethyleneglycol ether of cetyl alcohol and the polyethyleneglycol ether of oleyl alcohol are both 2 mers. 110. The cream formulation of claim 108, wherein the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers are ceteth-20 and oleth-2. 111. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-110, further comprising mineral oil, which is 2-10% w/w of the cream formulation. 112. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-110, further comprising mineral oil, which is 5-7% of the cream formulation. 113. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-110, further comprising mineral oil, which is 6% w/w of the cream formulation. 114. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-113, further comprising a mixture of mono and diglycerides, which is 1-4% w/w of the cream formulation. 115. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-113, further comprising a mixture of mono and diglycerides, (e.g., wherein the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol such as GMS Pure), which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. 116. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w 38 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is .25-1.0% w/w of the cream formulation and is xanthan gum. 117. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is 0.5% w/w of the cream formulation and is xanthan gum. 118. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 6-10% of the cream formulation; xanthan gum, which is 0.25-1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and one or more preservatives such as one or more C1-C4 alkyl paraben, which are 0.1-0.5% w/w of the cream formulation. 119. The cream formulation of claim 118, wherein the one or more C1-C4 alkyl parabens is methyl paraben and propyl paraben. 120. The cream formulation of claim 118 or 119, wherein the cream formulation comprises methyl paraben, which is 0.15-0.25% w/w of the cream formulation; and propyl paraben, which is 0.015-0.025% w/w. 121. The cream formulation of any one of claims 118-120, comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; xanthan gum, which is 0.5% w/w of the cream formulation; methyl paraben, which is 0.2% w/w of the cream formulation; and propyl paraben, which is 0.02% w/w of the cream formulation. 122. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-110, wherein the cream formulation comprises white petrolatum, which is 12-16% w/w of the cream formulation; the gelling agent which is .25-1.0% w/w of the cream formulation and is xanthan gum; a mixture of mono and diglycerides, which is 1-4% w/w of the cream formulation; and benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation. 123. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-110, wherein the cream formulation comprises white petrolatum, which is 14% w/w; the gelling agent which is 0.5% w/w of cream formulation and is xanthan gum; a mixture of mono and diglycerides, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation; and benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation. 124. The cream formulation of claim 122 or 123, wherein the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol, such as GMS Pure. 125. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w 39 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is 0.25-1.5% w/w of the cream formulation and is a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-30 alkyl acrylate co-monomer, e.g., comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is 0.25-1.5% w/w of the cream formulation and is a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-30 alkyl acrylate co-monomer. 126. The cream formulation of claim 125, wherein the crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and the C10-30 alkyl acrylate comprises 0.75% w/w of the cream formulation. 127. The cream formulation of claim 125 or 126, wherein the crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and the C10-30 alkyl acrylate is PEMULENTM TR-1. 128. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation and is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer. 129. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115, comprising white petrolatum, which is 16-20% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent, which is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation and is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer. 130. The cream formulation of any one of claim 89-115 or 128, comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 4% w/w of the cream formulation. 131. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115 or 128, comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. 132. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-115 or 129, comprising white petrolatum, which is 18.5% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer and which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. 133. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-113, comprising glycerol monostearate, which is 1-3% w/w of the cream formulation; petrolatum, which is 6- 40 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3.0% w/w of the cream formulation; the gelling agent which is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 1-3% w/w of the cream formulation. 134. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-113, comprising glycerol monostearate, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation; petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1% w/w of the cream formulation; and the gelling agent which is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. 135. The cream formulation of claim 133 or 134, wherein the glycerol monostearate comprises stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid, such as a potassium salt of stearic acid. 136. The cream formulation of claim 135, wherein the mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid is GMS-SE. 137. The cream formulation of any one of claims 128-136, wherein the acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer is SEPINEO P600TM. 138. The cream formulation of any one of claims 89-137, additionally comprising a preservative such as a C1-C4 alkyl paraben or a mixture of C1-C4 alkyl parabens), which is 0.01-1.0 w/w (e.g., 0.1-0.4% w/w) of the cream formulation. 139. The cream formulation of claim 138, wherein the C1-C4 alkyl paraben or mixture is methyl paraben, propyl paraben or a mixture thereof. 140. The formulation of any one of claims 1-139, wherein the compound is a solvate represented by the following structural formula: . 141. A method of treating a subject with psoriasis, comprising topically apply an effective amount of the formulation of any one of claims 1-140 to an area of the subject’s skin that shows symptoms of psoriasis. 41 ME146188668v.1
Description:
