TOWNSEND, Elton (1236 Muskoka Beach Road, Gravenhurst, Ontario P1P 1R1, CA)
MORRISON, Edward, Beverly (25 Eden Vale Drive, King City, Ontario L7B 1L8, CA)
TOWNSEND, Elton (1236 Muskoka Beach Road, Gravenhurst, Ontario P1P 1R1, CA)
| CLAIMS: 1. A airborne geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system for use with a fixed wing aircraft, comprising : a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rigid tubular receiver coil frame forming a continuous internal passageway that extends around a central open area, and a receiver coil housed within the internal passageway; a winch system for securing to the fixed wing aircraft, the winch system having a tow cable secured to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft with the receiver coil in a nominally horizontal orientation during a survey and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the underside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing; and a latch system for mounting to an underside of the aircraft having releasable latch members to engage the receiver coil assembly when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position . 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the receiver coil frame is formed by a pair of spaced apart parallel tubular side frame members interconnected at a front end thereof by a front tubular frame member and interconnected at a back end thereof by a back tubular frame member. 3. The system of claim 2 comprising an elongate support member extending across the central open area from the front tubular frame member to the back tubular frame member, wherein the tow cable is attached to the elongate support member. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the latch members includes a first pair and a second pair of opposed latch arms for releasably latching the elongate support member to engage the receiver coil assembly when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position. 5. The system of claim 3 wherein the tow cable is attached to the elongate support member by a tow cable fastener that can be moved forward and back on the elongate su pport member to adjust flight attitude of the receiver coil assembly. 6. The system of any one of claims 2 to 5 wherein the tubu lar side frame members are longer than the front and back tubu lar frame mem bers, and vertical stabilizing fins are positioned near a back end, relative to a flight direction, of the receiver coil frame to assist in keeping the receiver coil assembly oriented in a consistent direction when suspended during flight with the receiver coil in a nominally horizonta l orientation with its axis vertically oriented, the back tu bular frame member having a flat wing-like configu ration . 7. The system of any one of claims 2 to 6 wherein the tubu lar side frame members and the tubular front and back frame members are each formed from upper and lower portions that can be separated from each other to expose the interna l passageway. 8. The system of any one of claims 1 to 7 comprising signal processing equipment for receiving signa ls from the receiver coil that are representative of EM fields generated in response to naturally occurring electrica l events. 9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the receiver coil is elastically suspended with in the interna l passageway. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the receiver coil is supported with in an in ner frame section that is elastically suspended with in the internal passageway. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein elastic members extend from an in ner wall of the tu bular receiver coil frame to the inner frame section . 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the elastic members are arranged to apply opposing forces on the inner frame section to centrally bias the inner frame section with in the internal passageway. 13. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the receiver coil has a min imum dimater of between 3 and 8 meters. 14. An airborne geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey system comprising : a fixed wing a ircraft; a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rigid tu bu lar receiver coil frame forming a continuous interna l passageway that extends around a central open area through which a ir can pass through the receiver coil frame, a receiver coil housed with in the internal passageway, and an elongate support member extending across the central open area between spaced apart locations of the receiver coil fra me; a winch system mounted to the fixed wing aircraft, the winch system having a tow cable secu red to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft with the receiver coil in a nom ina lly horizontal orientation du ring a survey and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the underside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing ; a latch system for mounted to an u nderside of the a ircraft having releasable latch members for engaging the elongate support member when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position ; and signa l processing equipment in commun ication with the receiver coil for receiving signals therefrom representative of EM fields generated by a surveyed terrain in response to natura lly occu rring electrical events. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the receiver coil frame is formed by a pair of spaced apart parallel tubular side frame members interconnected at a front end thereof by a front tubu lar frame member and interconnected at a back end thereof by a back tu bular fra me member. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the elongate support member extends across the central open area from the front tubula r frame member to the back tubu lar frame member, wherein the tow cable is attached to the elongate support member. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the latch members includes a first pair and a second pair of opposed latch arms for releasably latch ing the elongate support member to engage the receiver coil assembly when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position . 18. The system of any one of claims 14 to 17 wherein the receiver coil has a min imum dia meter of 3 meters. 19. A method for conducting an airborne geophysical survey using a fixed wing a ircraft, comprising : provid ing a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rig id tubu lar receiver coil frame forming a contin uous internal passageway that extends around a central open area th rough wh ich air can pass through the receiver coil frame, and a receiver coil housed within the interna l passageway; provid ing on the fixed wing aircraft a winch system having a tow cable secu red to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the u nderside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing ; provid ing on an underside of the fixed wing aircraft a latch system having releasable latch members to engage the elongate support member when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position ; and extending the tow ca ble du ring flight of the fixed wing aircraft to suspend the receiver coil frame in a nominally horizontal position and receiving signa ls from the recover coil . 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the signals are representative of magnetic fields generated by a surveyed terrain in response to natura lly occurring electrica l events. |
Cross-Reference to Related Application
This application cla ims the benefit of and priority to U nited States Provisional Patent Application No. 61/254,451 filed October 23, 2009 under the title TOW ASSEM BLY FOR FIXED WING AIRCRAFT FOR GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING.