137589-00120 TOPICAL PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS FOR BD2- PREFERENTIAL BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA TERMINAL INHIBITOR RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No.63/411,987, filed on 30 September 2022, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by aberrant immune responses and driven by chronic cytokine stimulation. Psoriasis is a skin condition having 4 main forms: plaque type, generalized pustular psoriasis, guttate and erythroderma. It is a T cell mediated disease driven, at least in part, by IL-17, IL-23 and TNFα; and drugs which target these pathways are used to treat severe forms of the disease. Almost six million patients in the United States suffer from various forms of psoriasis. Standard of care treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis is typically topical corticosteroids (TCS) or topical vitamin D analogs. However, there are drawbacks when TCS’s are used to treat patients with mild to moderate psoriasis. TCS’s are unable to be used in sensitive areas, have a limited duration, and have some risk of steroid-associated side effects. Novel topical therapies could be an alternative without having the disadvantage of systemic toxicity. For example, the following compound, referred to herein as the “Compound” (see U.S. Patent No.9,637,456) is being developed as a potential topical treatment for psoriasis: The Compound is a potent BD2-preferential bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) inhibitor that targets multiple pathways critical to psoriasis pathogenesis, including IL-17 and IL-23. The Compound has been tested topically on humans in a 2% w/w cream formulation 1 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 (hereinafter the “Original Formulation” or Original Cream Formulation) for safety and efficacy. The cream formulation contains polyethylene glycol 400 (“PEG 400”) and propylene glycol. It was found that drug concentration at the target site in the dermis was too low to be efficacious. As such, there is a need to identify new formulations that can facilitate penetration of the Compound through the epidermis and increase its concentration in the dermis. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION New formulations of the Compound have now been identified which show superior penetration in an in vitro permeation test (IVPT) (see Example 1) compared with the Original Formulation. These formulations also show superior penetration into the dermis compared with the Original Formulation as determined open flow microperfusion, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), and MALDI imaging ex vivo of human and pig skin to which the formulations were applied (see Example 2). Based on these results, an ointment formulation of the Compound, an anhydrous gel formulation of the Compound, an aqueous gel formulation of the Compound and a cream formulation of the Compound are disclosed herein. One embodiment of the invention is an ointment comprising: a) the Compound, which is 1-5 % w/w of the ointment; b) an emollient, which is at least 50% w/w of the ointment; c) one or more dissolution solvents; and d) one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers. Suitable emollients, dissolution solvents and surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizer are provided below in the Detailed Description. In one aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide and in another aspect the one or more dissolution solvents (such as propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide) are 4-30% w/w of the ointment. In another aspect, the emollient is petrolatum and in another aspect the emollient (such as petrolatum) is 50-90% w/w/ of the ointment. In another aspect, the one or more surfactants and/or stabilizers are glyceryl monostearate, one or more mono- and di- glycerides, PEG2 stearate or sorbitan monostearate. In another aspect, the one or more surfactants and/or stabilizers (such as the glyceryl monostearate, one or more mono- and di- glycerides, PEG2 stearate or sorbitan monostearate) are 5-20% w/w of the ointment. In yet another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are 10-20% w/w of the ointment, the emollient is 70-80% w/w of ointment and the one or more surfactants and/or stabilizers are 5- 2 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 20% of the ointment. In yet another aspect, the emollient is 70-80% w/w of the ointment, the one or more dissolution solvents are is 14-17% w/w of the ointment and the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are 5-12% w/w of the ointment. Specific examples of ointment formulations of the invention are provided in Example 4. Another embodiment of the invention is an anhydrous gel formulation comprising: a) the Compound, which is 10-30% w/w of the formulation; b) one or more dissolution solvents; c) a non-aqueous solvent miscible in the dissolution solvent; and d) a gelling agent. Suitable dissolution solvents, non-aqueous solvents and gelling agents are provided in the Detailed Description. In one aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and dimethyl isosorbide. In another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents (e.g., a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and dimethyl isosorbide) are 10-70% w/w of the anhydrous gel formulation. In yet another aspect, the non-aqueous solvent is glycerin. In another aspect, the non-aqueous solvent (e.g., glycerin) is 10-50% w/w of the anhydrous gel formulation. In another aspect, the gelling agent is hydroxypropyl cellulose. In yet another aspect, the gelling agent (e.g., hydroxypropyl cellulose) is 0.25-5% w/w of the anhydrous gel formulation. In yet another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are 50-70% w/w of the formulation, the non-aqueous solvent is 10-20% w/w of the solvent and the gelling agent is 0.5-3% w/w of. Specific examples of anhydrous gel formulations of the invention are provided in Example 6. Another embodiment of the invention is an aqueous gel formulation, comprising: a) the Compound, which is 2-10% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; b) one or more dissolution solvents; c) a non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents; d) water; and e) a gelling agent Suitable dissolution solvents, non-aqueous solvents and gelling agents are provided in the Detailed Description. In one aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, benzyl alcohol or dimethyl isosorbide. In another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents (e.g., a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, benzyl alcohol or dimethyl isosorbide) are 10-60% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In another aspect, the non- 3 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents is glycerin. In yet another aspect, the non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents (e.g., glycerin) is 10-50% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In another aspect, the gelling agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™) or a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as a carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980). In yet another aspect, the gelling agent (e.g., one of the aforementioned gelling agents) is 0.25-5.0% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In another aspect, the water is 2-50% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In yet another aspect, the dissolution solvent is 40-50% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation, the non-aqueous solvent is 10-20% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and water is 25-35% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. Specific examples of aqueous gel formulations of the invention are provided in Example 5. Yet another embodiment of the invention is cream formulation, comprising: a) the Compound, which is 25-35% w/w of the cream formulation; b) one or more dissolution solvents; c) one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers; d) an emollient; e) a gelling agent; and f) water, which is at least 15% w/w of the cream formulation, e.g., 20-40% w/w of the cream formulation. Suitable dissolution solvents, surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers, emollients and gelling agents are provided in the Detailed Description. In one aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and dimethyl sulfoxide. In another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents (e.g., a mixture of dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and dimethyl sulfoxide) are 20-60% w/w of the cream formulation (e.g., 30-50% w/w). In another aspect, the emollient is petrolatum, white soft paraffin, lanolin, white wax, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, petroleum jelly, coco butter or shea butter. In another aspect, the emollient is petrolatum. In another aspect, the emollient (e.g., petrolatum, white soft paraffin, lanolin, white wax, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, petroleum jelly, coco butter or shea butter) is 2-25% w/w of the cream formulation. In another aspect, the gelling agent is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C 14-18 hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™), xanthan 4 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 gum or a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-C30 alkyl acrylate (e.g., PEMULEN TM TR-1), xanthan gum. In another aspect, the gelling agent (e.g., one of the aforementioned gelling agents) is 0.25-5% w/w of the cream formulation. In another aspect, the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is glyceryl monostearate, one or more mono- and di- glycerides, PEG2 stearate or sorbitan monostearate. In yet another aspect, the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is a mixture of a C 10 -C 20 alcohol or a mixture thereof and a polyethylene glycol ether of a C 10 -C 20 alcohol or a mixture thereof (e.g., polyethylene glycol ethers of cetyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol ethers of oleyl alcohol). In yet another aspect, the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers (e.g., one of the aforementioned surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers) is 5-25% w/w of the cream formulation. In another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are a mixture of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dimethyl isosorbide and dimethyl sulfoxide; the emollient is white petrolatum; and the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers is a C 10 -C 20 alcohol or a mixture of C10-C20 alcohols and one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10- C20 alcohol, wherein the polyethylene glycol is a 1-20mer. In another aspect, the one or more dissolution solvents are 35-45% w/w of the cream formulation; the emollient is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; the one or more surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers are 50-10% w/w of the cream formulation and water is 20-40% w/w of the cream formulation. Examples of cream formulations of the invention are provided in Example 3. Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating psoriasis in a subject. The method comprises applying an effective amount of a formulation disclosed herein to a portion of skin on the subject that is showing the symptoms of psoriasis. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 depicts a Franz cell used in in vitro permeation testing (IVPT). Figure 2 is a bar graph showing the amount of the Compound in ug/cm 2 that permeated the skin over time into the receptor fluid over time in the IVPT study. Figure 3 is a bar graph showing the amount of the Compound in ug/cm 2 in the different skin layers 22 hours after dosing from the IVPT study. Figure 4 is a bar graph showing the percentage delivery of the Compound potency that permeated through the skin and into the receptor fluid over time, and the percentage of the Compound potency in the different skin layers 22 hours after dosing. 5 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 Figure 5 is a graph of the Compound concentration in ng/mL over time in hours determined ex vivo by open flow microperfusion study in pig skin. Figure 6 is a bar graph of the Compound concentration in ng/mL determined in an ex vivo biopsy by LCMS in the lower dermis of pig skin. Figure 7 is a graph of the Compound concentration in ng/mL over time in hours determined ex vivo by open flow microperfusion study in human skin. Figure 8 is a bar graph of the Compound concentration in ng/mL determined in an ex vivo biopsy by LCMS in the lower dermis of human skin. Figure 9 is a bar graph of the Compound concentration in ng/mL determined in an ex vivo biopsy by MALDI in the lower dermis of human skin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein are formulations of the Compound suitable for topical application to the skin of a subject with psoriasis. An effective amount of a disclosed formulation is applied topically to portions of the skin (including the scalp) that exhibit the signs and/or symptoms of psoriasis, including rashes or patches of red, inflamed skin, often covered with loose, silver-colored scales. Patches of skin afflicted with psoriasis are also often itchy and/or painful that can crack or bleed. Psoriasis can also be characterized by discoloration and pitting with fingernails and toenails. An “effective amount” refers to a quantity that alleviates the symptoms of psoriasis when applied to affected areas of the skin. The disclosed formulations are applied in an amount sufficient to cover the affected area of skin. A first embodiment of the invention is the ointment formulation of the Compound, which comprises: a) the Compound, which is 1-5 % w/w of the ointment; b) white petrolatum, which is at least 65% w/w, e.g., 70-80% w/w of the ointment; c) propylene glycol; d) one or more mono and/or diglycerides; and e) dimethyl sulfoxide. In a first aspect, the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol. Alternatively, the stearate ester of glycerol is GMS Pure. GMS Pure is the esterification product of stearic acid with glycerol. In a second aspect, the ointment comprises propylene glycol, which is 7-13% w/w of the ointment; the mixture of one or more mono and diglycerides, which