The content of the above patent application is hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the detailed description hereof.
Field
This description relates to a receiver coil tow assembly system for use with a fixed wing a ircraft for geophysical surveying . Background of the Invention
Geophysical electromagnetic ("EM") prospecting techniques can be effective in determin ing the electrica l conductivity of soils, rocks, and other bodies at and under the earth's su rface. Geophysical EM prospecting can be carried out using surface based equ ipment and a irborne equipment. Airborne methods in wh ich equipment is transported by aircraft such as helicopter, airplane or airsh ip may be usefu l for large area surveys. For airborne electromagnetic ("AEM") systems, su rvey data may be acqu ired wh ile an airplane or helicopter flies at a nearly constant speed along nearly-parallel and close to equally-spaced lines at an approximately constant height above ground .
Some geophysical surveying methods are active in that the equipment is used to transmit a signa l to a targeted area, and then measure a response to the transmitted signal. Other geophysica l surveying methods are passive in that signa ls produced from a target area are measu red without first transmitting a signa l to the target area . An example of a passive geophysical EM prospecting method is Aud io Frequency Magnetic ("AFMAG") surveying in which the EM fields resulting from natura lly occurring primary signa l sources such as lightn ing discharges are measured. These EM fields propagate around the earth as plane waves guided by the ionosphere and earth's surface. Lightning activity occurring remote from the measurement point can produce signals with a nearly flat spectral density at frequencies between, for example, 8Hz and 500Hz, varying with geographical location, time of the day, seasons and weather conditions. An example of a passive AFMAG geophysical EM prospecting method is shown in US Patent 6,876,202.
A tow assembly that can be efficiently used in conjunction with a fixed wing aircraft is desirable.
Summary
According to one example embodiment is an airborne geophysical
electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system for use with a fixed wing aircraft. The system includes a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rigid tubular receiver coil frame forming a continuous internal passageway that extends around a central open area, and a receiver coil housed within the internal passageway; a winch system for securing to the fixed wing aircraft, the winch system having a tow cable secured to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft with the receiver coil in a nominally horizontal orientation during a survey and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the underside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing; and a latch system for mounting to an underside of the aircraft having releasable latch members to engage the receiver coil assembly when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position .
According to another example embodiment is an airborne geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey system that includes : a fixed wing aircraft; a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rigid tubular receiver coil frame forming a continuous internal passageway that extends around a central open area through which air can pass through the receiver coil frame, a receiver coil housed within the internal passageway, and an elongate support member extending across the central open area between spaced apart locations of the receiver coil frame; a winch system mounted to the fixed wing aircraft, the winch system having a tow cable secured to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft with the receiver coil in a nominally horizontal orientation during a survey and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the underside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing; a latch system for mounted to an underside of the aircraft having releasable latch members for engaging the elongate support member when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position ; and signal processing equipment in communication with the receiver coil for receiving signals therefrom representative of EM fields generated by a surveyed terrain in response to naturally occurring electrical events.