is 5-10% w/w of ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 3-7% w/w of the ointment; and the other ingredients are as described in the first embodiment. Alternatively, propylene glycol is 9-11% w/w of the ointment; the mixture of one or more mono and diglycerides is 6-8% w/w of the 6 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 4-6% w/w of the ointment; and the other ingredients are as described in the first embodiment. In another alternative, propylene glycol is 10% or 11% w/w of the ointment; the mixture of mono and diglycerides is 7% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide is 5% w/w of the ointment; and the other ingredients are as described in the first embodiment or first aspect. The one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol. Alternatively, the stearate ester of glycerol is GMS Pure. In a third aspect, the ointment is as described in the first embodiment or the first or second aspect, and the ointment additionally comprises sorbitan monostearate. In one example, the ointment additionally comprises sorbitan monostearate, which is 1-8% w/w of the ointment. Alternatively, sorbitan monostearate is 2-4% w/w of the ointment. In another alternative, sorbitan monostearate is 3% w/w of the ointment. In a fourth aspect, the ointment is as described in the first embodiment or the first or second aspect, and the ointment additionally comprises a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol. For example, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol is 2-(2- octadecoxyethoxy)ethanol (steareth-2). Alternatively, the ointment additionally comprises steareth-2, which is 1-8% w/w of the ointment. In another alternative, steareth-2 is 3-5% w/w of the ointment. In yet another alternative, steareth-2 is 4% w/w of the ointment. In a fifth aspect, the ointment is as described in the first embodiment and the ointment comprises a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid, for example, the stearic acid salt is potassium stearate. In one alternative, the mixture is GMS-SE. GMS SE is the reaction product of glycerin and stearic acid combined with potassium stearate. In one example, the mixture 5-10% w/w of ointment, or, alternatively, 7% w/w of the ointment. When the ointment comprises a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid, as described in this fifth aspect, the ointment in one example comprises propylene glycol, which is 7-13% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE, which is 5-10% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 3-7% w/w of the ointment. Alternatively, when the ointment comprises a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid, as described in this fifth aspect, the ointment comprises propylene glycol, which is 9-11% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE, which is 6-8% w/w of the ointment; and dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 4- 6% w/w of the ointment. In another alternative, when the ointment comprises a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a slat of stearic acid, as described in this fifth aspect, the ointment comprises propylene glycol, which is 10% w/w of the ointment; GMS-SE, which is 7 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 In a sixth aspect, the ointment is as described in the first embodiment or the first, second, third, fourth or fifth aspect, and the Compound is 1-4% w/w of the ointment, alternatively, 1.5-2.5% w/w of the ointment and in another alternative 2.0% w/w of the ointment. A second embodiment of the invention is an anhydrous gel formulation comprising: a) the Compound, which is 10-30% w/w of formulation; b) glycerin, which is 10-20% w/w of the formulation; c) diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; d) dimethyl isosorbide; e) dimethyl sulfoxide; and f) hydroxypropyl cellulose. In a seventh aspect, dimethyl sulfoxide is 10-40% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is 10-40% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 7-20% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 0.5% to 5% w/w of the formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the second embodiment. Alternatively, dimethyl sulfoxide is 20-30% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is 20-30% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 10-16% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 0.5 % to 3% w/w of the formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the second embodiment. In another alternative, dimethyl sulfoxide is 25% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is 25% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 13% w/w of the formulation; glycerin is 15% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 2% w/w of the formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the second embodiment. In yet another alternative, dimethyl sulfoxide is 25% w/w of the formulation; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is 25% w/w of the formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 13% w/w of the formulation; glycerin is 16% w/w of the formulation; and hydroxypropyl cellulose is 1% w/w of the formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the second embodiment. In an eighth aspect, the anhydrous gel formulation is as described in the second embodiment or seventh aspect, and the Compound is 17-23% w/w of the formulation. Alternatively, the Compound is 20% w/w of the formulation. A third embodiment of the invention is an aqueous gel formulation, comprising: a) the Compound, which is 2-10% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; b) glycerin, which is 15- 25% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; c) water; d) dimethyl isosorbide; e) dimethyl sulfoxide; and f) benzyl alcohol. 8 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 In a ninth aspect, water is 15-45% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 8-20% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 15-45% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol is 0.5-4% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the third embodiment. Alternatively, water is 25-35% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 12-18% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 25-35% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol is 0.5-2% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the third embodiment. In yet another alternative, water is 30% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl isosorbide is 15% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; dimethyl sulfoxide is 30% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and benzyl alcohol 1% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described in the third embodiment. In a tenth aspect, the aqueous gel formulation is as described in the third embodiment or ninth aspect and comprises a gelling agent which is a mixture polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-C18 hydrocarbon, wherein the gelling agent is 