According to another example embodiment is a method for conducting an airborne geophysical survey using a fixed wing aircraft. The method includes : providing a receiver coil assembly comprising a substantially rigid tubular receiver coil frame forming a continuous internal passageway that extends around a central open area through which air can pass through the receiver coil frame, and a receiver coil housed within the internal passageway; providing on the fixed wing aircraft a winch system having a tow cable secured to the receiver coil assembly and being configured to extend the tow cable to suspend the receiver coil assembly from the fixed wing aircraft and to retract the tow cable to draw the receiver coil assembly into a retracted position at the underside of the fixed wing aircraft for takeoff and landing; providing on an underside of the fixed wing aircraft a latch system having releasable latch members to engage the elongate support member when the receiver coil assembly is in the retracted position ; and extending the tow cable during flight of the fixed wing aircraft to suspend the receiver coil frame in a nominally horizontal position and receiving signals from the recover coil. Brief Description of the Drawings
Example embodiments are provided in the following description. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein :
Figure 1 is a perspective view of an airborne geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system, including a receiver coil assembly suspended from a tow and latch assembly that is secured to a fixed wing aircraft, according to example embodiments.
Figu re 2 is a perspective view of the airborne geophysical survey tow assembly system of Figure 1, with the receiver coil assembly nested in the tow and latch assembly that is secured to the fixed wing aircraft.
Figu re 3 is a perspective view of the airborne geophysical survey tow assembly system of Figure 1, with the receiver coil assembly nested in the tow and latch assembly.
Figu re 3A is a perspective view of a latch system of the tow and latch assembly of the airborne geophysical survey tow assembly system of Figu re 1. Figu re 4 is a perspective view of the tow assembly of the airborne geophysical survey receiver coil assembly system of Figure 1.
Figu re 5 shows a representation of an AFMAG geophysical prospecting system that incorporates the airborne geophysica l survey tow assembly system of Figu re 1, according to one example embodiment of the invention .
Figu re 6 is a sectional view of one of the side members of the receiver coil assembly ta ken a long the lines VI-VI of Figu re 4, according to an example embodiment.
Figu re 7 is a sectional view of one of the side members of the receiver coil assembly ta ken a long lines VII-VII of Figure 6.
Figu re 8 is a sectional view of one of the side members of the receiver coil assembly ta ken a long the lines VI-VI of Figu re 4, according to another example embodiment.
Figu re 9 is a sectional view of one of the side members of the receiver coil assembly ta ken a long lines X-X of Figu re 8. Figu re 10 is a sectional view of one of the side members of the receiver coil assembly accord ing to another example embodiment.
Description of Example Embodiments
Figu res 1 and 2 show an airborne geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system 100 that includes a receiver coil assembly 1 12 and a tow and latch assembly 102, according to example embodiments of the invention . The tow and latch assembly 102 is secured to the underside of a fixed wing aircraft 104 and includes a winch system 105 with a retractable tow cable 110 for suspending and retracting the receiver coil assembly 1 12. The winch system 105 can for example include a hydrau lica lly driven winch that is located inside the body of the a ircraft, with the tow cable 110 extending through an opening 106 in the aircraft body. The receiver coil assembly 112 is shown hang ing from tow cable 110 from the tow and latch assembly 102 in a suspended position in Figure 1. In particu lar, in Figu re 1 the receiver coil assembly 112 is shown with the tow cable 110 being in a partia lly extended or partially retracted position as the receiver coil assembly 112 is being deployed from or retracted back to the aircraft. The receiver coil assembly 112 may by way of non limiting example be suspended about 100 meters (or greater or less amounts) for flying a
geophysica l su rvey. Figu re 2 shows the receiver coil assembly 112 in a retracted position secured by tow and latch assembly 102 to an u nderside of the aircraft 104. Typically the receiver coil assembly 1 12 will be kept in the retracted position when a survey is not being conducted - for example when flying to or from a su rvey location and during take-off and landing . Suspending the receiver coil assembly 1 12 as shown in Figu re 1 during a geophysica l survey mitigates against noise caused by the towing aircraft 104.
Referring to Figures 1 and 4, the receiver coil assembly 112 includes a substantially rigid aerodynamic tubular receiver coil frame 120 that defines a rectangular internal passageway 124 in wh ich a rectangu lar multi-tu rn receiver loop or coil 1 16 (illustrated by dashed lines) is housed. As will be appreciated from the Figures, the receiver coil frame 120 forms a loop such that internal passageway 124 is a continuous closed loop. In the illustrated embodiment, the receiver coil frame 120 has a substantially rectangular shape that defines the perimeter of a central open area or open ing 122. The internal passageway 124 extends around the central open area 122 and air can pass through the central open area 122. The rectangu lar receiver coil frame 120 is formed by a pa ir of para llel tu bu lar side frame members 130, 132 interconnected by front and back para llel tu bu lar frame members 134, 136. In the illustrated embodiment, the tubu lar side frame members 130, 132 are longer than the front and back parallel tubu lar frame members 134, 136, and vertical stabilizing fins 140 are positioned near the back or trailing end of the rectangular receiver coil fra me 120 to assist in keeping the frame oriented in a consistent direction during flight with the receiver coil 120 in a nomina lly horizonta l orientation with its axis vertically oriented .
In an example embodiment, a central boom in the form of an elongate su pport member 142 extends from front tubu lar fra me member 134 to back tubu lar frame member 136 across the midd le of the central opening 122. As illustrated embodiment, the central support member 142 may be located su bstantia lly between and parallel to the side tu bu lar frame members 130, 132, and includes a central tow cable fastener 144 to wh ich the tow cable 110 is connected . Each of the tubular frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136 and the support member 142 may be shaped to provide the receiver coil tow assembly 1 12 with a shape that m itigates air-flow resistance and vibration and also mainta ins the tow assembly in a consistent orientation wh ile it is being towed . In th is regard, the tubu lar members can be streamlined and faired relative to their respective orientation with in the receiver coil frame - for example back tubu lar frame member 136 may have a flat wing- like configuration . The tubu lar frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136 and the support member 142 can be formed from su bstantially from materials that are electrically insu lating and nonmagnetic such as fiberglass.
Referring to Figures 1 -3A, the tow and latch assembly 102 includes a
mechanically or hydraulically driven latch system 150. As best shown in FIG. 3A, in the illustrated embodiment, the latch system 150 includes spaced apart front and back latch members 152, 154 for secu rely engaging the central support member 142 of the receiver coil assembly 1 12 when the receiver coil assembly is in its retracted, latched position under the aircraft 104. Each of the front and back latch members 152, 154 include a respective pair of opposed, pivota lly mou nted latch arms 158 for engaging opposite sides of the outer surface of the central support member 142, and an upper cradle member 156 for engaging a top surface of the central support member 142. The latch arms 158 can include diverg ing lower ends to act as a gu ide for central support member 142 as the receiver coil assembly is moved into or out of its retracted position . In the illustrated embodiment, tie rods 162 may be used to mechanically lin k the latch arms 158 so that the front and back latch members 152, 154 operate in u nison . The latch system 150 includes a strut system 160 for secu ring it to the aircraft 104. Alternative latch system configu rations can be used to secure the receiver coil assembly 1 12 to the aircraft, the above described latch system being but one example.
Turning again to the receiver coil frame 120, in an example embodiment the frame is configu red so that it can be split along a horizontal plane to allow the receiver coil 136 to be inserted, serviced a nd removed from the rectangular interna l coil passageway 124. In at least some example embod iments elastic suspension system is used to secure the receiver coil 116 with in the rectangular interna l coil passageway 124, and in th is regard Figures 6- 10 illustrate three different possible receiver coil suspension systems.