0.5-6% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. Alternatively, the gelling agent is a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-C18 hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane, wherein the gelling agent is 1-3% w/w of the gel formulation. In yet another alternative, the gelling agent a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18 hydrocarbon such isohexadecane, which is 2% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In an eleventh aspect, the aqueous gel formulation is as described in the third embodiment or ninth aspect, and comprises a gelling agent which is a mixture of polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C 14-18 hydrocarbon, wherein the gelling agent is 3-5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; or 4% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. For example, the polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate is polysorbate 80 and the C14-18 hydrocarbon is isohexadecane. In another example, the mixture is SEPINEO P600 TM . In a twelfth aspect, the aqueous gel formulation is as described in the third embodiment or ninth aspect, and comprises a gelling agent which is a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980), which is 0.25-2.5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation, and aqueous base in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.0 and 6.0. 9 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 Alternatively, the gel aqueous formulation additionally comprises a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980), which is 0.5-1.25% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and aqueous sodium hydroxide in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.25 and 5.75. In yet another alternative, the aqueous gel formulation additionally comprises a crosslinked polyacrylic acid (e.g., carbopol 980), which is 0.75% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation and sodium hydroxide in an amount so that the pH of the formulation is between 5.5. In a thirteenth aspect, the aqueous gel formulation is as described in the third embodiment or ninth aspect, and additionally comprises hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX), which is 1-5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation; hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX), which is 1.5-2.5% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. Alternatively, hydroxyethyl cellulose (e.g., NATROSOL™ 250 HHX) is 2.0% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation. In a fourteenth aspect, the aqueous gel formulation is as described in the third embodiment or ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth or thirteenth aspect, and the Compound is 4-6% w/w of the aqueous gel formulation, alternatively 5% w/w. A fourth embodiment of the invention is a cream formulation, comprising: a) w the Compound, which is 1-5% w/ cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; c) dimethyl isosorbide; d) white petrolatum; e) a C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture of C10-C20 alcohols; f) dimethyl sulfoxide; g) one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C 10 -C 20 alcohol, wherein the polyethylene glycol is a 1-20 mer; and h) water, which is at least 15% w/w of the cream formulation, e.g., 20-40% w/w of the cream formulation. In a fifteenth aspect, the cream formulation comprises: a) the Compound, which is 1- 5% w/w of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which is 15-25% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 10-20% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C 10 - C 20 alcohol or the mixture of C 10 -C 20 alcohols, which is 5-10% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 3-10% w/w of the cream formulation; g) the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 4-10% w/w of` the cream formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described for the fourth embodiment. Alternatively, the cream formulation comprises: a) the Compound, which is 1-3% w/w of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which is 18-22% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 14-16% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white 10 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C10-C20 alcohols, which is 6-8% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 4-6% w/w of the cream formulation; g) the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 5-7% w/w of the cream formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described for the fourth embodiment. In another alternative, the cream comprises: a) the Compound, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation; b) diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, which is 20.5% w/w of the cream formulation; c) dimethyl isosorbide, which is 15% w/w of the cream formulation; d) white petrolatum, which is 5-20% w/w of the cream formulation; e) the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C 10 -C 20 alcohols, which is 7% w/w of the cream formulation; f) dimethyl sulfoxide, which is 5% w/w of the cream formulation; g) the one or more polyethylene glycols of a C10-C20 alcohol, which are 6% w/w of the cream formulation; and the remainder of the ingredients are as described for the fourth embodiment. In a sixteenth aspect, the C10-C20 alcohol or the mixture of C10-C20 alcohols in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth aspect are cetostearyl alcohol; and the one or more polyethylene glycol ethers is a polyethylene glycol ether of cetyl alcohol and a polyethylene glycol ether of oleyl alcohol. In one example, the polyethylene glycol ether of cetyl alcohol and the polyethylene glycol ether of oleyl alcohol are, both 2 mers, such ceteth-20 and oleth- 2. In a seventeenth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth or sixteenth aspects and additionally comprises mineral oil, which is 2-10% w/w of the cream formulation. Alternatively, the mineral oil is 5-7% w/w of the cream formulation. In yet another alternative, the mineral oil is 6% w/w of the cream formulation. In an eighteenth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth aspects and additionally comprises a mixture of mono and diglycerides, which is 1-4% w/w of the cream formulation. Alternatively, the mixture of mono and diglycerides, (e.g., wherein the one or more mono and/or diglycerides is a stearate ester of glycerol, such as GMS Pure) is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. In a nineteenth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and xanthan gum, which is .25-1.0% w/w of the cream 11 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 formulation. Alternatively, white petrolatum is 8% w/w, benzyl alcohol is 1.0% w/w, and xanthan gum is 0.5% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twentieth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; xanthan gum, which is 0.25-1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl parabens, which are 0.1-0.5% w/w of the cream formulation. In one example, the one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl parabens are methyl paraben and propyl paraben, e.g., 0.15-0.25% w/w methylparaben and 0.015-0.025% w/w propylparaben. Alternatively, white petrolatum is 8% w/w, xanthan gum is 0.5% w/w, methyl paraben is 0.2% w/w and propyl paraben is 0.02% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twenty-first aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth or sixteenth aspects and additionally comprises a mixture of mono and diglycerides, which is 1-4% w/w of the cream formulation; white petrolatum, which is 12-16% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and xanthan gum, which is .25-1.0% w/w of the cream formulation. Alternatively, the mixture of mono and diglycerides is 2% w/w, white petrolatum is 14% w/w, benzyl alcohol is 1.0% w/w, and xanthan gum is 0.5% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twenty-second aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and of crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C10-30 alkyl acrylate co-monomer, which is 0.25-1.5% w/w. Alternatively, white petrolatum is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol is 1% w/w of the cream formulation; and the crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and a C 10-30 alkyl acrylate co- monomer is 0.25-1.5% w/w. In another alternative, the crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and the C10-30 alkyl acrylate is 0.75% w/w of the cream formulation. For example, the crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and the C 10-30 alkyl acrylate is PEMULEN TM TR-1. In a twentieth-third aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises white petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol which is 0.5-3% w/w of the cream formulation; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation. Alternatively, white petrolatum is 16-20% w/w, benzyl alcohol is 0.5-3% w/w, and acrylamide/sodium 12 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer is 1-5% w/w of the cream formulation. In another alternatively, white petrolatum is 8% w/w; benzyl alcohol is 1.0% w/w, and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer is 4% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twentieth-fourth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises comprising white petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which 1.0% w/w; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twentieth-fifth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth or eighteenth aspects and additionally comprises white petrolatum, which is 18.5% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol, which is 1.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. In a twentieth-sixth aspect, the cream formulation is as described in the fourth embodiment or fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth aspects and additionally comprises glycerol monostearate, which is 1-3% w/w of the cream formulation; petrolatum, which is 6-10% w/w of the cream formulation, benzyl alcohol, which is 0.5-3.0% w/w of the cream formulation; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, which is 1-3% w/w. Alternatively, glycerol monostearate is 2% w/w; petrolatum, which is 8% w/w of the cream formulation; benzyl alcohol is 1% w/w; and acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer is 2% w/w of the cream formulation. In one example, the cream formulation the cream formulation comprises a mixture of a stearate ester of glycerin and a salt of stearic acid (e.g., 1-3% w/w or 2% w/w), such as a potassium salt of stearic acid, for example, GMS-SE. In a twenty-seventh aspect, the acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer described in the previous aspects is SEPINEO P600 TM . In one aspect, the disclosed formulations comprise the Compound as a solvate, e.g., an ethanolate, such as an ethanolate represented by the following structural formula: 13 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 The term “w/w” means weight/ weight, or the weight of a component of the formulation divided by the weight of the formulation. When the amount of a component in a disclosed formulation is provided herein as a percentage, unless indicated otherwise, percent w/w is intended. Preservatives may be added to the disclosed formulations to prevent, for example, microbial contamination that can affect the stability of the formulation and/or cause infection in the patient. Examples of preservatives suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include parabens (such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl, isobutyl, and isopropyl paraben), potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, methyl benzoate, phenoxyethanol, bronopol, bronidox, MDM hydantoin, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, benzalconium chloride, cetrimide, and benzylalcohol. In one aspect, the formulations can additionally comprise an anti-oxidant. Examples of anti-oxidants suitable for use in the present invention include ascorbic acid, ascorbyl linoleate, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl tocopherol maleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), calcium ascorbate, carotenoids, kojic acid and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, propyl gallate, sodium thiosulfate, thioglycolic acid and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts (e.g., ammonium), tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-12, tocophereth-18, or tocophereth-80. A dissolution solvent is a solvent in which the Compound is soluble and which is suitable for topical pharmaceutical use. In one aspect, the dissolution comprises one solvent. Alternatively, the dissolution solvent is a mixture of solvents. Examples of dissolution solvents suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl isosorbide, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, castor oil, diisopropyl adipate, laureth-4, oleth- 2, propylene carbonate benzyl alcohol, PEG 400, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, 14 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, TANSCUTOL®P, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. An emollient is a substance that helps soothe, soften, and increase moisture levels, especially in the skin. Examples of emollients suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include petrolatum, white soft paraffin, lanolin, white wax, mineral oil, microcrystalline wax, petroleum jelly, coco butter or shea butter. A gelling agent is a substance that promotes or facilitates the formation of a gel when added to a liquid phase. Examples of gelling agents suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include hydroxyethyl cellulose, fumed silica, a mixture comprising polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate and an acrylamide/acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer dispersed in a C14-18hydrocarbon such as isohexadecane (e.g., SEPINEO P600™) or a crosslinked polyacrylic acid such as a carbopol (e.g., carbopol 980). A non-aqueous