A single suspension receiver coil suspension system is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. Such system includes a rectangu lar inner frame member 12A elastica lly suspended at the center of the coil passage 124 by mu ltiple fasten ing assemblies 40 that are spaced internally along the length of each of the tubular frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136 (although shown as having a circular cross- section in Figure 6, such members can have different cross- sectional shapes as will be appreciated from the previous Figures) . Rectangular inner frame member 12A may be a rigid open-topped trough in which the receiver coil is secu red . Each fastening assem bly 40 includes an elastic suspension member 32 that extends between the in ner wall of the tubular frame member 130, 132, 134 and 136 and the inner frame member 12A. In one example embod iment, each elastic suspension member 32 (which may for example be formed from rubber) is secu red at opposite first and second ends 38 to long itud inally spaced locations on a side of the inner frame member 12A, and at an approximate m id-point 36 to the inner wall of the tubular frame mem ber 130, 132, 134 and 136 such that the elastic suspension member 32 forms a "V" shape that applies opposing longitudina l forces to the in ner frame member 12A as well as a lateral force. (It will be appreciated that the "V" shaped elastic member could be replaced with two separate elastic pieces. ) A fastening block 34 may be secured by adhesive or other fastener to the inner wall of the tu bular frame member 130, 132, 134 and 136 to provide a su rface for secu ring the mid-point 36 by a bolt or other fastener. In the illustrated embodiment, fastening assemblies 40 are located in pairs on opposite sides of the inner frame section 12A such that substantia lly equal but opposite forces are applied to the inner frame section 12A by the elastic suspension members 32 so that the in ner frame section 12A normal resting position is in the center of the coil passage 124 defined by tubu lar frame member 130, 132, 134 and 136. In one example embodiment, the elastic suspension members 32 in a split tu bular frame member 130, 132, 134 and 136 are all secured to one half thereof (for example a bottom half) to facilitate secu ring the inner frame section 12A in place before closing up the receiver coil passage 124 with the other half.
Elastic members 32 can be formed from ru bber or other suitable elastic or resilient material . The fastening assembly 40 could take many d ifferent configurations than is shown in Figu res 6 a nd 7 to elastica lly suspend the in ner frame member 12A.
In some embodiments the inner frame member 12A has a V-shaped cross- section and defines an open-sided trough 42 that provides an in ner cable passage 44 in which the receiver coil 16A is received . In some example embodiments, the in ner frame member 12A could alternatively have a semi- rectangular, or semi-circu lar or circu la r or other cross-sectional area . In at least some embodiments the receiver coil 116 is a loop or mu lti-turn coil formed that is secured in the trough 42 by tape and/or other type of fastening mechan ism .
Referring to Figures 8 and 9, in another alternative embodiment, a double suspension system is used to suspend the receiver coil interior frame 12A with in the outer tubu lar frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136 of receiver coil assembly 112. Although shown as having a cylindrical cross section, tubular frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136 can have other cross-section configurations as shown in previous Figu res. In the double suspension
configuration of Figu res 8 and 9, the suspension assemblies 40 located along the lengths of each of the internal frame members 12A are connected to
intermediate frame members 74, wh ich are in tu rn suspended from the outer frame members 130, 132, 134 and 136. For example, first elastic suspension members 32 opposingly suspend the in ner frame member 12A in the center of a cylind rica l or sem i-cylindrica l intermediate frame section 74, wh ich is then centrally suspended in a sim ilar man ner by further elastic members 76 that extend between the intermediate fra me section 74 and the outer frame member 130, 132, 134 or 136. As can be seen in Figu re 9, the fu rther elastic members 76 can also be arranged in V-shaped pattern to act against longitudina l movement as well as radia l movement in a simila r man ner as the first elastic suspension members 32. As noted above, intermediate fra me section 74 can be semi-cylindrical, which allows easy access to the interior of the frame section 74 during assembly and repair.
Thus, in the embod iment of Figures 8 and 9, the in ner frame section 20A that supports receiver coil 116 is suspended by a nu mber of first elastic suspension members 32 to a n umber of respective intermediate frame sections 74 wh ich are in tu rn suspended by one or more second elastic suspension members 76 (wh ich may for example be formed from ru bber) from the outer frame 14A. The inner frame section 12A may fu rther be positioned at or near the centre of the passageway 124. Regions that are (i) proximate the connections between the first suspension members 32 and each of the in ner fra me section 12A and the intermediate frame sections 74, and (ii) proximate the con nections between the second suspension members 76 and each of the intermediate frame sections 74 and the outer frame members can be coated with a friction reducing agent such as silicone. A silicone coating may reduce the noise caused by ru bbing at the attach ment or con nection point. In some example embodiments, the first suspension members may be con nected to the respective frame sections by cable ties that pass th rough pre-drilled holes or attached loops. Alternatively, any number of other possible methods can be used to attach the first and second suspension members including : hooks, or a mach ined hook-like attach ment point connected to the attach ment points whereby the suspension members may be looped around the hooks and then covered by silicone; alternatively, loops on the first and second suspension members can be screwed into the attach ment points; another possibility is to glue the first and second suspension members to the in ner frame, and to the outer frame or intermediate frame sections.
As shown in Figu res 8 and 9 both the first and second suspension members 32 and 76 extend at an angle other than 90 degrees to both radia lly and
longitudina lly bias the inner frame section 12A and the receiver coils 1 16 in a central position in internal receiver coil passages 124, respectively. The sing le and dou ble suspension arrangements that are discussed above may in at least some embodiments improve the signal to noise ratio SN R of the receiver coil assembly by reducing the effects of vibration of the receiver coil assembly on the receiver coil. In other example embodiments, other support mechanisms can be used including triple-suspension, springs, surrounding the coil with foam, or other means of positioning the coil in the centre of the in ner frame in a manner that reduces noise
Figu re 10 illustrates another possible suspension configuration for the internal frame 12A. The configuration shown in Fig ure 10 is sim ilar to that descried above in respect of Figures 6 and 7, with the addition of intermediate rigid rods 94 that ru n longitudinally in passage 124 between the opposite sides of the interna l frame 12A and the wall defined by the outer frame member 130, 132, 134 or 136. The elastic suspension members 32 on one side of the interna l frame 12A are each attached at approximately a midpoint 98 to one of the rigid rods 94, and the elastic suspension members 32 on the opposite side of the interna l frame 12A are each attached at a midpoint 98 to the other of the rigid rods 94. The rods 94 can tie the suspension members together to spread forces applied to any individual member among a number of suspension members. Additionally, the rods 94 themselves can act as energy absorbing structures. The rods 94 can in some embodiments be broken into sma ller rod sections.
Further example embodiments of coil suspension systems suitable for use in the receiver coil assembly 112 can be seen for example in patent applications PCT/CA2009/000607 and U .S . 12/1 18, 194, the respective contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using a rectangu lar frame with open center configu ration such as the receiver coil tow assembly 112 can, in at least some configurations, support a relatively large loop receiver coil 1 16 in a light weight and aerodynamic man ner when compared for example to torpedo-style birds that have in the past been towed from fixed-wing aircraft.
Although the receiver coil tow assembly has been described as having a rectangular loop configu ration with a central support member, other open- centered frame styles may alternatively be used, including for example triangu lar shaped configurations, five or more sided simple polygonal shaped configurations, or circular or oval or elliptical shaped configurations, among others. In some example embodiments, the geophysica l electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system 100 is configured for use in an AFMAG-type geophysica l prospecting system that depend on tipper or tilt angle measurements as shown for example in above-mentioned U .S . Patent No. 6,876,202, incorporated herein by reference. In such an application, attitude sensors can be located on the receiver coil assembly 112 so that the orientation of such assembly can be detected and the orientation information used in the calculation of tilt angle information that is derived from the signa ls collected from the receiver coil assembly. For example, one or more accelerometers can be secured to the coil assembly 112 to determine attitude information . Alternatively, GPS receivers can be placed at spaced apart locations on the receiver coil assembly in order to track its attitude.