solvent miscible in the one or more dissolution solvents is a solvent suitable for topical pharmaceutical use and miscible with a dissolution solvent. Examples of non-aqueous solvents miscible in the dissolution solvent suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include glycerin, sorbitol, diethyl sebicate, butyl stearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, miglyol 810 (caprylic/capric triglyceride), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate or glyceryl monooleate. An emulsion stabilizer is a substance that prevents droplets within an emulsion from coming together, or coalescing. A surfactant is a compound that lowers the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, or dispersants. Examples of surfactants and/or emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the disclosed formulations include an ethoxylated esterified fatty acid, an ethoxylated sugar esterified with a fatty acid, ethoxylated alcohol, mono or diglyceride (e.g., mono or di stearate ester of glycerol) a sugar esterified with fatty acid, including a sorbitan ester, a tween surfactant, glyceryl monostearate, ethoxylated castor oil, a sodium phosphate surfactant (such as sodium laurel sulfate, sodium laurel ether sulfate), an amine surfactants (such as cocamide DEA), C10-C20 alcohol or a mixture thereof (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol or a mixture thereof) or a C 10 -C 20 fatty acid (e.g., steric acid). The invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way. 15 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 – In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) Formulations are screened by IVPT to assess skin permeability. IVPT studies are carried out with a Franz cell as shown in Figure 1. The Franz Cell system is designed to imitate the behavior of actives and formulations when applied to skin. A test sample is placed in contact with a membrane and the rate of transfer is determined by collection of the permeate on the other side of the membrane in a receptor fluid. The IVPT studies were carried out with human cadaver skin; and the receptor fluid was phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 with 2% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 0.01% w/w NaN3 preservative. The temperature of the receptor well was 32±0.5°C; and the temperature of the skin surface was maintained at 30±1.0°C. The receptor well was sampled at 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Samples tested are shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 – Prototype Formulation Platforms Selected for IVPT Ingredients 16 M E146188668v.1 137589-00120 Formulation 8, the negative control, the Original Formulation is the formulation used in the clinical trials which demonstrated insufficient penetration at the target site in the dermis. Figure 2 shows the amount of drug substance that permeated through the skin and into the receptor fluid over time. The Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1) and the 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) (Table 1, Formulation 4) demonstrate the highest amounts of the Compound in the receptor fluid 22 hours after dosing. The 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3) demonstrates slightly higher amounts of the Compound in the receptor fluid 8 hours after dosing, then slightly lower amounts of the Compound in the receptor fluid 22 hours after dosing than the Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1) and the 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) (Table 1, Formulation 4) platforms. Figure 3 displays the amount of drug substance in the different skin layers 22 hours after dosing. The 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) (Table 1, Formulation 4) demonstrates the highest amount of the Compound in the epidermis and among the highest with the 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3) in the dermis 22 hours after dosing. The 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3), the 15% Anhydrous Gel (with PEG 400) (Table 1, Formulation 5) and the 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) (Table 1, Formulation 6) demonstrate comparable amounts of the Compound in the epidermis 22 hours after dosing. Figure 4 displays both the percentage of the drug substance potency that permeated through the skin and into the receptor fluid over time, and the percentage of the drug substance potency in the different skin layers 22 hours after dosing. The Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1) delivered the highest percentage of the Compound into the receptor fluid 22 hours after dosing. The 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) (Table 1, Formulation 6) delivered the highest percentage of the Compound in the epidermis 22 hours after dosing, followed by the Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1), the Cream 1% Oil Phase (Table 1, Formulation 2), the Original Cream Formulation (Table 1, 17 M E146188668v.1 137589-00120 Formulation 8) and the 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3). The Cream 1% Oil Phase (Table 1, Formulation 2) and the 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) (Table 1, Formulation 6) delivered the highest percentage of the Compound in the dermis 22 hours after dosing, followed by the 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3) and the Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1). The above IVPT data was investigated to further identify lead formulations and potential next steps. The data was evaluated by skin layer, allowing comparison of formulations at each level of penetration. The skin used in the study was 300 μm thick. Below in Table 2 is the data for each formulation and the penetration through the stratum corneum and into the epidermis. Table 2 – IVPT Epidermis Data Evaluation As seen in Table 2 above the penetration of the Compound into the epidermis of the selected formulations is relatively similar. When comparing the formulations to the Original Formulation, the relative improvement of penetration is up to three times more Compound in the epidermis for the best formulations and no improvement for other formulations. Penetration through the stratum corneum and through the epidermis and into the dermis was then evaluated for each formulation using the IVPT data and the results shown in Table 3 below. 18 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 Table 3 – IVPT Dermis Data Evaluation As seen in Table 3 above, select formulations penetrate significantly better, and up to four to five times more than the Original Formulation into the dermis. For example, the 5% Aqueous Gel showed a five fold improvement; the 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) showed a four fold improvement; the 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) showed a three fold improvement; and the Cream 2% in Water Phase (in Water Phase) showed a two fold improvement. The final depositing of the Compound into the receptor solution was evaluated for each formulation. This would be representative of the amount of the Compound penetrating through the stratum corneum, through the epidermis, and through the first 10% of the dermis and starting to enter the remaining 90% of the dermis. The results are shown in Table 4 below. Table 4– IVPT Receptor Solution Data Evaluation 19 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 As seen above, the penetration into the receptor solution further distinguishes certain formulation from the Original Formulation. These results represent how much of the Compound penetrated through the stratum corneum, the epidermis, and through ~220 um of dermis. For example, the 5% Aqueous Gel showed a thirteen fold improvement; the 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) showed a nineteen fold improvement; 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) showed a two fold improvement; and the Cream 2% in Water Phase (in Water Phase) showed a nineteen fold improvement. The results above show that the formulations that deliver the Compound more deeply into the dermis than the Original Formulation are: Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1), 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) (Table 1, Formulation 4); 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3); and 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) (Table 1, Formulation 6). Example 2 - Ex vivo human and pig skin using open flow microperfusion study (OFM), LCMS and MALDI The concentration of the Compound in the dermis human and pig skin following application of five formulations was measure measured by OFM, LCMS and by matrix assisted laser desorption MALDI ex vivo of human and pig skin to which the formulations were applied. The five formulations were 1) the Original Cream Formulation (Table 1, Formulation 8); 2) Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1); 3) 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO) (Table 1, Formulation 4); 4) 5% Aqueous Gel (Table 1, Formulation 3); and 5) 2% Ointment (in Internal Phase) (Table 1, Formulation 6). 20 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 The results are shown in Figures 5-9. OFM and biopsy results showed all four formulations had better penetration into the dermis than the Original Cream Formulation in both human and pig skin (up to 8.8-fold better by MALDI and 72-fold better by OFM). The Compound levels as measured by human OFM plateaued at 10 hours with the 5% Aqueous Gel, 20% Anhydrous Gel (with DMSO), and Cream 2% in Water Phase formulations. The Compound levels kept slowly increasing with 2% ointment (in Internal Phase) formulation with highest levels achieved at the end of the experiment (36 hours). Example 3 – Stable Modified Cream Formulation The cream formula used in Examples 1 and 2 (Cream 2% in Water Phase (Table 1, Formulation 1) was found to have some observable syneresis following storage at 40°C. A study was undertaken identify a formulation with a more stable structure. This was performed by altering the preservative system, oil phase composition, viscosity modifying excipients, and total amount of water. The formulations tested are shown below in Table 5. 21 ME146188668v.1 137589-00120 Table 5 –Tested Modified Cream Formulations Tested of the Compound The formulations were allowed to stand at 40˚ and 50˚ C for 16 days. The only tested cream formulation that remained stable at all storage conditions was Cream Formula #4. To confirm that the Compound was not precipitating out of Cream Formula #4, microscopy pictures of the CRT sample were taken at T=16 Days. Cream Formula #4 did not reveal any visible crystals. Example 4 – Ointment Formulations With Improved Texture The ointment formulations used in Examples 1 and 2 (Original Ointment Formulation in Table 6 below (Table 1, Formulation 6)) had a noticeable slick/glossy texture that is uncharacteristic of ointments. The ointment formulations shown below in Table 6 were tested to identify an ointment formulation with improved texture. 22 M E146188668v.1 137589-00120 Table 6 –Tested Modified Ointment Formulations of the Compound All the ointments formulations that were produced resulted in visually similar smooth, thick, light yellow ointments. Both the Original Ointment Formulation and new formulations remain stable over 16 days in the 40°C storage condition. Microscope pictures of all formulations were taken of the CRT samples at T=16 Days. It was noted while plating the samples on the glass slides that Ointment Formulation #4 possessed the same greasy feeling as the Original Ointment Formulation. Microscope pictures were not taken of either of these products, as the ointment did not stick to the glass and could not be plated. Additionally, some crystallization was observed in Ointment Formulation #2 and the internal phase droplets did not appear evenly dispersed. As such, Ointment Formulations #1 and #3 were deemed superior. Example 5 – Alternate Aqueous Gel Formulations While the aqueous gel formulation used in Examples 1 and 2 (Original Aqueous Gel Formulation in Table 7 (Table 1, Formulation 3)) was stable when stored at 40° C and did not have any negative rheological properties, several alternate aqueous gel batches were made to determine how different types and concentrations of gelling agents could impact the gel. The aqueous gel formulations tested are shown below in Table 7. Table 7 – Alternate Aqueous Gel Formulations of the Compound 23 M E146188668v.1 137589-00120 All the alternate formulations produced similar thick, clear, yellow gels that were not pourable. Additionally, all these formulations, including the Original Aqueous Gel Formulation, continued to be stable at both 40°C and 50°C storage conditions. Aqueous Gel Formula #2 was considerably more difficult to process than the other three gels. The CRT sample of the Original Aqueous gel Formulation was observed under a microscope at T=16 Days, revealing no observable crystallization in the product. Crystallization in the other three products was determined to be unlikely. Example 6 – Alternate Anhydrous Gel Formulations The anhydrous gel formula used in Examples 1 and 2 (Original Anhydrous Gel Formulation in Table 8, (Table 1, Formulation 4)) was stable when stored at 40°C and did not have any negative rheological properties. One alternate formulation was made with less hydroxypropyl cellulose to determine how reducing the concentration of the gelling agent affected the final formulation. The composition is shown in Table 8 below. Table 8 – Alternate Anhydrous Gel Formulations Of The Compound These formulations resulted in clear, orange gels that were pourable. New Anhydrous Gel Formulation #1, which only contained 1% hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), resulted in a substantially thinner gel, whereas the Original Anhydrous Gel Formula resulted in a thick gel. Both formulations remained stable in both the 40°C and 50°C storage conditions. Both samples were observed under a microscope at T=16 Days. No observable crystals were identified. 24 M E146188668v.1