In this regard, Figure 5 illustrates an AFMAG survey system 200 according to an example embodiment that incorporates the geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system 100. As noted above, AFMAG systems measu re EM fields resu lting from naturally occurring primary signa l sources. The AFMAG system 200 includes geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system 100 and a ground assembly 14. The geophysical electromagnetic (EM) survey tow assembly system 100 is mou nted to a fixed wing a ircraft to be towed over a survey area and includes receiver coil 116 and a low noise amplifier 18. In an example embodiment the receiver coil 1 16 is configured to have a vertica l dipole orientation during flight in order to provide electromagnetic field
measu rements in the Z axis. The tow assembly system 100 is connected to signa l processing equipment that is generally disposed inside the aircraft such as a computer 22 that includes an analog to digital converter device (ADC) 24 connected to receive the output of the low noise amplifier 18. The on-aircraft computer 22 is equ ipped with one or more storage elements that can include RAM, flash memory, a hard drive, or other types of electron ic storage, and may be configu red to perform data processing functions on signa ls received from sensor 16.
In an example embodiment, the tow assembly system 100 also includes a spatial attitude detection device 28 to compensate for the roll, pitch or yaw of air assembly 12 and particu larly coil 116 in flig ht that can cause anomalies in measu rement of the tilt angles produced by the electromagnetic fields by electromagnetic sensor coil 116. The spatial attitude detection device 28 includes inclinometer devices for measu ring the roll, pitch and yaw of the coil assembly 112 and particu larly sensor coil 1 16 during flight at any given moment. In addition for yaw measurements, the spatia l attitude detection device 28 may comprise a device for tracking the flight path such as a compass utilizing the direction of the geomagnetic field vector. In example embodiments, the coil assembly 112 or host aircraft 104 can include a Global Position ing System
("GPS") device such that data obtained from sensor coil 116 and spatial attitude detection device 28 can be correlated with geographical position and GPS time and u ltimately used either at computer 22 or a remote data processing computer 26 to correct the measurements of the electromagnetic field tilt angles to reflect the movements of the coil assembly 112 and particularly sensor coil 1 16, and correlate the electromagnetic field data obtained from sensor 1 16 with the spatial attitude data of coil assembly 112. This allows the creation of survey data that can be adjusted based on variations of the spatial attitude of the sensor coil 116 during flight.
In an example embodiment, the airborne equ ipment also includes a geographic relief measurement device 36 connected to the airborne computer 22 in order to allow compensation for geographical relief that could otherwise distort horizontal magnetic fields by producing false anomalies of tilt ang les even where there are very homogeneous rocks beneath the ground surface. Geograph ic relief measu rement device 36 collects data for post flight (or in some cases real-time) calculations of the tilt angles of geographical relief in the survey area. In one example embodiment, the geograph ic relief measu rement device 36 includes a first altimeter device that provides data regarding absolute a ltitude of the airborne sensor 16 above a fixed reference ( for example sea level) and a second altimeter device that providing data regarding the relative altitude of the of the airborne sensor 16 above the actual survey terrain . Comparing the relative altitude data and absolute altitude data in the local co-ordinate system of the survey area a llows an evaluation of the geograph ic relief of the survey area that can be used to calcu late the tilt angles of the survey area geographic relief.
The ground assembly 14 is configured to be placed on a stationary base point, and includes at least a pa ir of electromagnetic sensors 17 connected through a low noise amplifier 19 to a ground assembly computer 23. In an example embodiment the electromagnetic sensors 17 are receiver coils configu red to provide electromagnetic field measu rements in the X and Y axes. The computer 23 includes an ana log to dig ital converter device (ADC) 25 connected to receive the output of the low noise amplifier 19, and is equipped with one or more storage elements that can include RAM, flash memory, a hard drive, or other types of electronic storage, and may be configured to perform data processing fu nctions on signals received from sensors 17. The ground assembly can also include a GPS receiver so that the X and Y axis data received from sensors 17 can be time stam ped with a GPS clock time for correlation with the Z axis data that is recorded by airborne computer 22. (Z-axis being the vertical axis and X and Y being orthogonal horizontal axis. )
In an example embodiment, the data collected by a irborne computer 22 and the data collected by the grou nd computer 23 is u ltimately transferred over respective commu nication links 30, 32 (which may be wired or wireless lin ks or may include physica l transfer of a memory mediu m) to a data processing computer 26 at wh ich the electromagnetic field data obtained from sensors 16 and 17, the attitude data from spatia l attitude detection device 28, data from geographic relief measurement device 36, and the GPS data from GPS sensors associated with each of the air assembly 12 and ground assembly 14 can a ll be processed to determine the tipper attributes for the su rvey sight using
techniques as set out for example in U .S . Patent No. 6,876,202. Such
information can them be used to determine conductivity patterns for the survey site to identify anomalies for future exploration .
Accordingly, in one example embodiment the receiver coil assem bly 112 (also referred to as the "bird") will now be described by way of non limiting example. In such example, the bird 112 houses multi-tu rn rectangular loop or coil 1 16 together with its suspension system and electronics. In towed flight the axis of the coil 1 16 is nominally vertical. The size of the loop is limited by the space ava ilable beneath the towing aircraft for stowing the loop during takeoff and landing . In the case of a Cessna 208B towing aircraft, loop dimensions may by way of non-limiting example be 3 m center-to-center in the lateral direction and 4 m center-to-center in the longitudinal direction . In the case of a larger towing aircraft, a larger loop, for example up to 8 m laterally and longitudina lly, may be used to provide improved signal to noise ratio. Sma ller loops, for example 3 m laterally and long itud inally, may provide useful results when used with sma ller aircraft. The central open area 122 has dimensions just less than that of the coil 116. The mass of the loop, suspension system, and electronics may for example be approximately 60 kg, d istributed approximately un iform ly around the receiver coil support frame , wh ile in some embodiments the bird may have a total mass of 150 kg, more or less. In one example, the bird 112 contains an enclosed clear passageway 224 with at least a circu lar cross section 0.22 m inside diameter for insta llation of the loop. M ultiple attachment points a re provided on the inner surface of the passageway 224 for suspending the coil 116. The bird 112 can be split along a horizontal plane to open the passageway to allow the loop 116 and suspension to be installed or serviced without breaking the loop.
In some example embodiments, the bird 1 12 is constructed of materials that are electrica lly insu lating and non-magnetic, except that fasteners made of brass, alu minum or 316 stainless steel may be used . The bird 1 12 com ponents are streamlined and fa ired to min imize vibration caused by a irflow past the bird 1 12. In one example of a survey flight, the bird 112 is towed from a fixed aircraft such as, for example, a Cessna 208B Caravan aircraft at 80 - 120 knots a irspeed on 100 m of cable. For takeoff, cru ise, and landing the bird 112 is secu red in a cradle (latch system 150) attached to the bottom of the aircraft fuselage. In some example embodiments, the tow cable 1 10 can be an electromechan ical cable includ ing a load bearing cable with a conductor equ iva lent to RG58A/U coaxial cable or better, or alternatively it may contain at least fou r twisted pairs of at least AWG 20. The load bearing cable of tow cable 1 10 is made
substantially of non-magnetic materials.
The tow and latch assembly includes a hydrau lica lly powered winch system 105 insta lled on the a ircraft 104 which deploys the bird 1 12 and recovers it to the cradle wh ile in flight under control of an operator in the aircraft. In one example, in towed flight, the bird 112 is aerodynam ically stable and the pitch and roll attitude of the passageway 224 for the loop 1 16 is horizontal ± 5° . In some example embodiments, the tow point on the bird can be man ually changed fore and aft wh ile on the ground by adjusting the position of tow cable fastener 144 to achieve a horizontal flight attitude. An alternative to the electromechanical tow cable is to use a non-electrical tow cable and to use a battery operated radio telemetry system to transmit data to the aircraft.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other variations of the embodiments described herein may also be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention . Other modifications are therefore possible.